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The production of petroleum substances has a long historical tradition in Iran. Glance (1970) reported that the "first man‐made oil well was dug" in the ancient city of Susa (present‐day Shush), about 40 km northwest of Ahwaz, in 500 BC during the reign of the Achaemenid emperor Darius I. Writing in the fifth century BC, Herodotus described petroleum production near a place called Ardericca, probably present‐day Masjed Soleyman, located 210 furlongs from Susa (Lees, 1950). The petroleum substances produced included bitumen which was used in construction and the waterproofing of ships. Sorkhabi (2005) detailed the petroleum history in Iran during ancient and medieval times. The modern quest for oil in Iran dates from the second half of the 19th century. From a historical perspective, this modern period can be divided into six distinct phases: (i) The early years, 1872–1900; (ii) The Anglo‐Persian years, 1901–1932; (iii) The Anglo‐Iranian Years and Nationalization, 1933–1953; (iv) The second Pahlavi years, 1954–1978 including the rise of OPEC; (v) The Islamic Revolution and Iran‐Iraq War, 1979–1989; and (vi) Buyback Contracts and US Sanctions, 1990–Present. The search for oil was singularly unsuccessful during the first of these phases and the early years of the second phase. However, after a difficult six‐year exploration campaign, oil in commercial quantities was struck in the early hours of 26 May, 1908 at Maidan‐e Naftun, which in later years achieved world fame as the Masjed Soleyman oil field. Since then, more than 120 oil and gas field discoveries have been made in Iran's onshore areas and its territorial waters in the Persian Gulf. The story of oil has always been an emotive and politically charged issue in Iran and has been the focus of great national interest and debate for over a century. Certainly, the discovery in 1908 marked a milestone in Iran's 20th century history: it ushered in a new era – an era not only of progress and prosperity, but also of social and political upheaval and turmoil that has not yet ended (Ala, 2007). In this paper, important events in each of the historical phases identified above are briefly reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the emergence of the modern petroleum industry in Iran, and the early phases are covered in particular detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Oil Industry, part of the extracted crude oil is commonly found in form of emulsions, mainly as water-in-oil (W/O) and oil-in water (O/W), emulsions, and more complex emulsions are less frequent but can also be found, such as water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) and oil-in-water-in-oil (O/W/O). These emulsions must be broken before the starting of the oil refining process because water generates operational problems like increasing crude viscosity, corrosion of equipment, piping and clogging of pumps and equipment, causing unscheduled production stoppages. O/W emulsions, can also be intentionally generated as a strategy to reduce the viscosity of very heavy crudes and facilitate their transport to the storage, and processing center. However, in any case, these emulsions must be broken before the crude is processed. Different technologies employing chemicals, electric fields, membranes, biological techniques, ultrasound and microwaves have been studied to favor the breaking of O/W emulsions. Microwaves have proven to be an excellent alternative to break emulsions quickly, efficiently, and with minimal energy losses. This paper review accounts for the research studies on the microwave-assisted breaking of W/O and O/W emulsions for oilfield applications with and without the simultaneous application of demulsifying chemicals. The possible mechanisms by which microwaves accelerate emulsion breakage, and their advantages for a more sustainable industry are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oil refineries are among industrial installations that are vulnerable to climate extreme events, whose frequency and intensity have been increasing over the last decades. Building resilience in resources to withstand climate-related hazards and to recover fast at low human and material cost, for changing climate conditions, is required. In this paper, we present an action research effort for the design of a viable decentralized climate-resilience-providing virtual organization in an oil refinery in Greece using the Viable System Model. The VIPLAN method was employed for the methodological design of a distributed Climate Resilience Providing Organisation for the case of a refinery facility in Greece. The paper presents the process and the results of this effort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the key issues and challenges discussed in the oil industry is the problem of innovation and technology transfer in buy-back contracts. Some experts believe that the weakness in technology development in the country’s oil industry is due to this contractual model and have proposed a new oil contracts model to address this problem. This research aims to identify the key obligations related to learning and technology transfer in the oil industry contracts by using text analysis approach and analyzing the country’s upstream contracts. To achieve this goal, we first investigate the nature of technology in international contracts, considering both tangible property with transferability and intangible knowledge. Then, using the opinions of experts and previous research to develop a conceptual model for the research and by using it, then analyzed 29 upstream oil contracts in Iran using this model. The research results indicate that there is no significant difference between the types of upstream contracts in the oil industry in terms of their capacity for learning and technology transfer. However, the vagueness and generality of these obligations, as well as the lack of appropriate performance guarantees, are among the defects that exist in all contract models (concession, service, product sharing, and buy-back) and need to be addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic growth in the South Caucasus led to the emergence of new industries such as oil, cement, mining, construction, textile, etc. A significant manifestation of this development was the extraction and industrial exploitation of Baku oil wells on a large scale. These new industries created a greater need for labor in the Caucasus region, which the local workforce could not meet. However, seasonal unemployment in the agricultural society of Iran, particularly Azerbaijan, and the proximity of this state to the Caucasus, provided new job opportunities for farmers and workers in the Caucasus. This study aims to answer the question of what life was like for Iranian workers in the Caucasus and how comfortable they were. Based on statistics and information obtained from archival documents of Russia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan, this article concludes that Iranian workers played a critical role in the agriculture, oil, and communication industries of the Caucasus during this period. However, they earned very little income and lived in a deplorable state of well-being. Most of these workers were uneducated and unmarried, and due to the exhausting nature of their work, the rate of illness and death among them was very high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the influence of the evolution of the oil price on the international markets on the strategies of companies whose main activity is the manufacture of oil equipment for the Romanian oil industry. As a tool for economists and specialists in the oil industry, such a study helps to develop economic strategies and management decisions based on forecasts of oil price developments. Based on statistical data for the annual oil price on international markets and the turnover of the oil companies, an analysis was proposed which showed that the trends in the mathematical models are similar, which highlights that economic activities in the oil sector are sensitive to the evolution of oil price. Management strategies are based on anticipating changes in the corporate environment, assessing the company's internal potential and making the necessary changes to bring it in line with the economy, its mission, and the objectives set to ensure its survival and continuity. These views make it possible to analyse and forecast oil prices; upward trends will encourage companies to design and develop strategies that include investments to expand production capacity, and downward trends will synergistically lead to downsizing strategies. Variations in company production will generate an economic, social, and environmental impact in the countries where they operate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The publication of newspapers and the extraction and use of crude oil were undoubtedly among the socio-economic areas that significantly affected the lives of people in the 19th century. At the time, newspapers and journals played the role of the most important and popular sources of information about crude oil and its products, especially kerosene, and they shaped their readers' worldviews on those products' uses in the economy and everyday life. This paper presents the beginning of the oil industry in Austrian Galicia in pre-autonomy Galicia in the Polish news press (Czas, Gazeta Narodowa, Gazeta Lwowska) and economic magazines (Gazeta Przemysłowa, Korespondent Handlowy, Przemysłowy i Rolniczy, Tygodnik Rolniczo-Przemysłowy). The first mentions in the press on the subject appeared in the 1850s. In the 1860s, oil-related subjects were broadly represented in daily newspapers and in the economic press. In agricultural journals, especially in the Prussian and Russian partitions, oil-related subjects were not present in titles from the 1850s and 60s. The first group of texts consisted of articles about crude oil (chemical properties) and regions which were rich in petroleum. In areas where it was present, crude oil had been known and used for a long time, but to the readership of newspapers and journals it was a new resource. It is no wonder then that the press was explaining what it was and what its uses were. The press did not focus on Galicia's deposits of crude oil, earthwax and natural gas, but did print detailed information on their sources around the world, especially in the United States (the names of oil fields, the volume and monetary value of extraction and export to Europe). The press saw the American mass production and sale of oil to Europe as the greatest threat to the Galician industry. The press documented the economic situation of the Galician oil industry (petroleum mining, oil refinery, business people) and speculated on its future position in Galicia's economic system. It speculated that the oil industry would become an important branch of the economy. When writing about the oil industry, the press reported on the first mines (Bóbrka, Borysław), entrepreneurs, the presence of oil products on agricultural and industrial expositions organised in Kraków, Rzeszów and Jasło. Another subject discussed by the press was articles on the trade of paraffin oil. The development of the Galician oil industry had also become a pretext to debate on its role in everyday life. In the opinion of the press, oil lamps would be used as street lighting and at home illuminating the whole room. These newspaper advertisements showed new products connected with the oil industry such as different kinds of paraffin oil and oil lamps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

King Saud bin Abdulaziz (1953-1964) sought to follow a free economic policy aimed at completing the path of his father, King Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud, in advancing the Kingdom's economic situation during his reign, by introducing advanced methods in the Saudi agricultural, industrial and commercial sectors from By employing financial oil revenues to advance these sectors, by following a balanced oil policy that reduced dependence on Aramco in the fields of production, transportation, and distribution, as well as completing the sovereign role of the state over Saudi oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper reviews pressing issues related to corporate taxation in the oil industry amid the financial crisis, sanctions imposed against Russia, and low oil prices. It pays special attention to the analysis of the first results of the tax reform and to the introduction of a profit-based tax. The main goal of the research is to develop and implement a modern and efficient tax regime that would ensure a continuous and stable flow of tax revenues to the national budget and contribute to the long-term development of the national oil industry. The subject of the study is the current issues of oil taxation, in particular, the application of the taxation mechanism of the financial results of oil companies and the reform of the taxation system of export duties to the oil refining industry. The article presents the ways of effective tax policy for the qualitative development of oil sector enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Engine oil is one of the key elements to protect and to increase the life of the lubricated engine parts. However, it gets contaminated by external particles either in filtration or during combustion, which produces deterioration in some of the engine parts which are being lubricated. In that sense, delays and very expensive repairs are generated at the maintenance workshops due to the high contamination in oils and to the late detection of the deteriorated parts. This work presents an analysis of used oils, extracted from hot and cold engines of 2.5-liter engine pick-up trucks, by using the two methods of the X-ray fluorescence technique (XRF): standard-less and calibrated, in order to determine the elements present and to establish the engine parts that wear out more easily and thus, to help with predictive maintenance of the trucks. The results are also useful for comparison purposes and to evaluate the effectiveness of the XRF technique in analyzing these types of samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging advanced digital technologies, such as Blockchain and artificial intelligence (AI), have had a substantial impact on performance improvement and operations optimization in industrial organizations. This study presents a network model designed for sustainable supply chains based on a real case study in the oil industry that deals with recursive outputs using data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach. When designing this network, recurrent loops are considered as factors that exit the stages and re-enter the previous stages as inputs. These factors should be designed in a way to minimize their generation while maximizing their utilization. The designed network model is then extended to a dynamic DEA model. Finally, the performance of supply chains is predicted and evaluated with the least error for future time periods using an explainable artificial neural network before they become inefficient. The findings indicate that a rise in undesirable outputs notably impacts the efficiency of decision-making units (DMUs) across different time periods. This paper's approach not only identifies these factors for forecasting trends in supply chain efficiency but also allows for the observation of the effects of research and development budget allocations as a dual-role factor influencing supply chain efficiency in future time frames. The model presented, which takes into account the interaction between time periods, provides managers with a framework to analyze the nature of each of these factors in the fluctuations seen in supply chain efficiency. This paper emphasizes the role of explainable AI in forecasting supply chain efficiency, enabling decision-makers to anticipate future trends beyond past performance. By integrating growth trends, progress rates, and current efficiency levels, this approach refines unit rankings. Analyzing projected efficiency trends, particularly in relation to investments in green research and development, highlights their significant impact on long-term supply chain performance. Managers can use these insights to allocate resources effectively and optimize strategies for sustained success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of introducing occupational exposure limits (OELs) is to use them as a risk management tool in order to protect workers' health and well-being against harmful agents at the workplace. In this review we identify OELs for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene (BTEX), and styrene concentrations in air and assess occupational exposure to these compounds through a systematic literature search of publications published in West Asian countries from 1980 to 2021. OELs for BTEX and styrene have been set in Iran and Turkey to levels similar to those in European countries and the US. The search yielded 49 full-text articles that cover studies of exposure assessment in six countries, but most (n=40) regard Iran. Average occupational exposure to benzene of workers in oil-related industries is higher than recommended OEL, while average occupational exposure to other compounds is lower than local OELs (where they exist). Currently, information about levels of occupational exposure to BTEX and styrene is insufficient in West Asian countries, which should be remedied through OEL regulation and application. Furthermore, coherent research is also needed to determine actual levels of occupational exposure, dose-responses, and the economic and technical capacity of local industries to address current issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air pollution is one of the most important problems of industrial cities. The existence of large industrial factories, official and industrial facilities, National Iranian South Oil Company, National Iranian Drilling Company, etc., have turned Ahvaz to one of the main industrial centers and one of the most polluted cities of Iran. Coming into contact with airborne microorganisms is related to a host of negative effects on the human health. This study was carried out to find out the effect of oil industries on air pollution and its optimal locating through the environmental approach in Ahvaz metropolis. In this study, SCREEN3 software was used to find out and analyze the distribution of Sox, NOx, and CO pollutants. Based on expert opinion, the main criteria were determined as climatic, natural, environmental, and economic factors. After calculating weights through the AHP model and attaining the information layers, the GIS software capabilities to combine and overlap the maps were used. This led to a map depicting the optimal location of oil industries congruent with the environmental approach in Ahvaz metropolis. According to the obtained results, there should be no residence-based activity in at least 5000 meters distance from the oil industries, where air pollutants have a considerable density. That is to say, within this distance, the animate and inanimate creatures will be damaged the most. The most optimal areas for the establishment of oil industry facilities are located on the west, south, southwest, and parts of east and north of the area under study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Any fluctuation in oil prices and supply has a direct effect on Azerbaijan's economy. The government has started the implementation of several state programs to diversify its economy and to develop the non-oil sectors, using energy revenues. COVID-19 has broken out in such a period that the oil prices were already low. The Second Karabakh War has complicated impacts of the pandemic. Facing health, military and economic problems, Azerbaijan has fought on three different fronts. This study evaluates the effects of the pandemic on Azerbaijan's economy, suggesting that it will affect the oil and gas industry negatively in near future. It is argued that in a long term, the state will be pushed to restructure and transform the economy, to increase the share of the non-oil sectors and to open more space for renewable energy sources, taking advantage of the incomes of The State Oil Fund. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oil industry generates large volumes of liquid waste with high levels of contamination and its discharge into bodies of water causes the deterioration of the environment. In order to evaluate the biofiltration in a fixed bed with different natural materials, in the treatment of production waters of said activity, two biofilters packed with adsorbent materials and recirculation in discontinuous during 7 days of experimentation were evaluated. The ecotoxicity of the residue from each column was analyzed at the end of the experiment to evaluate its final disposition. The biofilters operated in a stable way guaranteeing a notable reduction of COD, sulphides, fats and oils. The residues were shown to be toxic, although a ratio of 5:25 g of residue: soil mixture can be used as a conditioner in the remediation of contaminated soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite a multi-decade decrease in cardiovascular disease, geographic disparities have widened, with excess mortality concentrated within the United States (U.S.) South. Petroleum production and refining, a major contributor to climate change, is concentrated within the U.S. South and emits multiple classes of atherogenic pollutants. We investigated whether residential exposure to oil refineries could explain variation in self-reported coronary heart disease (CHD) prevalence among adults in southern states for the year 2018, where the majority of oil refinery activity occurs (Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, Texas, New Mexico, and Oklahoma). We examined census tract-level association between oil refineries and CHD prevalence. We used a double matching method to adjust for measured and unmeasured spatial confounders: one-to-n distance matching and one-to-one generalized propensity score matching. Exposure metrics were constructed based on proximity to refineries, activities of refineries, and wind speed/direction. For all census tracts within 10 km of refineries, self-reported CHD prevalence ranged from 1.2% to 17.6%. Compared to census tracts located at ≥5 km and <10 km, one standard deviation increase in the exposure within 5 km of refineries was associated with a 0.33 (95% confidence interval: 0.04, 0.63) percentage point increase in the prevalence. A total of 1119.0 (123.5, 2114.2) prevalent cases or 1.6% (0.2, 3.1) of CHD prevalence in areas within 5 km from refineries were potentially explained by exposure to oil refineries. At the census tract-level, the prevalence of CHD explained by exposure to oil refineries ranged from 0.02% (0.00, 0.05) to 47.4% (5.2, 89.5). Thus, although we cannot rule out potential confounding by other personal risk factors, CHD prevalence was found to be higher in populations living nearer to oil refineries, which may suggest that exposure to oil refineries can increase CHD risk, warranting further investigation. • Association of oil refineries with coronary heart disease (CHD) was examined. • We found positive association in seven states of the southern U.S. • The prevalence of CHD explained ranged from 0.02% to 47.4%. • Residents living nearer to oil refineries may have a higher risk of CHD. • Oil refineries may explain small area variation in the risk of CHD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increase of environmental concerns in recent years and the prevalence of such issues, which originate mainly from large industries and manufacturing plants, green supply chain management (GSCM) issues have been given special attention among researchers. GSCM is a group of management applications integrating supply chain management with criteria related to environment and supplier selection with the purpose of reducing environmental pollution caused by processes involved in a company supply chain. In this research the main contributions is to draw a decision-making structure addressing the applicability of the green supplier selection (GSS) and order allocation (OA) problem in an Iranian Oil refinery company. A combination of Cloud-PROMETHEE along with using GBWM was taken into account for GSS as the first phase and MCGP method for OA as the second phase, in order to solve the GSSOA problem. The proposed technique lets the vagueness and uncertainty of experts' judgments be obtained by assisting uncertain linguistic variable derived from the cloud model. Furthermore, the group best-worst method (GBWM) obtains the optimal criteria weights by forming a nonlinear programing model and the prioritizing of nominated suppliers is established using the PROMETHEE method with the possibility to pick a distinct preference function for each criterion and draw a graph of supplier preferences. At last, MCGP method was applied considering with the possibility of multi-choice aspiration levels (MCAL) for each goal. The suggested model illustrated with actual figures in an oil refinery to provide insight to decision-makers of green supplier selection and order allocation. To do so, initially nine criteria have been derived after vast research on literature and experts' opinions. Then the suppliers was successfully evaluated with considering uncertainties and randomness in a group of decision maker judgments. The order allocation was also completed by minimizing total cost and delays and maximizing purchase using results of supplier ranking in the first phase. Results have shown that the supplier with better ranking in GSS is preferred in allocating orders. A sensitivity analysis then performed and confirmed that the suggested method is highly stable against different changes in the data. The proposed method was also compared with the basic MCGDM cloud model and the method is approved. Finally, managerial implications and conclusions for additional researches are demonstrated. • A novel MADM model entitled CLOUD-PROMETHEE model is introduced. • This model is a combination of uncertainty concerns and MADM methods. • A real study in an Oil refinery was solved and numerical data was provided. • Uncertain linguistic variables were utilized in data collection from experts. • Sensitivity analysis was conducted to illustrate the applicability of model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing global awareness of social and environmental issues has led investors to prioritize sustainable investments. This study examines the relationship between ten Islamic and conventional sector indices, which include stocks screened for environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors, across three energy-related fields: renewable energy, energy efficiency, and oil equipment and services. Using a quantile cross-spectral approach, this research finds a high level of long-term synchronization among all energy-related sectors and indices. However, as markets shift from bearish to bullish, the current relationship between energy-related sectors and Islamic and conventional indices weakens. To support the findings in this research and investigate potential financial implications, this investigation applies a causality-in-quantiles approach. The research in this study shows a bidirectional causal relationship between conventional and Islamic indices, particularly in the energy efficiency sector during bearish market conditions. At lower tails, ESG market indices are found to cause renewable energy products, suggesting a hedging mechanism. The findings of this study assert that investments that do not possess any ESG shortcomings are imperative for effectively bolstering renewable energy companies and fostering opportunities for energy efficiency. These conclusions hold considerable ramifications for energy policymakers as they strive to devise more robust financial mechanisms that can provide substantial support to the burgeoning green sector. [Display omitted] • Nexus of three heterogenous energy-connected areas and sectoral investments studied. • Considerable dependence of budding health care-related investments on renewables. • Distinguished coherence of conventional financials stocks on all energy companies. • The renewable energy sector could benefit from ESG investments. • Shariah indices are more associated with renewables industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the ways in which China's energy security strategy has evolved over the past fifteen years. Energy security had become an urgent policy priority for Beijing by the mid-2000s due to China's rapidly increasing oil import dependency set against the backdrop of oil scarcity and rising oil prices. Rather than rely on purely market-based means to secure oil supply, China pursued a state-led or neomercantilist approach. Initially, the most notable and distinctive element of its oil neomercantilism was the overseas acquisition of oil assets by China's national oil companies (NOCs) under broad strategic direction from Beijing. However, increasingly over the past decade China's energy security strategy, while remaining neomercantilist in orientation, exhibits greater reliance on the market. Reasons for this shifting emphasis include the changing geopolitics and geoeconomics of the global oil industry, which moved to oversupply following the US shale oil revolution, along with transformations within the Chinese state under the leadership of President Xi Jinping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Studies point to a complex and multifactorial aetiology for sickness absence, but there is still insufficient evidence on how occupational and non-occupational risk factors contribute to this phenomenon. This study aimed to identify occupational and non-occupational factors related to sickness absence in oil industry workers, as well as their population attributable fractions (PAF). Methods: A retrospective cohort study of 2028 oil industry workers was conducted in the state of Bahia, Brazil, between January 1, 2012 and December 31, 2016. Study data were obtained from workers´ medical register. The dependent variable was the first event of sick leave for five or more days, and the independent variables were gender, age, years of work, type of work activity, level of education, work schedule, awkward working postures, body mass index, smoking, physical activity and alcohol consumption. Cox regression analysis identified risk factors to the outcome and PAF were calculated. Results: Being female (HR 1.79), being older (HR 1.44), non-graduated ones (HR 1.44), being of operational staff (HR 1.18), overweight (HR 1.13), obesity (HR 1.39), smoking (HR 1.61) and former smoking (HR 1.30) were risk factors for sickness absence in this cohort. Of all sickness absence in the study population, 6% could be attributed to overweight, 10% to obesity, and 8% to smoking. Conclusion: To prevent sick leave, we recommend programs focused on combating smoking and encouraging healthy habits, aiming at weight control and the prevention of chronic diseases. Population attributable fractions point that a universal approach, aimed at the total population will be more cost-effective than health promotion programmes restricted for high-risk populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oil pipeline network requires periodic monitoring to detect pipeline damages, which may cause oil leakage with severe environmental contamination. These damages can be generated by interference from third parties such as construction works, sabotage, vandalism, excavations, and illegal oil theft. To detect the oil pipeline damages, it can be used aerodynamic aerial vehicles (UAVs) with infrared cameras and image processing systems. This paper presents the aerodynamic analysis of a UAV with a hawk shape (wingspan of 2.20 m and length of 1.49 m) for potential application in the detection of oil pipeline failures. A 1:6.5 scale prototype of the UAV is fabricated using a 3D printer. The aerodynamic coefficients of UAV are determined using computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations and experimental testing with a subsonic wind tunnel. In addition, the lift and drag coefficients of UAVs are obtained as a function of Reynolds number and angle of attack. Also, the air velocity profile around UAV is estimated with the CFD model. The proposed UAV could decrease the inspection costs of pipeline networks in comparison with the use of helicopters or light aircraft. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 1860s, petroleum companies, through their influence on local governments, port authorities, international actors and the general public gradually became more dominant in shaping the urban form of ports and cities. Under their development and pressure, the relationships between industrial and urban areas in port cities hosting oil facilities evolved in time. The borders limiting industrial and housing territories have continuously changed with industrial places moving progressively away from urban areas. Such a changing dynamic influenced the permeability of these borders. Port cities are nodes and logistic points where various flows of commodities, wealth, and knowledge gathered before further re-distribution. These flows affected port cities by changing their spatial organization and the availability of space between borders. The main question here is: How did industrial and urban borders evolve through time in port cities? Through a historical analysis, the article explores the settlements of oil facilities and the influence of oil companies over local, regional, and national governments in creating borders and how it influenced the porosity of port cities. This article, through the petroleum narrative, illustrates the impacts of past borders on the contemporary urban form through the evolution of the French port city of Dunkirk, in the North of France. As a historical study, the article analyzes the changing relationships between petroleum industrial sites and housing areas in the city of Dunkirk, using aerial pictures, archival sources, and regulations of different periods. The importance of this analysis lies in knowing that former oil sites previously located on the periphery of Dunkirk, that were forgotten by the authorities are now located within the current urban tissue. This process demonstrates the importance of historical developments to understand current challenges in the urban planning of industrial port cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the political interplay between Norway's national oil company Statoil and its government during a period when a truly global debate over climate emerged. The article sheds light on how the climate issue concerned the relationship between a Nordic state and its most important state-controlled enterprise, and exposes how Statoil responded to increasing calls for decarbonization while being privileged in climate policy-making processes. Furthermore, the article explores the origin and shortcomings of the puzzling argument about Norway's 'environment-friendly' oil and gas, and discusses how this argument helped enable Statoil and the rest of the industry to continue with business as usual despite growing social demands for the oil industry to step up its climate efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agency workers (AWs) were originally employed on a substitutional and short-term contract basis, but recently they are found to be employed on a long-term purpose in Nigeria. Although agency labour helps solve recruitment challenges, it correspondingly erodes employment relations and causes conflicts across employers, trade unions and agency workers. As such, the current research aimed to examine the rise of AWs and analyse its influence on the union's representation. The samples were 36 respondents (management, agency workers and trade unions) recruited from three oil multinational companies in Nigeria and were interviewed. Research data were analysed through thematic analysis and NVivo, revealing three important findings. First, AWs were often asked to take the posts which used to be taken by the permanent staff, but without the right to join the union. Second, the unions did not welcome AWs and concerned its implication on the recruitment of permanent staff. Third, AWs were reluctant to join the unions as their contract might not be renewed. Research findings brought new insights into the literature of agency workers. Managers are reminded that AWs are suffering from the issues identified above. Any management strategies will not reach their maximum effect unless these issues are rectified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global warming and deterioration of the ecological situation trigger the necessity of innovation development and implementation to reduce the negative impact of industry on the environment. It is considered that the oil industry is one of the most environmentally damaging industries. Therefore, the implementation of environmental innovation in the oil industry becomes crucial. This paper is dedicated to identifying environmental innovation impact on country socio-economic development parameters in countries specialized in oil extraction and production. The article realized a bibliometric analysis with VOSviewer v.1.6.16 to identify critical contextual directions of scientific research on environmental innovation. In the paper, it is developed and tested a scientific hypothesis about the positive influence of environmental innovation on country socio-economic development (CO2 emissions from manufacturing industries and construction, electricity production from oil sources, employment in industry, and industry value added are chosen as proxies of environmental innovation, while GDP growth, current account balance, foreign direct investment and gross fixed capital formation -- as proxies of country socio-economic development). Under testing of the research hypothesis, it is realized several procedures: 1) correlation analysis aimed at identification of strongly correlated explanatory variables and their elimination to avoid multicollinearity problem; 2) comprehensive analysis of descriptive statistics aimed at identification of data sufficiency; 3) identification of model specification with Hausman test (random or fixed effects model); 4) regression modeling and characteristics of its results (in this research, it is developed four regression models with different dependent variables). Technically all these procedures are realized in Stata 12/SE software. Research is realized based on data for 9 countries specializing in oil extraction and production, such as Azerbaijan, Canada, Brazil, the Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Romania, the Republic of Yemen, and the Islamic Republic of Iran. The time horizon is 2005-2019 (or the available last year). Bibliometric and panel data regression analysis allows concluding that oil-producing countries' environmental innovation improves oil enterprises' competitiveness and stimulates socio-economic growth in these countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A theoretical and experimental systematic study was performed to determine the structural characteristics and functionality that siderophores must have to be used as ecological corrosion inhibitors. Analyses demonstrated that the hydroxamate functional group is the best siderophore that could be used as a corrosion inhibitor of neutral or acidic environments because it would form a smart protective film as good or better than imidazoline. Bacillus sp. AS7, isolated from an extreme halo-alkaline terrestrial ecosystem soil sample is producer of desferrioxamine B, a siderophore based on trihydroxamate groups. This siderophore was purified and characterised, its efficiency as a corrosion inhibitor was determined through gravimetric techniques. The obtained siderophore works as an ecological corrosion inhibitor at a minimal concentration of 75 ppm. We demonstrated that the siderophore desferrioxamine B controls efficiently corrosion problems occurring in acid environments characteristic of the oil industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oil industry needs to reduce CO2 emissions across the entire lifecycle of fossil fuels to meet environmental regulations and societal requirements and to sustain its business. With this goal in mind, this study aims to evaluate the CO2 mitigation potential of several bio‐oil co‐processing pathways in an oil refinery. Techno‐economic analysis was conducted on different pathways and their greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation potentials were compared. Thirteen pathways with different bio‐oils, including vegetable oil (VO), fast pyrolysis oil (FPO), hydro‐deoxygenated oil (HDO), catalytic pyrolysis oil (CPO), hydrothermal liquefaction oil (HTLO), and Fischer–Tropsch fuels, were analyzed. However, no single pathway could be presented as the best option. This would depend on the criteria used and the target of the co‐processing route. The results obtained indicated that up to 15% of the fossil‐fuel output in the refinery could be replaced by biofuel without major changes in the core activities of the refinery. The consequent reduction in CO2 emissions varied from 33% to 84% when compared with pure equivalent fossil fuels replaced (i.e., gasoline and diesel). Meanwhile, the production costs varied from 17 to 31€/GJ (i.e., 118–213$/bbleq). Co‐processing with VO resulted in the lowest overall performance among the options that were evaluated while co‐processing HTLO in the hydrotreatment unit and FPO in the fluid catalytic cracking unit showed the highest potential for CO2 avoidance (69% of refinery CO2 emissions) and reduction in CO2 emissions (84% compared to fossil fuel), respectively. The cost of CO2 emissions avoided for all of the assessed routes was in the range of €99–651 per tCO2. © 2020 The Authors. Biofuels, Bioproducts, and Biorefining published by Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides a brief analysis of the ecological state of Absheron. It was revealed that the main sources of air pollution are petrochemical, chemical, metallurgical and energy complexes. It has been established that the state of the ecological situation of the industrial territories of Absheron is: in a large-scale violation of the ecology of the environment; in air and water pollution; in the absence of favorable natural and climatic conditions for the development of natural vegetation; in a decrease in the aesthetic qualities of the natural landscape, the predominance of unsettled and ecologically disturbed open spaces; in the absence of a sufficient number of recreational zones on the territory of the cities of Baku and Sumgait. It was also established that in the studied industrial zones of Absheron there are territories and production facilities that can be transformed as production modernization and the gradual restoration of disturbed natural landscapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to analyze the growth and socio-spatial configuration of two oil cities in Latin America, Barrancabermeja (Colombia) and Comodoro Rivadavia (Argentina), between 1907 and 1938. Using comparison as a methodological tool, we seek to analyze the similarities and differences of urban processes that arouse from the establishment of industry in sparsely inhabited territories. We highlight the appearance of two very well differentiated urban centers, on the one hand, the company town, which concentrates the industrial and residential activity of the workers. On the other, a town that acquires complementary commercial functions to those who took a single productive role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the late nineteenth century onwards the Brazilian state founded several public institutions involved in oil exploration: the Geographical and Geological Commission of São Paulo (CGG, 1886), the Geological and Mineralogical Survey of Brazil (SGMB, 1907), the National Oil Council (CNP, 1938), and the state-run oil company Petrobras (1953). This article details the history of geophysical exploration in Brazil over the first half of the twentieth century and its role in transforming the country into a major oil producer, stressing the involvement of foreign experts and the role of imported technology. It focuses on the close relationship between Brazil and the United States in applying geophysics techniques to scrutinize Brazilian territory in the search for oil while unveiling the commercial and political dimensions of such technoscientific exchanges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soares, M.L.G.; Castro, E.M.N.V., and Pellegrini, J.A.C., 2020. Socioenvironmental aspects related to mangrove forests under the influence of oil explotation activities in Northeastern Brazil: An interdisciplinary approach. In: Malvárez, G. and Navas, F. (eds.), Global Coastal Issues of 2020. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 95, pp. 88-91. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. This study analyses, from an interdisciplinary perspective, the connections between environmental vulnerability of the mangrove forests of Garapuá (Bahia, Brazil) and the social vulnerability of the shellfish collectors and fishermen, from the tensions inflicted with the insertion of the oil industry. It presents the interpretation of complex phenomena and integrated management of the environment, incorporating both the social and biological aspects. The analysis of local socioenvironmental processes was focused on the integration of (a) the characterization of mangrove forests structural types, by using quantitative methods, that allowed a classification of mangrove forests vulnerability to oil spill considering three components (susceptibility, sensitivity and resilience) and (b) the characterization of social tensions, through field observations and semi-structured interviews, from the point of view of the qualitative approach, that allows an analysis of the social vulnerability to changes in the community livelihoods, which are closely related to the health of the mangrove system. As a result of these analysis we found 12 Structural Types for the studied forests, comprising different levels of environmental vulnerability to oil spills. Regarding social context, some aspects related to health, education, income, transportation, religion and social organization that emerged from the interviews point to an evident fragility of the social structure. Besides this, the intense pressure for land occupation, coupled with the arrival of the oil industry, increases the vulnerability of these biological formations and, as a consequence, increases the vulnerability of the local community. The study also demonstrates that interdisciplinary analyses strengthen the debate in different segments of society (companies, environmental agencies, non-governmental organisations, universities, social groups, etc.) and, consequently, tends to foment the transformation of the socioenvironmental reality experienced by social groups without decision power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the re-emergence of resource nationalism in Ecuador during Rafael Correa's government. In 2010, Ecuador pursued a shift in oil contracts from production sharing agreements to service contracts. I argue that resource nationalist policies were intended to maximize rent appropriation and increase state control. Nevertheless, in order to spell out the complexities of natural resource governance in post-neoliberal Ecuador, it is important to integrate the structural constraints of the Ecuadorian state to enact resource nationalist policies. Despite the nationalist sentiments that originated these reforms, the renegotiation of contracts continued to benefit foreign corporations due to the centralized attitude of the Correa government and the perennial limitations of state capacity in the regulation of the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research is to analyze the main determinants of competitiveness in the oil industry in the main Latin American oil countries during the period 1996-2017. For this purpose, panel data econometric methods are applied in this research, namely, cross-section dependence (Pesaran), second generation unit root, cointegration (Kao and Fisher-Johansen), and heterogeneous causality tests (Hurlin and Dumitrescu). In this way, it is demonstrated that most of the variables are characterized by a cross-section dependence and there is evidence of cointegration relationships between the variables in the long term. Using the estimator Fully Modified OLS (FMOLS), it is determined that there is a positive relationship between competitiveness and oil barrel production, referring to the fact that an increase in oil barrel production creates an increase in competitiveness, while there is a negative relationship between competitiveness with the real exchange rate and the crude oil barrel price, referring to an increase in the real exchange rate and the oil barrel price in each country generate a decrease in the competitiveness of the oil industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This qualitative study explores some of the challenges faced by female long distance commuters from Kelowna, British Columbia, when working in the oilfields of Wood Buffalo, Alberta--specifically, how they reinforce, resist, or reconcile tensions of gender within the male-dominated resource extraction workforce. The data, based on self-report questionnaires from nine female resource extraction workers and semi-structured interviews with a subset of five women, indicate that high wages motivated them to take up long distance commuting while social ties, homeownership and environmental attractions tethered them to Kelowna and the Okanagan area. The most apparent barrier for women is the almost insurmountable challenge of accommodating motherhood with long distance commuting. As workers, the study participants faced disparaging judgments about their knowledge and competence, even in cases where the participant held a higher-rank and had extensive work experience. The women used various avoidant strategies to minimize exposure to sexist comments or behavior that made them uncomfortable. The paper focuses on how the discourses of neoliberal ideology and hegemonic masculinities influenced women's perceptions of gender-related tensions at work. Individualism, competition and concerns over job security all affected women's assessments of workplace-related harm and views of each other as well as their male co-workers. The women simultaneously experienced and reinforced marginalization at work through gender stereotypes of both men and women; they revealed a seemingly perplexing combination of sensitivity to sexist treatment and strong reluctance to complain about harassment or gender discrimination. Recommendations to ameliorate women's working conditions and thus their integration into the labour force are noted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis and application of efficient materials for remediation of environmental contaminants from water is an emerging area of research. Graphene has received tremendous attention in various fields due to its exceptional properties. Graphene and its derivatives have also been extensively explored for the adsorptive removal of pollutants from water. The recent trends are inclined toward functionalization of graphene-based materials to get the advantage of their improved properties. The functionalized graphene materials are efficient due to their enhanced properties resulting from synergistic effects. This article reviews the synthesis and application of graphene-based adsorbents for the removal of organic pollutants from water. A critical account is provided on synthesis methods, applications, adsorption mechanisms, the figure of merits, and removal performances. The accomplishments, limitations, challenges, and future research directions are also highlighted. • Outline of preparation, characterization and properties of graphene-based adsorbents. • Organic pollutants uptake from water using graphene has been reviewed. • Magnetic separation and adsorption mechanism have been discussed. • The outlook for potential applications and limitations was also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While much recent literature has focused on the environmental cost of carbon fuels, these sources of energy generated large human costs in the work environment as well. Work in coal mines was famously dangerous. And while petroleum, gas extraction and refining were also risky, this paper demonstrates that they were far less dangerous than was coal, while energy productivity per worker was also higher in oil than coal. Relying in part on previously unexploited data, the paper also shows that on the eve of World War II, the human costs of energy – measured by fatalities per btu of output – were sharply less in oil and gas production than in coal mining. Thus the great twentieth century energy transition from coal to liquid and gaseous fuels reduced both the environmental and the workplace costs per unit of energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Carboxymethylchitosan (CMC) was prepared and characterized by UV–vis, FT-IR and NMR. • The synthesis conditions led to a DS of 0.45 and water-solubility in all pH range. • CMC performance as a scale inhibitor was evaluated under physicochemical conditions of oil wells. • CMC acted as an environment friend scale inhibitor of CaCO 3 under synthetic brine, at 1000 psi and 70 °C. • SEM images showed that CaCO 3 crystals were deformed by CMC. A water-soluble carboxymethylchitosan (CMC) was prepared in water/isopropanol (2/8) medium, at 10 °C, and characterized by UV–vis, FT-IR and NMR techniques. Its performance as an environmentally friendly scale inhibitor in oil wells was evaluated under the physicochemical conditions of oil wells in northeast of Brazil, by using SEM, visual compatibility and dynamic tube blocking test. The synthesis conditions led to a degree of carboxymethylation of 0.45 and water-solubility in all pH range studied (1–11). CMC acted as a scale inhibitor of CaCO 3 under synthetic brine medium, presenting a minimum inhibitor concentration (MIC) of 170 ppm (1000 psi, T = 70 °C). SEM images showed that CaCO 3 crystals were deformed by CMC, which was attributed to effective interactions of CMC through its carboxylate ions and lone pair of electrons on OH and NH 2 groups with calcium ions, preventing scale deposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rules were established in the shallower waters of Tabasco to prevent fishing close to oil platforms ships. The article analyzes the perception of exclusion on the part of fishermen with respect to the petrolization of their marine space. Three workshops were carried out in order to obtain the fishermen's view; participatory mapping was employed to get an understanding of their fishing areas and of oil activities, as well as of the tensions between them and the "others". Spatial injustice is evident in the active exclusion of fishermen from the space surrounding oil platforms, as well as in the passive exclusion due to contamination, insecurity, and even more, bleak perspectives for the future. The article shows that these exclusions began with an acceptable arrangement for the inclusion of fishermen, which, nevertheless, led to their exclusion in order to increase extraction, given the exhaustion of Mexico's public oil extraction system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid urbanization and industrial growth have caused massive increase in the number and the production capacities of oil industries. Such industries release a wide-range of ambient acidic gases, particulate matters (PMs) and trace metals into the environment. They can also undergo chemical transformation and nucleation to form new chemical species and secondary aerosols. These pollutants are potentially carcinogenic and may cause cardiorespiratory, pulmonary mortalities and morbidities to the exposed population through inhalation, ingestion and dermal contact. Hence, the main objective of this review study was to identify various approaches used in monitoring, measurement, and control of ambient acidic gases, PMs and trace metals from oil industries. The review study revealed that PM 10/2.5 , SO 2 , NO 2 , and trace metals were the widely reported ambient air pollutants released from oil industries. Cancer and respiratory diseases were the major health effects associated with such emissions. Air quality monitoring stations, samplers and dispersion models were found as the main approaches used to determine the emissions. Moreover, recommendations on ultrafine particles, Nano-particle and long-range transportation exposure assessments of pollutants were explored. Apart from that, the fate of pollutants, properties, routes of exposure, human health risk assessments and new approaches of emerging control technologies (Fenton and Ultrasonic reactions mainly on SO 2 , NOx and Hg reductions) were systematically reviewed. Finally, additional research on exposure assessment of oil industry emissions by private companies and government agencies was discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid urbanization and industrial growth have caused massive increase in the number and the production capacities of oil industries. Such industries release a wide-range of ambient acidic gases, particulate matters (PMs) and trace metals into the environment. They can also undergo chemical transformation and nucleation to form new chemical species and secondary aerosols. These pollutants are potentially carcinogenic and may cause cardiorespiratory, pulmonary mortalities and morbidities to the exposed population through inhalation, ingestion and dermal contact. Hence, the main objective of this review study was to identify various approaches used in monitoring, measurement, and control of ambient acidic gases, PMs and trace metals from oil industries. The review study revealed that PM10/2.5, SO2, NO2, and trace metals were the widely reported ambient air pollutants released from oil industries. Cancer and respiratory diseases were the major health effects associated with such emissions. Air quality monitoring stations, samplers and dispersion models were found as the main approaches used to determine the emissions. Moreover, recommendations on ultrafine particles, Nano-particle and long-range transportation exposure assessments of pollutants were explored. Apart from that, the fate of pollutants, properties, routes of exposure, human health risk assessments and new approaches of emerging control technologies (Fenton and Ultrasonic reactions mainly on SO2, NOx and Hg reductions) were systematically reviewed. Finally, additional research on exposure assessment of oil industry emissions by private companies and government agencies was discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The paper exploits the possibility of extracting the geometric properties of a polymeric coating of periodic metal layers used in industrial products from non-contact microwave backscattering measurements. Specifically, a flexible pipe having a periodically corrugated metal profile coated with a thick Polivinylidenedifluoride (PVDF) layer, suitable for oil industry applications, has been considered. The combined use of magnitude and phase of the reflected signal, acquired on a wide relative frequency band (∼15%), allows calculating the dielectric filling level and the period of each corrugation with accuracy better than 1/100 of the period length, 21 mm in our case. The results of an experimental campaign, carried out to estimate the accuracy achievable in the operational environment, are also shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Trace element (As, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, V and Zn) enrichment trends during the past century, were assessed in thirteen 210Pb-dated sediment cores from the southern Gulf of Mexico, with the purpose to evaluate the impact on the environment, and potentially on public health, of the offshore oil industry and of oil spills such as that of the Ixtoc1 well blowout in 1979. The trace element composition was quite homogeneous among cores; and the pre-industrial concentrations of Ba, Cr, Cu and Ni are naturally high in the region, as to reach levels of potential ecological concern. The influence of multiple and simultaneous processes (e.g. industrial activities, natural seeps, fluvial discharges) on the trace element concentrations is difficult to disentangle. Some cores suggested long-term preservation of putative oil spill traces, although it was not possible to attribute their origin. The Al-normalized redox element ratios, and the crude oil contamination ratio, suggested that these events occurred along almost four decades, and that the traces attributed to the Ixtoc1 spill were comparable to background conditions, most likely owing to active natural oil seeps in the area. In most cases there was a trend towards a lowering in the supply of trace elements; this might be associated with environmental controls in the region since the 1980s. This study highlights the relevance of using dated environmental archives to reconstruct the historical trends of trace metal contamination in areas where long-term environmental studies are scarce. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • Metal concentrations and enrichment trends were studied in southern Gulf of Mexico. • Metal enrichment evidenced weak to intense contamination within the past 100 years. • Metals result from simultaneous sources (oil industry, seeps, fluvial discharges). • Reducing metal concentrations since 1980s likely respond to environmental regulation. • Background and recent metal concentrations might be harmful to biota and humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How have petroleum and power companies and their European industry associations responded to the EU emissions trading system (ETS)? Responses can be political, directed externally towards the initiation and reforms of the EU ETS itself, or internally and market-based, directed at low-carbon solutions. Proactive response strategies shape companies’ leadership potential. Variation in responses is explained by two models that differ in assumptions about corporate behaviour as well as the wider multilevel regulatory context in which companies operate. Responses are found to have converged within the two industries, with reactive companies following the proactive ones. Secondly, responses between the two industries increasingly diverge, with the power industry becoming much more proactive than the petroleum industry. The main explanation is found in the differing relevance of the two models and the wider regulatory context, particularly differing exposure to international competition and weak international climate agreements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Risk of injury or death due to occupational incidents in the oil and gas industries is higher than that of major incidents such as fire or explosion. In 2017, the largest proportion (36%) of fatalities and greatest number of incidents (24%) in the oil and gas industries were categorized as Struck-by. This study was aimed to develop a Bayesian network (BN) model for predicting occupational struck-by incident probability. Nineteen struck-by causal factors were extracted from the literature. Expert knowledge in addition to Dempster-Shafer theory was used to construct a BN. A questionnaire was developed to measure conditional probabilities of causal factors among participants. Struck-by probabilities of different states of causal factors were also estimated. The prior probability of struck-by incident was 3.09% (approximately 31 per 1000 operational workers per year). Belief updating predicted that preventing workers from being in improper position (in line of fire) would decrease the struck-by incidents by 37%. In contrary, failure of hazard warning (true state) and violation of procedures increased the struck-by probability by 4.08% (an increase of 32%) and 3.96% (an increase of 28%), respectively. The proposed BN model predicted that preventing workers from being in improper position (in line of fire) would decrease the struck-by occupational incidents by 37%. This approach was a step toward quantification of risks associated with occupational incidents. It had advantages including graphical representation of causal factors relationships, easily customizing model, and simply introducing of new evidence (belief updating). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determinants of firm innovativeness are said to be relatively understudied and little is written about firms from the oil industry within the context of African economies. This article attempts to fill that gap by investigating the impact of endogenous factors, particularly the impact of knowledge management practices (KMP) on the technological innovativeness of petroleum firms in Nigeria. Survey data collected from petroleum firms in Nigeria were used to examine the relationship between their technological innovativeness and the KMP engaged by the firms. Our analyses show that in the context of the study, KMP significantly impact the technological innovativeness of firms. The results were largely consistent with extant research on the role of knowledge management on the innovativeness of firms. Our findings provide valuable insights about knowledge as a strategic resource of the firm. Thus, undertaking the relevant KMP will enhance the technological innovativeness of petroleum firms operating in Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]