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Introduction: Pancreatic cancer represents one of the greatest challenges in oncology. It is often diagnosed at a stage when treatment options are already limited. Inflammation is one of the key factors influencing the dynamics of pancreatic cancer development and progression. Aim of the research: The aim of this study is to assess the relationship between the location of pancreatic cancer and the levels of selected inflammatory cytokines, and to examine the differences in the concentration of these cytokines depending on the location of the tumour. We also assessed the diagnostic utility of inflammatory cytokines by conducting ROC curve analysis, as well as the correlations of cytokines with selected clinicopathological parameters and with the results of selected laboratory tests. Material and methods: Concentrations of 37 cytokines: CTACK, eotaxin, basic FGF, G-CSF, GRO-α, HGF, IL-1β, IL-1ra, IL-2Rα, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12, IL-16, IL-17, IL-18, IP-10, LIF, MCP-1, M-CSF, MIF, MIG, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, β-NGF, PDGF-BB, RANTES, SCF, SCGF-β, SDF-1α, TNF-α, TNF-β, and TRIAL was measured in the venous blood of 42 patients with pancreatic cancer. Results: Eotaxin levels (p = 0.002), basic FGF (p = 0.316), G-CSF (p = 0.0408), IL-2Rα (p = 0.0487), IL-6 (p = 0.0001), IL-9 (p = 0.0002), IL-17 (p = 0.0153), IP-10 (p = 0.0228), MIP-1α (p = 0.0117), MIP-1β (p = 0.0021), RANTES (p = 0.0228), SCGF-β (p = 0.223), TNF-α (p = 0.0398), TNF-β (p = 0.002) was statistically significantly higher in the patient group with tumours located in the head compared to patients with tumours in the body and tail of the pancreas. ROC analysis demonstrated that cytokines may be useful in differentiating the location of pancreatic cancer. There is a correlation between cytokine concentrations and the location of pancreatic cancer. Conclusions: Cytokines such as FGF, G-CSF, IL-2Rα, IL-6, IL-9, IL-17, IP-10, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, RANTES, SCGF-β, TNF-α, and TNF-β differentiate patients with cancer located in the head of the pancreas from patients with a distal location of this cancer with a high degree of sensitivity and specificity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Periegetica is the property of WSB University in Poznan and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Annals of Social Sciences / Roczniki Nauk Społecznych is the property of Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL & Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawla II and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studia Paedagogica Ignatiana is the property of Jesuit University Ignatianum in Krakow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studia Paedagogica Ignatiana is the property of Jesuit University Ignatianum in Krakow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studia Paedagogica Ignatiana is the property of Jesuit University Ignatianum in Krakow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studia Paedagogica Ignatiana is the property of Jesuit University Ignatianum in Krakow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studia Paedagogica Ignatiana is the property of Jesuit University Ignatianum in Krakow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Celem artykułu jest charakterystyka modeli biznesu przedsiębiorstw energetycznych w kontekście budowy i zachowania ich odporności, aplikujących cele neutralności klimatycznej w ramach strategii zrównoważonego rozwoju. Starano się odpowiedzieć na pytanie: w jakim zakresie dążenie do neutralności klimatycznej w strategiach zrównoważonego rozwoju przedsiębiorstw energetycznych wpływa na odporność tych przedsiębiorstw? Artykuł podsumowuje wyniki badań dotyczące odporności modeli biznesu przedsiębiorstw energetycznych aplikujących cele neutralności klimatycznej w ramach strategii zrównoważonego rozwoju. W badaniach wykorzystano wielokrotne case study, którym objęto pięć zagranicznych przedsiębiorstw energetycznych szczególnie uzależnionych od uwarunkowań globalnych związanych ze zmianami klimatu. Podstawowym instrumentem badawczym zastosowanym w artykule był model wykorzystujący koncepcję tzw. Nowej Ery Innowacji, podkreślający rolę innowacji w tworzeniu wartości, wyboru procesów biznesowych oraz architektury technicznej i społecznej. Uzupełniony został o elementy modelu Canvas. Badania wskazują, że możliwe jest budowanie i utrzymanie odporności modeli biznesu przedsiębiorstw energetycznych w kontekście neutralności klimatycznej, realizowanej z uwzględnieniem strategii zrównoważonego rozwoju.

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Copyright of Zeszyty Naukowe UPH Seria Administracja i Zarządzanie is the property of Siedlce University of Natural Sciences & Humanities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Annals of Social Sciences / Roczniki Nauk Społecznych is the property of Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL & Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawla II and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Athenaeum: Polskie Studia Politologiczne is the property of Faculty of Political Science & Security Studies Nicolaus Copernicus University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polish Journal of Management Studies is the property of Czestochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Management and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this article is to review definitions of "resilience", including regional and urban resilience, as well as to describe the interpretations of the terms. An effort is also made to identify the approaches taken to strengthen resilience in practice, as well as research approaches. Relevant literature is reviewed, and schools of thoughts regarding adaptability are also indicated. The review of the definitions of resilience shows how many emphasise the existence of external threats which it is first and foremost important for socio-ecological systems to withstand, before being in a position to mitigate effects, adapt to new circumstances, and also undergo transformation. Only less often is attention paid to internal factors that may lead to disturbances, but also favour or force reorganisation of a system. Newer definitions also highlight component elements of systems, such as individuals, households and communities; while highlighting issues of social inclusion. Notions of regional resilience most often relate to the economy, while definitions of urban resilience more often invoke urban functions and systems (including infrastructure aimed at preventing negative natural phenomena), as well as covering social issues. The literature in essence offers three distinguishable interpretations in resilience studies. These are important insofar as the acceptance of the appropriate one determines further research procedure, and even conclusions as to what is or is not a resilient system. It is engineering resilience, ecological resilience and evolutionary resilience that can be identified. Initially, it was the engineering-related interpretation that dominated in resilience research, even as today use is often made of a systemic approach referring to the interpretation of evolutionary (adaptive) resilience. On the other hand, transformational abilities are more and more often indicated as features of key importance to the building of resilient socio-ecological systems. Review of the literature on resilience shows that, among the approaches of practical value to its strengthening it is possible to distinguish such approaches as those involving disaster risk reduction, climate-change adaptation, social-ecological aspects, complex adaptive systems, livelihood, and agencies and institutions. Among the research approaches taken to the concept of resilience, it is possible to distinguish the equilibrium-related, systems perspectives, path dependence and the long view. And where schools of thought are concerned, there is a human capital agglomeration view; and industrial structure, economic variety and innovation approach considered along with the application of digital technologies in smart cities; and a third school putting the emphasis on institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of General Medicine & Health Sciences / Medycyna Ogólna i Nauki o Zdrowiu is the property of Witold Chodzki Institute of Rural Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To function properly, the human immune system must be adequately stimulated. Immune activity is stimulated as a result of the use of vaccines as well as the exposure of the body to infections. This type of stimulation only increases the specific humoral immunity, characterized by relatively short duration, and targeted at a well-defined antigen. In the case of the COVID-19 virus, immune memory cells persist for up to one year. In parallel with specific stimulation, it is necessary to develop non-specific immunity. It is the body's first line of defense against infection, affects many microorganisms, and supports specific immunity. We can develop and strengthen this immunity using non-pharmacological methods, including balneotherapy, physical activity, and an appropriate diet. There is now much scientific evidence showing the effectiveness of balneotherapy in improving innate immunity. In in vitro and in vivo studies with high scientific credibility, the following effects of balneotherapy on the immune system were demonstrated: stimulation of the proliferation of T lymphocytes (especially CD4), normalization of the ratio between lymphocytes with different cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory effects, increased number of granulocytes and stimulation of the phagocytic activity of granulocytes and macrophages, lowering the concentration of proinflammatory cytokines and stimulating the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines, CRP, prostaglandins (PGE2), as well as antioxidant and neurohormonal activity. Among treatments with balneoimmunostimulatory effects, one should mention sulfide baths, peloid compresses, brine baths, radon treatments, and hot baths. These treatments are mainly used as part of health resort treatment. In Poland, health resort treatment represents excellent health potential. Unfortunately, it is very modestly used in activities aimed at improving the immunity of Polish society. This treatment would be best combined in patients after vaccination and in a certain period before vaccination, which would significantly increase the effectiveness of prophylactic vaccinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Management & Quality / Zarządzanie i Jakość is the property of Scientific Society of Organization & Management / Towarzystwo Naukowe Organizacji i Kierownictwa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sprawy Miedzynarodowe / International Affairs is the property of Instytut Studiow Politycznych PAN and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Poznanskiej. Organizacja & Zarzadzanie is the property of Poznan University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Odporność psychiczna jako konstrukt to stosunkowo nowe zjawisko, które obecnie zyskuje na znaczeniu – zwłaszcza w nowych edukacyjno-pedagogicznych koncepcjach skupiających się na zapobieganiu zachowaniom ryzykownym. Dlatego też, w ciągu ostatnich kilkudziesięciu lat, zmiana naszego podejścia do odporności psychicznej stała się o wiele głębsza niż zmiana zaledwie koncepcyjna. W niniejszym artykule omówimy dwa zagadnienia fundamentalne dla zrozumienia odporności psychicznej jako cechy bardzo ludzkiej, bez rozważania jej zastosowań. Istnieje wyraźna potrzeba odniesienia odporności psychicznej do aspektów typowo antropologicznych, które – jak sugeruje antropologia filozoficzna – mogą pomóc nam dostrzec, że ta cecha wynika z samej ludzkiej natury. Właśnie w tym momencie antropologia łączy się z narracyjną autokonstrukcją w rozwoju wewnętrznego logos. Takie antropologiczne cechy niewątpliwie ułatwiają nam zrozumienie tego, w jaki sposób osoba może siebie tworzyć poprzez własny dialog wewnętrzny skorelowany ze środowiskiem zewnętrznym. Na podstawie takiego rozwoju człowiek może tworzyć różne aspekty własnej osobowości, które pomagają stawić czoła trudnym, a nawet – w skrajnych przypadkach – traumatycznym sytuacjom.

W artykule przedstawiono wyzwania, jakie przed edukacją literacką stawiają pandemia oraz współczesne kryzysy (wspólnoty, środowiska i poznania). Należy zmniejszyć narastający rozziew między treściami nauczania a problemami współczesności. Autor proponuje położyć większy nacisk na kształcenie postaw opartych na wrażliwości, zrozumieniu, tolerancji, odporności, aby pomóc uczniom radzić sobie z lękami i kryzysami współczesnego świata. W edukacji literackiej kluczowe jest odejście od ergocentrycznej perspektywy, wprowadzenie większej liczby tekstów nieliterackich oraz nauka interpretacji rozumianej także jako praktyka społeczna.

Artykuł zawiera analizę miejsc konfliktu, pamięci i upamiętnienia oraz ocenę krajobrazu miejskiego i ruin. Ruiny pełnią w mieście różne funkcje, m.in. materializują miejskie wspomnienia, przekazując w ten sposób społeczny i polityczny komunikat, czasem o ogromnym oddziaływaniu. W artykule przez „ruiny traumatyczne” rozumie się ruiny powstałe na skutek katastrofalnych zdarzeń, takich jak bombardowania, które w odróżnieniu od obiektów ulegających powolnej degradacji, cenione są ze względu na walor historyczny a nie wiek. W większości przypadków ból i chęć odbudowy skłaniają decydentów do zacierania śladów katastrofy, a zachowanie ruin jest z reguły wynikiem spornych decyzji władz lokalnych (Sauvageot, 1995). Traumatyczne ruiny mogą być prawdziwymi miejskimi bliznami, przypominającymi o katastrofie miejscowej ludności. Można je uznać za niezbędny krok w procesie budowania świadomości ryzyka i krzewienia „kultury ryzyka”. Zachowanie traumatycznego śladu katastrofy może być narzędziem budowania odporności miejskiej, poprzez proces nazwany proaktywną formą odporności (Vale i Campanella, 2005).Ten instrument zarządzania ryzykiem wiąże się z poważnymi problemami urbanistycznymi. Czy należy zachować ruiny jako ślady historii i narzędzie zachowania pamięci i zapobiegania zagrożeniom, czy też należy wymazywać traumę, nadając priorytet miejskiej funkcjonalności? I jak zintegrować masywny zrujnowany element z resztą przestrzeni miejskiej? Wiele społeczności lokalnych w różnych krajach decyduje się zachowywać ruiny po tragicznych wydarzeniach. Ustanawiane są określone standardy restauracji i zarządzania, dokonywane są różne wybory estetyczne i techniczne, przyjmowane są różne kryteria dostępu i prezentacji. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ziemniak Polski is the property of Instytutem Hodowli & Aklimatyzacji Roslin - Panstwowym Instytutem Badawczym and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 appear in the blood of most infected patients within two weeks after the onset of COVID-19 symptoms. Serological tests for antibody detection/determination should have high sensitivity and even higher specificity to achieve at least 95% positive predictive value, even if the prevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies is low. Therefore, only a small number of the tests are accepted for diagnostic and epidemiological purposes. Some of the assays are adapted for high-throughput automatic analyzers, which allow to scale up testing to several hundred or even several thousands of tests per day. Serologic tests have several potential applications. First of all, they are used to diagnose past infection with SARS-CoV-2 or exposure to the virus. They can be used as an additional supplementary aid in diagnosing late COVID-19 in patients with a strong suspicion of the disease and negative molecular tests. Other possible uses of antibody testing include: assessing the presumptive immune status of recovered patients, estimating COVID-19 prevalence in the general population and selected groups to plan protective and treatment measures, testing prospective plasma donors for convalescent plasma treatment, studies of COVID-19 vaccine efficacy, and prioritizing persons for vaccination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The concepts of resilience and entrepreneurship in emergency management can contribute to increasing the ability to cope with threats. However, research and analysis in this area are limited. Research on resilience and entrepreneurship in emergency management has largely focused on the impact of these concepts on emergency management, with limited attempts to find out how they interact together. For this reason, the aim of this article is to systematize the knowledge of the role of resilience and entrepreneurship in emergency management and to establish mutual relations between these concepts. The aim of this article was achieved based on a systematic literature review using the PRISMA Group methodology. As a result, the characteristics and impact of both resilience and entrepreneurship on emergency management were presented, the importance of these concepts in social terms was shown, and the mutual interactions between them were identified. The obtained results indicate that emergencies constitute change accelerators that create opportunities for social and public entrepreneurship development. Resilience and entrepreneurship interact; together they create better abilities to deal with threats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents issues concerning rail transport (rail, metro and tramway) and factors influencing the planned implementation of the schedule. At the beginning, the scope of application of the robustness concept was analysed, based on scientific and industry literature. Then the attention was focused on the model of the rail transport system and the schedule, the basic indicator of robustness assessment was discussed, taking into account the methods of analysis used and many variables occurring in rail transport. Finally, a review of the state of knowledge is summarised and the most important observations from the analysis are indicated. In the case of a robust schedule there is no propagation of disruption across the network after an adverse event has occurred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces is the property of Gen. Tadeusz Kosciuszko Military Academy of Land Forces and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Safety & Fire Technology (2657-8808) is the property of Centrum Naukowo-Badawcze Ochrony Przeciwpozarowej and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Strategic Review / Przeglad Strategiczny is the property of Faculty of Political Science & Journalism, Adam Mickiewicz University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Maintenance & Reliability / Eksploatacja i Niezawodność is the property of Polish Scientific & Technical Society Consumables, Polish Maintenance Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)