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Dissertação de Mestrado, Estudos Integrados dos Oceanos, 28 de abril de 2023, Universidade dos Açores. Os cachalotes são cetáceos cosmopolitas, demonstrando possuir uma estrutura social altamente complexa e vocalizações sofisticadas. Essas vocalizações, compostas quase inteiramente de sons de cliques, não são usadas apenas para alimantação em grandes profundidades, mas também para executar todas as outras funções da sua vida. As codas foram denominadas as séries curtas de 3 a 40 cliques, relacionadas a comunicação intraespecífica, manutenção de vínculos sociais e reconhecimento entre grupos. Cada cachalote usa diferentes tipos de codas, representando o seu repertório de codas, enquanto muitos tipos de codas e repertórios completos de codas são compartilhados entre diferentes indivíduos e grupos. Estudos de longa duração incorporando bacias oceânicas inteiras encontraram diferenças e semelhanças entre repertórios de codas e definiram clãs vocais, que são, pelo menos em algumas regiões, simpátricos. Nos Açores, os cachalotes são encontrados durante todo o ano, no entanto, poucos estudos foram dedicados aos repertórios de codas e clãs vocais simpátricos ainda não tinham sido detectados. Esta tese analisou os repertórios vocais de cinco cachalotes marcados com DTAGs durante o verão de 2020. Através do método IDCALL as codas foram classificadas e hierarquicamente agrupadas em clados e possíveis clãs vocais. O conjunto de dados foi alargado, incorporando codas dos Açores previamente analisadas, registadas entre 1988 e 2010, e adicionalmente comparados com outras regiões do Atlântico. Além disso, as DTAGs permitiram relacionar a produção de codas ao comportamento e movimento dos indivíduos. Os tipos de codas emitidos pelos cinco indivíduos marcados em 2020 foram investigados na tentativa de detetar relações com a fase de mergulho, atividade, profundidade e hora do dia. Dois indivíduos marcados em 2020 demonstraram um repertório de codas muito distinto ao que previamente havia sido registado nos Açores. As suas diferenças relativas aos restantes repertórios gravados nos Açores, que são caracterizados por codas regularmente espaçadas, sugerem a existência de dois clãs vocais simpátricos, que não foram descritos até agora. Os repertórios de codas demonstraram independência do ano de gravação, reforçando a estabilidade dos repertórios de codas nos Açores ao longo do tempo. Além disso, a maioria dos repertórios exibiu semelhanças com o clã EC2 das Caraíbas. Embora a análise contextual não tenha mostrado relações claras dos tipos de coda com os comportamentos, reforçou as diferenças individuais que haviam sido observadas anteriormente no uso do tipo de coda, além de ter indicado um aumento da frequência e diversidade de codas durante fases à superfície, atividades não relacionadas com alimentação, e durante o dia. Análises futuras e persistentes e o aumento do conjunto de dados serão necessários para confirmar a existência de clãs vocais e relações contextuais de produção de codas. ABSTRACT: Sperm whales are worldwide distributed cetaceans, demonstrating a highly complex social structure and sophisticated vocalisations. These vocalisations, made up mostly of click sounds, are used for foraging in great depths, but also to perform many other live functions. Short series of 3 to 40 clicks were termed codas, which were related to intraspecific communication, maintenance of social bonds and recognition between groups. Each sperm whale uses different types of codas, representing its coda repertoire, while many coda types and even complete coda repertoires are shared between different individuals and groups. Long term studies incorporating entire ocean basins were able to find differences and similarities between coda repertoires and to define vocal clans, that are, at least in some regions, sympatric. In the Azores, sperm whales are found year-round, yet few studies have been dedicated to coda repertoires and sympatric vocal clans had not yet been discovered. This thesis analysed the vocal repertoires of five sperm whales tagged with DTAGs during summer 2020. Via the IDCALL-method, codas were classified and hierarchically clustered into clades and possible vocal clans. The dataset was enlarged by incorporating previously analysed codas from the Azores, recorded between 1988 and 2010, and additionally compared to other regions in the Atlantic. Furthermore, DTAGs allowed to relate the coda production to behavior and movement of individuals. The coda types emitted by the five individuals tagged in 2020 were investigated for relations to dive phase, activity, depth, and diel pattern. Two individuals tagged in 2020 demonstrated a very distinctive coda repertoire that had former not been recorded. Their differences to the remaining repertoires documented in the Azores, which are characterized by the prevalence of regular-click-codas, suggests the existence of two sympatric vocal clans, that have previously not been described. Coda repertoires demonstrated independency from recording year, confirming the stability of coda repertoires in the Azores over time. Further, many repertoires exhibited similarities to the Caribbean EC2-clan. While contextual analysis did not show clear relationships of coda types in certain behavioural situations, it indeed affirmed previously observed individual differences of coda type use, additionally indicated increased frequency and diversity of codas during surface phases, non-foraging, and daytime hours. Future, persistent analysis and increase of datasets are required to confirm the observations about vocal clans and contextual relationships of coda production.

11 pages, 3 figures, 5 tables, supplementary material https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2023.1151758/full#supplementary-material.-- Data availability statement: The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found in the article/Supplementary Material, Further investigation is needed to improve the identification and classification of fish in underwater images using artificial intelligence, specifically deep learning. Questions that need to be explored include the importance of using diverse backgrounds, the effect of (not) labeling small fish on precision, the number of images needed for successful classification, and whether they should be randomly selected. To address these questions, a new labeled dataset was created with over 18,400 recorded Mediterranean fish from 20 species from over 1,600 underwater images with different backgrounds. Two state-of-the-art object detectors/classifiers, YOLOv5m and Faster RCNN, were compared for the detection of the ‘fish’ category in different datasets. YOLOv5m performed better and was thus selected for classifying an increasing number of species in six combinations of labeled datasets varying in background types, balanced or unbalanced number of fishes per background, number of labeled fish, and quality of labeling. Results showed that i) it is cost-efficient to work with a reduced labeled set (a few hundred labeled objects per category) if images are carefully selected, ii) the usefulness of the trained model for classifying unseen datasets improves with the use of different backgrounds in the training dataset, and iii) avoiding training with low-quality labels (e.g., small relative size or incomplete silhouettes) yields better classification metrics. These results and dataset will help select and label images in the most effective way to improve the use of deep learning in studying underwater organisms, Project DEEP-ECOMAR. 10.13039/100018685-Comunitat Autonoma de les Illes Balears through the Direcció General de Política Universitària i Recerca with funds from the Tourist Stay Tax law ITS 2017-006 (Grant Number: PRD2018/26). [...] The present research was carried out within the framework of the activities of the Spanish Government through the “María de Maeztu Centre of Excellence” accreditation to IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB) (CEX2021-001198-M) and the “Severo Ochoa Centre Excellence” accreditation to ICM-CSIC (CEX2019-000928-S) and the Research Unit Tecnoterra (ICM-CSIC/UPC)

[eng] The returning limb of Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is partly supplied by the cold-fresh waters that enter through the Drake Passage. Up to the isoneutral 28.0 kg m−3, the mean water inflow through the Drake Passage to the Scotia Sea is 140.8 ± 7.4 Sv and the outflow through the Northern Passages is 115.9 ± 8.3 Sv. Below this isoneutral reference and down to 2000 m, an additional 23.4 Sv enters through the Drake Passage. The mean barotropic contribution always represents over half the total transports, with substantial seasonal and moderate interannual variability in the water transports. The water mean-residence time is about 6 - 8 months. Combining the Argo floats data with other observational measurements, we apply a climatological high-resolution inverse model over the Scotia Sea boundaries up to the 28.0 kg m-3 isoneutral. The ACC enters 136.7 ± 1.0 Sv through the Drake Passage and exits 137.9 ± 1.0 Sv through the northern boundary, with the difference responding to the South Scotia Ridge and Philip Passages contributions. Along its northward path, the ACC waters lose heat but gain equatorward freshwater transport. Within the Scotia Sea, the surface-modal and modal-intermediate waters experience production in all biogeochemical variables. Finally, regarding anthropogenic DIC, the Scotia Sea stores 0.123 Pg C yr-1. Then, the ROD method compares actual drifters' displacements with numerical trajectory predictions; the observed-predicted differences in final positions respond to diffusive motions not captured by the numerical models. The ROD method is applied in the western South Atlantic Ocean leading to maximum diffusivities of 4630 - 4980 m2 s-1 in the upper 200 m of the water column, presenting an inverse relationship with depth. The diffusivities near the surface are fairly constant in latitude but the diffusion coefficients at 1000 m decrease considerably south of the Southern Boundary. With the horizontal diffusion coefficients obtained previously, we use the Lagrangian technique to determine the fraction of the upper-ocean transport that remains in the ACC flow as it crosses the South Atlantic Ocean and the fraction that contributes to the South Atlantic subtropical gyre. The mean results reveal that 94.8 Sv remains in the ACC, whereas a total of 15.1 Sv contributes directly to the AMOC. This AMOC transport takes a median of 14.3 years to arrive to the Brazilian Current from the Drake Passage. Furthermore, 78.1% of the particles that recirculate in the subtropical gyre perform one recirculation. The results confirm that the water masses entering the subtropical gyre through its eastern edge warm up substantially and lose density, partly transformed to surface waters. Furthermore, the contributions at the eastern edge of the South Atlantic subtropical gyre from the warm-water and the cold-water routes are compared. We perform numerical simulations of Lagrangian trajectories to identify the multiple direct and indirect pathways of intermediate waters. The total cold-route contribution represents between 17.9 and 18.9%, substantially higher than the 7.1 to 12.3% warm- route contribution. Several individual pathways form both routes, but the direct path is the preferential pathway followed by 83.6 to 87.2% of the water parcels. The direct cold route is the one that undergoes a greater transformation of its water masses, and it is confirmed that also feeds the Agulhas Current, contributing similarly to that coming from the Indonesian Throughflow., [cat] La branca de retorn de la circulació meridional de l'Atlàntic (AMOC) és parcialment sustentada per les aigües fredes i fresques que procedeixen de l'oceà Pacífic a través del passatge de Drake. Fins a la isoneutra de 28.0 kg m-3, l'entrada d'aigua mitja a través del pas de Drake cap al mar de Scotia és de 140.8 ± 7.4 Sv mentre que la sortida a través dels passos del Nord correspon a 115.9 ± 8.3 Sv. La seva component barotròpica mitjana sempre representa més de la meitat dels transports totals, amb una variació interanual moderada i estacional considerable en els transports d'aigua. El temps mig estimat de residència en el mar de Scotia és d'uns 6 - 8 mesos. Combinant les dades de boies Argo amb altres mesures observacionals, s’ha aplicat un model invers climatològic en els límits de el mar de Scotia amb la finalitat de definir el flux d'entrada i sortida de la ACC fins a la isoneutra de 28.0 kg m-3. Exactament, 136.7 ± 1.0 Sv del ACC entren pel pas de Drake i surten 137.9 ± 1.0 Sv pel límit nord. Al llarg de la seva trajectòria cap al nord, les aigües del ACC perden calor però guanyen transport d'aigua dolça. Dins del mar de Scotia, les aigües superficials-modals i les superficials-intermèdies experimenten producció en totes les variables biogeoquímiques. Finalment, en quant al DIC antropogènic, el mar de Scotia emmagatzema 0.123 Pg C any-1. Després, el mètode ROD compara els desplaçaments reals dels derivadors amb les trajectòries de les partícules simulades amb els models numèrics; les diferències observades-predites en les posicions finals responen a moviments difusius no capturats pels models numèrics. El mètode ROD és aplicat a l'Atlàntic Sud occidental obtenint difusions màximes de 4630 - 4980 m² s-1 en els primers 200 m de la columna d'aigua, presentant una relació inversa amb la profunditat. Prop de la superfície, els coeficients de difusió són bastant constants en latitud, no obstant això a 1000 m els coeficients disminueixen considerablement al sud del front Límit Sud. Amb els coeficients de difusió horitzontal obtinguts anteriorment, realitzem simulacions Lagrangianes per a determinar quina fracció de transport roman en el ACC i quina quantitat de transport es desvia al nord per a alimentar el gir subtropical de l'Atlàntic Sud. Els resultats mitjans revelen que 94.8 Sv romanen en el ACC, mentre que un total de 15.1 Sv contribueixen directament a la AMOC. Aquest transport que s'incorpora a la AMOC triga una mediana de 14.3 anys en arribar al corrent del Brasil. Els resultats confirmen que les masses d'aigua que entren al gir subtropical per la vora oriental s'escalfen substancialment i la majoria perden densitat, parcialment transformades en aigües superficials, mentre que les masses d'aigua que romanen a l'ACC es transfereixen en gran mesura a les capes superficials i profundes. A més, s’han comparat les contribucions de la ruta càlida i la ruta freda en el marge oriental del gir subtropical de l'Atlàntic Sud. Amb aquesta fi, realitzem simulacions numèriques per a identificar les múltiples vies directes i indirectes de les aigües intermèdies. La contribució total de les aigües de la ruta freda representa entre un 17.9 i 18.9%, sent substancialment major que el 7.1 i 12.3% de la contribució per part de la ruta càlida. Totes dues rutes estan formades per múltiples vies individuals però la via directa és la via preferent seguida pel 83.6 – 87.2% de les parcel·les d'aigua, sent la ruta freda directa la que sofreix una major transformació de les seves aigües., [spa] La rama de retorno de la circulación meridional del Atlántico (AMOC) es parcialmente sustentada por las aguas frías y frescas que proceden del océano Pacífico a través del pasaje de Drake. Hasta la isoneutra de 28.0 kg m-3, la entrada de agua media a través del paso de Drake hacia el mar de Scotia es de 140.8 ± 7.4 Sv mientras que la salida a través de los pasos del Norte corresponde a 115.9 ± 8.3 Sv. Su componente barotrópica media siempre representa más de la mitad de los transportes totales, con una variación interanual moderada y estacional considerable en los transportes de agua. El tiempo medio estimado de residencia en el mar de Scotia es de unos 6 - 8 meses. Combinando los datos de boyas Argo con otras medidas observacionales y aplicando un modelo inverso climatológico en los límites del mar de Scotia con el fin de definir el flujo de entrada y salida de la ACC hasta la isoneutra de 28.0 kg m-3 se estima que 136.7 ± 1.0 Sv del ACC entran por el paso de Drake y salen 137.9 ± 1.0 Sv por el límite norte. A lo largo de su trayectoria hacia el norte, las aguas del ACC pierden calor pero ganan transporte de agua dulce. Dentro del mar de Scotia, las aguas superficiales- modales y las superficiales-intermedias experimentan producción en todas las variables biogeoquímicas. Finalmente, en cuanto al DIC antropogénico, el mar de Scotia almacena 0.123 Pg C año-1. El método ROD compara los desplazamientos reales de los derivadores con las trayectorias de las partículas simuladas en modelos numéricos; las diferencias observadas-predichas en las posiciones finales responden a movimientos difusivos no capturados por los modelos numéricos. Dicho método es aplicado en el Atlántico Sur occidental obteniendo difusiones máximas de 4630 - 4980 m² s-1 en los primeros 200 m de la columna de agua, presentando una relación inversa con la profundidad. Cerca de la superficie, los coeficientes de difusión son bastante constantes en latitud, sin embargo, a 1000 m los coeficientes disminuyen considerablemente en el sur del frente Límite Sur. Con los coeficientes de difusión horizontal anteriores, se realizan simulaciones Lagrangianas para determinar qué fracción de transporte permanece en la ACC y qué cantidad de transporte se desvía en el norte para alimentar el giro subtropical del Atlántico Sur. Los resultados medianos revelan que 94.8 Sv permanecen en la ACC, mientras que un total de 15.1 Sv contribuyen directamente a la AMOC. Este transporte que se incorpora a la AMOC tarda una mediana de 14.3 años al llegar al corriente del Brasil. Los resultados confirman que las masas de agua que entran al giro subtropical por el borde oriental se calientan sustancialmente y la mayoría pierden densidad, parcialmente transformadas en aguas superficiales, mientras que las masas de agua que permanecen a la ACC se transfieren en gran medida a las capas superficiales y profundas. En cuanto a las contribuciones de la ruta cálida y la ruta fría en el margen oriental del giro subtropical del Atlántico Sur, se realizan simulaciones numéricas para identificar las múltiples vías directas e indirectas de las aguas intermedias. La contribución total de las aguas de la ruta fría representa entre un 17.9 y 18.9%, siendo sustancialmente mayor que el 7.1 y 12.3% de la contribución por parte de la ruta cálida. Ambas rutas están formadas por múltiples vías individuales pero la vía directa es la vía preferente seguida por el 83.6 – 87.2% de las parcelas de agua, siendo la ruta fría directa la que sufre una mayor transformación de sus aguas.

[eng] Heat, moisture, gas, and momentum exchanges at the oceanic and atmospheric interface modulate, inter alia, the Earth’s heat and carbon budgets, global circulation, and dynamical modes. Sea surface winds are fundamental to these exchanges and, as such, play a major role in the evolution and dynamics of the Earth’s climate. For ocean and atmospheric modeling purposes, and for their coupling, accurate sea-surface winds are therefore crucial to properly estimate these turbulent fluxes. Over the last decades, as numerical models became more sophisticated, the requirements for higher temporal and spatial resolution ocean forcing products grew. Sea surface winds from numerical weather prediction (NWP) models provide a convenient temporal and spatial coverage to force ocean models, and for that they are extensively used, e.g., the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) latest reanalysis, ERA5, with ubiquitous hourly estimates of sea-surface wind available globally on a 30-km spatial grid. However, local systematic errors have been reported in global NWP fields using collocated scatterometer observations as reference. These rather persistent errors are associated with physical processes that are absent or misrepresented by the NWP models, e.g., strong current effects like the Western Boundary Current Systems (highly stationary), wind effects as- sociated with the oceanic mesoscale (sea surface temperature gradients), coastal effects (land see breezes, katabatic winds), Planetary Boundary Layer parameterization errors, and large-scale circulation effects, such as those associated with moist convection areas. In contrast, the ocean surface vector wind or wind stress derived from scatterometers, although intrinsically limited by temporal and spatial sampling, exhibits considerable spatial detail and accuracy. The latter has an effective resolution of 25 km while that of NWP models is of 150 km. Consequently, the biases between the two mostly represent the physical processes unresolved by NWP models. In this thesis, a high-resolution ocean surface wind forcing, the so-called ERAú, that combines the strengths of both the scatterometer observations and of the atmospheric model wind fields is created using a scatterometer-based local NWP wind vector model bias correction. ERAú stress equivalent wind (U10S) is generated by means of a geolocated scatterometer-based correction applied separately to two different ECMWF reanalyses, the nowadays obsolete ERA-interim (ERAi) and the most recent ERA5. Several ERAú configurations using complementary scatterometer data accumulated over different temporal windows (TW) are generated and verified against independent wind sources (scatterometer and moored buoys), through statistical and spectral analysis of spatial structures. The newly developed method successfully corrects for local wind vector biases in the reanalysis output, particularly in open ocean regions, by introducing the oceanic mesoscales captured by the scatterometers into the ERAi/ERA5 NWP reanalyses. However, the effectiveness of the method is intrinsically dependent on regional scatterometer sampling, wind variability and local bias persistence. The optimal ERAú uses multiple complementary scatterometers and a 3-day TW. Bias patterns are the same for ERAi and ERA5 SC to the reanalyses, though the latter shows smaller bias amplitudes and hence smaller error variance reduction differences in verification (up to 8% globally). However, because of ERA5 being more accurate than ERAi, ERAú derived from ERA5 turns out to be the highest quality product. ERAú ocean forcing does not enhance the sensitivity in global circulation models to highly localized transient events, however it improves large-scale ocean simulations, where large- scale corrections are relevant. Besides ocean forcing studies, the developed methodology can be further applied to improve scatterometer wind data assimilation by accounting for the persistent model biases. In addition, since the biases can be associated with misrepresented processes and parmeterizations, empirical predictors of these biases can be developed for use in forecasting and to improve the dynamical closure and parameterizations in coupled ocean-atmosphere models., [spa] Los vientos de la superficie del mar son fundamentales para estimar los flujos de calor y momento en la interfaz oceánica-atmosfera, ocupando un papel importante en la evolución y la dinámica del clima del planeta. Por tanto, en modelación (oceánica y atmosférica), vientos de calidad son cruciales para estimar adecuadamente estos flujos turbulentos. Vientos de la superficie del mar de salidas de modelos de predicción numérica del tiempo (NWP) proporcionan una cobertura temporal y espacial conveniente para forzar los modelos oceánicos, y todavía se utilizan ampliamente. Sin embargo, se han documentado errores sistemáticos locales en campos de NWP globales utilizando observaciones de dispersómetros co-ubicados como referencia (asociados con procesos físicos que ausentes o mal representados por los modelos). Al contrario, el viento de la superficie del mar derivado de los dispersómetros, aunque intrínsecamente limitado por el muestreo temporal y espacial, presenta una precisión y un detalle espacial considerables. Consecuentemente, los sesgos entre los dos representan principalmente los procesos físicos no resueltos por los modelos NWP. En esta tesis, se crea un producto de forzamiento del viento en la superficie del océano de alta resolución, el ERAú. ERAú se genera con una corrección media basada en diferencias geolocalizadas entre dispersometro y modelo, aplicadas por separado a dos reanálisis diferentes, el ERA-interim (ERAi) y el ERA5. Varias configuraciones de ERAú utilizando datos de dispersómetros complementarios acumulados en diferentes ventanas tempo- rales (TW) se generan y validan frente a datos de viento independientes, a través de análisis estadísticos y espectrales de estructuras espaciales. El método corrige con éxito los sesgos del vector de viento local de la reanálisis. Sin embargo, su eficacia depende del muestreo del dispersómetro regional, la variabilidad del viento y la persistencia del sesgo local. El ERAú óptimo utiliza múltiples dispersómetros complementarios y un TW de 3 días. Las dos reanálisis muestran los mismos patrones de sesgo en la SC, debido a que ERA5 es más preciso que ERAi, ERAú derivado de ERA5 es el producto de mayor calidad. El forzamiento oceánico ERAú mejora las simulaciones oceánicas a gran escala, donde las correcciones a gran escala son relevantes.

We analyze the efficacy of using a Do-It-Yourself (DIY) modular instrument to estimate the diffuse attenuation coefficient (Kd) of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), which can be used for operational oceanography in turbid shallow waters. This parameter evaluates the water transparency, as it summarizes several water components providing an indicator for water quality. Historically, water transparency has been measured with a simple and inexpensive tool: the Secchi disk. Although it contributes a valuable index of visual water clarity, the quality of its measurements is user-dependent, and it does not enable the automatic monitoring of the water quality. For this reason, we need electronic devices to get accurate measures and facilitate long-term evaluations for water quality monitoring. This paper has two main objectives: First, to present the KduPRO, a low-cost and DIY moored instrument. The KduPRO is an evolution of the KdUINO buoy, that provides an estimation of the water transparency in coastal areas and continental waters, with an automatic quality control parameter that makes this sensor suitable for operational observing systems; and second, to provide a replicability analysis associated to the uncertainty of its Kd estimations. This instrument is based on a modular system of light sensors, independent of each other, measuring the irradiance at different depths. This study analyses the performance of the KduPRO with other reference commercial instruments, the performance between different modules of the same system and finally, a case study of measuring the water quality in Loch Leven (a lake in Scotland). The affordable cost, ease of use and measurement repeatability make this instrument a potentially valuable tool for anyone interested in monitoring water quality, This research was funded by Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (776480, MONOCLE and 101008724, MINKE). We also received funding from the Spanish government through the “Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence” accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S), This work is a contribution to the CSIC Thematic Interdisciplinary Platform Teledetect.-- 14 pages, 9 figures, 3 tables, supplementary material https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2022.1004159/full#supplementary-material.-- Data availability statement: The datasets generated for this study can be found in the following repositories: Data from KdUINO - Loch Leven, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3757669, accessed on 24 July 2022. The code to generate, process and plot the datasets, https://git.csic.es/kduino/kdupro-data-analysis/-/releases/v1.0.0, accessed on 23 July 2022

This study reports on the abundance, biomass and reproductive traits of Oncaea venusta, a common pelagic copepod in tropical oceans, in a coastal area influenced by bottom intrusions of the cold and nutrient-rich South Atlantic Central Water (SACW). In addition to O. venusta abundance and biomass, we estimated egg production and weight-specific fecundity rates by applying the egg-ratio method and incubation experiments, at monthly intervals over 3 years (July 2005–June 2008), to understand potential SACW influences on reproductive patterns. Mean abundance and biomass were low, and no differences were detected with and without SACW intrusions. Mean clutch size (±SD) was 65.1 ± 28.9 eggs female−1 and egg production rates averaged 7.6 ± 12.4 and 9.3 ± 5.2 eggs female−1 day−1 (viability >80%), for the egg-ratio method and incubation experiments, respectively, corresponding to a female weight-specific fecundity from 0.03 ± 0.05 to 0.04 ± 0.06 day−1. Oncaea venusta abundance and biomass were positively correlated with temperature, but no SACW influence on the reproductive rates was recorded. The egg production rate and the female weight-specific fecundity were influenced by the chlorophyll a concentration and the sex ratio. Although egg production and female weight-specific fecundity rates had peak values during intrusion events, no immediate impact on population abundance was observed within the same time interval.

L'objectiu principal és reconstruir dades paleoclimàtiques per entendre l'evolució del clima. Això s'està fent utilitzant predictors espacials i temporals, com ara dades proxy i models bayesians per revelar les estadístiques del model. Altres tècniques matemàtiques s'han utilitzat en el passat per a aquesta reconstrucció, com ara PCA, o altres tècniques de reducció de la dimensionalitat per connectar-se amb les dades proxy. El objetivo principal es reconstruir los datos del paleoclima para comprender la evolución del clima. Esto se hace utilizando predictores espaciales y de tiempo, como datos proxy y modelos bayesianos para revelar las estadísticas del modelo. En el pasado se han utilizado otras técnicas matemáticas para esta reconstrucción, como PCA u otras técnicas de reducción de dimensionalidad para conectarse con los datos proxy. The main goal is to reconstruct paleoclimate data to understand climate evolution. This is being done using spatial and time predictors, such as proxy data and bayesian models to reveal the statistics of the model. Other mathematical techniques have been used in the past for this reconstruction, such as PCA, or other dimensionality reduction techniques to connect with the proxy data.

Submitted by Jonathan Sousa de Almeida (jonathan.sousa@ufma.br) on 2023-01-09T15:53:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 AllineVieiraCoelho.pdf: 1462819 bytes, checksum: 04329f3bc70509585b3ca04004c0c01b (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2023-01-09T15:53:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AllineVieiraCoelho.pdf: 1462819 bytes, checksum: 04329f3bc70509585b3ca04004c0c01b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2022-09-23 The excessive capture of elasmobranchs in the world is also driven by the international fin trade very high commercial value. This practice called "finning", which includesthe constant removal of fins, is one of the causes of the great decline in shark populations. The research aims to identify the species of sharks from the dorsal and pectoral fins removed for commercialization in the municipality of Raposa - MA. In addition to identifying the species of sharks landed in the fishing pole of the municipality, it was intended to evaluate the variability of fins over time as an indication of the presence/absence of species in the coastal region of the state, to analyze the morphometry of the fins of different species, and identify the species through the image of the fins using the iSharkFin software, and finally, determine the levels of contaminating metals in these commercialized fins. Shark fins were obtained from fishermen/marketers. The sampling of the fins was performed by identifying the sets (dorsal and pectoral pair) and random sets (when there is no pair) for morphometric analysis. Thus, 13 species of sharks were identified, among them, six are from occurrences close to the fishing pole of the municipality of Raposa-MA: Galeocerdo cuvier, Prionace glauca, Alopias superciliosus, Sphyrna mokarran, Carcharhinus plumbeus and Carcharhinus longimanus. And two species were identified using pectoral fins: Sphyrna mokarran and Lamna nasus. An excellent alternative could also be a mobile version, allowing for a more active and present inspection. The bioaccumulation of toxic metalsin the pectoral and dorsal fins of sharks sold in the fishing pole of Raposa-MA highlighted the need for concern about human health in view of the results of some metals such as chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb ), mercury (Hg) and arsenic (As). higher than the maximum daily limits acceptable by the food safety agencies ANVISA (National Health Surveillance Agency) and CODEX ALIMENTARIUS A captura excessiva dos elasmobrânquios no mundo também ocorre impulsionada pelo comércio internacional das nadadeiras com altíssimo valor comercial. Essa prática chamada "finning" que inclui a constante remoção de nadadeiras e é uma das causas do grande declínio das populações de tubarões. A pesquisa tem como objetivo identificar as espécies de tubarões a partir das nadadeiras dorsais e peitorais removidas para comercialização no município da Raposa – MA. Além de identificar as espécies de tubarões desembarcadas no polo pesqueiro do município, pretendeu-se avaliar a variabilidade das nadadeiras ao longo do tempo como indicativo de presença/ausência de espécies na região costeira do estado, analisar a morfometria das nadadeiras de diferentes espécies, e identificar as espécies através da imagem das nadadeiras utilizando o software iSharkFin, e por fim, determinar os teores de metais contaminantes nestas nadadeiras comercializadas. As nadadeiras dos tubarões foram obtidas juntamente aos pescadores/feirantes. A amostragem das nadadeiras foi realizada mediante a identificação dos conjuntos (dorsal e par peitoral) e aleatórios (quando não possui par) para análises morfométricas. Assim 13 espécies de tubarões foram identificadas, entres elas, seis são de ocorrências próximas ao local do polo pesqueiro do município da Raposa-MA: Galeocerdo cuvier, Prionace glauca, Alopias superciliosus, Sphyrna mokarran, Carcharhinus plumbeus e Carcharhinus longimanus. E duas espécies foram identificadas utilizando as nadadeiras peitorais: Sphyrna mokarran e Lamna nasus. Uma excelente alternativa também poderia ser uma versão mobile, permitindo uma fiscalização mais ativa e presente. A bioacumulação de metais tóxicos nas nadadeiras peitorais e dorsais dos tubarões comercializadas no polo pesqueiro da Raposa-MA evidenciou a necessidade de preocupação quanto à saúde humana diante dos resultados de alguns metais como o cromo (Cr), zinco (Zn), chumbo (Pb), mercúrio (Hg) e arsênio (As). superiores aos limites máximos diários aceitáveis pelos órgãos de segurança alimentar ANVISA (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária) e CODEX ALIMENTARIUS.

L’objectiu del treball és conèixer les característiques de les aigües que banyen les illes, a més dels trets meteorològics més comuns a cada època del any, amb el propòsit final d’aportar els coneixements necessaris en forma d’una guia de navegació per que el navegant dugui a terme una navegació sense perills en aquesta part del mediterrani. el treball inclou un estudi sobre les característiques meteorològiques i oceanogràfiques de la conca occidental del mar mediterrani que influeixen les aigües de les illes balears. En aquest estudi es tracten temes com el clima, les propietats físiques de l’aigua i els corrents marins. més endavant, es profunditza en les característiques pròpies de les illes, amb dos capítols independents sobre la meteorologia i l’oceanografia. Al capítol de meteorologia es descriu les característiques climàtiques de les illes en detall amb les seves corresponents causes i conseqüències. Al capítol d’oceanografia, es tracten tant les característiques físiques principals de les aigües balears com la formació i recorregut del corrent balear. el treball conclou una proposta de guia per a la navegació en aquestes aigües, on es pot trobar una sèrie de consells sobre la navegació a les costes insulars basats en les característiques meteorològiques i oceanogràfiques més pràctiques del estudi previ.

Survival and growth of the native oyster Crassostrea gasar along the juvenile and adult phases were evaluated in three different stocking densities [low (D), medium (2D) and high (3D)] and in two grow-out systems (fixed and floating system). The fixed system consisted of a rack made with PVC, fixed from the bottom with wood sticks. The floating system consisted of floating bags suspended by a rack made with PVC and maintained submerged from the seawater surface by eight floats. Survival and shell height of oysters cultured after 30, 60 and 90 days were registered in each phase and in each grow-out system. Results showed that the grow-out system did not affect survival and growth of C. gasar in the juvenile and adult phases. The tested densities affected the survival of oysters cultured over time in both phases but did not affect oyster growth. At times analyzed, it was observed positive growth in juvenile oysters grow after 90 days of culture. However, in the adult phase, no growth was observed after 90 days of culture. Oyster yield was higher in the density 3D, in both juvenile and adult phases. These findings contributed to the development of the oyster C. gasar culture.

The implementation projects of the Vessel Traffic Management and Informations System - VTMIS of Companhia Docas do Rio de Janeiro (CDRJ) cover the Ports of Rio de Janeiro/Niterói and Itaguaí, where CDRJ is the Port Authority. In pursuit of greater efficiency, the VTMIS implementation projects have gained a strong boost after 2019 thanks to an Agreement signed with the Brazilian Navy (MB) that will allow CDRJ to use military sites as remote VTMIS stations, given that the MB is implementing a Blue Amazon monitoring and surveillance system called SisGAAz. In addition, the projects were elaborated to present some hallmarks, such as: partnerships signed with the Academy, which will allow the maritime and scientific communities to have access to meteorological-oceanographic data and weather forecasts of up to 7 (seven) days in real time; in the projects’ first stage, the implementation of Local Port Services (LPS) is expected, sharing with the MB coastal maritime surveillance radars coupled with daylight and thermal imaging cameras; the use of Automatic Identification System (AIS) Base Stations with the new VHF Data Exchange System (VDES) technology, in order to allow the integration of CDRJ's VTMIS with the e-Navigation project, currently under development by the MB; and the implementation of a modern Environmental Monitoring System with meteorological-oceanographic sensors to be installed around the Guanabara Bay, which will allow the implementation of ReDRAFT® software to calculate the Dynamic Clearance Below the Keel (FDAQ), in order to allow the safe transit of vessels with critical drafts in larger operational windows. Los proyectos de implantación del Sistema de Información y Gestión del Tráfico Marítimo - VTMIS de la Compañía Docas do Rio de Janeiro (CDRJ) abarcan los puertos de Río de Janeiro/Niterói e Itaguaí, donde la CDRJ es la Autoridad Portuaria. En busca de una mayor eficiencia, los proyectos de despliegue de VTMIS lograron un fuerte impulso después de 2019 gracias a un Acuerdo firmado con la Marina de Brasil (MB) que permitirá al CDRJ usar los sitios militares como las estaciones remotas de VTMIS, puesto que, la MB está implementando un sistema de monitoreo y vigilancia del Amazonas Azul llamado SisGAAz. Además de los proyectos, se elaboraron para presentar algunos diferenciadores, como las alianzas establecidas con la Academia permitirán a las comunidades marítima y científica tener acceso a datos meteo- oceanográficos y a previsiones climatológicas de hasta 7 (siete) días en tiempo real; en la primera fase de los proyectos, está prevista la implantación de Local Port Services (LPS), compartiendo con el MB, radares de vigilancia marítima costera acoplados a cámaras de imagen diurna y térmica; el uso de estaciones base del Sistema de Identificación Automática (AIS) con la nueva tecnología VHF Data Exchange System (VDES), para permitir la integración del VTMIS del CDRJ con el proyecto de e-Navegation, que lo está desarrollando el MB y la implementación de un moderno Sistema de Monitoreo Ambiental con sensores meteo- oceanográficos que se instalarán alrededor de la Bahía de Guanabara, lo que permitirá la implementación del software ReDRAFT® para calcular el Espacio Libre Dinámico Bajo la Quilla (FDAQ), con el fin de permitir el tránsito seguro y en mayores ventanas de operación de los buques con calado crítico. Os projetos de implementação do Sistema de Informação e Gerenciamento do Tráfego de Embarcações – VTMIS da Companhia Docas do Rio de Janeiro (CDRJ) abrangem os Portos do Rio de Janeiro/Niterói e Itaguaí, onde a CDRJ é a Autoridade Portuária. Em busca de uma maior eficiência, os projetos de implantação dos VTMIS ganharam um forte impulso após 2019 graças a um convênio firmado com a Marinha do Brasil (MB) que permitirá à CDRJ a utilização de sítios militares como estações remotas do VTMIS, haja vista que a MB está implementando um sistema de monitoramento e de vigilância da Amazônia Azul denominado SisGAAz. Além disso, os projetos foram elaborados de modo a apresentar alguns diferenciais, tais como: parcerias firmadas com a Academia permitirão que a comunidades marítima e científica tenham acesso a dados meteo-oceanográficos e a previsões climatológicas de até 7 (sete) dias em tempo real; na primeira fase dos projetos, está prevista a implantação de Local Port Services (LPS), partilhando, com a MB, radares de vigilância marítima costeira acoplados a câmeras de luz natural e de imagem térmica; utilização de Estações Base do Sistema de Identificação Automática (AIS) com a nova tecnologia VHF Data Exchange System (VDES), a fim de permitir a integração do VTMIS da CDRJ com o projeto do e-Navigation, ora em desenvolvimento pela MB; e a implantação de um moderno Sistema de Monitoramento Ambiental dotado de sensores meteo-oceanográficos a serem instalados ao redor da Baía de Guanabara, os quais permitirão a implantação do software ReDRAFT® para cálculo da Folga Dinâmica Abaixo da Quilha (FDAQ), com vistas ao trânsito seguro e em maiores janelas operacionais de navios com calado crítico.

Reporta información diaria relacionada a las temperaturas y anomalías del nivel de superficie del ambiente marino y lacustre del Perú, en base a registros in situ y de percepción remota, con el propósito de monitorear las condiciones térmicas asociadas a los efectos de la variabilidad climática y del ciclo ENOS.

Este trabajo de fin de máster analiza los datos hidrodinámicos adquiridos durante la tercera campaña en el Archipiélago de las Perlas (República de Panamá). Dicha campaña ha estado apoyada por el Centro de Cooperación al Desarrollo (CCD) de la Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), en colaboración con la Universidad Marítima Internacional de Panamá (UMIP). El proyecto pretende dar continuidad a los resultados obtenidos en dos proyectos CCD-UPC anteriores (2018-U013 y 2019-B011).

La Corporación Centro de Excelencia en Ciencia Marinas - CEMarin es una organización sin ánimo de lucro creada como un consorcio entre cinco de las universidades colombianas más prestigiosas en el campo de las ciencias marinas. Dedicada a apoyar y fomentar las labores e investigaciones en el campo de las ciencias marinas, la corporación CEMarin cree firmemente en la influencia que tiene el conocimiento científico para la transformación de la realidad por la que atraviesan los océanos en Colombia y en el caribe. CEMarin es una corporación caracterizada por su alto compromiso con las labores sociales y científicas colombianas creyendo en el talento nato de los investigadores nacionales y en las propuestas y proyectos de los mismos, con el fin de generar reconocimiento internacional para la comunidad científica colombiana, además de apostar por el desarrollo de comunidades, la protección del medio ambiente y por supuesto de los océanos y la vida marítima nacional. Para lo que compete este trabajo se analizará al equipo administrativo de la corporación CEMarin, el cual está comprometido a brindar el soporte necesario para que las actividades propias de las investigaciones y proyectos de los asociados CEMarin se lleven a cabo de la manera más óptima posible. Dentro del equipo administrativo se mantiene una filosofía encaminada hacia la consecución de objetivos que sean clave para ayudar a la implementación de los proyectos de los investigadores, llevando a cabo procesos de financiación, administración y ejecución de recursos, relacionamiento interinstitucional, búsqueda y creación de convocatorias, promoción de eventos para la comunidad científica, entre otros. Dado lo anterior, se han podido identificar procedimientos clave que pueden ser sujetos a mejora durante las labores cotidianas del equipo administrativo especialmente en el apartado de las comunicaciones internas y del mercadeo. La idea principal es desarrollar estrategias que permitan la organización y división de las tareas de cada uno de los miembros, además de reestructurar el sitio web de la corporación para que sea mucho más eficiente y atractivo para los visitantes, con esto se pretende satisfacer necesidades internas y externas que tiene la corporación para su funcionamiento y poder mejorar la calidad de cara a los trabajadores y a los clientes (investigadores y público general) que tiene CEMarin. The Corporación Centro de Excelencia en Ciencia Marinas - CEMarin is a non-profit organization created as a consortium between five of the most prestigious Colombian universities in the field of marine sciences. Dedicated to support and promote work and research in the field of marine sciences, CEMarin firmly believes in the influence of scientific knowledge for the transformation of the reality of the oceans in Colombia and the Caribbean. CEMarin is a corporation characterized by its high commitment to Colombian social and scientific work, believing in the natural talent of national researchers and in their proposals and projects, in order to generate international recognition for the Colombian scientific community, in addition to betting on the development of communities, the protection of the environment and of course the oceans and national maritime life. For the purposes of this work, the administrative team of the CEMarin Corporation will be analyzed, which is committed to provide the necessary support so that the activities of the research and projects of the CEMarin associates are carried out in the most optimal way possible. The administrative team maintains a philosophy aimed at achieving objectives that are key to help the implementation of the researchers' projects, carrying out processes of financing, administration and execution of resources, inter-institutional relations, search and creation of calls for proposals, promotion of events for the scientific community, among others. Given the above, it has been possible to identify key procedures that can be subject to improvement during the daily work of the administrative team, especially in the area of internal communications and marketing. The main idea is to develop strategies that allow the organization and division of the tasks of each of the members, in addition to restructuring the corporation's website to make it much more efficient and attractive to visitors, with this is intended to meet internal and external needs that the corporation has for its operation and to improve the quality of CEMarin for its employees and customers (researchers and the general public). Profesional en Negocios Internacionales Pregrado