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The paper presents the current state of autonomous energy sources in the north of the Far East. Consideration is given to the capacity structures with a focus on industrial and residential autonomous energy sources. One of the main problems facing power supply to residential consumers in the north of the Far East is the insufficiently developed transport infrastructure, which causes complicated fuel delivery patterns, fuel price rise, and hence high electricity generation cost. The changes in the installed capacity of renewable energy sources (RES) in the north of the Far East are demonstrated for the period between 2011 and 2015. The research shows the main directions of power production diversification in the north of the Far East. The directions include the use of local fuel types, the development of cogeneration, the involvement of renewable energy sources and small-scale nuclear power plants. The paper presents a forecast for the renewable energy development in the north of the Far East up to 2035, made by the authors. The priority RES projects in the off-grid power supply in the north of the Far East are wind and solar power plants

Electricity supply in nonelectrified areas can be covered by distributed renewable energy systems. The main disadvantage of these systems is the intermittent and often unpredictable nature of renewable energy sources. Moreover, the temporal distribution of renewable energy may not match that of energy demand. Systems that combine photovoltaic modules with electrical energy storage (EES) can eliminate the above disadvantages. However, the adoption of such solutions is often financially prohibitive. Therefore, all parameters that lead to a functionally reliable and self-sufficient power generation system should be carefully considered during the design phase of such systems. This study proposes a sizing method for off-grid electrification systems consisting of photovoltaics (PV), batteries, and a diesel generator set. The method is based on the optimal number of PV panels and battery energy capacity whilst minimizing the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) for a period of 25 years. Validations against a synthesized load profile produced grid-independent systems backed by different accumulator technologies, with LCOEs ranging from 0.34 EUR/kWh to 0.46 EUR/kWh. The applied algorithm emphasizes a parameter of useful energy as a key output parameter for which the solar harvest is maximized in parallel with the minimization of the LCOE.

Continuous flow through chamber systems are recognized for their superiority in obtaining high resolution seasonal greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions data. In the current study, we combine Li-Cor 8100A CO 2 flux system with the infrared N 2 O analyzer (Teledyne API, San Diego, CA) and a laser spectroscopic analyzer (Los Gatos Research Inc, Mountain View, CA) to design a robust setup for reliable concurrent measurements of N 2 O and CO 2 emissions from automatic chambers and to obtain flux gradient N 2 O data from agricultural land. Field testing revealed considerable interference of moisture and temperature with the infrared N 2 O analyzer data, which showed a negative drift of up to 0.5 ppm at increased humidity (R 2 = 0.76). Addition of desiccant column on line in an attempt to improve infrared analyzer N 2 O readings due to removal of moisture affected the N 2 O and CO 2 baselines, likely due to flow modulation by the Li-Cor 8100A air pump. High precision output from the laser spectroscopic analyzer and stability of its baseline at variable temperature and moisture were preferable for combined automatic chamber and flux tower measurements. The total N 2 O produced at the site fertilized with 100 kg N ha −1 was 1.8 ± 0.7 kg N 2 O-N ha −1 , and the total CO 2 emissions were 4350 ± 1173 kg CO 2 -C ha −1 during the measurement period in the fall and spring. The high frequency of sampling and low labor intensity of the N 2 O and CO 2 measurement setup allows for comparison of GHG emissions from short term events and across seasons, and establishes the basis for better understanding of emissions sources in agricultural systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electricity supply in nonelectrified areas can be covered by distributed renewable energy systems. The main disadvantage of these systems is the intermittent and often unpredictable nature of renewable energy sources. Moreover, the temporal distribution of renewable energy may not match that of energy demand. Systems that combine photovoltaic modules with electrical energy storage (EES) can eliminate the above disadvantages. However, the adoption of such solutions is often financially prohibitive. Therefore, all parameters that lead to a functionally reliable and self-sufficient power generation system should be carefully considered during the design phase of such systems. This study proposes a sizing method for off-grid electrification systems consisting of photovoltaics (PV), batteries, and a diesel generator set. The method is based on the optimal number of PV panels and battery energy capacity whilst minimizing the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) for a period of 25 years. Validations against a synthesized load profile produced grid-independent systems backed by different accumulator technologies, with LCOEs ranging from 0.34 EUR/kWh to 0.46 EUR/kWh. The applied algorithm emphasizes a parameter of useful energy as a key output parameter for which the solar harvest is maximized in parallel with the minimization of the LCOE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diesel generator (DG)-battery power systems are often adopted by telecom operators especially in semi-urban and rural areas of developing countries. System dispatch is one of the key factors to hybrid power system integration. The contradiction between battery dispatch and DG dispatch in DG-battery power systems is that shallow and medium cycling is preferred for long battery life, while deep cycling is preferred for DG fuel and maintenance saving. In this paper, two dispatch regimes, A of full cycle charge strategy and B of partial state of charge (PSOC) strategy, and the corresponding SOC (state of charge) set points of the DG-battery power system are analysed and compared in terms of system operational expenditure (OPEX) and net present cost (NPC). The system OPEX mainly consists of fuel-related, filters-related and battery bank replacement costs. The simulation programme is established based on system efficiency calculations and battery charging regimes. The results show that (1) shallow cycling may bring long DG running time and high fuel consumption, while deep cycling is in favour of reducing DG running time and fuel consumption; (2) shallow cycling is in favour of battery life under Regime A, while deep cycling is in favour of battery life under Regime B; (3) depth of discharge (DOD)[0.8, 1.0] leads to the lowest NPC for both Regime A and Regime B; (4) Regime B wins with not large difference before the battery bank replacement happened, and after then Regime A wins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]