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This research project envisions using a lunar observation platform to measure the full-wave (0.2~100 μm) and shortwave (0.2~4.3 μm) radiation of the Earth, achieving an accurate estimation of the overall radiation budget of the Earth. Based on the lunar platform, the system analyzes Earth's radiation characteristics and geometric attributes, as well as the sampling properties of observation times. Informed by these analyses, an Earth-facing optical radiation measurement system tailored to these specifications is designed. The optical system adopts an off-axis three-mirror configuration with a secondary image plane, incorporating a field stop at the primary image plane to effectively suppress solar stray light, scattered lunar surface light, and background radiation from the instrument itself, ensuring the satisfactory signal-to-noise ratio, detection sensitivity, and observation duration of the instrument. At the same time, stringent requirements are imposed for the surface treatments of instrument components and temperature control accuracy to further ensure accuracy. Simulation analyses confirm that the design satisfies requirements, achieving a measurement accuracy of better than 1% across the entire optical system. This Moon-based Earth-radiation measurement system, with capabilities for Earth-pointing tracking, radiation energy detection, and stray-light suppression, furnishes a more comprehensive dataset, helping to advance our understanding of the mechanisms driving global climate change [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research project envisions using a lunar observation platform to measure the full-wave (0.2~100 μm) and shortwave (0.2~4.3 μm) radiation of the Earth, achieving an accurate estimation of the overall radiation budget of the Earth. Based on the lunar platform, the system analyzes Earth’s radiation characteristics and geometric attributes, as well as the sampling properties of observation times. Informed by these analyses, an Earth-facing optical radiation measurement system tailored to these specifications is designed. The optical system adopts an off-axis three-mirror configuration with a secondary image plane, incorporating a field stop at the primary image plane to effectively suppress solar stray light, scattered lunar surface light, and background radiation from the instrument itself, ensuring the satisfactory signal-to-noise ratio, detection sensitivity, and observation duration of the instrument. At the same time, stringent requirements are imposed for the surface treatments of instrument components and temperature control accuracy to further ensure accuracy. Simulation analyses confirm that the design satisfies requirements, achieving a measurement accuracy of better than 1% across the entire optical system. This Moon-based Earth-radiation measurement system, with capabilities for Earth-pointing tracking, radiation energy detection, and stray-light suppression, furnishes a more comprehensive dataset, helping to advance our understanding of the mechanisms driving global climate change

This article explores a research on the application of off-axis optical imaging technology to biological imaging applications, from the aspects of optical system design, primary and tertiary mirror support structure design, system performance testing and evaluation, etc. On the basis of the three-mirror anti-astigmatism off-axis optical (TMA) system, a high-order aspheric surface is used to improve the imaging quality and minimize F-number (F#). The modulation transfer function of the optical system can attain 0.15@176 lp/mm, and in the full frequency range, near diffraction-limit imaging (high-resolution) performance can be achieved. A lightweight mirror chamber structure and a circular cantilever beam flexible hinge structure were designed. The statics and thermodynamics simulation analysis of the mirror support assembly is carried out. According to the analysis results, it can be seen that the structure has good stability and small surface changes, which can meet the requirements of actual use. A Zygo interferometer is used to assess the TMA system performance under the support. The test results show that the imaging resolution is 3.34 um, the imaging field of view is 151.1 mm × 22.16 mm, the system wave aberration edge field of view is about λ/11.8, and the central field of view RMS is about λ/13, which are both less than λ/10. The test results show that the performance of the designed large-field high-resolution off-axis three-reflection imaging system meets the requirements of biological imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]