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To protect the environment from ecology-related encroachments, countries implement environmental policy, determine legal, as well as criminal liability for violations in this area. The purpose of paper is to identify common features that allow distinguishing ecological criminal offences into a separate group and to investigate criminal penalties for committing such offences, as well as to highlight the problem of qualification of these crimes. The important tasks of this study include defining the term "environmental crimes", which will clearly analyse this category of offences. The following scientific methods are employed in this study: functional and dialectical approaches, the method of logical analysis, the method of synthesis, the method of comparative analysis, the method of analysis of scientific literature, the method of generalisation. This paper analysed statistical data, scientific research, court decisions, and regulations of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Using practical examples, the most typical environmental criminal offences in Kazakhstan were identified. Notably, in the Republic of Kazakhstan, as in other countries of the world, environmental problems intersect with social ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under criminal jurisprudence, a crime is generally different from an offence, however, in Pakistan, both of them are seen as the same thing. There are different categories of crimes under Anglo-American jurisprudence, however, Pakistan does not follow this model and has categorized offences into three types on the touchstone of the presence of mens rea as the significance of mens rea is such that its presence or lack thereof changes the whole category of crime altogether. There are three essential elements of a crime: mens rea, actus reus, and concurrence, and the Pakistani Courts with a handful of exceptions mention the first two as the only elements while forgetting concurrence. While there is a presumption of mens rea for every offence, the same can be ruled out by the statute itself. The onus to prove the guilt of the accused is on the prosecution through reliable and admissible evidence as a person is deemed innocent until proven guilty. The methodology used in this paper is doctrinal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Pravnik is the property of Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of State & Law and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The protection and regulation of religious expression present complex challenges. Blasphemy laws, which criminalize acts deemed disrespectful to religious beliefs, have been abolished in England, allowing for broader freedom of expression. However, concerns and discussions about blasphemy persist. The Home Secretary, Suella Braverman (2023), has emphasized that there are no blasphemy laws in Great Britain and no obligation to show reverence towards any religion. Religious Education (RE) plays a crucial role in fostering understanding and tolerance of diverse religious traditions. It provides students with opportunities to develop critical thinking skills and engage in meaningful dialogue. However, certain aspects of critical thinking within RE may be perceived as provocative or blasphemous. This paper explores the ongoing debate on blasphemy laws in England, considering the evolving religious landscape and its implications for the teaching of RE. It aims to shed light on the complex dimensions of this discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the debate in Germany on Article 219a of the criminal law, which prohibits doctors from advertising for abortions. This ban prevents advertising for abortions on the grounds that it would be offensive, while defining 'advertising' so broadly that it prevents doctors from publicly providing any information about abortions. The article offers an overview of the law, as well as the controversy following the conviction of General Practitioner Kristina Hänel, which led to a reform of the law. The curtailment of the provision of factual information by medical professionals is contrasted with the freedom of speech protection given to highly offensive speech acts by anti-abortion activists. The argument is made that there is a Christian perfectionism at the heart of the law on abortion in Germany that is shared by anti-abortion activists, leading to a situation that facilitates the mobilisation of anti-abortion sentiment while curtailing the freedom of speech of doctors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Lex Humana is the property of Lex Humana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article considers the classification of forensic psychiatric examinations according to various criteria. The most common is the division into types depending on the subject matter of research. According to this criterion, the following types of forensic psychiatric examinations are distinguished: forensic psychiatric examination of the suspect or accused. The purpose of this examination is to establish the presence or absence of any mental disorder in the person charged with the offence that could affect his or her ability to understand and control his or her actions; forensic psychiatric examination of the witness, the purpose of which is to establish the presence or absence of any mental disorder that could affect his or her ability to perceive, remember and reproduce information during the period of time when the events about which he or she testifies took place; forensic psychiatric examination of the victim, the purpose of which is to establish the presence or absence of any mental disorder in the victim during the period of time when the events occurred that could affect his or her ability to understand the situation, assess the danger and respond adequately to it; forensic psychiatric examination of the convicted person, the purpose of which is to establish the presence or absence of a mental disorder in the convicted person, which may be the basis for applying compulsory medical measures to him/her. In addition, the types of forensic psychiatric examinations are considered: forensic psychiatric examination in cases of limitation of civil capacity of an individual, recognition of an individual as incapacitated. The purpose of this examination is to establish the presence or absence of a mental disorder in an individual that prevents him or her from fully understanding the significance of his or her actions and controlling them; forensic psychiatric examination in cases of invalidation of a transaction. The purpose of this examination is to determine whether a person had a mental disorder at the time of the transaction that could have affected his or her ability to understand the meaning of the transaction and control his or her actions.

This article introduces broad strands of research on swearing as a foundation for an interpersonal pragmatics (IP) approach to the nature and effects of swearing in interaction and relationships. The main tenets of interpersonal pragmatics are presented, and swearing as a distinct research focus within IP is outlined. The article invokes pragmatic perspectives in addressing both negative and positive functions of swearing. The central focus on IP is developed by considering the mutual interplay between language and relationships in swearing activity. With respect to communicative context, it is noted that swearing both emerges within interpersonal relationships, and simultaneously provides a context for different types of interpersonal relationships to unfold (endogenous vs. exogenous IP perspectives). By way of introducing the special issue on swearing and interpersonal pragmatics and the constituent articles, it asserts the need to account for swearing as an interpersonal pragmatic strategy and to analyse the causes and effects of swearing in different contexts. The article concludes with a discussion of future research directions, including, in particular, swearing in mediated settings. • Swearing is discursively distinctive and psychologically powerful. • Interpersonal functions of swearing highlight mutual effects of language and relationships. • Positive and negative functions of swearing work in tandem to maintain swearing as highly nuanced and adaptable. • Interpersonal pragmatics emerges as a central strand of present and future swearing research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By establishing the initial legal status of the person held criminally liable as a "state of innocence", the presumption of innocence exerts a substantial influence on the entire criminal process: it determines the direction and rules of the criminal-procedural evidence during the entire process; it conditions and guarantees the inherence of the rights and freedoms of the accused, making it impossible to restrict them in the absence of sufficient grounds and necessities to do so. In the study, on the basis of the analysis of the provisions on the presumption of innocence in criminal proceedings, the opinion that the purpose of criminal procedural evidence is to obtain authentic knowledge of the guilt of the person in committing the crime, i.e. to rebut the presumption of innocence, is justified. This objective can be achieved only if all the circumstances of the case are fully and objectively investigated. The theoretical and practical importance of the study on the impact of the presumption of innocence on the distribution of the burden of proof in criminal proceedings is determined by the interpretation of the current problems of the criminal process, examined from the position of the presumption of innocence as a principle of the criminal process, focused on strengthening the procedural guarantees of the rights and freedoms of the individual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the article is that its authors have attempted to identify the nature of different types of legal responsibility for the violation of specific socio-economic rights of people with disabilities. For this purpose, through the use of dialectical, comparative legal methods, grouping methods, documentary analysis and analysis, the theoretical-practical and legislative aspects of material (financial), administrative, civil, criminal and disciplinary responsibility for the violation of the rights of persons with disabilities to work, strike, rest, entrepreneurial activity, social protection and social security, housing, health care and rehabilitation and a number of other rights. As a result, specific examples of violations of the social and economic rights of persons with disabilities are given. Emphasis is placed on rare cases of violations of the right to reproductive health of persons with disabilities who wish to become parents, as well as those who are aware of the disability of an unborn child. In this context, the critical situation of persons with disabilities living in prisons, where they are effectively deprived of the right to create a family, is noted. A separate level of violations of the rights of people with disabilities is related to discrimination on the grounds of disability, which manifests itself in all spheres of life of representatives of this category of the population in relation to practically all rights provided for them at the legislative level. The article also mentions frequent cases of violation of the right to an adequate level of social security, to the provision of medicines, to education, to employment, to parking in specially designated places, to free travel on public transport, etc. In connection with such a situation, the institution of responsibility (administrative, civil, criminal, disciplinary and material) for the violation of socio-economic rights of people with disabilities functions. Its grounds and mechanisms of application are defined to varying degrees in the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, the Criminal Code of Ukraine, the Code of Administrative Offences of Ukraine, as well as the following laws of Ukraine: "On the Fundamentals of Social Protection of Persons with Disabilities in Ukraine", "On Rehabilitation of Persons with Disabilities in Ukraine", "On Liability for Offences in the Field of Urban Development" and other regulatory acts. The above conclusions are supported by a series of statistical data on the situation of accessibility of the environment for people with disabilities, their employment, the level of impoverishment of this category of the population, the protection of violated rights before the courts, etc. The value of the proposed article is reduced to the fact that it is a complex scientific work reflecting the author's view of the current state, problems and prospects for development of the field of legal responsibility for violation of socio-economic rights of people with disabilities.

The paper explores the interplay of offence, (de)normalization and moral conflict triggered by media racism. The paper is premised on the assumption that public interventions to moral transgressions occasion moral conflicts in which transgressions can be (de)normalized through impoliteness, more specifically the acts of offence taking and causing. A YouTube video discussing the racist media coverage of the Ukrainian refugee crisis was analyzed along with a sizable amount of related user-generated comments. The analysis showed that offence taking and offence causing have morally restorative and (de)normalizing functions in moral conflict. This highlights the fact that the relationship between morality and impoliteness is much more complex than is usually theorized, wherein impoliteness is often perceived as a morally norm-disruptive behavior or a negatively valenced evaluation thereof. Not only can impoliteness be morally justified in moral conflicts, it can also be a necessary form of restorative public intervention. This necessitates greater attention to (de)normalization in (im)politeness theorizing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, Iurisprudentia is the property of Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Croatian Annual of Criminal Sciences & Practice / Hrvatski Ljetopis za Kaznene Znanosti i Praksu is the property of Hrvatsko Udruzenje za Kaznene Znanosti i Praksu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Review of Juridical Sciences / Revista de Științe Juridice is the property of Review of Juridical Sciences / Revista de Stiinte Juridice and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Forensic science holds a special place in the line of sciences that „arm‟ criminal prosecution officers, prosecutors, experts and judges with effective methods and tools of establishing the truth in criminal cases. Appearing as a simple empirical field of knowledge, with the task of adapting the achievements of technical and natural sciences to the needs of the criminal trial, forensic science has traveled a long and difficult path of transformation into one of the most developed and requested legal sciences. Forensic science emerged and evolves as a science that, through its provisions, supports the activity of law enforcement bodies regarding the establishment of truth, the administration of justice and the prevention of crimes. The development of these provisions is the result of the research of two types of human activity - the activity of preparing, committing and concealing crimes and its antipode - the activity related to the discovery, investigation of criminal cases and their examination in court. Thereafter, forensic science studies the specific regularities that direct these types of activity, elaborating practical recommendations for the fight against criminality, by which it is understood the entire activity of criminal prosecution bodies, forensic examination institutions and courts of law in order to establish the truth in criminal trials. Through the study conducted, we attempt to highlight the character of forensic science, its role in the system of legal sciences and its current development trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowing how to design training regimens and modify offensive and defensive strategies to accurately resemble on-court competitive demands can help the team secure the winning game outcome. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to examine differences in game-related statistics between winning and losing teams at the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division-II level of men’s basketball competition and determine which performance parameters have the greatest impact in differentiating between winning and losing game outcomes. The data scraping technique was used to obtain publicly available box scores during the 2018-19 competitive season. The total number of games examined in the present investigation was 4630. The findings of the present study indicate that winning teams: a) made more field-goal and three-point shots; b) attempted and made more free-throw shots; c) attained superior free-throw, two-point, and three-point shooting efficiency; d) accumulated more assists, steals, blocks, and offensive, defensive, and total rebounds; e) had fewer turnovers and personal fouls. Moreover, field-goal percentage, defensive rebounds, and assists showed to be the top three game-related statistics capable of discriminating winning from losing game outcomes on the NCAA Division-II level of competition, accounting for 17.0%, 12.7%, and 12.6% of the total percentage of the explained variance, respectively.

The impetuous evolution of market relations has led to the need for proper legal regulation of several aspects of economic life, including those relating to insolvency and crime in this area. However, the insolvency and its specificity, as a complex legal institution, include norms in the field of civil law, contravention, labor law, etc. Finally, all this has a direct link with the field of economic relations within society. At the beginning of the millennium, it was found that insolvency issues could not be solved only in the area of civil law in this matter. Intensive redistribution of property has led to the emergence of new forms and ways of evasion. The systematization of judicial practice in the field of insolvency highlights a wide application of this institution, including for reasons of profit or gain. The high degree of danger and the wide spread of these deeds have necessitated the operation of interventions in the matter of the appropriate sanctioning of the crimes related to insolvency. All these circumstances have determined the need to identify effective levers in the fight against illegal insolvency. We also recognize that law enforcement agencies are not adequately trained to effectively prevent and combat insolvency offenses. In these circumstances, we find that so far the forensic science has not developed an appropriate methodology in the field of investigation of insolvency offences.

While online hate speech is a perennial problem of modern times, there is still a lack of academic research on the topic. This could be attributed to the fact that hate speech does not always have clearly distinguishable linguistic features. As such, hate speech could well be communicated covertly. Consequently, and in order to better understand the phenomenon of 'covertly communicated' hate speech, one would need to first investigate the overarching thematic and discursive patterns in which hate speech is rooted. This study is a step in this direction. Assisted by a corpus-informed pragmatic analysis of hate language on Instagram , it focuses on hate language directed at Afghan immigrants in Iran, a rarely explored context involving one of the world's most widespread population movements and displacement patterns. The findings of the study lay bare the fact that, in the corpus under investigation, overt expressions of hate were few and far between, to the extent that they did not have meaningful salience in the data. In this respect, the study indicates how a number of recurring discursive patterns provide the foundation on which covert ways of expressing hate are based. • Provides a corpus-assisted analysis of hate language as found on Instagram. • Focuses on an underexplored context involving Afghan immigrants. • Reveals that hate speech may lack markedly hateful language. • Reveals that hate language may revolve around covert ways of expressing hatred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Galatasaray Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of GALATASARAY UNIVERSITESI HUKUK FAKULTESI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper is the second part of a more extensive commentary on Article 5 of the European Convention on Human Rights, which will be entirely published in three consecutive issues of this law journal. The first part of this study, published in the December 2022 issue, assessed the general features of the right to liberty and security and commented Article 5 § 1 a) and b). The present work continues that analysis. It evaluates four other situations in which a person can be deprived of his or her liberty, as stipulated by Article 5 § 1 c), d), e) and f). The remaining paragraphs of this important Article of the Convention, namely §§ 2, 3, 4 and 5, will be commented in a third paper which will be published in the next issue of this journal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Luridica Montenegrina is the property of University of Donja Gorica, Faculty of Legal Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Funkcja ochronna prawa pracy jest kluczowa i niemalże konstrukcyjna dla istnienia stosunku pra­cy. W celu skutecznego nałożenia obowiązków na pracodawców ustawodawca wprowadził sankcje – zarówno wykroczeniowe, jak i karne. Artykuł przynosi odpowiedź na pytanie, czy katalog przestępstw przeciwko prawom osób wykonujących pracę zarobkową zapewnia realizację funkcji ochronnej prawa pracy oraz czy – pośrednio lub bezpośrednio – wpływa pozytywnie, czy też negatywnie na przestrzeganie przez pracodawców obowiąz­ków względem pracowników i innych osób wykonujących pracę zarobkową. Wprowadzenie sankcji karnych w prawie pracy pełni funkcję ochronną, niemniej tą samą funkcję pełnią również te przepisy, które polegają na prewencyjnym minimalizowaniu występowania potencjalnych konfliktów w miejscu pracy, gdyż często unikanie konfliktów chroni pracownika lepiej niż nawet dotkliwe sankcje pokonfliktowe.

Various scholars have studied the increasing occurrence of toxic, often large-scale arguments over allegedly offensive behaviour in both public and private discourse arenas. However, what is meant by offence itself is rarely discussed at length in linguistics and communication studies, and little systematic work has been dedicated to how offence is taken and reported on across different contexts and in different modes of communication. The aims of this special issue are to examine how interactants and observers of interaction take offence across different communicative settings and sociocultural contexts, to consider the moral and relational implications of taking or reporting offence, and to highlight what a pragmatics-based perspective can add to research on offence and its relationship with morality. • Shows how people take offence across different settings and sociocultural contexts. • Examines the moral and relational implications of taking offence. • Scrutinises the relationship between offence and morality. • Discusses what a pragmatics perspective brings to research on offence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public shaming of private figures in everyday settings is amplified through posting denunciations on social media platforms. The aim of this paper is to understand how the conduct of individuals targeted for online public shaming is not only construed as transgressive, but as warranting public denunciation in the first place through posting denunciations of their conduct on social media platforms. Public incivilities in encounters between strangers in public settings are discursively positioned as denounceable through framing that conduct as morally transgressive, which thereby legitimises public denunciation. However, because framing public conduct as transgressive necessarily involves selecting elements from a particular scene for public inspection and evaluation, public denunciations of public incivilities are always open to contestation. • Public incivilities occur in encounters between strangers in public settings. • Public denunciation of public incivilities can occur in situ or online. • Conduct is framed as morally transgressive through online public denunciations. • Online public denunciations of public incivilities are always open to contestation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Food allergy is a major public health concern. Failures of food allergen avoidance and the consequences for those with food hypersensitivity (allergies, intolerances and coeliac disease) have a forensic context. The aim of this study was to collate and analyse the use of action in the United Kingdom (UK) courts as redress following adverse food allergy reactions or failures of allergen management.Methods: Details of prosecutions during the study period (1 January 2014 to 31 January 2020) were recorded from regular key word Internet searches. National and local news reports were primary sources, along with commentary from enforcement and regulatory professionals. Information was also collected from coroners' inquests by attending hearings and direct contact with coroners and participants in the hearings. Freedom of Information requests were made to local authority enforcement departments. In several cases, the authors had direct involvement in investigations.Results: From 2014 to 2020, there was an increase in reports. Seventy prosecutions were recorded as well as two associated appeals and two applications for Hygiene Emergency Prohibition Notice. This resulted in 68 convictions; seven individuals received custodial sentences, three of which were suspended although one individual had a tagged curfew imposed. Fines ranged from £50 to £93,000. Details of the law applied and the evidence gathering processes are reported.Conclusion: Legal action, including landmark prosecutions for Gross Negligence Manslaughter and Preventing Future Deaths reports from coroners, with salience of criminal penalties, has led to changes in labelling law and improved allergen management practices better to protect the interests of patients with food hypersensitivities. A central system of collation of such data, and on 'near misses', will enable more focused root cause analysis to further improve allergen management and reduce patient risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scope of the study is to analyse the Regulation on the organisation and conduct of specific activities of the Court of Accounts, as well as the use of documents resulting from these activities (RODAS)I from the perspective of the relationship between the audit authority and the auditee, in relation to the offence provided for in Art. 64 of Law no. 94/1992II . We want to analyse the relationship between the Court of Auditors and the auditee, considering the fact that although the audit institution orders measures to recover alleged damages, the exclusive power to choose such measures pertains to the management of the entity. However, the Court of Auditors may decide to refer the matter to the criminal investigation bodies if the damage is not recovered.

An offence is consummated when the committed act falls within a criminal rule. Fixing the starting point of the offence consummation has legal relevance for, a number of reasons: on the one hand, it marks the time when there is corpus delicti of crime in place; on the other hand, it defines the date of the offence, which has practical interest for addressing some issues, e.g., determining the applicable criminal law, calculating the limitation period for criminal liability, the incidence of an amnesty law, etc. Hence, this article identifies the peculiarities of the moment of consummation of an offence relating to the manipulation of an event. For this purpose, account was taken of legal provisions, judicial practice, and doctrinal approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study approaches from an interdisciplinary perspective the problems generated by alcohol consumption while driving. The perspectives from which this problem is viewed are both the legal one and the psychological one, but the analysis is also based on statistical data. These data are capitalized in the sense of observing the particularities involved by this phenomenon, by reference to the age categories that are most often found in known statistics, but are also compared with the way in which the issue is regulated in the legislation of other states. All these elements are likely to lead to the conclusion that the national legislation governing sanctions or limits on alcohol consumption in the context of driving a vehicle on public roads requires significant improvements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, quite effective systems have been formed in the world to combat and prevent customs crimes in general and by customs authorities, however, the experience of not all states is positive. The article, based on the analysis of the scientific views of scholars, summarizes the experience of the leading European countries (on the example of Great Britain, France, Germany) in the field of preventing and combating crime by customs authorities. Both positive and negative aspects of the experience in the field of combating crime in these countries are singled out. The analysis of foreign experience in preventing and combating crime by customs authorities made it possible to formulate the following points that should be used by the domestic legislator: firstly, a high level of material, technical and financial support of the customs authorities, which makes it possible to more quickly respond to existing challenges; secondly, the customs authorities of the vast majority of countries have a wide range of powers in the context of the implementation of intelligence operations; thirdly, a high level of interaction and exchange of information between the EU countries in the framework of combating customs crime; fourthly, an important aspect of combating and preventing customs crime is the professional training of customs personnel; fifthly, on the example of foreign countries in Ukraine, it was expedient to strengthen administrative and criminal liability for violation of customs legislation; sixth, a high level of social and financial support for customs employees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The origin and traces of crime and its sanctions can be seen in ancient times. The nature of crime is changing with the advancement of society in variety of dimensions. They have changed from the criteria of common crime to the criteria of special crime, which are mostly unattended. While classifying the crimes on different notes and basis, the criminal jurisprudence has used the technique so that they can be labelled as 'Blue collar crime', 'Red collar crime' and 'White collar crime'. The common crimes are termed as blue collar crime while the crimes which are coupled with blood as known as red collar crime. White collar crime is considered to be the crime emerged by the advancement of society and technology either by particular act or omission of an individual. At the first look it may not appear as a crime but there are much crimes underlined and concealed. They are generally related to economic offences which may be related to essential commodities, food adulteration, money laundering etc. this crime is generally concealed or disguised from the eyes of general public and the administrators of criminal justice. Different dimensions of white collar crime have been look into by the research topic along with its penalties, investigating and adjudicating their models. It also emphasises on the causes of such crimes and also on the measures which can be of curative purpose. Doctrinal methodology has been adopted for this research topic which is based on primary and secondary source of data that has been analysed on various techniques of research so that conclusion can be arrived. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neighbours sharing information about robberies in their district through social networking platforms, citizens and volunteers posting about the irregularities of political elections on the Internet, and internauts trying to identify a suspect of a crime: in all these situations, people who share different degrees of relationship collaborate through the Internet and other technologies to try to help with or solve an offence. The crowd, which is sometimes seen as a threat, in these cases becomes an invaluable resource that can complement law enforcement through collective intelligence. Owing to the increasing growth of such initiatives, this article conducts a systematic review of the literature to identify the elements that characterize them and to find the conditions that make them work successfully. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Scientific Annals of the "Stefan cel Mare" Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Moldova / Revista Stiintifica a Academiei Stefan cel Mare is the property of Stefan cel Mare University, Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Moldova / Ministerul Afe and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With social media taking stand-up routines beyond their hitherto localised environments, there is growing irritation and backlash against comedians who supposedly tell unpleasant (or offensive) jokes. The ensuing decontextualisation creates a crisis wherein new media enables the kind of viewership that is less participatory, and thus more critical. As a result, jokes which ordinarily are framed within liminal moments of permissibility are increasingly exposed to various sensitivities and appraisals where they are evaluated by political correctness measures other than suspension of offence. This essay assesses the acts of Basket Mouth and Trevor Noah for the adaptive mechanics they deploy towards countering shifting cognitions arising from the transposition of stand-up routines from what used to be localised arenas to more global spaces. My inquiry interrogates newer ways in which the target comedians navigate the treacherous terrain of laughter evocation through anticipatory acts of self-censorship that work for both their immediate and mediatised audiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines how the interconnections between morality, aggression, and social activism are discursively articulated in two data sets: a face-to-face sport controversy and a corpus of evaluative online comments in response to reports of said controversy. The study adopted a combined transmedia, critical, and intersectional perspective that revealed the divergent interpretations of the controversy as an aggression that threatened the moral or a case of activism in defense of the moral. Thus, competing moral and social frameworks were found to lie behind social division and suggested the need for intersectional awareness and critical views on the complex and unstable distinctions between causing and taking offence and between the roles of transgressor/offender and victim/offended. • Transmedia study of morality and offence in offline and online interactions. • Intersectionality was essential to explain moral and social division and contestation. • Reinstating communal moral orders has different meanings for different social groups. • Moral principles did not take precedence over social principles. • Taking/causing offence and transgressor/victim roles were unstable distinctions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ius Novum is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper, I examine Brian Winston's defence of freedom of expression as a key Enlightenment principle and his criticisms of broadcasting regulation in the UK for departing from it. I also focus on the notion of harm, deriving from John Stuart Mill, that Winston employs to indicate where the limits of freedom of expression should lie. Winston complains that notions of offence and insult have increasingly expanded definitions of harm and so narrowed the bounds of freedom of expression. I use this critique as the starting point for an analysis of the regime of online regulation currently being proposed by the UK government in the form of the Online Safety Bill. This, I argue, threatens to create an unwieldy, unaccountable and unnecessary state apparatus of online censorship, operates with far too broad and vague a notion of harm, and will see material expelled from the online world which is entirely legal in the offline world. I conclude by examining recent proposals from the Law Commission for bringing the regulation of certain categories of online and offline communications into line, and for clarifying what is actually meant by harm in certain specific pieces of legislation. I argue that the commission's carefully delimited approach to the issue of harm in the communications sphere is greatly preferable to the regulatory Behemoth proposed by the Online Safety Bill, which would very seriously endanger the communicative freedoms espoused by Brian Winston. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The criminalization of money laundering deeds is a relatively new phenomenon for the criminal legislation of some states, which some time ago did not know such acts. The absence of clear and uniform representations regarding the signs of the crime of money laundering and the presence of contradictory interpretations regarding the qualification and proof of such deeds were decisive in the operation of multiple changes in the field of criminalization and sanctioning of money laundering. However, all these taken together have stimulated certain difficulties of a normative and applicative nature in the field of investigation of money laundering offenses. The research of the specialized doctrine and of the practice of investigation and discovery of these deeds draws our attention to a complex of theoretical, normative and practical difficulties, which leaves a negative imprint on the prevention and counteracting of money laundering, which determines the high degree of latency of the crimes in question, which often remain beyond the sight of the law enforcement bodies. The insufficiently clear regulation and the lack of appropriate practical skills in the application of special knowledge in the process of investigation of money laundering offenses can also be included thereto. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Internal Security is the property of Police Academy in Szczytno and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper we analyzed the offence that is mentioned with a marginal title, taking into consideration the provisions in force at this time. We considered elements of identity, as well as of differentiation in relation to previous laws, constitutive content, forms, modalities and some aspects concerning legal precedents and transitory situations. Novelty elements concern both the analysis itself in relation to recent doctrine, as well as recent and relevant case law. Critical analysis of the incrimination text has imposed also critical opinions, supplemented by corresponding de lege ferenda proposals. The paper may be useful both for students of law schools as well as for practitioners in the field of criminal law. This paper is part of a university course to be published at the Universul Juridic publishing house this year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I analyzed the official mentioned with a marginal title, offence that has been recently introduced in Romanian law. The analysis may be useful to students of law schools in the country, as well as to practitioners in the field of criminal law. The novelty element is the analysis of this offence, representing an absolute novelty in Romanian criminal law. The paper is part of a university course to be published in the future in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]