520 results on '"océanographie"'
Search Results
2. Using drone imagery to map intertidal oyster reefs along Florida’s Gulf of Mexico Coast
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Espriella, Michael, Lecours, Vincent, Espriella, Michael, and Lecours, Vincent
- Abstract
Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) reefs offer vital ecosystem services and support economically and culturally important fisheries. However, environmental and anthropogenic stressors have led to significant decline in oyster reef coverage globally and locally in places like the Suwannee Sound in Florida, USA. Current monitoring methods are insufficient for timely and accurate assessment of oyster resources in the region. Here we demonstrate how drone imagery can be used to delineate intertidal oyster reef coverage rapidly and reliably. The high spatial resolution offered by drone imagery enables accurate delineations. We use a segmentation algorithm to delineate reefs, which produces consistently detailed outlines that are more representative of reef morphology than manual delineations. In total, 1,394 reefs were delineated, which corresponds with 497, 670 m2 of reef area. Of the delineated reefs, 236 (17%) were newly mapped, aligning with 19,848 m2 of newly mapped intertidal oyster reef habitat. The overlapping drone imagery also enabled the production of digital surface models, which were used to calculate volume to area ratio as an indicator of reef condition. These delineations and features serve as accurate baseline data that can be compared to future surveys to monitor how reefs are changing over time in the Suwannee Sound. These methods can also be expanded to other geographical areas and can aid in identifying early signs of decline in oyster reefs.
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- 2023
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3. Drone lidar-derived surface complexity metrics as indicators of intertidal oyster reef condition
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Espriella, Michael C., Lecours, Vincent, Camp, Edward V., Andrew Lassiter, H., Wilkinson, Benjamin, Frederick, Peter C., Pittman, Simon J., Espriella, Michael C., Lecours, Vincent, Camp, Edward V., Andrew Lassiter, H., Wilkinson, Benjamin, Frederick, Peter C., and Pittman, Simon J.
- Abstract
Eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) generate structurally complex reef systems that offer diverse ecosystem services. However, there is limited understanding of how reef structure translates into reef condition. This knowledge gap might be better addressed if oyster reef structure could be more rapidly assessed. Conventional in situ monitoring techniques are often time-intensive, invasive, and do not provide spatially continuous information on the reef structure. Unoccupied Aircraft Systems (UAS), commonly referred to as drones, equipped with optical sensors can rapidly and non-invasively map intertidal oyster reef surfaces. We demonstrate how a digital surface model from UAS-based light detection and ranging (lidar) can enable very high-resolution characterization and monitoring of intertidal oyster reef surface morphology. Generalized linear models (GLMs) identified relationships between in situ live oyster counts and surface complexity metrics derived from digital surface models produced from lidar point clouds. Statistically significant relationships between surface complexity metrics (e.g., gray level co-occurrence features, volume to area ratio, skewness of elevation) and live oyster counts suggest that surface complexity provides useful proxies for reef condition. Advancing the application of remote sensing to intertidal oyster reefs can help identify reefs that are prone to degradation and inform conservation and restoration strategies.
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- 2023
- Full Text
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4. Comment explorer les systèmes hydrothermaux des grands fonds marins ?
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Pelleter, Ewan, Cathalot, Cecile, Pelleter, Ewan, and Cathalot, Cecile
- Published
- 2023
5. The World in a Footnote: Examining Ahab’s Chart in Chapter 44 of Moby-Dick
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Nègre, Julien, Institut d’Histoire des Représentations et des Idées dans les Modernités (IHRIM), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Lumière - Lyon 2 (UL2)-Université Jean Moulin - Lyon 3 (UJML), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)
- Subjects
[SHS.LITT]Humanities and Social Sciences/Literature ,cartes ,maps ,General Engineering ,cartes nautiques ,océanographie ,sperm whales ,cachalots ,nautical charts ,cartographie ,cartography ,mapping ,oceanography ,science - Abstract
Le chapitre 44 de Moby-Dick décrit comment Achab utilise des cartes des vents et courants pour déterminer les « veines » le long desquelles les cétacés se déplacent dans l’océan. Une note de bas de page ajoutée dans ce chapitre compare le plan d’Achab au projet de M. F. Maury de cartographier les courants océaniques et de dresser des cartes baleinières fiables. Cet article explore les différents effets produits par l’ajout de cette note, et la prend comme point de départ pour examiner les cartes utilisées par Achab et l’interaction entre carte et texte. À première vue, la carte de Maury décrite dans la note est utilisée comme un point de référence stable qui permet de prouver la vraisemblance de la méthode d’Achab. Si l’on compare la façon dont Achab utilise les cartes marines aux documents effectivement utilisés par les capitaines de baleiniers à la même époque, on mesure cependant qu’il existe un écart majeur entre la pratique cartographique du capitaine et le projet de Maury. Le détail le plus révélateur de cette note de bas de page, cependant, est que la carte de Maury qui y est décrite est « en voie d’achèvement » : loin d’être un document identifiable sur lequel le texte peut s’appuyer pour montrer la plausibilité du plan d’Achab, la carte demeure invisible et même inexistante, puisque la version décrite dans la note n’a finalement jamais été réalisée. Le geste « déictique » que produit la note devient alors un double textuel de la quête d’Achab vers un objet qui ne cesse de se dérober. Chapter 44 of Moby-Dick (“The Chart”) includes a footnote comparing Ahab’s plan to track Moby Dick across the globe with Matthew F. Maury’s efforts to chart the winds and currents of the oceans and produce an accurate “whale chart.” This article unpacks the effects produced by the addition of the footnote in the chapter and uses it as a starting point for examining Ahab’s charts and discussing the interactions between map and text. At first sight, Maury’s chart is used as a stable reference point that reinforces the verisimilitude of Ahab’s plan. A comparison of Ahab’s use of nautical charts with actual documents used by whaling captains, though, reveals a disjunction between his cartographic ratiocinations and Maury’s work. Yet the most significant detail in the footnote might be the fact that Maury’s chart is “in course of completion”: far from being a definite document that the text can rely on to bolster the plausibility of Ahab’s method, the chart remains unseen—and even unseeable, since the version described in the footnote was never produced in reality. The “deictic” gesture performed by the footnote duplicates Ahab’s yearning for an object that constantly eludes him.
- Published
- 2022
6. Correction: Espriella, M.C.; Lecours, V. Optimizing the scale of observation for intertidal habitat classification through multiscale analysis. Drones 2022, 6, 140
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Espriella, Michael C., Lecours, Vincent, Espriella, Michael C., and Lecours, Vincent
- Abstract
In the original publication [1], there was a mistake in Figure 10 as published. The x-axis is mislabeled. The data and labels are mismatched. The corrected Figure 10 appears below. The authors apologize for any inconvenience caused and state that the scientific conclusions are unaffected. This correction was approved by the Academic Editor. The original publication has also been updated.
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- 2022
- Full Text
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7. Optimizing the scale of observation for intertidal habitat classification through multiscale analysis
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Espriella, Michael C., Lecours, Vincent, Espriella, Michael C., and Lecours, Vincent
- Abstract
Monitoring intertidal habitats, such as oyster reefs, salt marshes, and mudflats, is logistically challenging and often cost- and time-intensive. Remote sensing platforms, such as unoccupied aircraft systems (UASs), present an alternative to traditional approaches that can quickly and inexpensively monitor coastal areas. Despite the advantages offered by remote sensing systems, challenges remain concerning the best practices to collect imagery to study these ecosystems. One such challenge is the range of spatial resolutions for imagery that is best suited for intertidal habitat monitoring. Very fine imagery requires more collection and processing times. However, coarser imagery may not capture the fine-scale patterns necessary to understand relevant ecological processes. This study took UAS imagery captured along the Gulf of Mexico coastline in Florida, USA, and resampled the derived orthomosaic and digital surface model to resolutions ranging from 3 to 31 cm, which correspond to the spatial resolutions achievable by other means (e.g., aerial photography and certain commercial satellites). A geographic object-based image analysis (GEOBIA) workflow was then applied to datasets at each resolution to classify mudflats, salt marshes, oyster reefs, and water. The GEOBIA process was conducted within R, making the workflow open-source. Classification accuracies were largely consistent across the resolutions, with overall accuracies ranging from 78% to 82%. The results indicate that for habitat mapping applications, very fine resolutions may not provide information that increases the discriminative power of the classification algorithm. Multiscale classifications were also conducted and produced higher accuracies than single-scale workflows, as well as a measure of uncertainty between classifications.
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- 2022
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8. Variabilité des empreintes élémentaires des otolithes de deux espèces de poissons fourrages estuariens provenant de plusieurs frayères
- Author
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Landry-Massicotte, Louis and Landry-Massicotte, Louis
- Abstract
L’éperlan arc-en-ciel (Osmerus mordax) et le poulamon atlantique (Microgadus tomcod), deux espèces de poisson-fourrage anadromes de la zone de transition estuarienne du Saint-Laurent, sont visées par une importante pêcherie sportive au Québec. La qualité des sites de reproduction de ces espèces a considérablement diminué au courant des années 1980, principalement associée aux pratiques anthropiques. Ceci mena à une diminution de la fréquentation de plusieurs sites de reproduction et ultimement à une baisse notable de leur abondance. L’éperlan arc-en-ciel du sud de l'estuaire est dorénavant recensé à sept sites lors de la reproduction printanière, tandis qu’une montaison hivernale de poulamons atlantiques a lieu principalement dans les rivières Sainte-Anne et Batiscan, en Mauricie. Une meilleure compréhension de la structure des stocks et de l’importance relative des frayères résiduelles de ces deux espèces s’avère essentielle considérant le statut vulnérable de la population d’éperlan arc-en-ciel du sud de l’estuaire en vertu de la Loi sur les espèces menacées ou vulnérables (LEMV) et l’importance économique et écosystémique du poulamon atlantique. La présente étude vise ainsi à explorer le potentiel de la chimie des otolithes dans l’optique de définir la structure des stocks d’éperlan arc-en-ciel de la rive sud de l’estuaire et du poulamon atlantique. Une distinction marquée des signatures élémentaires a été observée entre les sites de reproduction de l’éperlan arc-en-ciel du sud de l’estuaire. Deux signatures élémentaires distinctes ont également été observées au sein des individus du stock capturés au niveau de l’estuaire moyen du Saint-Laurent, indiquant que deux sources principales contribueraient au renouvellement de l’éperlan présent dans l’estuaire. Néanmoins, les signatures élémentaires des sites de reproduction ne concordaient pas avec celles des deux sources. Ceci pourrait potentiellement indiquer la présence d’importants sites de reproduction non connus
- Published
- 2022
9. Remote sensing and the UN Ocean Decade : high expectations, big opportunities
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Lecours, Vincent, Disney, Mathias, He, Kate, Pettorelli, Nathalie, Rowcliffe, J. Marcus, Sankey, Temuulen, Scales, Kylie, Lecours, Vincent, Disney, Mathias, He, Kate, Pettorelli, Nathalie, Rowcliffe, J. Marcus, Sankey, Temuulen, and Scales, Kylie
- Abstract
This year officially marks the beginning of the United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021–2030)—the Ocean Decade. A primary objective of this coordination framework is to support scientific research and technological developments that can contribute to the conservation and sustainable management of the world’s oceans. One of the seven Decade Outcomes is to secure healthy and resilient oceans where marine biodiversity is mapped and protected; however, fulfilling this goal will require data, knowledge, and technology. The use of remote sensing is now established in marine research and management and is crucial in developing our understanding of ocean patterns and processes at multiple spatial and temporal scales (e.g., Jawak et al., 2015). As such, remote sensing technology is expected to play a critical role in achieving the vision set by the Ocean Decade.
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- 2022
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10. Penser les profondeurs marines au xixe siècle : un abîme terrestre et anthropomorphique
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Péton, Loïc
- Subjects
profondeurs marines ,histoire culturelle ,océanographie ,anthropomorphisme ,histoire conceptuelle et histoire des idées - Abstract
L’histoire de l’étude des profondeurs marines au xixe siècle permet d’aborder l’approche d’un univers inaccessible situé en marge de la civilisation. Les savants avaient alors tendance à décrire l’abîme marin en mobilisant abondamment l’analogie avec le continent, notamment l’altitude. Dans le même temps, pour exposer la répartition des espèces marines dans les profondeurs, ils dépeignaient les capacités de la faune à l’aide de traits anthropomorphiques. L’analyse de ces deux formes d’analogie permet d’apporter des éléments de réflexion quant à la représentation représentation actuelle d’une biosphère et d’un Homme « en crise » en plein Anthropocène. The history of the study of marine depths during the 19th Century highlight the approach of an extreme space localized outside of the civilization. Scientists described the abyss by using analogies with the lands, like the mountains. About the distribution of marine species in the depths, they depicted the fauna abilities by anthropomorphic sides. The analysis of these two forms of analogy brings philosophical elements to think the nowadays representation of a disrupted biosphere and of an human « in crisis » in Anthropocene.
- Published
- 2022
11. Estándares abiertos utilizados en repositorios de datos espaciales de investigación en oceanografía en España
- Author
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Enrique Wulff, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucia [Cádiz, Espagne] (ICMAN), and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)
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alfabetización en datos marinos ,servicios web de OGC ,Geospatial analysis ,Geographic information system ,Marine data literacy ,Computer science ,IDE ,[SHS.INFO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Library and information sciences ,Big data ,Interoperability ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,0507 social and economic geography ,Repositorios de datos espaciales ,02 engineering and technology ,Data literacy ,SDI ,services Web OGC ,Library and Information Sciences ,Oceanography ,computer.software_genre ,GeneralLiterature_MISCELLANEOUS ,Maîtrise des données marines ,océanographie ,Library management ,législation de l'UE ,14. Life underwater ,021101 geological & geomatics engineering ,oceanografía ,business.industry ,Spatial data repositories ,05 social sciences ,GIS ,SIG ,EU Legislation ,Data science ,Dépôts de données spatiales ,legislación de la UE ,OGC Web services ,13. Climate action ,Open standard ,[SDE]Environmental Sciences ,MESH: Océanographie ,MESH: Data warehousing ,Web service ,business ,050703 geography ,computer - Abstract
International audience; Spatial data repositories specialised in geographic information systems (GIS) are an extension of map libraries and archives where much of the increase in use and citation for its geo-spatial data comes from making them available through Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) web services. In this paper, resource needs and teaching perspectives of these open standards will be described and explained as they have become a domain of application in spatial data repositories and, marine data literacy. The research is based on checking ocean research data rules and contexts in Spain within the European obligations as defined by the EU directive INSPIRE. On that premise, Spanish spatial data infrastructures (SDI) are shown integrating OGC Web Services (OWS) with repositories for ocean observation data, a typical kind of big data. The study revealed that the broad European support to the big data open standards (OGC) implementation in the oceanographic community, is conducted with a model suitable for library management systems. However, Spanish participation in European ocean data spaces is limited and a likely explanation is that this question has not been discussed for about a decade. These findings strengthen the links between spatial data repositories and OGC standards, to identify requirements for interoperability work.; Los repositorios de datos espaciales especializados en sistemas de información geográfica (SIG) son una extensión de las bibliotecas de mapas y archivos donde gran parte del aumento en el uso y la cita de sus datos geoespaciales proviene de ponerlos a disposición a través de los servicios web del Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC). En este documento, se describirán y explicarán las necesidades de recursos y las perspectivas de enseñanza de estos estándares abiertos, ya que se han convertido en un dominio de aplicación en los repositorios de datos espaciales y la alfabetización de datos marinos. La investigación se basa en verificar las reglas y contextos de datos de investigación oceánica en España dentro de las obligaciones europeas definidas por la directiva de la UE INSPIRE. Sobre esa premisa, las infraestructuras de datos espaciales españolas (SDI) se muestran integrando OGC Web Services (OWS) con repositorios de datos de observación oceánica, un tipo típico de big data. El estudio reveló que el amplio apoyo europeo a la implementación de estándares abiertos de big data (OGC) en la comunidad oceanográfica se lleva a cabo con un modelo adecuado para los sistemas de gestión de bibliotecas. Sin embargo, la participación española en los espacios de datos oceánicos europeos es limitada y una explicación probable es que esta cuestión no se ha debatido durante aproximadamente una década. Estos hallazgos fortalecen los vínculos entre los repositorios de datos espaciales y los estándares OGC, para identificar los requisitos para el trabajo de interoperabilidad.; Les référentiels de données spatiales spécialisés dans les systèmes d'information géographique (SIG) sont une extension des bibliothèques de cartes et des archives où une grande partie de l'augmentation de l'utilisation et de la citation de ses données géospatiales provient de leur mise à disposition via les services Web de l'Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC). Dans cet article, les besoins en ressources et les perspectives pédagogiques de ces normes ouvertes seront décrits et expliqués car ils sont devenus un domaine d'application dans les référentiels de données spatiales et la maîtrise des données marines. La recherche est basée sur la vérification des règles et des contextes des données de recherche océanique en Espagne dans le cadre des obligations européennes telles que définies par la directive européenne INSPIRE. Sur cette prémisse, les infrastructures de données spatiales espagnoles (SDI) sont montrées intégrant les services Web OGC (OWS) avec des référentiels pour les données d'observation de l'océan, un type typique de big data. L'étude a révélé que le large soutien européen à la mise en œuvre des Big Data Open Standards (OGC) dans la communauté océanographique est mené avec un modèle adapté aux systèmes de gestion de bibliothèques. Cependant, la participation espagnole aux espaces européens de données océaniques est limitée et une explication probable est que cette question n'a pas été débattue depuis une dizaine d'années. Ces résultats renforcent les liens entre les référentiels de données spatiales et les normes de l'OGC, afin d'identifier les exigences des travaux d'interopérabilité.
- Published
- 2020
12. PCRP 'La Baie de Bourgneuf dans l'économie maritime atlantique : îles, ports et navigations'
- Author
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Dieulefet, Gaëlle, Aoustin, David, Arthuis, Rémy, Mathé, Vivien, Planchot, Pablo, Pouzet, Pierre, Saudino, Alan, Vigneau, Thomas, Université de Nantes - Département histoire de l'art et archéologie, Université de Nantes - UFR Histoire, Histoire de l'Art et Archéologie (UFR HHAA), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN), Centre de Recherche en Archéologie, Archéosciences, Histoire (CReAAH), Le Mans Université (UM)-Université de Rennes (UR)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Nantes - UFR Histoire, Histoire de l'Art et Archéologie (UFR HHAA), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Ministère de la Culture (MC), Institut national de recherches archéologiques préventives (Inrap), LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), La Rochelle Université (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Knowledge Learning and Information Modelling (LABISEN-KLAIM), Laboratoire ISEN (L@BISEN), Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-YNCREA OUEST (YO)-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-YNCREA OUEST (YO), Ministère de la culture, Nantes Université, and CReAAH UMR 6566
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Patrimoine ,époque contemporaine ,Préhistoire ,Atlantique ,Commerce ,[SHS.GEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography ,Antiquité ,Navigation ,Océanographie ,[SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences ,Archéologie maritime et côtière ,Port ,Baie ,Moyen-Âge ,Naufrage ,époque moderne ,géo-archéologie - Published
- 2022
13. IBCM Anse Rouge, Noirmoutier (85)
- Author
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Dieulefet, Gaëlle, Borvon, Aurélia, Gaonac'H, Yann, Gomez, Félix, Gruet, Yves, HOYAU BERRY, Anne, Large, Jean-Marc, Viaud, Jean-Marc, Vigneau, Thomas, Blanchard, Olivier, Dupont, Pauline, Mouchard, Jimmy, Robin, Jean-Guy, Université de Nantes - Département histoire de l'art et archéologie, Université de Nantes - UFR Histoire, Histoire de l'Art et Archéologie (UFR HHAA), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN), Centre de Recherche en Archéologie, Archéosciences, Histoire (CReAAH), Le Mans Université (UM)-Université de Rennes (UR)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Nantes - UFR Histoire, Histoire de l'Art et Archéologie (UFR HHAA), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Ministère de la Culture (MC), Archéologies environnementales, Archéologies et Sciences de l'Antiquité (ArScAn), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ADRAMAR, Nantes Université (Nantes Univ), Ministère de la culture, Nantes Université, and CReAAH UMR 6566
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Ports ,Patrimoine ,époque contemporaine ,Préhistoire ,Atlantique ,Commerce ,Antiquité ,Océanographie ,[SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences ,Archéologie maritime et côtière ,Moyen-Âge ,Naufrage ,époque moderne ,géo-archéologie - Published
- 2022
14. Modelling the oceanic meridional overturning circulation: challenges and insights
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Deshayes, Julie, Julie, Deshayes, Nucleus for European Modeling of the Ocean (NEMO R&D ), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Sorbonne universite, and Pr Anne-Laure Dalibard
- Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere ,Ocean Modelling ,Ocean currents ,[SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere ,Oceanographie - Published
- 2022
15. Modèles de type dispersion complète en océanographie côtière
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Emerald, Louis, Institut de Recherche Mathématique de Rennes (IRMAR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-INSTITUT AGRO Agrocampus Ouest, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Université Rennes 1, Vincent Duchêne, and STAR, ABES
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Non-Linear dispersive partial differiential equations ,Équations dispersives non linéaires ,Tsunamis ,[MATH.MATH-FA] Mathematics [math]/Functional Analysis [math.FA] ,Oceanography ,[MATH.MATH-FA]Mathematics [math]/Functional Analysis [math.FA] ,Océanographie - Abstract
This thesis is on the rigorous justification of full dispersion models in coastal oceanography. The first full dispersion model was introduced by G. Whitham in 1967 to study the Stokes waves of maximal amplitude and the wavebreaking phenomenon. It is a full dispersion modification of the Korteweg-de Vries equations which have the same dispersion relation as the general water-waves model. Afterwards, numerous unidirectional and bidirectional full dispersion models were introduced in the litterature. In the first part of the thesis, we use classical techniques on free surface elliptic equations to derive rigorously some Whitham-Boussinesq and Whitham-Green-Naghdi models. In the second part, we justify rigorously a class of non-local quasi-linear Whitham-Boussinesq systems. In the next part, we justify rigorously Whitham's model using two different methods. One is adapted to the propagation of unidirectional waves and use pseudo-differential calculus. The other is adapted to the propagation of bidirectionnal waves. It is based on a generalisation of Birkhoff's normal form algorithm. In the last part, we study numerically the validity of the Saint-Venant and Boussinesq models for the propagation of tsunamis generated by landslides., Cette thèse porte sur la justification rigoureuse de modèles de type dispersion complète en océanographie côtière. Le premier modèle de ce type est celui de G. Whitham, introduit en 1967 afin d'étudier les vagues de Stokes d'amplitude maximale et le phénomène de vagues surplombantes. Il consiste en une modification des équations de Korteweg-de Vries ayant la même relation de dispersion que celle des équations des vagues. Par la suite, de nombreux modèles de type dispersion complète, unidirectionnels comme bidirectionnels, ont été introduits dans la littérature. Dans une première partie, nous utilisons des techniques classiques d'approximations de solutions d'équations elliptiques afin de dériver des modèles de Whitham-Boussinesq et de Whitham-Green-Naghdi. Ensuite, nous justifions complètement une classe de modèles de Whitham-Boussinesq présentant une structure d'équations quasi-linéaires non-locales. Dans une partie suivante, nous justifions le modèle de Whitham en utilisant deux méthodes différentes. L'une est adaptée à la propagation de vagues unidirectionnelles, et utilise le calcul pseudo-différentiel. L'autre est adaptée à la propagation de vagues bidirectionnelles, et est basée sur une généralisation de l'algorithme de la forme normale de Birkhoff. Dans la dernière partie, nous étudions numériquement la validité des modèles de Boussinesq et de Saint-Venant pour la propagation de tsunamis générés par des glissements de terrain.
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- 2021
16. Editorial : Seafloor mapping of the Atlantic Ocean
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Buhl-Mortensen, Pål, Lecours, Vincent, Brown, Craig J., Buhl-Mortensen, Pål, Lecours, Vincent, and Brown, Craig J.
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Patricio Bernal, the Coordinator of the International Union for Conservation of Nature High Seas Initiative, once wrote: “We know more about the surface of the Moon and about Mars than we do about the deep seafloor, despite the fact that we have yet to extract a gram of food, a breath of oxygen or a drop of water from those bodies” (Snelgrove, 2010). Often referred to as the last frontier on Earth, the deep seafloor is thought to shelter both critical ecosystems and exploitable resources (i.e., minerals, bio-active natural products, and genetic material, in addition to food resources already being harvested by the fishing industry). These resources are said to have enormous potential to contribute to the growth of the blue economy, potential that will be realized only with an increased understanding of deep-sea environments (Glover et al., 2018). However, knowledge of deep-sea environments and the anthropogenic impacts on them lags in comparison to other marine environments. To address this issue, several cooperative international agreements have been signed. For instance, the Galway Statement (signed by the European Union, United States, and Canada) and the Belém Statement (also signed by Brazil and South Africa) were endorsed to launch an All-Atlantic Ocean Research Alliance. This alliance aims to increase our understanding of the Atlantic Ocean and its systems and promote the sustainable management of its resources. In addition, activities and programs associated with the United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021–2030), such as The Nippon Foundation-GEBCO Seabed 2030 Project, Challenger 150, and the One Ocean Network for Deep Observation, will likely help increase awareness of the importance of seafloor mapping.
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- 2021
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17. Evaluating the suitability of multi-scale terrain attribute calculation approaches for seabed mapping applications
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Misiuk, Benjamin, Lecours, Vincent, Dolan, M. F. J., Robert, K., Misiuk, Benjamin, Lecours, Vincent, Dolan, M. F. J., and Robert, K.
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The scale dependence of benthic terrain attributes is well-accepted, and multi-scale methods are increasingly applied for benthic habitat mapping. There are, however, multiple ways to calculate terrain attributes at multiple scales, and the suitability of these approaches depends on the purpose of the analysis and data characteristics. There are currently few guidelines establishing the appropriateness of multi-scale raster calculation approaches for specific benthic habitat mapping applications. First, we identify three common purposes for calculating terrain attributes at multiple scales for benthic habitat mapping: (i) characterizing scale-specific terrain features, (ii) reducing data artefacts and errors, and (iii) reducing the mischaracterization of ground-truth data due to inaccurate sample positioning. We then define criteria that calculation approaches should fulfill to address these purposes. At two study sites, five raster terrain attributes, including measures of orientation, relative position, terrain variability, slope, and rugosity were calculated at multiple scales using four approaches to compare the suitability of the approaches for these three purposes. Results suggested that specific calculation approaches were better suited to certain tasks. A transferable parameter, termed the ‘analysis distance’, was necessary to compare attributes calculated using different approaches, and we emphasize the utility of such a parameter for facilitating the generalized comparison of terrain attributes across methods, sites, and scales.
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- 2021
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18. Seascape ecology : identifying research priorities for an emerging ocean sustainability science
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Pittman, SJ, Yates, KL, Bouchet, PJ, Alvarez-Berastegui, D, Andréfouët, S, Bell, SS, Berkström, C, Boström, C, Brown, CJ, Connolly, RM, Devillers, R, Eggleston, D, Gilby, BL, Gullström, M, Halpern, BS, Hidalgo, M, Holstein, D, Hovel, K, Huettmann, F, Jackson, EL, James, WR, Kellner, JB, Kot, CY, Lecours, Vincent, Lepczyk, C, Nagelkerken, I, Nelson, J, Olds, AD, Santos, RO, Scales, KL, Schneider, DC, Schilling, HT, Simenstad, C, Suthers, IM, Treml, EA, Wedding, LM, Yates, P, Young, M, Pittman, SJ, Yates, KL, Bouchet, PJ, Alvarez-Berastegui, D, Andréfouët, S, Bell, SS, Berkström, C, Boström, C, Brown, CJ, Connolly, RM, Devillers, R, Eggleston, D, Gilby, BL, Gullström, M, Halpern, BS, Hidalgo, M, Holstein, D, Hovel, K, Huettmann, F, Jackson, EL, James, WR, Kellner, JB, Kot, CY, Lecours, Vincent, Lepczyk, C, Nagelkerken, I, Nelson, J, Olds, AD, Santos, RO, Scales, KL, Schneider, DC, Schilling, HT, Simenstad, C, Suthers, IM, Treml, EA, Wedding, LM, Yates, P, and Young, M
- Abstract
Seascape ecology, the marine-centric counterpart to landscape ecology, is rapidly emerging as an interdisciplinary and spatially explicit ecological science with relevance to marine management, biodiversity conservation, and restoration. While important progress in this field has been made in the past decade, there has been no coherent prioritisation of key research questions to help set the future research agenda for seascape ecology. We used a 2-stage modified Delphi method to solicit applied research questions from academic experts in seascape ecology and then asked respondents to identify priority questions across 9 interrelated research themes using 2 rounds of selection. We also invited senior management/conservation practitioners to prioritise the same research questions. Analyses highlighted congruence and discrepancies in perceived priorities for applied research. Themes related to both ecological concepts and management practice, and those identified as priorities include seascape change, seascape connectivity, spatial and temporal scale, ecosystem-based management, and emerging technologies and metrics. Highest-priority questions (upper tercile) received 50% agreement between respondent groups, and lowest priorities (lower tercile) received 58% agreement. Across all 3 priority tiers, 36 of the 55 questions were within a ±10% band of agreement. We present the most important applied research questions as determined by the proportion of votes received. For each theme, we provide a synthesis of the research challenges and the potential role of seascape ecology. These priority questions and themes serve as a roadmap for advancing applied seascape ecology during, and beyond, the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021-2030).
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- 2021
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19. Not just an engineering problem: The role of knowledge and understanding of ecosystem services for adaptive management of coastal erosion
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Jacob, Céline, Bernatchez, Pascal, Dupras, Jérôme, Cusson, Mathieu, Jacob, Céline, Bernatchez, Pascal, Dupras, Jérôme, and Cusson, Mathieu
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Coastal ecosystems are recognized as important providers of ecosystem services such as carbon storage, increased fish productivity, and wave energy reduction. In a context of climate change, coastal ecosystems are exposed to erosion and subject to coastal squeeze, even as they provide natural coastal protection against extreme weather. While civil engineering solutions often take centre stage in mitigating coastal erosion and protecting infrastructure from storms and sea level rise, we seek to explore the social dimension of adaptive management of socio-ecological systems and more specifically the role of knowledge and learning. Using an ecosystem services (ES) framework, we provide a first evaluation of local stakeholders’ perceptions of coastal habitats in maritime Quebec. The findings demonstrate the importance of a social approach for coastal ES valuation, in particular in addressing the complex question of cultural ES. A better understanding of the links between coastal stakeholders and their natural environment can help decision-makers and practitioners design conservation management and coastal adaptation measures mainstreaming the role of coastal habitats. Nevertheless, a change towards a socio-ecological perspective will require long-lasting processes that build on social capacities, such as flexible institutions and multilevel governance systems.
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- 2021
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20. Latitudinal variation in plant defence against herbivory in a marine foundation species does not follow a linear pattern: the importance of resource availability
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Hernán, Gema, Ortega, María J., Henderson, Jeremy, Alós, Josep, Boyer, Katharyn, Cimon, Stephanie, Combes, Vincent, Cusson, Mathieu, Hereu, Clara M., Hessing‐Lewis, Margot, Hovel, Kevin, Jorgensen, Pablo, Kiriakopolos, Stephanie, Kollars, Nicole, O'Connor, Mary I., Olsen, Jeanine L., Reynolds, Pamela L., Ruesink, Jennifer, Voigt, Erin, Tomas, Fiona, Madin, Elizabeth, Hernán, Gema, Ortega, María J., Henderson, Jeremy, Alós, Josep, Boyer, Katharyn, Cimon, Stephanie, Combes, Vincent, Cusson, Mathieu, Hereu, Clara M., Hessing‐Lewis, Margot, Hovel, Kevin, Jorgensen, Pablo, Kiriakopolos, Stephanie, Kollars, Nicole, O'Connor, Mary I., Olsen, Jeanine L., Reynolds, Pamela L., Ruesink, Jennifer, Voigt, Erin, Tomas, Fiona, and Madin, Elizabeth
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Aim: Studies on latitudinal patterns in plant defence have traditionally overlooked the potential effect that resource availability may have in shaping plant defence. Likewise, latitudinal patterns of tolerance traits have rarely been studied, yet they can be a critical component of plant defence. Therefore, the aim of our study was to examine latitudinal variation in the production of tolerance and resistance traits against herbivory along a latitudinal range and a natural gradient of resource availability from upwelling conditions. Location: North America (Canada, USA, Mexico). Time period: Summer months of 2015. Major taxa used: The seagrass Zostera marina. Methods: We conducted experiments simulating macroherbivore (e.g., bird, fish) damage on the seagrass Z. marina at 10 sites across the Eastern Pacific coast (Canada–Mexico) and Quebec and analysed several traits related to resistance and tolerance strategies against herbivory. In addition, we examined the effects of potential seagrass changes in defence strategies by performing a series of feeding experiments with mesoherbivores in a subset of sites. Results: We found that eelgrass resistance defences did not follow a linear latitudinal pattern but rather followed a bell‐shaped curve which correlated with bottom‐up control. In sites with higher nutrient availability, plants allocated resources to tolerance strategies and had lower resistance traits. Furthermore, seagrasses did not respond linearly to increased herbivory pressure; while they tolerated moderate levels of herbivory, they underwent a significant reduction in tolerance and resistance under high herbivory levels, which also made them more susceptible to consumers in feeding experiments. Main conclusions: Our results highlight the importance that nutrient availability has in shaping latitudinal patterns of plant defence against herbivory and show how these defences may not respond linearly to increased herbivory pressure in seagrasses.
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- 2021
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21. Multiple stressors and disturbance effects on eelgrass and epifaunal macroinvertebrate assemblage structure
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Cimon, Stéphanie, Deslauriers, Annie, Cusson, Mathieu, Cimon, Stéphanie, Deslauriers, Annie, and Cusson, Mathieu
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Multiple forms of environmental change and anthropogenic pressure co-occur in coastal marine ecosystems. These external forces affect ecosystem structure, functioning, and, eventually, services to humans. Studies that include more than 2 simultaneous stressors are still needed to understand potential interactions among multiple stressors. We evaluated single and interactive effects of density reduction of Zostera marina L. (a habitat-forming species), shading, and sediment nutrient enrichment on the response of Z. marina and its associated epifauna over 10 wk. Shading had the greatest effect on reducing the eelgrass relative leaf elongation rate (RLE), non-structural carbohydrate reserves, and eelgrass shoot density. A reduced eelgrass density sustained higher epifaunal densities and increased the eelgrass RLE. Sediment nutrient enrichment increased eelgrass shoot density but decreased epifaunal richness, diversity, and total abundance. Our disturbance and pair of stressors differed in their influence on diversity measures, but all affected assemblage structure. Most of the changes to the epifaunal assemblage and diversity likely occurred due to altered habitat availability and epiphytic algae load. We observed additive, antagonistic, and negatively synergistic interactions among our treatments, while most of the cumulative effects showed dominance by one stressor over another. Our results highlight the importance of field experiments that are based on multiple disturbances and stressors to determine their interaction type on communities.
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- 2021
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22. Many Models for Water Waves
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Duchêne, Vincent, Institut de Recherche Mathématique de Rennes (IRMAR), AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Institut National des Sciences Mathématiques et de leurs Interactions (INSMI), Université de Rennes 1, Erwan Faou, Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-INSTITUT AGRO Agrocampus Ouest, and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)
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problème des vagues ,elliptic problems ,Oceanography ,Asymptotic mathematical modeling ,Océanographie ,Mathematics - Analysis of PDEs ,équations non-linéaires dispersives ,[MATH.MATH-MP]Mathematics [math]/Mathematical Physics [math-ph] ,FOS: Mathematics ,[MATH.MATH-AP]Mathematics [math]/Analysis of PDEs [math.AP] ,problèmes elliptiques ,Modélisation symptotique ,[PHYS.MECA.MEFL]Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics]/Fluid mechanics [physics.class-ph] ,nonlinear dispersive equations ,water waves problem ,[SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography ,Analysis of PDEs (math.AP) - Abstract
This document is an announcement and preview of a memoir whose full version is available on the Open Math Notes repository of the American Mathematical Society (OMN:202109.111309). In this memoir, I try to provide a fairly comprehensive picture of (mostly shallow water) asymptotic models for water waves. The work and presentation is heavily inspired by the book of D. Lannes, yet extends the discussion into several directions, notably high order and fully dispersive models, and internal/interfacial waves., Comment: I plan to update the memoir at https://www.ams.org/open-math-notes/omn-view-listing?listingId=111309 from time to time when novel material fitting in the picture will arise. Please do not hesitate to contact me when you notice typos or mistakes, or if you have any question, comment or query
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- 2021
23. Study of the circulation and modification of circumpolar deep water on the south-western Weddell Sea continental shelf, Antarctica
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Vignes, Lucie, Processus et interactions de fine échelle océanique (PROTEO), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Sorbonne Université, Jean-Baptiste Sallée, and STAR, ABES
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Southern ocean ,Flotteurs autonomes ,Données in situ ,In situ data ,Circulation océanique ,[SDU.STU.OC] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography ,Oceanography ,Antarctique ,Océanographie ,Océan Austral ,[SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography - Abstract
Antarctica and its surrounding seas are an important area regarding the climate regulation as well as an region highly impacted by climate change. Despite the paramount importance of this region, it is still largely under sampled in comparison with the other oceanic basins. Oceanic circulation around the antarctic margins regulates ice shelves melts and their buttressing effect on the antarctic Ice sheet, as well as the deep heat storage induced by vertical water masses movements. Thus understading the water mass circulation around Antarctica is fundamental for our comprehension of the global oceanic circulation, as well as the contribution of the Antarctic ice sheet to the sea level rise. In this manuscript I propose a study of a region on the antarctic margins : the Weddell Sea. This sea is the home region of the largest of the antarctic ice shelf, it is also the region producing the most important volume of deep waters. However the ocean-cryosphere processes in this region as still poorly understood. Some studies showed a subtle equilibrium and that the Weddell Sea, in response to the climate change, could be deeply modified and lead to a important melt of the ice shelf and a drastic reduction of the deep water formation. However, as long as our observations don’t allow us the better understand the processes at work, we can not refine our understanding of the Weddell Sea., L'Antarctique et les mers l'entourant sont des zones centrales pour la régulation du climat terrestre ainsi qu'une des zones sujettes à de nombreuses modifications sous l'action du changement climatique. Malgré l'importance de cette région, celle-ci reste largement sous-échantillonnée par rapport au reste des grands bassins océaniques. La circulation océanique sur le pourtour antarctique conditionne la fonte des plateformes glaciaires flottantes et leur effet arc-boutant pour la calotte glaciaire dans son ensemble, ainsi que le stockage de chaleur profond lié à la circulation verticale des masses d’eaux. Ainsi, comprendre la circulation des masses d'eaux sur le pourtour antarctique est fondamental pour notre compréhension de la circulation océanique globale, et celle de la contribution de la calotte polaire antarctique à l'élévation du niveau des mers. Dans cette thèse j'étudie une mer se situant sur le pourtour antarctique : la mer de Weddell. Cette mer, en plus d’accueillir la plus volumineuse des plateformes glaciaires du pourtour antarctique, est également une des régions produisant un volume important d’eaux profondes. Cependant les processus d'interactions océan-cryosphère dans cette région sont encore mal compris. Certaines études ont montré que cet équilibre est subtil et que la mer de Weddell, en réponse au changement climatique, pourrait être drastiquement modifiée et connaître une importante fonte de la plateforme glaciaire et une réduction drastique de la formation d'eaux de fond. Cependant, tant que nos observations ne nous permettront pas de mieux comprendre les processus à l'œuvre, nous ne pourrons pas affiner notre compréhension de la mer de Weddell.
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- 2021
24. Seafloor biodiversity of Canada's three oceans: patterns, hotspots and potential drivers
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Wei, Chih‐Lin, Cusson, Mathieu, Archambault, Philippe, Belley, Renald, Brown, Tanya, Burd, Brenda J., Edinger, Evan, Kenchington, Ellen, Gilkinson, Kent, Lawton, Peter, Link, Heike, Ramey‐Balci, Patricia A., Scrosati, Ricardo A., Snelgrove, Paul V. R., Wei, Chih‐Lin, Cusson, Mathieu, Archambault, Philippe, Belley, Renald, Brown, Tanya, Burd, Brenda J., Edinger, Evan, Kenchington, Ellen, Gilkinson, Kent, Lawton, Peter, Link, Heike, Ramey‐Balci, Patricia A., Scrosati, Ricardo A., and Snelgrove, Paul V. R.
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Aim We examined the relationships between bathymetry, latitude and energy and the diversity of marine benthic invertebrates across wide environmental ranges of Canada's three oceans. Location Canadian Pacific, Arctic and Atlantic Oceans from the intertidal zone to upper bathyal depths, encompassing 13 marine ecoregions. Methods We compiled 35 benthic datasets that encompass 3,337 taxa (70% identified to species and 21% to genus) from 13,172 samples spanning 6,117 sites. Partitioning the analyses by different gear types, ecoregions or sites, we used Hill numbers to examine spatial patterns in α‐diversity. We used resampling and extrapolation to standardized sampling effort and examined the effects of depth, latitude, chemical energy (export particulate organic carbon [POC] flux), thermal energy (bottom temperature) and seasonality of primary production on the benthic biodiversity. Results The Canadian Arctic harboured the highest benthic diversity (e.g. epifauna and common and dominant infauna species), whereas the lowest diversity was found in the Atlantic. The Puget Trough (Pacific), Beaufort Sea, Arctic Archipelago, Hudson Bay, Northern Labrador and Southern Grand Bank (Atlantic) were the “hotspots" of diversity among the ecoregions. The infauna and epifauna both exhibited hump‐shaped diversity–depth relationships, with peak diversity near shelf breaks; latitude (positively) predicted infaunal diversity, albeit weakly. Food supply, as inferred from primary production and depth, was more important than thermal energy in controlling diversity patterns. Limitations with respect to calculating POC flux in coastal (e.g. terrestrial runoff) and ice‐covered regions or biological interactions may explain the negative POC flux–infaunal diversity relationship. Main Conclusions We show previously unreported diversity hotspots in the Canadian Arctic and in other ecoregions. Our analyses reveal potential controlling mechanisms of large‐scale benthic biodiversity patterns in Ca
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- 2020
25. Journal de bord de la campagne PUFFAlis, 18 mars - 02 avril 2017
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Allain, Valerie, Borsa, Philippe, Lebourges-dhaussy, Anne, Menkes, Christophe, Rodier, Martine, Varillon, David, Vilayleck, Allain, Valerie, Borsa, Philippe, Lebourges-dhaussy, Anne, Menkes, Christophe, Rodier, Martine, Varillon, David, and Vilayleck
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From March 18 to April 2, 2017, the PUFFAlis expedition took place aboard research vessel Alis of IRD. This campaign was a continuation of previous oceanographic expeditions concerned with the feeding areas of seabirds (MOMAlis) as well as on land on the Gouaro Deva shearwater colony. It was also the extension of the NECTAlis campaigns that were dedicated at studying the oceanic trophic chain that leads to tunas. Six scientists embarked to sample the different levels of the oceanic trophic chain of the New Caledonia basin off Pindai. In the middle of the expedition, a day was devoted to communicating with the high school students of Pouembout and the services of the environment and fisheries of the Northern Province. The expedition’s logbook is preceded by the press release issued on this occasion., Du 18 mars au 02 avril 2017 s’est déroulée la mission PUFFAlis à bord du navire océanographique Alis de l’IRD. Cette campagne s’inscrit dans la continuité d’expéditions océanographiques centrées sur les zones d’alimentation des oiseaux marins, effectuées précédemment en mer (MOMAlis) comme à terre sur la colonie de puffins de Gouaro Deva. Elle est aussi la prolongation des campagnes NECTAlis destinées à étudier la chaîne trophique océanique qui conduit aux thons. Six scientifiques ont embarqué pour échantillonner les différents niveaux de la chaîne trophique océanique du bassin de Nouvelle-Calédonie au large de Pindaï. En milieu de mission, une journée a été consacrée à la communication avec les lycéens de Pouembout et les services de l’environnement et des pêches de la Province nord. Le journal de bord de la mission est précédé du communiqué de presse diffusé à cette occasion.
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- 2020
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26. River fragmentation and flow alteration metrics : a review of methods and directions for future research
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Jumani, Suman, Deitch, Matthew J, Kaplan, David, Anderson, Elizabeth P, Krishnaswamy, Jagdish, Lecours, Vincent, Whiles, Matt R, Jumani, Suman, Deitch, Matthew J, Kaplan, David, Anderson, Elizabeth P, Krishnaswamy, Jagdish, Lecours, Vincent, and Whiles, Matt R
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Rivers continue to be harnessed to meet humanity’s growing demands for electricity, water, and flood control. While the socioecological impacts of river infrastructure projects (RIPs) have been well-documented, methodological approaches to quantify river fragmentation and flow alteration vary widely in spatiotemporal scope, required data, and interpretation. In this review, we first present a framework to visualise the effects of different kinds of RIPs on river fragmentation and flow alteration. We then review available methods to quantify connectivity and flow alteration, along with their data requirements, scale of application, advantages, and disadvantages. Finally, we present decision-making trees to help stakeholders select among these methods based on their objectives, resource availability, and the characteristics of the project(s) being evaluated. Thematic searches of peer-reviewed literature using topic-relevant keywords were conducted on Google Scholar. The bibliography of selected papers was also reviewed, resulting in the selection of 79 publications. Papers that did not define or apply a specific metric were excluded. With respect to fragmentation, we selected papers focused on instream connectivity and excluded those dealing with overland hydrologic connections. For flow alteration, we selected papers that quantified the extent of alteration and excluded those aimed at prescribing environmental flows. The expected hydrological consequences of various RIP types were ‘mapped’ on a conceptual fragmentation-flow alteration plot. We compiled 29 metrics of river fragmentation and 13 metrics to flow alteration, and used these to develop decision-making trees to facilitate method selection. Despite recent advances in metric development, further work is needed to better understand the relationships between and among metrics, assess their ecological significance and spatiotemporal scale of application, and develop more informative methods that can be effectivel
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- 2020
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27. Quantifying intertidal habitat relative coverage in a Florida Estuary Using UAS imagery and GEOBIA
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Espriella, Michael C., Lecours, Vincent, C. Frederick, Peter, V. Camp, Edward, Wilkinson, Benjamin, Espriella, Michael C., Lecours, Vincent, C. Frederick, Peter, V. Camp, Edward, and Wilkinson, Benjamin
- Abstract
Intertidal habitats like oyster reefs and salt marshes provide vital ecosystem services including shoreline erosion control, habitat provision, and water filtration. However, these systems face significant global change as a result of a combination of anthropogenic stressors like coastal development and environmental stressors such as sea-level rise and disease. Traditional intertidal habitat monitoring techniques are cost and time-intensive, thus limiting how frequently resources are mapped in a way that is often insufficient to make informed management decisions. Unoccupied aircraft systems (UASs) have demonstrated the potential to mitigate these costs as they provide a platform to rapidly, safely, and inexpensively collect data in coastal areas. In this study, a UAS was used to survey intertidal habitats along the Gulf of Mexico coastline in Florida, USA. The structure from motion photogrammetry techniques were used to generate an orthomosaic and a digital surface model from the UAS imagery. These products were used in a geographic object-based image analysis (GEOBIA) workflow to classify mudflat, salt marsh, and oyster reef habitats. GEOBIA allows for a more informed classification than traditional techniques by providing textural and geometric context to habitat covers. We developed a ruleset to allow for a repeatable workflow, further decreasing the temporal cost of monitoring. The classification produced an overall accuracy of 79% in classifying habitats in a coastal environment with little spectral and textural separability, indicating that GEOBIA can differentiate intertidal habitats. This method allows for effective monitoring that can inform management and restoration efforts.
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- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Climate drives the geography of marine consumption by changing predator communities
- Author
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Whalen, Matthew A., Whippo, Ross D. B., Stachowicz, John J., York, Paul H., Aiello, Erin, Alcoverro, Teresa, Altieri, Andrew H., Benedetti-Cecchi, Lisandro, Bertolini, Camilla, Bresch, Midoli, Bulleri, Fabio, Carnell, Paul E., Cimon, Stéphanie, Connolly, Rod M., Cusson, Mathieu, Diskin, Meredith S., D’Souza, Elrika, Flores, Augusto A. V., Fodrie, F. Joel, Galloway, Aaron W. E., Gaskins, Leo C., Graham, Olivia J., Hanley, Torrance C., Henderson, Christopher J., Hereu, Clara M., Hessing-Lewis, Margot, Hovel, Kevin A., Hughes, Brent B., Hughes, A. Randall, Hultgren, Kristin M., Jänes, Holger, Janiak, Dean S., Johnston, Lane N., Jorgensen, Pablo, Kelaher, Brendan P., Kruschel, Claudia, Lanham, Brendan S., Lee, Kun-Seop, Lefcheck, Jonathan S., Lozano-Álvarez, Enrique, Macreadie, Peter I., Monteith, Zachary L., O’Connor, Nessa E., Olds, Andrew D., O’Leary, Jennifer K., Patrick, Christopher J., Pino, Oscar, Poore, Alistair G. B., Rasheed, Michael A., Raymond, Wendel W., Reiss, Katrin, Rhoades, O. Kennedy, Robinson, Max T., Ross, Paige G., Rossi, Francesca, Schlacher, Thomas A., Seemann, Janina, Silliman, Brian R., Smee, Delbert L., Thiel, Martin, Unsworth, Richard K. F., van Tussenbroek, Brigitta I., Vergés, Adriana, Yeager, Mallarie E., Yednock, Bree K., Ziegler, Shelby L., Duffy, J. Emmett, Whalen, Matthew A., Whippo, Ross D. B., Stachowicz, John J., York, Paul H., Aiello, Erin, Alcoverro, Teresa, Altieri, Andrew H., Benedetti-Cecchi, Lisandro, Bertolini, Camilla, Bresch, Midoli, Bulleri, Fabio, Carnell, Paul E., Cimon, Stéphanie, Connolly, Rod M., Cusson, Mathieu, Diskin, Meredith S., D’Souza, Elrika, Flores, Augusto A. V., Fodrie, F. Joel, Galloway, Aaron W. E., Gaskins, Leo C., Graham, Olivia J., Hanley, Torrance C., Henderson, Christopher J., Hereu, Clara M., Hessing-Lewis, Margot, Hovel, Kevin A., Hughes, Brent B., Hughes, A. Randall, Hultgren, Kristin M., Jänes, Holger, Janiak, Dean S., Johnston, Lane N., Jorgensen, Pablo, Kelaher, Brendan P., Kruschel, Claudia, Lanham, Brendan S., Lee, Kun-Seop, Lefcheck, Jonathan S., Lozano-Álvarez, Enrique, Macreadie, Peter I., Monteith, Zachary L., O’Connor, Nessa E., Olds, Andrew D., O’Leary, Jennifer K., Patrick, Christopher J., Pino, Oscar, Poore, Alistair G. B., Rasheed, Michael A., Raymond, Wendel W., Reiss, Katrin, Rhoades, O. Kennedy, Robinson, Max T., Ross, Paige G., Rossi, Francesca, Schlacher, Thomas A., Seemann, Janina, Silliman, Brian R., Smee, Delbert L., Thiel, Martin, Unsworth, Richard K. F., van Tussenbroek, Brigitta I., Vergés, Adriana, Yeager, Mallarie E., Yednock, Bree K., Ziegler, Shelby L., and Duffy, J. Emmett
- Abstract
The global distribution of primary production and consumption by humans (fisheries) is well-documented, but we have no map linking the central ecological process of consumption within food webs to temperature and other ecological drivers. Using standardized assays that span 105° of latitude on four continents, we show that rates of bait consumption by generalist predators in shallow marine ecosystems are tightly linked to both temperature and the composition of consumer assemblages. Unexpectedly, rates of consumption peaked at midlatitudes (25 to 35°) in both Northern and Southern Hemispheres across both seagrass and unvegetated sediment habitats. This pattern contrasts with terrestrial systems, where biotic interactions reportedly weaken away from the equator, but it parallels an emerging pattern of a subtropical peak in marine biodiversity. The higher consumption at midlatitudes was closely related to the type of consumers present, which explained rates of consumption better than consumer density, biomass, species diversity, or habitat. Indeed, the apparent effect of temperature on consumption was mostly driven by temperature-associated turnover in consumer community composition. Our findings reinforce the key influence of climate warming on altered species composition and highlight its implications for the functioning of Earth’s ecosystems.
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- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. The BenBioDen database, a global database for meio-, macro- and megabenthic biomass and densities
- Author
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Stratmann, Tanja, van Oevelen, Dick, Martínez Arbizu, Pedro, Wei, Chih-Lin, Liao, Jian-Xiang, Cusson, Mathieu, Scrosati, Ricardo A., Archambault, Philippe, Snelgrove, Paul V. R., Ramey-Balci, Patricia A., Burd, Brenda J., Kenchington, Ellen, Gilkinson, Kent, Belley, Rénald, Soetaert, Karline, Stratmann, Tanja, van Oevelen, Dick, Martínez Arbizu, Pedro, Wei, Chih-Lin, Liao, Jian-Xiang, Cusson, Mathieu, Scrosati, Ricardo A., Archambault, Philippe, Snelgrove, Paul V. R., Ramey-Balci, Patricia A., Burd, Brenda J., Kenchington, Ellen, Gilkinson, Kent, Belley, Rénald, and Soetaert, Karline
- Abstract
Benthic fauna refers to all fauna that live in or on the seafloor, which researchers typically divide into size classes meiobenthos (32/64 µm–0.5/1 mm), macrobenthos (250 µm–1 cm), and megabenthos (>1 cm). Benthic fauna play important roles in bioturbation activity, mineralization of organic matter, and in marine food webs. Evaluating their role in these ecosystem functions requires knowledge of their global distribution and biomass. We therefore established the BenBioDen database, the largest open-access database for marine benthic biomass and density data compiled so far. In total, it includes 11,792 georeferenced benthic biomass and 51,559 benthic density records from 384 and 600 studies, respectively. We selected all references following the procedure for systematic reviews and meta-analyses, and report biomass records as grams of wet mass, dry mass, or ash-free dry mass, or carbon per m2 and as abundance records as individuals per m2. This database provides a point of reference for future studies on the distribution and biomass of benthic fauna.
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- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Paysages énergétiques des oiseaux marins hivernant en Atlantique Nord dans le contexte des changements climatiques
- Author
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Clairbaux, Manon, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université Montpellier, David Gremillet, Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)
- Subjects
[SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences ,Spatial Ecology ,Energetics ,Biotélémétrie ,Energétique ,Ecologie spatiale ,Global Change ,Oceanography ,Biotelemetry ,Changements globaux ,Migration ,Océanographie - Abstract
Seabirds are particularly vulnerable to the direct and indirect effects of climate change, however little is known about those impacts outside of the breeding season. This lack of knowledge is problematic because the conditions encountered during migration and wintering strongly shape seabird population dynamics. It is therefore essential to understand the effects of climate on their winter distribution and migration routes. Linking the distribution of organisms to environmental factors is therefore a primary task benefiting from the concept of energyscapes (defined as the variation of an organism's energy requirements across space according to environmental conditions) which has recently provided a mechanistic explanation for the distribution of many animals. In this context, we have predicted the current and future winter habitats of five species representing 75% of the seabird community in the North Atlantic (Alle alle, Fratercula arctica, Uria aalge, Uria lomvia and Rissa tridactyla). To this aim, we monitored the movements of more than 1500 individuals to identify the birds' preferred habitats through resource selection functions based on the modeling of their energy expenditure and prey availability. Electronic tracking data were also overlaid with cyclone locations to map areas of high exposure for the seabird community across the North Atlantic. In addition, we explored the energetic consequences of seabird exposure to storms using a mechanistic bioenergetic model (Niche MapperTM). Finally, we examined the impact of total summer sea ice melt from 2050 on Arctic bird migration. Our analyses predict a northward shift in the preferred wintering areas of the North Atlantic seabird community, especially if global warming exceeds 2°C. Our results suggest that cyclonic conditions do not increase the energy requirements of seabirds, implying that they die from the unavailability of prey and/or inability to feed during cyclones. Finally, the melting sea ice at the North Pole may soon allow 29 species of Arctic birds to make new trans-Arctic migrations between the Atlantic and the Pacific. We also estimate that an additional 26 currently migratory species could remain in the Arctic year-round. This work illustrates how climate change could radically alter the biogeography of migratory species and we provide a methodological toolbox to assess and predict these changes by combining movement ecology and energetic physiology.; Les oiseaux marins sont particulièrement vulnérables aux effets directs et indirects du changement climatique, cependant on sait peu de choses sur ces impacts en dehors de la période de reproduction. Ce manque de connaissances est problématique car les conditions rencontrées pendant la migration et l'hivernage déterminent fortement les dynamiques populationnelles des oiseaux marins. Il est donc essentiel de comprendre les effets du climat sur leurs distributions hivernales et leurs itinéraires de migration. Lier distribution des organismes et facteurs environnementaux est une tâche primordiale bénéficiant du concept de paysages énergétiques (définit comme la variation des besoins énergétiques d’un organisme dans l’espace en fonction de l’environnement) qui a récemment permis de fournir une explication mécaniste à la distribution de nombreux animaux. Dans ce contexte, nous avons déterminé les habitats hivernaux actuels et futurs de cinq espèces représentant 75% de la communauté d’oiseaux marins en Atlantique Nord (Alle alle, Fratercula arctica, Uria aalge, Uria lomvia and Rissa tridactyla). Pour cela, nous avons suivi électroniquement les mouvements de plus de 1500 individus afin d’identifier leurs habitats préférentiels par le biais de fonctions de sélection de ressources basées sur la modélisation de leurs dépenses énergétiques et de la disponibilité de leurs proies. Les données de suivi électroniques ont également été recoupées avec les emplacements des cyclones afin de cartographier les zones d’exposition pour la communauté d’oiseaux marins à l'échelle de l’Atlantique Nord. De plus, nous avons exploré les conséquences énergétiques de l'exposition des oiseaux marins aux tempêtes en utilisant un modèle bioénergétique mécaniste (Niche MapperTM). Enfin, nous avons examiné l'impact de la fonte totale de la banquise estivale à partir de 2050 sur la migration des oiseaux de l'Arctique. Nos analyses prévoient un déplacement vers le nord des zones préférentielles d'hivernage des oiseaux marins en Atlantique Nord, surtout si le réchauffement climatique mondial dépasse 2°C. Nos résultats suggèrent que les conditions cycloniques n'augmentent pas les besoins énergétiques des oiseaux marins, ce qui implique que l'indisponibilité des proies et/ou l’incapacité à se nourrir pendant les cyclones causeraient leur mort. Enfin, la fonte de la banquise au pôle nord pourrait permettre à 29 espèces d'oiseaux arctiques de bientôt effectuer de nouvelles migrations transarctiques entre l’Atlantique et le Pacifique. Nous estimons également que 26 autres espèces actuellement migratrices pourraient rester en Arctique toute l'année. Ce travail illustre comment les changements climatiques pourraient modifier radicalement la biogéographie des espèces migratrices et fournit une boîte à outils méthodologique permettant d’évaluer et de prévoir ces modifications en mariant écologie du mouvement et physiologie énergétique.
- Published
- 2020
31. Energetic landscapes of migratory seabirds in the Nort Atlantic Ocean in a context of climate change
- Author
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Clairbaux, Manon, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université Montpellier, and David Gremillet
- Subjects
[SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences ,Spatial Ecology ,Energetics ,Biotélémétrie ,Energétique ,Ecologie spatiale ,Global Change ,Oceanography ,Biotelemetry ,Changements globaux ,Migration ,Océanographie - Abstract
Seabirds are particularly vulnerable to the direct and indirect effects of climate change, however little is known about those impacts outside of the breeding season. This lack of knowledge is problematic because the conditions encountered during migration and wintering strongly shape seabird population dynamics. It is therefore essential to understand the effects of climate on their winter distribution and migration routes. Linking the distribution of organisms to environmental factors is therefore a primary task benefiting from the concept of energyscapes (defined as the variation of an organism's energy requirements across space according to environmental conditions) which has recently provided a mechanistic explanation for the distribution of many animals. In this context, we have predicted the current and future winter habitats of five species representing 75% of the seabird community in the North Atlantic (Alle alle, Fratercula arctica, Uria aalge, Uria lomvia and Rissa tridactyla). To this aim, we monitored the movements of more than 1500 individuals to identify the birds' preferred habitats through resource selection functions based on the modeling of their energy expenditure and prey availability. Electronic tracking data were also overlaid with cyclone locations to map areas of high exposure for the seabird community across the North Atlantic. In addition, we explored the energetic consequences of seabird exposure to storms using a mechanistic bioenergetic model (Niche MapperTM). Finally, we examined the impact of total summer sea ice melt from 2050 on Arctic bird migration. Our analyses predict a northward shift in the preferred wintering areas of the North Atlantic seabird community, especially if global warming exceeds 2°C. Our results suggest that cyclonic conditions do not increase the energy requirements of seabirds, implying that they die from the unavailability of prey and/or inability to feed during cyclones. Finally, the melting sea ice at the North Pole may soon allow 29 species of Arctic birds to make new trans-Arctic migrations between the Atlantic and the Pacific. We also estimate that an additional 26 currently migratory species could remain in the Arctic year-round. This work illustrates how climate change could radically alter the biogeography of migratory species and we provide a methodological toolbox to assess and predict these changes by combining movement ecology and energetic physiology.; Les oiseaux marins sont particulièrement vulnérables aux effets directs et indirects du changement climatique, cependant on sait peu de choses sur ces impacts en dehors de la période de reproduction. Ce manque de connaissances est problématique car les conditions rencontrées pendant la migration et l'hivernage déterminent fortement les dynamiques populationnelles des oiseaux marins. Il est donc essentiel de comprendre les effets du climat sur leurs distributions hivernales et leurs itinéraires de migration. Lier distribution des organismes et facteurs environnementaux est une tâche primordiale bénéficiant du concept de paysages énergétiques (définit comme la variation des besoins énergétiques d’un organisme dans l’espace en fonction de l’environnement) qui a récemment permis de fournir une explication mécaniste à la distribution de nombreux animaux. Dans ce contexte, nous avons déterminé les habitats hivernaux actuels et futurs de cinq espèces représentant 75% de la communauté d’oiseaux marins en Atlantique Nord (Alle alle, Fratercula arctica, Uria aalge, Uria lomvia and Rissa tridactyla). Pour cela, nous avons suivi électroniquement les mouvements de plus de 1500 individus afin d’identifier leurs habitats préférentiels par le biais de fonctions de sélection de ressources basées sur la modélisation de leurs dépenses énergétiques et de la disponibilité de leurs proies. Les données de suivi électroniques ont également été recoupées avec les emplacements des cyclones afin de cartographier les zones d’exposition pour la communauté d’oiseaux marins à l'échelle de l’Atlantique Nord. De plus, nous avons exploré les conséquences énergétiques de l'exposition des oiseaux marins aux tempêtes en utilisant un modèle bioénergétique mécaniste (Niche MapperTM). Enfin, nous avons examiné l'impact de la fonte totale de la banquise estivale à partir de 2050 sur la migration des oiseaux de l'Arctique. Nos analyses prévoient un déplacement vers le nord des zones préférentielles d'hivernage des oiseaux marins en Atlantique Nord, surtout si le réchauffement climatique mondial dépasse 2°C. Nos résultats suggèrent que les conditions cycloniques n'augmentent pas les besoins énergétiques des oiseaux marins, ce qui implique que l'indisponibilité des proies et/ou l’incapacité à se nourrir pendant les cyclones causeraient leur mort. Enfin, la fonte de la banquise au pôle nord pourrait permettre à 29 espèces d'oiseaux arctiques de bientôt effectuer de nouvelles migrations transarctiques entre l’Atlantique et le Pacifique. Nous estimons également que 26 autres espèces actuellement migratrices pourraient rester en Arctique toute l'année. Ce travail illustre comment les changements climatiques pourraient modifier radicalement la biogéographie des espèces migratrices et fournit une boîte à outils méthodologique permettant d’évaluer et de prévoir ces modifications en mariant écologie du mouvement et physiologie énergétique.
- Published
- 2020
32. Chapter 14. International climate negotiations and their incidences
- Author
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Janicot, Serge, Aubertin, Catherine, Bernoux, Martial, Dounias, Edmond, Guégan, Jean-François, Lebel, Thierry, Mazurek, Hubert, and Sultan, Benjamin
- Subjects
changement climatique ,climatologie ,mousson ,Economics ,hydrologie ,résilience ,océanographie ,Pays du Sud ,politiques environnementales ,BUS072000 ,RNU ,vulnérabilités ,glaciers ,inondations - Abstract
The United Nations Summit on Climate Change, September 2009, UN Headquarters, New York. To solve the problem of climate change, international negotiations were first focused in priority on the ‘mitigation’ of warming through the setting up of market instruments to limit global greenhouse gas emissions. This framework has shown its limits as more than 20 years after the coming into force of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), emissions have neve...
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- 2020
33. Chapter 8. Oceans: marine ecosystems and warming
- Author
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Janicot, Serge, Aubertin, Catherine, Bernoux, Martial, Dounias, Edmond, Guégan, Jean-François, Lebel, Thierry, Mazurek, Hubert, and Sultan, Benjamin
- Subjects
changement climatique ,climatologie ,mousson ,Economics ,hydrologie ,résilience ,océanographie ,Pays du Sud ,politiques environnementales ,BUS072000 ,RNU ,vulnérabilités ,glaciers ,inondations - Abstract
Gorgonians and shoals of fish in West Papua, Indonesia. The oceans are at the heart of the globe’s climate machine and are strongly hit by climate change. Numerous effects are observed today in the ocean environment: changes of water temperature and oxygen levels, acidification, rise in sea level, etc. These physical and biogeochemical changes and, to a lesser degree, extreme events, affect conditions of life in the oceans. The geographical distribution of species and the dyn...
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- 2020
34. Chapter 3. Using monitoring facilities to detect climate anomalies
- Author
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Janicot, Serge, Aubertin, Catherine, Bernoux, Martial, Dounias, Edmond, Guégan, Jean-François, Lebel, Thierry, Mazurek, Hubert, and Sultan, Benjamin
- Subjects
changement climatique ,climatologie ,mousson ,Economics ,hydrologie ,résilience ,océanographie ,Pays du Sud ,politiques environnementales ,BUS072000 ,RNU ,vulnérabilités ,glaciers ,inondations - Abstract
The Orinoco (Venezuela). August 2006 flood. HYBAM observation system. The study of climate change consists of detecting any significant climatic anomaly and then assigning possible anthropic or natural causes. This requires the ability to observe (in order to detect) and then understand (assigning a cause) to finally forecast the evolution of the print of climate change on the environment and societies. Monitoring the evolution of our climate and more generally of our environ...
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- 2020
35. Chapter 5. ‘Attributing’ the climate variations observed
- Author
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Janicot, Serge, Aubertin, Catherine, Bernoux, Martial, Dounias, Edmond, Guégan, Jean-François, Lebel, Thierry, Mazurek, Hubert, and Sultan, Benjamin
- Subjects
changement climatique ,climatologie ,mousson ,Economics ,hydrologie ,résilience ,océanographie ,Pays du Sud ,politiques environnementales ,BUS072000 ,RNU ,vulnérabilités ,glaciers ,inondations - Abstract
Building a road to exploit timber in West Papua New Guinea, Indonesia. Deforestation is an important factor in climate warming caused by human factors. In 25 years, the dominant share of the warming measured in the atmosphere and the sea since the beginning of the industrial era is now attributed to anthropic emissions and not to the natural variability of the climate. In successive IPCC reports, the responsibility of human activities changed from uncertain (1990) to possible...
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- 2020
36. Chapter 1. Learning about tropical climates in the past
- Author
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Janicot, Serge, Aubertin, Catherine, Bernoux, Martial, Dounias, Edmond, Guégan, Jean-François, Lebel, Thierry, Mazurek, Hubert, and Sultan, Benjamin
- Subjects
changement climatique ,climatologie ,mousson ,Economics ,hydrologie ,résilience ,océanographie ,Pays du Sud ,politiques environnementales ,BUS072000 ,RNU ,vulnérabilités ,glaciers ,inondations - Abstract
Drilling camp at the summit of Monte Valentin (3,900 m), Chile.Glacier core drilling in the Andes provides access to more than 20,000 years of climate records. Knowledge of past trends is essential for understanding the present climate. Thus paleoclimatology gives a picture of the natural variability of the climate and puts into perspective the variations observed today. It also gives better understanding of the mechanics of climate and especially the dynamics of tropical climates. The water ...
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- 2020
37. Chapter 6. Projections: scenarios and uncertainties
- Author
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Janicot, Serge, Aubertin, Catherine, Bernoux, Martial, Dounias, Edmond, Guégan, Jean-François, Lebel, Thierry, Mazurek, Hubert, and Sultan, Benjamin
- Subjects
changement climatique ,climatologie ,mousson ,Economics ,hydrologie ,résilience ,océanographie ,Pays du Sud ,politiques environnementales ,BUS072000 ,RNU ,vulnérabilités ,glaciers ,inondations - Abstract
Rain arriving over the Barotse floodplain in Zambia. Entrusted with the task of formulating scientific opinions for international negotiations concerning the climate, the IPCC assesses possible climate development with the constraint of the future pattern of greenhouse gas emissions. For this work, the climate modelling community develops climate simulations following joint protocols in order to compare the results of all the climate models used. For the IPCC, assessments of ...
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- 2020
38. Chapter 2. What are the signs of current climate change?
- Author
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Janicot, Serge, Aubertin, Catherine, Bernoux, Martial, Dounias, Edmond, Guégan, Jean-François, Lebel, Thierry, Mazurek, Hubert, and Sultan, Benjamin
- Subjects
changement climatique ,climatologie ,mousson ,Economics ,hydrologie ,résilience ,océanographie ,Pays du Sud ,politiques environnementales ,BUS072000 ,RNU ,vulnérabilités ,glaciers ,inondations - Abstract
A flooded coconut plantation on the island of Loh in Vanuatu. The rise in the water level is caused by both global warming and the sinking of the islands. The main indicator of climate change is the unprecedented scale and speed of the increase in temperature at the surface of the globe. But there are others such as the retreat of ice, changes in the global water cycle and in certain climatic extremes, the warming of oceans and an increase in average sea level. Surface warmin...
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- 2020
39. The impacts of climate change in the South
- Author
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Janicot, Serge, Aubertin, Catherine, Bernoux, Martial, Dounias, Edmond, Guégan, Jean-François, Lebel, Thierry, Mazurek, Hubert, and Sultan, Benjamin
- Subjects
changement climatique ,climatologie ,mousson ,Economics ,hydrologie ,résilience ,océanographie ,Pays du Sud ,politiques environnementales ,BUS072000 ,RNU ,vulnérabilités ,glaciers ,inondations - Abstract
Red mangrove and striated heron. Mangrove trees are central to an ecosystem that is biologically very rich and contributes to the stability of coastal zones. © naturexpose.com/O. Dangles and F. Nowicki The Fifth Assessment Report published by IPCC confirms with increasing certitude the global reality of climate warming caused by rising greenhouse gas levels and the consequences for the environment and societies. In particular, it warns the international community once again o...
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- 2020
40. Chapter 16. Agricultural development measured against climate change
- Author
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Janicot, Serge, Aubertin, Catherine, Bernoux, Martial, Dounias, Edmond, Guégan, Jean-François, Lebel, Thierry, Mazurek, Hubert, and Sultan, Benjamin
- Subjects
changement climatique ,climatologie ,mousson ,Economics ,hydrologie ,résilience ,océanographie ,Pays du Sud ,politiques environnementales ,BUS072000 ,RNU ,vulnérabilités ,glaciers ,inondations - Abstract
Field of quinoa in the Salar de Uyuni (Bolivia). Adapted to arid environments and poor or saline soils, quinoa is also highly resistant to cold, frost and wind.Scientists are studying it to test its resistance to climate events. AAfter being excluded, agriculture is gradually gaining a position in climate policy negotiations. The IPCC Fifth Assessment Report assessed the potential reduction of GHG at between 20 and 60 % in land-based sectors (agriculture, forestry and other l...
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- 2020
41. Chapter 12. Tropical forests and large rivers
- Author
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Janicot, Serge, Aubertin, Catherine, Bernoux, Martial, Dounias, Edmond, Guégan, Jean-François, Lebel, Thierry, Mazurek, Hubert, and Sultan, Benjamin
- Subjects
changement climatique ,climatologie ,mousson ,Economics ,hydrologie ,résilience ,océanographie ,Pays du Sud ,politiques environnementales ,BUS072000 ,RNU ,vulnérabilités ,glaciers ,inondations - Abstract
Banks of the Rio Negro in the Norte region of Amazonia (Brazil). Humid tropical forests form nearly a third of the forest areas in the world. More than other environments, they have become indissociable from the climate question. Indeed, their role in carbon dioxide sequestration is at the centre of climate policies while deforestation in recent decades has been recognised as being responsible for a fifth of greenhouse gas emissions. Like these forests, the large rivers that ...
- Published
- 2020
42. Chapter 10. Semi-arid zones: the Sahel is sensitive to variations in rainfall
- Author
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Janicot, Serge, Aubertin, Catherine, Bernoux, Martial, Dounias, Edmond, Guégan, Jean-François, Lebel, Thierry, Mazurek, Hubert, and Sultan, Benjamin
- Subjects
changement climatique ,climatologie ,mousson ,Economics ,hydrologie ,résilience ,océanographie ,Pays du Sud ,politiques environnementales ,BUS072000 ,RNU ,vulnérabilités ,glaciers ,inondations - Abstract
Village on the River Niger at Gao in eastern Mali. The Sahel was hit by drought during the second half of the 20th century but precipitation has resumed since the 1990s. The Sahel-Sudanian strip that runs from Senegal to Sudan is considered by IPCC experts as being one of the parts of the world that is most vulnerable to climate change. The temperature of this semi-arid region of Africa has risen for 60 years and the rainfall regime has changed. The climate forecast is a 3 to...
- Published
- 2020
43. Chapter 18. The adaptation and resilience of populations in the South
- Author
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Janicot, Serge, Aubertin, Catherine, Bernoux, Martial, Dounias, Edmond, Guégan, Jean-François, Lebel, Thierry, Mazurek, Hubert, and Sultan, Benjamin
- Subjects
changement climatique ,climatologie ,mousson ,Economics ,hydrologie ,résilience ,océanographie ,Pays du Sud ,politiques environnementales ,BUS072000 ,RNU ,vulnérabilités ,glaciers ,inondations - Abstract
Pulling out rice seedlings for replanting in a rice field (north-east Thailand). The ability of human civilisation to handle the issues of climate change partly depends on the accuracy of the data concerning this change and the power of forecasting models. The IPCC Fifth Assessment Report is both more precise and more alarming than the previous ones in this respect. It also depends on the determination of decision makers to consult each other to set targets aimed at mitigatin...
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- 2020
44. Chapter 9. Coastal and island zones: areas under anthropic pressure
- Author
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Janicot, Serge, Aubertin, Catherine, Bernoux, Martial, Dounias, Edmond, Guégan, Jean-François, Lebel, Thierry, Mazurek, Hubert, and Sultan, Benjamin
- Subjects
changement climatique ,climatologie ,mousson ,Economics ,hydrologie ,résilience ,océanographie ,Pays du Sud ,politiques environnementales ,BUS072000 ,RNU ,vulnérabilités ,glaciers ,inondations - Abstract
Isla Maragarita, Venezuela. Coastal zones are in the front line as regards physicochemical changes in the oceans. The rise in sea level is pushing back coastlines. The warming and acidification of seawater also disturb ecosystems that are under marine influence. However it is very difficult for researchers to separate climate effects from those—more numerous—that result directly from human activities. Coastal areas pay a high price for their attractiveness, with increasing ur...
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- 2020
45. Climate change
- Author
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Lebel, Thierry, Moatti, Jean-Paul, Sokona, Youba, Janicot, Serge, Aubertin, Catherine, Bernoux, Martial, Dounias, Edmond, Guégan, Jean-François, Lebel, Thierry, Mazurek, Hubert, and Sultan, Benjamin
- Subjects
changement climatique ,climatologie ,mousson ,Economics ,climatology ,hydrologie ,résilience ,océanographie ,Pays du Sud ,politiques environnementales ,climate change ,BUS072000 ,RNU ,vulnérabilités ,glaciers ,inondations ,resilience - Abstract
The mobilisation centred on the 2015 Paris Climate Conference (COP 21) is an opportunity to highlight the vulnerability of environments and populations in the South in the face of climate warming. Some tropical regions are already suffering from its effects, with heat waves in the Sahel, disturbances to monsoon systems, the melting of the Andean glaciers, threats to biodiversity, a rise in sea level and other features. Research conducted by IRD and its partners provides key knowledge for better understanding of the complexity of these phenomena. This book is a synthesis in three parts: observing and understanding climate change, analysing its main impacts on environments and setting societies and national public policies at the heart of the climate challenge. Focused on the capacity for resilience of populations and ecosystems in the face of trends in the climate, the book explores solutions that reconcile mitigation and adaptation in response to climate change, conservation of the environment and a reduction of inequalities. The work is both well documented and explanatory, reviewing operations and the results of research that is firmly involved and interdisciplinary, closely associating partners in the North and the South.
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- 2020
46. Chapter 11. Highland zones: the rapid change of Andean environments
- Author
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Janicot, Serge, Aubertin, Catherine, Bernoux, Martial, Dounias, Edmond, Guégan, Jean-François, Lebel, Thierry, Mazurek, Hubert, and Sultan, Benjamin
- Subjects
changement climatique ,climatologie ,mousson ,Economics ,hydrologie ,résilience ,océanographie ,Pays du Sud ,politiques environnementales ,BUS072000 ,RNU ,vulnérabilités ,glaciers ,inondations - Abstract
View of Chimborazo from the slopes of the Altar volcano in Ecuador. Tropical highland areas are among the regions where the impact of climate change is most marked. The retreat of tropical glaciers is spectacular, especially in the Andes, the site of 99 % of tropical glaciers. The area of these glaciers has decreased by 30 to 50 % in about 30 years. Melting ice has had many consequences for the hydrology of drainage basins and hence on water supply and the dynamics of highlan...
- Published
- 2020
47. Chapter 13. Urban zones: vulnerable megalopolises
- Author
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Janicot, Serge, Aubertin, Catherine, Bernoux, Martial, Dounias, Edmond, Guégan, Jean-François, Lebel, Thierry, Mazurek, Hubert, and Sultan, Benjamin
- Subjects
changement climatique ,climatologie ,mousson ,Economics ,hydrologie ,résilience ,océanographie ,Pays du Sud ,politiques environnementales ,BUS072000 ,RNU ,vulnérabilités ,glaciers ,inondations - Abstract
Dhaka, an urban area with a population of some 12 million. With rapid population growth of more than 5 % per year, it is subject to serious natural risks (floods, cyclones and earthquakes). While humid tropical forests and ocean areas play an important role in climate regulation, urban zones generate the major proportion of greenhouse gas emissions. Large cities are centres for industry and also for the consumption of fossil resources for transport, heating and air-conditioni...
- Published
- 2020
48. Societies and the test of climate
- Author
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Janicot, Serge, Aubertin, Catherine, Bernoux, Martial, Dounias, Edmond, Guégan, Jean-François, Lebel, Thierry, Mazurek, Hubert, and Sultan, Benjamin
- Subjects
changement climatique ,climatologie ,mousson ,Economics ,hydrologie ,résilience ,océanographie ,Pays du Sud ,politiques environnementales ,BUS072000 ,RNU ,vulnérabilités ,glaciers ,inondations - Abstract
Farmwork in Ecuador: a potato field. © IRD/O. Dangles Although the climate risk has sometimes been considered to be the ultimate environmental problem, taking precedence over other questions such as decreasing biodiversity, desertification, pollution, etc., it should now be seen more within the framework of social, economic and political realities. The setting of the climate question will thus be one of the major issues at COP 21, in particular for better taking into account ...
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- 2020
49. Introduction
- Author
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Janicot, Serge, Aubertin, Catherine, Bernoux, Martial, Dounias, Edmond, Guégan, Jean-François, Lebel, Thierry, Mazurek, Hubert, and Sultan, Benjamin
- Subjects
changement climatique ,climatologie ,mousson ,Economics ,hydrologie ,résilience ,océanographie ,Pays du Sud ,politiques environnementales ,BUS072000 ,RNU ,vulnérabilités ,glaciers ,inondations - Abstract
Awareness of climate warming and its global consequences has not yet made it possible to reduce the effect of human activities on the climate. The failure of international policies to coordinate a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions together with the observation of certain effects of warming that are faster than expected means that a shift in the direction of negotiations is necessary today. The 21st Conference of the Parties (COP 21) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Ch...
- Published
- 2020
50. Observing and understanding climate change
- Author
-
Janicot, Serge, Aubertin, Catherine, Bernoux, Martial, Dounias, Edmond, Guégan, Jean-François, Lebel, Thierry, Mazurek, Hubert, and Sultan, Benjamin
- Subjects
changement climatique ,climatologie ,mousson ,Economics ,hydrologie ,résilience ,océanographie ,Pays du Sud ,politiques environnementales ,BUS072000 ,RNU ,vulnérabilités ,glaciers ,inondations - Abstract
A GREATICE team on a glacier of the Antisana volcano (5,700 m). © IRD/B. Francou Emissions of greenhouse gases resulting from human activities have increased since the beginning of the industrial era to the extent of having a significant impact on the increase in mean global temperature and, more generally, on the evolution of the climate. The influence of these emissions on the climate has been identified increasingly clearly in the successive reports of the Intergovernmenta...
- Published
- 2020
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