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Most countries that possess intelligence services have encountered intelligence scandals involving actual or alleged intelligence activities. This paper offers a definition of intelligence scandal and creates a new analytical model for assessing intelligence scandals. Application of the analytical model to six key intelligence scandals in North Macedonia shows that various intelligence and political actors can commit a wide range of transgressions in largely internal and external political contexts with very broad political and security impacts. The case also shows the competitive nature of the triggers of the scandals, various kinds of actors’ defences, and the scandals’ long duration.

Vsak posameznik je edinstven in neponovljiv sklop zunanjih in notranjih lastnosti. Ne obstaja idealen tip obveščevalca, kateri bi s svojimi kompetencami ustrezali vsem vrstam nalog. Za obveščevalno organizacijo je pomembno, da ima široko rasprostrano mrežo najrazličnejših obveščevalcev. Delovanje obveščevalne dejavnosti je uspešno, kadar so uspešno opravljene naloge, za to pa je potreben učinkovit nabor obveščevalcev. Tehnični napredek in razvoj zgodovinskih dogodkov sta pripomogla k izpopolnjevanju kompetenc potrebnega kadra. Kljub razvoju tehnologije je človek še vedno ostal ključnega pomena v obveščevalni dejavnosti. Posplošena in velikokrat negativna predstava o posameznem spolu, še posebej ženskah, nemalokrat vpliva na napačno vrednotenje njenih lastnosti. Kljub visoki udeleženosti žensk v obveščevalni dejavnosti, tekom zgodovine, je ta dejavnost še vedno tretirana kot primarno moška. Za kar so posledično kriva konzervativna in stereotipna prepričanja. Vse to se odraža v filmski industriji, kjer je največji delež vohunov prav moških. V tistih filmih, kjer pa vlogo obveščevalk prevzamejo ženske, so te bodisi predstavljene na humorističen, stereotipno ženski način bodisi na pretirano muskularni način. Each individual is a unique set of external and internal characteristics. There is no ideal type of agent who would suit with their competencies to all types of tasks. It is important for an intelligence organization to have a wide network of a wide variety of agents. The operation of an intelligence activity is successful when the tasks are successfully completed. Technical progress and the development in history have helped to improve the competencies in intelligence organization. Despite the development of technology, however, human is still the main character in mystery world of intelligence. A generalized and often negative connotation of a particular gender, especially female, often has the effect of misjudging its characteristics. Despite women have played important roles in the word od intelligence through history, this activity is still treated as primarily male. All this is reflected in conservative and stereotypical belief. We can see it in the film industry, that the largest part of spies are men. And in those movies where the main role plays women are either presented in a humorous, stereotypically feminine way, or in an overly muscular way.

Namen prispevka: Namen prispevka je razmejiti državno od zasebne obveščevalne dejavnosti, prikazati značilnosti in trende zasebne obveščevalne dejavnosti po svetu ter opozoriti na zametke te dejavnosti v Sloveniji. Metode: Opravljena je analiza teoretičnih del in pristopov k obravnavanju državne in zasebne obveščevalne dejavnosti, analiza konkretnih primerov razvoja in delovanja zasebne obveščevalne dejavnosti ter analiza zakonodaje, ki to dejavnost ureja v Sloveniji. Deloma so bili uporabljeni tudi rezultati raziskave, ki je bila na to temo opravljena za potrebe doktorske disertacije na Fakulteti za varnostne vede Univerze v Mariboru. Ugotovitve: Zasebna obveščevalna dejavnost (v okviru zakonskih omejitev) postaja pomembna in legitimna gospodarska dejavnost, ki ni omejena na državo ali regijo, temveč deluje v globalnem okolju. Njene stranke so tako države kot velike korporativne družbe, ki se zanimajo za tveganja, ki bi lahko ogrozila njihove interese. Takšen trend, ki ga zaznavamo na Zahodu, bi se lahko v določeni meri pojavil tudi v Sloveniji, kjer zaradi narave in nelagodja ob omembi zasebne obveščevalne dejavnosti dejansko ne moremo zagotovo trditi, kako zelo je ta razširjena. Kljub temu pa lahko z analizo slovenske zakonodaje zaznamo elemente zasebne obveščevalne dejavnosti in predvsem dela protiobveščevalne dejavnosti, kot je zaščita poslovnih skrivnosti. Globalna konkurenca, prihod tujih gospodarskih družb in nastop slovenskih gospodarskih družb na svetovnem trgu bodo najverjetneje silili družbe v čim učinkovitejšo zaščito lastnih podatkov ter zbiranje in analizo novih podatkov, pomembnih za obvladovanje tveganj, to pa bo pozitivno vplivalo na razvoj zasebne obveščevalne dejavnosti. Izvirnost/pomembnost prispevka: Prispevek na enem mestu razloži evolucijo državne in zasebne obveščevalne dejavnosti in slednjo brez ideologiziranja in moraliziranja predstavi kot logično posledico potreb in trendov v gospodarstvu kakor tudi dejavnosti držav, ki svoje mnogotere, nekoč tradicionalne dejavnosti, prepuščajo zasebni pobudi in so od nje včasih celo odvisne. Purpose: The purpose of this article is to delimit state intelligence from private intelligence, demonstrate features and trends of private intelligence activities around the world, and draw attention to the beginnings of these activities in Slovenia. Design/Methods/Approach: The methods span an analysis of theoretical works and approaches dealing with state and private intelligence operations, an analysis of concrete examples of the development and operation of private intelligence activities, as well as an analysis of the legislation that regulating this activity in Slovenia. Also used are the results of the survey conducted on this topic for the needs of the doctoral dissertation at the Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security of the University of Maribor. Findings: Private intelligence (within legal limits) is becoming an important and legitimate economic activity that is not limited by country or region, but it is spread in a global environment. Its customers are states as well as large corporations interested in the risks that could jeopardize their interests. This trend, as perceived in the West, could, to some extent, also appear in Slovenia. Due to the nature of this activity and discomfort at the mention of the term private intelligence, one cannot say here how much it is already widespread in Slovenia. Nevertheless, through the analysis of Slovenian legislation, we can detect elements of private intelligence activities, particularly those partly related to counterintelligence, such as protection of business secrets. Global competition, the arrival of foreign firms, and the performance of Slovenian firms on the world market will most likely be forcing Slovenian firms to maximize effective protection of their data and collection/analysis of new data relevant to risk control, which will have a positive impact on the development of private intelligence. Originality/Value: The article is an attempt to simultaneously explain evolution of state and private intelligence activities, presenting the latter without ideology and moralizing, i.e., as a logical consequence of needs and trends in the economy, as well as the manifold activities that states once traditionally controlled themselves but now cede to private initiative, sometimes even depending on it.

Obveščevalna zagotovitev predstavlja pomemben člen pri dosegi poslanstva Slovenske vojske. Izvaja se na vseh ravneh poveljevanja in zajema načrtovanje, odločanje in delovanje pri poveljevanju ter vodenju enot. Uresničevanje obveščevalne zagotovitve se izvaja z obveščevalno, protiobveščevalno in varnostno dejavnostjo. Na podlagi te dejavnosti vojaški poveljniki sprejemajo odločitve in ukrepe. Za učinkovito delovanje mora biti ta dejavnost podprta z ustreznimi pravnimi akti, ki dajejo nosilcem dejavnosti pooblastila in pristojnosti. Naloga obravnava preučevanje zakonske ureditve na področju obveščevalne, protiobveščevalne in varnostne dejavnosti v Slovenski vojski. Skozi diplomsko delo so predstavljeni temeljni pojmi, nosilci dela, načela, poslanstvo, načini dela, načini pridobivanja podatkov in zakonodaja obveščevalne, protiobveščevalne in varnostne dejavnosti v Slovenski vojski. K preoblikovanju sistema organiziranosti vojaške obveščevalne dejavnosti so pripomogla mednarodna sodelovanja, zato bomo v nalogi predstavili tudi mednarodni koncept obveščevalne dejavnosti. V nalogi je bilo ugotovljeno, da v slovenskih zakonih primanjkuje pooblastil in pristojnosti za pripadnike Slovenske vojske, da bi lahko učinkovito izvajali obveščevalno, protiobveščevalno in varnostno dejavnost. Reorganizacija na tem zakonskem področju je nujna, zato je v diplomskem delu predstavljen predlog za izboljšave. Intelligence presents an important part in the implementation of the mission of the Slovenian army. It is carried out at all the levels of leadership including planning, decision making and functioning related to command and management of units. The implementation of intelligence function is carried out with intelligence, counter intelligence and security branch. On the basis of the aforementioned, decisions are made and steps taken by military commanders. For efficient operation the service requires suitable legislative acts, providing each branch with authorisation and jurisdiction. The diploma focuses on legislature in the field of intelligence, counter-intelligence and security branch in the Slovenian army. The diploma presents basic concepts, employees, principles, mission, the method of work, ways of collecting information and the legislation of intelligence, counter-intelligence and security branch in the Slovenian army. International cooperation has contributed to the reformation of the system of organising military service, therefore international concept of intelligence branch will be presented in the diploma as well. The diploma has established that the Slovenian legislation lacks authorisation and jurisdiction relating to the members of the Slovenian army to carry out intelligence, counter-intelligence and security efficiently. Reorganisation in this legislative field is necessary, so the scenario for improvement is presented in the diploma.

Za obveščevalno dejavnost velja, da je druga najstarejša obrt, ki ima v današnjem času še vedno zelo pomembno vlogo, saj pomaga pri prepoznavanju groženj nacionalne varnosti. Za današnje grožnje velja, da so kompleksne in večdimenzionalne. Naloga obveščevalne dejavnosti je, da na skrivni način pridobi informacije o nasprotni strani, ne da bi ta izvedela za njihovo aktivnost. Obveščevalna dejavnost je ravno zaradi svoje tajnosti vedno vzbujala zanimanje, saj zaradi svoje skrivnostnosti še vedno prepušča veliko lastni interpretaciji. Kako si določene tematike predstavljamo in dojemamo, je odvisno od okolja, v katerem živimo. Mediji imajo zaradi svoje velike razširjenosti veliko moč vplivanja na javnost in oblikovanje javnega mnenja. V diplomskem delu želim raziskati kakšna je vloga žensk, ki delajo obveščevalni dejavnosti in kako so predstavljene v medijih. Zanima me, kako javnost dojema ženske v obveščevalni dejavnosti, kot tudi, če imajo mediji, kot so knjige in filmi, velik vpliv na našo predstavo o ženskah, ki opravljajo nalogo agentke. It is said that the intelligence operations are the second oldest profession that still play a big part in detecting national security threats. Since today’s threats are complex and multidimensional, the information collection generated by the intelligence about the opposite side has to be done in secret and without their knowledge. The secrecy surrounding intelligence affairs has piqued the curiosity of many, since due to one’s lack of information about the subject much can be left to our own interpretations. Our perceptions of subjects as these are mainly influenced by our surroundings and environment. Much of our perceptions are influenced by the media, which also affect the public opinion. The thesis would like to explore women in intelligence and the portrayal of women in the intelligence service as depicted in the media such as books and movies and to research how they affect our notion of women employed as agents.

V svoji diplomski nalogi sem raziskala vpliv obveščevalne dejavnosti na družbo v prvi polovici 20. stoletja. Najprej sem na kratko predstavila razvoj obveščevalne dejavnosti od začetkov do institucionalizacije obveščevalnih služb v 20. stoletju, nato pa sem predstavila še sprejem obveščevalne dejavnosti v sodobne mednarodne in družbene odnose. Naprej sem preko propagandnih in cenzurnih ukrepov raziskala vpliv obveščevalne dejavnosti na družbo v širšem obdobju obeh svetovnih vojn, pri tem pa sem izpostavila tudi vprašanje konflikta med temeljnimi človekovimi pravicami in obveščevalnimi metodami. Poskusila sem dokazati, da je razvoj obveščevalne dejavnosti vplival tudi na znanost in tehnologijo tega časa, kar je mogoče videti v razvoju šifrirnih strojev in prvih računalnikov. Vpliv obveščevalne dejavnosti na družbo je mogoče videti tudi v literarni recepciji lika vohuna, zato sem predstavila tri romane z vohunsko tematiko, da bi na ta način pokazala, kako so nekateri avtorji (in preko njih širša družba) dojemali položaj in vlogo vohuna. V ta namen sem izbrala vohunski roman Vohun (The Spy Who came in from the Cold, 1963), ki ga je napisal John le Carré, zgodovinski roman Zadnjo karto izigra smrt (Die letzte Karte spielt der Tod, 1955), ki ga je napisal Hans Hellmut Kirst, in postmodernistični roman Javni sežig (The Public Burning, 1977), ki ga je napisal Robert Lowell Coover. Espionage in words and actions (1st half of 20th century) This graduate thesis researches the impact of intelligence activities on the society during the first half of the 20th century. In the beginning I briefly present the development of intelligence activities from their beginnings to their institutionalisation in the 20th century. This is followed by a brief presentation of how intelligence activities affected the modern international and social relationships. I used propaganda and censorship measures to research the impact of intelligence activities on the society in the period between WWI and WWII, while also highlighting the potential conflict between human rights and intelligence techniques. I tried to prove that the development of intelligence activities significantly affected science and technology of the time, which resulted in the development of encryption machines and early computers. The impact of intelligence activities on the society is furthermore illustrated in the literary perception of the spy character, which is why the thesis presents three novels on the topic of espionage, in order to demonstrate how specific authors (and consequently their readers i.e. the broader society) perceived the position and role of spies. For this purpose I selected an espionage novel The Spy Who came in from the Cold (1963) written by John le Carré, a historical novel Die letzte Karte spielt der Tod (1955), written by Hans Hellmut Kirst, and a postmodernist novel The Public Burning (1977), written by Robert Lowell Coover.

Po terorističnih napadih Al Kaide v Združenih državah Amerike septembra 2001 se je dojemanje varnostni in groženj mednarodne skupnosti povsem spremenilo. Varnostni svet Organizacije združenih narodov je že dan po terorističnih napadih sprejel Resolucijo 1368 (2001), ki opredeli napade kot oborožen napad na Združene države Amerike in kot ogrožanje mednarodnega miru in mednarodne varnosti. Nepredvidljivo in spremenjeno varnostno okolje v svetu je zahtevalo takojšen odziv. Mednarodna skupnost kot vir ogrožanja identificira Afganistan. Še isto leto so z mandatom Organizacije združenih narodov vzpostavljene Mednarodne sile za pomoč v Afganistanu, katerih vodenje leta 2003 prevzame zveza Nato. Misijo, ki se je zaključila konec 2014, v letu 2015 nadomesti nebojna svetovalna Misija Odločna podpora in se izvaja še danes. Odziv na sodobne grožnje države rešujejo v medsebojnih zavezništvih ter delovanju v mednarodnih operacijah in misijah. Članstvo Republike Slovenije v zvezi Nato je prineslo obveznost izpolnjevanja zavez, ki so bile podane v pristopnem obdobju ter kasneje članstvu. Kot polnopravna članica poleg tega sodeluje v procesu oblikovanja in izvajanja varnostnih in obrambno političnih smernic. Republika Slovenija svoje obveznosti v Zavezništvu izpolnjuje tudi s sodelovanjem v mednarodnih operacijah in misijah, kot so Nato-vodene mednarodne operacije in misije v Afganistanu, kjer sodeluje od leta 2004. Vloga obveščevalno varnostnih služb pred napotitvijo, v času delovanja ter po zaključku delovanja slovenskih pripadnikov v Nato-vodenih operacijah je izjemno pomembna in ena od najbolj učinkovitih oblik zaščite lastnih sil. Ob upoštevanju omejenih resursov je mednarodno sodelovanje Republike Slovenije ključno pri zagotavljanju tovrstne podpore v Afganistanu. After the Al Qaeda terrorist attacks in the United States of America in September 2001, the perception of the security and threats of the international community has completely changed. A day after the terrorist attacks, the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 1368 (2001) defining attacks as an armed attack on the United States and as a threat to the international peace and international security. An unpredictable and changed security environment demanded an immediate response in the world. The international community identifies Afghanistan as a source of threat. In the same year, under the United Nations mandate, the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan was established and transformed in NATO-led mission in 2003. The mission that concluded at the end of 2014 was replaced today’s ongoing by non-combat advisory Resolute Support Mission in the beginning of 2015. When responding to the modern threats countries develops mutual alliances and work together in international operations in missions. With membership in NATO, the Republic of Slovenia assumed responsibility for fulfilling the commitments made during the accession period in later on as a member of Alliance. As an Ally is involved in the process of designing and implementing security and defence policy guidelines. The Republic of Slovenia also fulfils its commitments in the Alliance by participating in international operations on missions such as NATO-led international operations in the mission in Afghanistan, where it has been participating since 2004. The role of intelligence security services before the deployment, during the operation and after the deployment is extremely important and is one of the most effective forms of force protection. Taking into account limited resources, the international cooperation is crucial for the Republic of Slovenia in providing such support in Afghanistan.

V diplomskem delu so obravnavani mučenje, njegova zgodovina in prepoved mučenja ter primeri uporabe mučenja v tajnih zaporih, ustanovljenih po terorističnem napadu na svetovni trgovinski center v New Yorku ter na južno krilo vojaškega centra Pentagon v Washingtonu 11. septembra 2001. Opisano je, kako so se razvijale tehnike mučenja skozi zgodovino, od nastanka prvih visokih civilizacij do danes. Analizirani so tudi primeri tajnih zaporov Guantanamo na Kubi, Abu Ghraib v Iraku in nekateri tajni zapori v Evropi. Mučenje obstaja vse od nastanka prvih visokih civilizacij. Sprva se je najpogosteje uporabljalo za kaznovanje oziroma opozarjanje drugih. Bilo je javno in marsikje del pravosodnega sistema. Danes je mučenje prepovedano s Splošno deklaracijo o človekovih pravicah, ki so jo leta 1948 podpisale države članice Organizacije združenih narodov. Danes se mučenja naj ne bi uporabljalo, vendar obstajajo primeri, ki kažejo drugače. V tajne zapore so po terorističnem napadu 11. septembra 2001 zapirali ljudi, ki naj bi bili povezani s teroristično organizacijo, odgovorno za napad. V teh zaporih so vladale nečloveške razmere, pomanjkanje higiene, hrane in vode, zaporniki so bili mučeni tako med zaslišanji kot pozneje v celicah. Pri tem so imeli glavno vlogo takratni predsednik Združenih držav Amerike, George W. Bush, in njegova administracija, obveščevalna služba CIA, obveščevalne službe držav, v katerih so bili tajni zapori, kot tudi ameriška vojaška obveščevalna služba in pripadniki ameriške vojske. V diplomskem delu so proučevani razvoj tehnik mučenja, njegova uporabo za namene izvabljanja informacij na primerih tajnih zaporov v Guantanamu, Abu Ghraibu in v Evropi. Predstavljena so tudi nekatera grozovita dejanja, ki jih je sposoben človek storiti sočloveku. The main aspect of the diploma is torture, its history and tis prohibition. It also describes the cases of torture in secret prisons, established after the terrorist attack on World trade center in New York and south wing of headquarters of the United States Department of Defense in Washington which occurred on September firs in 2001, commonly known as 9/11 terrorist attack. Diploma describes how torture techniques developed throughout history. It also focuses on cases of secret prisons in Guantanamo in Cuba and Abu Ghraib in Iraq and secret prisons established in European countries. Torture was used since the emergence of first civilizations. It was used as a form of punishment of as a warning for others, so they would not make the same crime as the one who was punished. Usually it was public and a part of judicial system. Today torture is forbidden. In 1948 the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was signed by United nation which stated that torture is prohibited. Today torture should not be used, but there are cases that prove differently. Soon after 9/11 terrorist attack, secret prisons were established. In these prisons were held people who allegedly had a connection with terrorist group who was responsible for the attack. In these prisons were inhumane living conditions, bad hygiene, prisoners did not have enough food or water, they were tortured during the interrogations and after, when they were sent into their cells. The people who were mainly responsible for actions that happened in that prisons were then president of the United States George W. Bush, his administration, CIA, military intelligence, members of the US Armed forces, and foreign intelligence services, mainly from countries that hosted secret prisons. Diploma focuses on evolution of torture techniques and the use of torture for extracting intelligence with the help from cases of secret prisons in Guantanamo and Abu Ghraib. It also enlightens the dreadful actions people can commit.

Kot pajek, je Stasi oziroma Ministrstvo za državno varnost, razpletel svojo mrežo po vsej državi. Vedno pripravljen kot meč in ščit, kar je bil v bistvu nek slogan tega razvpitega državnega organa, je vohunil po vseh kotičkih Nemške demokratične Republike (NDR) in z represivnim pristopom manipuliral z življenjem ljudi. Ministrstvo za državno varnost je bil v nekdanji NDR, osrednji organ, s katerim so ohranjali oblast edine dovoljene politične organizacije Lista enotnosti tako, da so nadzirali vse pore družabnega življenja v NDR. Del ministrstva za državno varnost je bila Hauptverwaltung Aufklärung - HVA, ki se je ukvarjala s klasično obveščevalno dejavnostjo. HVA je bila ustanovljena že zelo kmalu po ustanovitvi NDR in sicer leta 1951, takrat še kot Inštitut za raziskovanje na ekonomskem področju. Anton Ackermann je bil prvi vodja agencije in šele pod vodstvom razvpitega Markusa Wolfa, se je služba preimenovala v HVA. Strukturni model HVA je bil povsem enak kot sovjetski KGB (Komitet gosudarstvennoy bezopasnosti), kar potrjuje da so sovjeti »vlekli vse niti«. Glavna naloga HVA je bilo zbiranje podatkov o dogajanjih v Zvezni republiki Nemčiji in v zahodnem Berlinu. Informacije in podatki so se zbirali iz vseh pomembnejših področij življenja, kot so politika, gospodarstvo in podobno. Služba je bila izredno dobro organizirana z oddelki, ki so pokrivali vsak svoje področje. Kabinet HVA, pa je vse te oddelke vodil in upravljal. HVA je pod vodstvom Wolfa, postala ena najuspešnejših obveščevalnih služb v zgodovini. Like a spider, the Stasi or also known as the Ministry of State Security, knit its network throughout the country. Always ready like a sword and shield, which was essentially a slogan of the notorious state authority, spied on all the corners of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) and manipulated people’s lives through its repressive approach. The Ministry of National Security was the central authority in the former German Democratic Republic (DDR), which preserved power of the only permitted political organization Socialist Unity Party the way that all aspects of life in the DDR were fully monitored. Part of the Ministry of State Security was Hauptverwaltung Aufklärung - HVA, which dealt with classic intelligence operations. HVA was established very soon after the founding of the DDR, namely in 1951, at that time as the Institute for Research in the economic field. Anton Ackermann was the first head of the agency, and only after the leadership of the notorious Markus Wolf, the service was renamed as HVA. The Structural model of HVA was exactly the same as the Soviet KGB (Komitet Gosudarstvennoye Bezopasnosti), which confirms that the Soviets were "pulling the strings". The main task of HVA was to gather information on development in the Federal Republic of Germany and in West Berlin. Information and data were collected from all major areas of life, such as politics, economy etc. The service was extremely well organized by departments each of them covered their respective area. The HVA Cabinet led and managed all these departments. Under the Wolf leadership HVA became one of the most successful intelligence services in history.

Diplomsko delo se navezuje na problematiko svobodnega izražanja ruskih politikov in novinarjev, ki želijo širši javnosti s svojimi raziskovanji prikazati tudi temno plat političnega vodenja in upravljanja Rusije. Politična elita ne podpira posameznikov, ki postavljajo preveč vprašanj o zadevah, ki bi morale ostati tajne. Skozi novejšo zgodovino smo bili priča mnogim političnim umorom, ki so se na ozemlju današnje Ruske federacije začeli pojavljati že leta 1919, začenši z atentatom na Jefimovića Rasputina. Dandanes smo bolj pogosto priča dogodkom, ko oporečnike pred smrtjo psihično ustrahujejo z grozilnimi pismi ali klici, v preteklosti pa so politični umori potekali brez predhodnih ustrahovanj. Obveščevalne službe ščitijo interese države in poskrbijo za utišanje določenih posameznikov, ki delujejo v breme vodilnih političnih osebnosti. Na ozemlju Ruske federacije se je pojavilo vprašanje o demokratičnosti države, saj se skozi leta povečujejo umori vplivnih ljudi. Najbolj odmevni primer je povezan z nekdanjim pripadnikom obveščevalne službe Aleksandrom Litvinenkom, ki se je odločil, da ne samo Rusiji, vendar tudi celemu svetu pove resnico o načinu delovanja in tajnih nalogah, ki jih je moral izvajati kot zaposleni v Zvezni varnostni službi (FSB). Zaradi številnih groženj in ustrahovanj se je z družino preselil v Anglijo, kjer je kmalu zatem umrl za hudo zastrupitvijo. Podobno se je zgodilo tudi z novinarko Ano Politkovsko ter s politikoma Borisom Nemcovom in Sergejem Jušenkom. Umorjeni so bili na višku svoje ustvarjalne moči, ravno ko so začeti javnosti sporočati, da je čas za spremembe. Preiskava umorov je bila po mnenju javnosti v vseh primerih opravljena površno in nerazumljivo. Čeprav naj bi bili storilci za zapahi, javnost od sodišč še vedno zahteva dodatne preiskave. The thesis relates to the issue of freedom of expression, both Russian politicians, and journalists who wants to a wider audience show their surveys about the dark side of the Russian political system. It's clear that the political elite does not support individuals who ask too many questions about matters that should remain as a secret. Through the history we have witnessed many political killings, which happened on the territory of the Russian Federation and they already began to appear in 1919 with the assassination of Yefimovich Rasputin. Unlike today, where are dissidents before their death psychologically intimidated by the threatening letters or calls, at that time the attacks took place without prior intimidation. On the territory of the Russian Federation has raised the question of democracy in the country, because over the years, number of murders to influential people increased because they wanted to present the citizens their research findings. The most known case is connected with a former member of the Federal Security Service Alexander Litvinenko, who has decided that not only to Russia, but also to the whole world tells the truth about the ways of actions and the classified tasks he had to perform as a member of the Federal Security Service. Due to numerous threats and intimidation, he moved with his family moved England, where he soon died of severe poisoning. Similar was the case of journalist Anna Politkovskaya and politicians Boris Nemtsov and Sergey Yushenkov. They were murdered at the height of their power, just when they wanted to tell the people that is time for a change. The survey of the murders was, in all cases, according to the public superficial and incomprehensible. Although the perpetrators are sitting behind bars, public wants from courts to repeat the investigation.

Obveščevalna dejavnost, ki je bila vedno obravnavana kot klasična dejavnost države, se je začela pojavljati tudi v zasebnem sektorju. Ta proces je potekal predvsem na Zahodu, zato nas je zanimalo, ali obstajajo tudi v Republiki Sloveniji zametki zasebne obveščevalne dejavnosti pri zasebnem varovanju. V doktorski disertaciji smo zasebno obveščevalno dejavnost v Republiki Sloveniji preučevali s teoretičnega, pravnega in praktičnega vidika. Na podlagi razvoja državnih in zasebnih obveščevalnih organizacij smo vzpostavili teoretično−konceptualni okvir obveščevalne dejavnosti. Obveščevalna dejavnost poteka v prostoru podatkov in informacij, sestavljajo jo temeljni elementi: zbiranje, analiza podatkov in protiobveščevalna dejavnost. Pojmi, ki opredeljujejo obveščevalno dejavnost in jo razlikujejo od drugih oblik zbiranja podatkov, so tveganja, tajnost in nadzorovanje. Na podlagi teoretičnega modela smo pregledali ustrezno zakonodajo Republike Slovenije in izvedli spletno anketo med predstavniki gospodarskih subjektov, ki se ukvarjajo z zasebnim varovanjem, varnostnim svetovanjem, informacijsko varnostjo in detektivsko dejavnostjo. Zaradi večkrat zaznane negativne konotacije ob omenjanju zasebne obveščevalne dejavnosti in njene narave ne moremo z gotovostjo trditi, koliko je v Republiki Sloveniji resnično razširjena. V Republiki Sloveniji tudi ni družbe, ki bi svoje obveščevalne in protiobveščevalne storitve oglaševala na trgu. Kljub temu smo lahko s pomočjo teoretičnega modela, pregleda zakonodaje in spletne ankete ugotovili, da vendarle obstajajo elementi zasebne obveščevalne dejavnosti v Republiki Sloveniji, ki se izražajo pri nekaterih dejavnostih detektivov in zasebnih varnostnih družb. Zakonodaja in praksa kažeta na to, da se zasebna protiobveščevalna dejavnost v Republiki Sloveniji izvaja predvsem v obliki pasivnih varnostnih ukrepov. Intelligence has long been perceived as a classic example of a state function, but it has also recently developed in the private sector. Because the privatization of intelligence functions has primarily been observed in the West, questions arise if a parallel development has also taken place in the Republic of Slovenia. Seeking to answer these questions, this doctoral dissertation examines private intelligence in the Republic of Slovenia through theoretical, legal and practical perspectives. Based on an historical examination of the evolution of intelligence as a state function, a theoretical and conceptual framework was constructed to define and analyze intelligence. Intelligence is a broad concept, but at its core it is concerned with information and data and consists of main elements: gathering and analysis of data and information, and counterintelligence. In addition to the above core elements, other concepts that define and distinguish intelligence from other forms of data gathering include risk, secrecy and surveillance. The theoretical model developed and used in this dissertation permited the review of legislation related to intelligence, as well as the conduct of an online survey of business subjects involved in private security, security advising, information security and private detective services. Due to the often percived negative connotation when reffering to private intelligence and its nature, it is not possible to claim how widespread private intelligence is in the Republic of Slovenia. No private Slovenian company could be found that advertises it services as intelligence or counterintelligence. However, the theoretical model, legislation review and online survey revealed some elements of private intelligence in the Republic of Slovenia, primarily in the work of private detectives and private security companies. Legislation and business practices have also shown that private counterintelligence is being practiced in the Republic of Slovenia, though as more passive security measures.

Protiobveščevalna dejavnost predstavlja pomemben dejavnik pri zagotavljanju nacionalne varnosti, ki združuje tako operativno kot analitično funkcijo in kjer je izrednega pomena sodelovanje med psihologi in operativci, ki skupaj vodijo in upravljajo tajne sodelavce. Dvojna kombinacija je specifična oblika operativnega dela na protiobveščevalnem področju. Z njo se ustvarjajo pogoji za pridobivanje informacij o interesih tujih obveščevalnih služb. Counterintelligence plays a key role in ensuring of national security and combines operative and analytical functions, where the cooperation of psychologists and operatives that are managing agents is of great importance. Double combination is a specific form of operative work in the field of counterintelligence. It aims to create conditions for information gathering about interests of foreign intelligence services.

Obveščevalna dejavnost je zbiranje informacij, ki jih vlada oziroma država potrebuje za zaščito in uveljavljanje varnostnih, zunanjih, gospodarskih, vojaških in drugih interesov. Tajno sodelovanje kot osnovno metodo dela pri obveščevalni dejavnosti opravlja tajni sodelavec – agent. Zaradi zaščite državnih ciljev in interesov so obveščevalne službe nemalokrat delovale protizakonito (npr. posegale v človekove temeljne pravice). Lahko bi rekli, da obstaja neka splošna praksa, ko obveščevalno- varnostne institucije za dosego in zaščito političnih ciljev države posegajo po metodah, ki imajo pogosto za posledice kazniva dejanja. Jugoslovanska služba državne varnosti je večino svojega osebja in sredstev namenila vohunjenju doma in v tujini. Glavnina vsega vohunjenja v tujini je bila usmerjena proti emigraciji. Udba se je ukvarjala tako z vohunjenjem kot tudi z nekaterimi bolj brutalnimi akcijami, ugrabitvami in umori. Pri svojem delu je uporabila tudi kriminalce, nekaj jih je rekrutirala med emigranti oziroma izseljenci, večinoma pa iz kriminalnega podzemlja države. Eden izmed najbolj znanih kriminalcev, ki so opravljali naloge za Udbo je bil Željko Ražnatović Arkan. Kriminalci kot Arkan so bili idealni ljudje za popolnjevanje paravojaških enot, ki so bile zadolžene za izvajanje umazanih del v obliki etničnega čiščenja, plenjenja, tihotapljenja in gospodarskega kriminala v času vojn na območju bivše Jugoslavije, pa tudi po njih. Vse to početje je potekalo pod neposrednim vodstvom ali z odobravanjem najprej jugoslovanske, kasneje pa srbske Službe državne varnosti. Intelligence activity is the provision of information by the government or country which is needed for protection and enforcement of security, external and military interests. Secret cooperation as the basic method of work in intelligence activities is carried out by secret collaborator - an agent. The intelligence services often operate illegally in order to protect state interests and objectives (eg. Interfere with fundamental human rights). It is also a common practice that criminal methods are used for work of intelligence-security institutions. Yugoslav State Security Service committed most of its staff and assets for espionage at home and abroad. The majority of all espionage abroad was directed against emigration. The secret police Udba dealt with espionage, as well with some of the most brutal campaigns, kidnappings and murders. For its work Udba also used criminals, some of them were recruited between emigrants and expatriates, but most of them were from criminal underworld. One of the most famous criminals who carry out tasks for Udba was Željko Ražnatovič Arkan. Criminals have been ideal people for manning the paramilitaries which were responsible for carrying out the dirty work in the form of ethnic cleansing, looting, smuggling and economic crimes during the Yugoslavian war and also after it. All this were carried out under the leadership of Yugoslav and later by Srbian State Security Service.

Obveščevalna dejavnost, ki jo izvajajo obveščevalne organizacije je normalna aktivnost in orodje sodobnih držav. Obveščevalne službe uporabljajo posebne metode pridobivanja podatkov in so ovite v plašč tajnosti. Pomanjkanje informacij in znanja o obveščevalni dejavnosti, pušča prostor medijem, ki predstavljajo edini vir informacij z obveščevalno vsebino. Vendar sodobni mediji ne delujejo samo v smeri večanja naklade in dobička, temveč skupaj s političnimi elitami izvajajo politično propagando. Ta se pogosto kaže preko obveščevalnih afer, ki so bile v Sloveniji v preteklosti namenjene predvsem nabiranju političnih točk pred volitvami. Negativni predznak obveščevalnim službam pogosto pripisujemo tudi zaradi političnih zlorab tajnih služb v povojnem obdobju. Mistifikacijo poklica obveščevalca dodatno spodbuja filmska industrija in književnost, ki nam predstavlja življenja tajnih agentov kot razburljiva in polna intrig. Vse te lastnosti vplivajo na stališča državljanov o obveščevalnih službah. Stališča pa so osnova za razumevanje in nastajanje predsodkov in stereotipov. V empiričnem delu magistrskega dela so predstavljeni rezultati raziskave, katere namen je bil poiskati izvor predsodkov in stereotipov o obveščevalnih službah med prebivalci Republike Slovenije. Tudi tistih predsodkov in stereotipov, ki se nanašajo izključno na ženske v obveščevalnih službah. Magistrsko delo predstavlja podlago za nadaljnje raziskovanje tematike in odpira ter predlaga nova področja raziskovanja. The intelligence activity performed by intelligence organisations is an usual activity and mecchanism used by modern countries. Intelligence services use special methods for data collection, which are conducted in secrecy. The lack of information and knowledge on intelligence activities means that mass media are the only source of information with intelligence content. However, modern mass media are not acting only with the purpose of increasing their circulation and profit, but they cooperate also with political elite with the intent of spreading political propaganda. Such propaganda may be frequently observed through intelligence scandals. In Slovenia during the past years those affairs broke out in order to win electoral votes during the pre-election period. A negative connotation assigned to intelligence agencies is the result of various political abuses of secret services in post war years. A mistical resemblance of the secret agent service is additionally enhanced by the movie industry and literature, which presents secret agents’ lives as intriguing and spectacularly exciting. All these features affect citizens’ views on intelligence agencies. However, their views are the key for understaning and creation of stereotypes and prejudices. The empirical part of the master thesis presents the results of an analysis, which was conducted in order to locate among the Republic of Slovenia citizens the source where prejudices and stereotypes on intelligence agencies are created, discussing also those, which are related to women working in intelligence services. The master thesis creates a basis for further researches on this topic and opens as well as proposes new questions.

Diplomsko delo govori o drugi svetovni vojni in delovanju obveščevalnih služb v tem obdobju. Opisuje na kakšen način so obveščevalne službe in njihova uporaba dvojnih vohunov vplivala na izid vojne in kateri so bili najbolj znani primeri dvojnih vohunov. Analizirali smo delovanje najbolj znanih dvojnih vohunov med tem obdobjem in s tem ugotovili pomen njihovega delovanja na končno zmago zaveznikov. Druga svetovna vojna velja za eno najbolj krvavih obdobij v človeški zgodovini. Začela se je leta 1939, ko je Nemčija pod poveljstvom Adolfa Hitlerja napadla najprej Poljsko, nato pa z bliskovito vojno nadaljevala po Evropi. Drugo svetovno vojno lahko označimo kot totalno vojno, saj so se bitke odvijale po celem svetu, vključeno pa je bilo večina svetovnih držav. Vojna se je končala leta 1945 po kapitulaciji Nemčije maja in nato septembra še Japonske. Med drugo svetovno vojno je imela pomembno vlogo obveščevalna dejavnost. Ta ima veliko različnih definicij, v širšem smislu pa pomeni rezultat zbiranja, analiz, združevanja in interpretacije podatkov, ki zadevajo določene vidike v tuji državi in ki so ali bodo pomembni za načrtovanje lastnim politikom. Obveščevalno dejavnost izvajajo obveščevalne službe, ki podatke zbirajo, jih združujejo v analitične izdelke in posredujejo naročnikom. Obveščevalne službe praviloma delujejo pod okriljem politične oblasti na katere tudi vpliva njihovo delovanje. Pomembno vlogo imajo v času kriznih situacij in vojn. Med drugo svetovno vojno so v okviru obveščevalne in protiobveščevalne dejavnosti države uporabljale vohune. Najbolj razvito tehniko vohunstva so imeli v Veliki Britaniji pod vodstvom MI5 in MI6. V sistemu dvojne kombinacije so odkrili in spreobrnili sovražne vohune, kar jim je prineslo veliko prednost pred drugimi državami. Dvojni vohuni so postali pomembno orožje s katerimi so države vplivale na izide bitk, saj so imeli dostop do informacij o oborožitvi in načrtih vojaških operacij. Prav tako so lahko uspešno dezinformirali nasprotnika, kar je veliko pripomoglo k vojaškim uspehom. Pri svojem delu pa so morali biti zelo previdni, saj so delovali pri dveh obveščevalnih službah in niso smeli narediti nobene napake, ki bi njihovo dvojno delovanje lahko razkrila. The main aspect of the diploma is the Second World War and the role of intelligence services during that period. It also describes the way double spies influenced the outcome of the war and highlighted famous examples of double agents. We analysed the work of the most famous double agents during this period, determining the importance of their service in relation to the final victory of the allies. The Second World War is considered one of the bloodiest periods in human history. It started in 1939 when Germany, under the command of Adolf Hitler, first invaded Poland and then continued through Europe with blitzkrieg. The Second World War can be labelled as total war, with battles taking place all over the world, with most countries impacted. It ended in 1945 after the capitulation of Germany in May and Japan in September. Intelligence played an important role in the Second World War. It has many different definitions however, the broader one means the outcome of the data collection, analysis, integration and interpretation of data which relates to certain aspects in the foreign country and which are - or will be - important for planning. Intelligence activity is carried out by intelligence services, who collect data and convert the data into analytical products, which are forwarded to the client. Intelligence services typically run under the auspice of the political authorities, which are effected by their work. Intelligence services have an important role during time of crisis and wars. During the Second World War, in the context of the intelligence and counterintelligence, countries used spies. Great Britain had the most developed technique of espionage under the leadership of MI5 and MI6. In that system, enemy spies were discovered and converted, which provided considerate advantage over other countries. Double agents became an important weapon with which the countries influenced the outcomes of battles - as they had access to information about weaponry and plans of military operations. Double agents were also able to successfully misinform the opponent, which contributed towards military successes. They had to be very careful undertaking their work, as they were working under two intelligence services and every mistake could compromise their double actions.

Vsaka država svoje nacionalne interese na različnih področjih varuje kot najbolje zna in v ta namen izvaja različne preventivne ukrepe od političnih in diplomatskih, kulturnih do vojaško-obveščevalnih ukrepov in dejavnosti. Diplomacija je tako po eni strani način urejanja odnosov med suverenimi državami po mirni poti, po drugi strani pa je kot organizacija sredstvo za izvajanje tega urejanja odnosov, torej zunanje politike držav. Diplomacija se deli na več področij, med njimi tudi na vojaško. Slednja je dejavnost, ki je namenjena vzdrževanju, vzpostavitvi in krepitvi vseh področij vojaškega in obrambnega sodelovanja med državami. Značilno zanjo je razvijanje, urejanje in poglabljanje odnosov med oboroženimi silami držav. Vodja vojaških predstavništev je vojaški ataše, ki je diplomat in hkrati visoki častnik, predstavnik oboroženih sil države pošiljateljice, ki deluje v sestavu njene diplomatske misije v državi gostiteljici. Med glavnimi nalogami sta reprezentativno-protokolarna in strokovno-funkcionalna nalogi. V okviru slednje vojaški ataše zbira podatke, ki so pomembni za državo pošiljateljico. Nobena država ne bo izpostavljala svojega vojaškega atašeja, da bi se ob svojem delu ukvarjal še s klasično obveščevalno dejavnostjo, saj je vojaški ataše pod prevelikim nadzorom varnostnih služb države, v kateri je akreditiran in mora delovati v skladu z Dunajsko konvencijo o diplomatskih odnosih. Kljub temu pa lahko iznajdljivi vojaški ataše svoji državi zagotavlja pomembne podatke in informacije ter tako prispeva k njeni obveščenosti v najširšem pomenu besede. Every country protects its national interests in different fields to the best of its ability and for this purpose performs different preventive measures, from political and diplomatic, cultural to military intelligence measures and activities. Diplomacy on one hand regulates the relations between sovereign countries in a peaceful way, and on the other hand it is an organization, which manages this relations, foreign affairs of countries. Diplomacy is divided into different fields, among them also the military field. The latter means the activity, which is intended to maintain, implement and strengthen all fields of military and also defence cooperation between countries. Development, organization and deepening of the relations between the armed forces of countries are one of the main tasks of the military. The leader of the military representation is the military attaché, who is a diplomat and a military officer at the same time, a representative of the armed forces of the sending State who works in the system of its diplomatic mission in the receiving State. His main tasks are representative-protocol and professional-functional, in the latter the military attaché collects information, which is important for the sending state. No country would expose its military attaché to perform the standard Intelligence, because the military attaché is under too big of control of the intelligence agencies of the accredited country. He also needs to work in accordance with the Vienna convention on Diplomatic relations. Despite that, an inventive military attaché can provide useful and important data and information to its country and can contribute to its information in the broadest sense.

Obveščevalno-varnostne agencije so organizacije, ki svoje odgovorno delo večinoma opravljajo v tajnosti in razpolagajo z obilico informacij. Nadzorujejo osebe, zbirajo podatke ter opazujejo družbeno-politično dogajanje na lokalni ter globalni ravni z namenom zagotavljanja varnosti in informacijske podpore domači državi. Zaradi narave njihovega dela morajo biti podvržene temeljitemu nadzoru preko posebnih nadzornih teles in zagotavljati ustrezno mero transparentnosti. Na vprašanje transparentnosti obveščevalno-varnostnih služb smo skušali odgovoriti z uporabo različnih virov: državnih zakonodaj, medijskih prispevkov, intervjuja in uradnih spletnih strani. V diplomskem delu smo preučili domačo SOVO, nemško BND, angleško MI5 in ameriško CIO ter skušali postaviti globalne standarde za zagotavljanje transparentnosti. Na zakonodajnem področju se bistvene razlike ne pojavljajo saj agencije delujejo v skladu z lastno zakonodajo, ki pa v nobeni državi ne omenja transparentnosti. Medijsko so vse agencije deležne določene pozornosti s to razliko, da se SOVA sooča predvsem z notranjimi nepravilnostmi in domačimi aferami, medtem ko se preostale tri večinoma omenjajo v povezavi z globalnimi škandali. Vsebina uradnih spletnih strani je na eni strani najskromnejša pri SOVI in BND saj vsebujeta večinoma osnovne informacije ter na drugi strani izredno obsežna pri MI5 ter CII, ki vsebujeta obilico različnih informacij. Intervju izveden z medijskim strokovnjakom je dodatno osvetlil problematiko in ponudil splošen način za zagotavljanje boljše transparentnosti v obveščevalno-varnostnih službah v smislu kontinuitete in stabilnosti v vodstvih služb in nadzornih organov. Intelligence and security agencies are organisations which conduct their responsible work in secret and possess an abundance of information. They monitor people, collect data and observe socio-political events locally and globally with the intent of providing security and informational support fort the home country. Due to the nature of their work they have to be subjected to thorough supervision through special oversight bodies and provide appropriate amount of transparency. We tried to answer the question of transparency in intelligence and security agencies by using various sources: national legislations, media articles, interview and official web pages. In the thesis we studied the domestic SOVA, German BND, English MI5, American CIA and tried to setup global standards for providing of transparency. Legally there are no significant differences as all agencies are working in compliance with national legislations from which none mentions transparency. Every agency is receiving some attention in the media with the difference of SOVA dealing with internal irregularities and domestic affairs while the other three are mostly mentioned in relation to global scandals. Transparent outlook through official web pages in on one hand the most modest with SOVA and BND as they provide mostly only essential information while on the other hand being comprehensive with MI5 and CIA since they are providing an abundance of different information. The interview conducted with a media expert shed some additional light on the problem and offered a general solution for better transparency of security and intelligence agencies in the form of continuity and stability in leadership and supervision bodies.

Država varuje človekove pravice in temeljne svoboščine. Vendar dopušča možnosti, da se človekove pravice in temeljne svoboščine pod določenimi pogoji omejijo. Država lahko omeji človekovih pravic in temeljnih svoboščine samo na podlagi zakona. Na ta način je mogoče omejiti tudi pravico varstva tajnosti in drugih občil oziroma pravico do komunikacijske zasebnosti. Zakon, s katerim se omeji pravica do komunikacijske zasebnosti mora biti predvidljiv. Ta predvidljivost pa ne pomeni, da bi lahko posameznik ali skupina predvideli kdaj bodo nadzorovani. Ker gre za posege, ki morajo po svoji vsebini biti tajni, to tudi ne bi imelo smisla. V danem primeru predvidljivost zato pomeni, da so določbe zakona, ki ureja posege v komunikacijsko zasebnost jasne in natančne. Posamezniki ali skupine morajo vedeti, pod kakšnimi pogoji lahko država poseže v njihovo komunikacijsko zasebnost. V komunikacijsko zasebnost posegajo tudi obveščevalne službe. Zakonodaja v Sloveniji, ki to področje ureja za obveščevalne službe je skladna z določbami Ustave. Upošteva ustavne pogoje, da mora biti poseg določen v zakonu, da ga je mogoče izvajati le določen čas, če tako odredi sodišče in je nujno in sorazmerno za dosego legitimnega cilja. Vendar zakonodaja ni popolnoma skladna z določbami Evropske konvencije o varstvu človekovih pravic, saj med drugim ne ureja postopka pri prenosu, s posegi v komunikacijsko zasebnost, pridobljenih podatkov ter sodnega varstva posameznikov, katerih komunikacije se je nadzorovalo. V raziskavi smo zato, na podlagi teoretičnih izhodišč raziskave, procesni model presojanja posegov obveščevalnih služb v komunikacijsko zasebnost dopolnili, tako dopolnjen model pa smo implementirali v osnutek predpisa, za katerega predlagamo, da na novo določi zakonite posege obveščevalnih služb v komunikacijsko zasebnost posameznikov. The State protects human rights and fundamental freedoms. However, it leaves open the possibility that the human rights and fundamental freedoms under certain conditions. The State could limit human rights and fundamental freedoms based on the law. In this way, it is possible to restrict the right to the protection of confidentiality and other means or the right to privacy of communication. The law, which restrict the right to privacy of communication, must be predictable. This predictability is not to say that it could be an individual or a group to anticipate when they will be controlled. Because it is for interventions that are required by your content to be secret, it also does not make sense. In the present case, therefore, the predictability means that the provisions of the law governing the privacy of communication interventions in a clear and precise. Individuals or groups need to know under what circumstances a State may intervene in their communications privacy. In the privacy of communication, affect intelligence, too. Legislation in Slovenia that governed this area for intelligence services is consistent with the provisions of the Constitution. Take into account the constitutional conditions must be laid down in an encroachment that it can be implemented only if so ordered by the Court, and it is necessary and proportionate in order to achieve a legitimate objective. However, the legislation is not fully consistent with the provisions of the European Convention on human rights, among other things it does not regulate the procedure for the transfer, with the privacy of communication, the information obtained and the judicial protection of individuals whose communication is monitored. In the present research, we are based on a theoretical platform research process model of judging intelligence services in the privacy of communication interventions completed. Therefore, we implement the model updated in the draft regulation, for which we recommend a newly determined legitimate interventions of intelligence services in the communications privacy.

Po padcu Berlinskega zidu oziroma padcu železne zavese se je prej dokaj »urejen« svet radikalno spremenil. Sodobne oblike groženj so pripeljale do zavedanja, da nacionalne krepitve zmogljivosti varnostnega področja ne bodo zadostovale za uspešno in učinkovito zoperstavljanje in do točke, ko se zahteva vzpostavitev sodelovanja med subjekti varnostnih sistemov navznoter in navzven. To pomeni, da je potrebno zgraditi tudi stabilno sodelovanje obveščevalnih služb različnih držav, kar bo nudilo podporo odločanju regionalnih, mednarodnih in globalnih integracij o mednarodnih in globalnih varnostnih politikah. Na ravni Evropske unije sodelovanje obveščevalnih služb zaostaja za sodelovanjem med varnostnimi organi, kot je policija, vendar so teroristični napadi v prvem desetletju 21. stoletja zahtevali širjenje sodelovanja tudi na področje obveščevalne dejavnosti. Kot posledica tega sodelovanja se je pojavila tudi nova oblika pridobivanja podatkov – pridobivanje podatkov s pomočjo mednarodnega sodelovanja. V diplomskem delu poskušamo ugotoviti, kateri so tisti podatki, s katerimi lahko Slovenska obveščevalno – varnostna agencija (SOVA), s tem da jih posreduje tujim obveščevalnim službam, doprinese k mednarodni varnosti in kateri so podatki, ki jih SOVA lahko dobi od tujih obveščevalnih služb. Kljub svoji majhnosti je SOVA pri svojem delu uspešna in učinkovita, tako da se lahko glede učinkovitosti primerja tudi s tujimi obveščevalnimi službami, ki so veliko večje. Osredotočili smo se na mednarodno sodelovanje SOVE z obveščevalnimi službami, ki jim lahko damo oznako »velike«: nemška Zvezna obveščevalna služba (BND), ameriška Centralna obveščevalna agencija (CIA), britanska Tajna obveščevalna služba (MI6),ruska Zvezna varnostna služba (FSB), francoski Generalni direktorat za zunanjo varnost (DGSE), italijanska Agencija za obveščevalno dejavnost in zunanjo varnost (AISE). After the Berlin's Wall fall, respectively the fall of the Iron Curtain a rather “arranged” world radically altered afterwards. Modern forms of threat have led us to awareness that the strengthening of national capability in a safety field will not be sufficient for successful and efficient resistance, and they have also led us to the point, where cooperation among subjects of safety systems inwards and outwards is demanded. That means it is necessary to build also the stable cooperation among intelligence agencies from different countries, which will provide support at regional, international and global integrations regarding international and global safety politics’ decisions. At the level of the European Union the cooperation of the intelligence agencies falls behind the cooperation among safety authorities, such as police although terroristic attacks in the first decade of the 21st century gave serious reasons for expanding the cooperation also in the field of the intelligence service. As a consequence of the cooperation also a new form of gaining data has appeared – the data gaining with a help of the international cooperation. In the diploma work we try to find out about those data with which the Slovene Intelligence and Security Agency (SOVA) can contribute to the international safety by forwarding them to the foreign intelligence agencies, and about the data that “SOVA” can gather from the foreign intelligence agencies. Despite its smallness “SOVA” is successful and efficient at its work. Thus, regarding the efficiency it can be compared also with the foreign intelligence agencies, which are much bigger. We focused on the international cooperation of “SOVA” with the intelligence agencies, which can be labelled as “big” ones: German Federal Intelligence Agency (BND), American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), British Secret Intelligence Agency (MI6), Russian Federal Security Service (FSB), French General Directorate for External Security (DGSE), Italian Agency for Intelligence Service and External Security (AISE).

Diplomsko delo obravnava problematiko preiskovalnega novinarstva, ko le-ta preide na področje obveščevalne dejavnosti in dejavnosti preiskovalnih organov. Novinarstvo ima obveščevalno-varnostno službo, s policijsko preiskavo in postopki v predkazenskem in kazenskem postopku veliko skupnega. Preiskovalni novinar zbira informacije in javnosti razkriva dejstva, ki so nastala protizakonito in z nemoralnim delovanjem. Gre za dejstva, ki jih posamezniki, določene inštitucije ali politične elite želijo prikriti. Preiskovalno novinarstvo v ospredje postavlja interes javnosti in zato morajo biti teme, ki se jih loteva preiskovalni novinar, za družbo pomembne. Ravno zaradi teže pomena obravnavane teme se morajo preiskovalnih zgodb lotevati previdno, metode dela pa morajo biti v skladu z etičnimi novinarskimi načeli, navedenimi v Kodeksu novinarjev in v skladu s kazensko zakonodajo. Zaradi zahtevnosti zbiranja podatkov in nedostopnosti le-teh, se novinarji lotevajo tudi metod dela, ki niso v njihovi pristojnosti in so celo nezakonite. Kodeks novinarjev Slovenije opredeljuje novinarske metode dela, ki so etične in zavezane poklicu. Dokument ne sodi v pravno zakonodajo, kršitve le-tega tako niso podrejene kazenskim postopkom. Na odgovornost novinarjev in urednikov pa nakazujejo določbe v Kazenskem zakoniku, kjer so navedena kazniva dejanja v preiskovalnem novinarstvu. Ta se v večini navezujejo na zbiranje informacij (tako na tehnike zbiranja kot na izdajo tajnih podatkov) in pa na dejanja zoper čast in dobro ime. V Sloveniji smo se največkrat srečali s tožbenimi zahtevki, v katerih so kot razlogi navedeni razžalitev, žaljiva obdolžitev, obrekovanje, izdaja tajnih podatkov. My thesis addresses the issues of investigative journalism operating in the jurisdiction of intelligence services and authorities. In essence, journalism does bare common characteristics with intelligence services, police enquiries and criminal law proceedings. The investigative journalist accumulates information and informs the public by means of presenting facts describing illegal or immoral activity - the very same facts which either individuals, certain institutions or political elite wish to conceal. Investigative journalism is rooted in public interest and therefore must be based on subjects relevant to the public community. Owing to the relevance of subject credibility, the journalist must employ careful investigative techniques, methods of scrutiny in accordance with ethical journalism principles as stated in the Journalist's Code within a valid criminal legislation. Due to demanding investigative circumstances or limited availability of data, the journalist will employ methods outside his/her authority or even illegal practices. The Slovenian Journalist's Code clearly states ethical investigative methods native to journalism however the document is not a part of legislation therefore any violation thereof is not prone to criminal proceedings. Furthermore, journalists do have responsibilities as stated in the penal code which also includes a list of criminal offences pertaining to investigative journalism. These offences commonly refer to collection of information (methods of acquiring and publishing of secret or reserved information) and acts against one’s reputation and goodwill. In Slovenia we have witnessed lawsuits triggered by claims of personal offence, offensive allegations, slander and issues of secret information.

Logistika obveščevalnih dejavnosti na ekonomsko poslovnem področju je vsekakor tema, ki bi je v našem okolju v preteklosti redko srečali. Ekonomsko poslovno področje in logistika sta soodvisni in v uspešen poslovni model povezani dejavnosti, vendar kako v to soodvisnost spada obveščevalna dejavnost. Vsekakor je ta navidezna dilema povezana z zgodovinskim razvojem obveščevalne dejavnosti in njene vloge v družbi. Prav zaradi tega je potrebno nekoliko osvetliti ta zgodovinski razvoj, ki je pripeljal do tega, da tudi obveščevalna dejavnost postaja nujno potrebna sestavina uspešnih poslovnih modelov. V preteklosti so bile obveščevalno varnostne službe bojevniki na nevidnem bojnem polju med posameznimi državami, vojaško političnimi bloki in dr. Ukvarjale so se predvsem z zbiranjem podatkov o drugih državah, t.i. vohunjenjem. Neredki so tudi primeri organiziranja zarot, atentatov in drugih dejavnosti, od koder izvira pogosto slabšalni prizvok, ki ga imajo te službe. Pomemben se nam zdi tudi vidik okolja, v katerem delujejo obveščevalno varnostne službe, saj s povezovanjem teh služb na nadnacionalnih nivojih prihaja tudi do širjenja in spremembe okolja, ki je bilo v preteklosti dokaj stabilno. Poleg sprememb okolja, nenehne spremembe v družbi in mednarodnem okolju, ki sta jih povzročila predvsem razpad blokovske delitve sveta in globalizacija, postavljajo pred obveščevalno varnostne službe vedno nove izzive. Po koncu hladne vojne in razpadu bipolarnih delitev sveta je bilo pričakovati, da bodo razmere in odnosi v državah – družbah in med njimi manj konfliktni, predvsem pa bolj prijazni, humani in varni. Bistveno spremenjen svet je spodbudil razvoj globalnih razsežnosti, hkrati s tem pa postal veliko bolj nestabilen in nepredvidljiv. V sodobnem okolju, ki je začelo nastajati po padcu blokovsko razdeljene Evrope in temelji na nadnacionalnih povezavah, se skladno s tem menja tudi vloga obveščevalno varnostnih služb, tako v nacionalnem kot tudi nadnacionalnem okolju. Oblikuje se sistem kolektivne varnosti, ki poleg vojaškega aspekta vsebuje tudi obveščevalno varnostnega. Temelji na prizadevanjih mednarodne skupnosti v zoperstavljanju nadnacionalnim grožnjam, med katere gotovo sodita terorizem in mednarodni organizirani kriminal. To potrjuje tudi obdobje po 11.9.2001, ko je zaradi znanih dogodkov prišlo do korenitih 8 sprememb v varnostni arhitekturi, znotraj katere zelo pomemben delež dobivajo tudi obveščevalno varnostne službe. Pravočasne in dobre informacije v današnjem svetu pomenijo prednost, pa naj se to nanaša na politično, gospodarsko ali vojaško področje. V tem segmentu ima svojo pomembno vlogo obveščevalno varnostna dejavnost. V preteklosti je bila obveščevalna dejavnost organizirana na nacionalnem nivoju in v izključni lasti države. V sodobnem svetu te omejitve počasi izginjajo (Podbregar, 2008). Ta kratek pogled nazaj ni pomemben samo zaradi dejstva, da je prišlo do sprememb v varnostni arhitekturi, temveč tudi nakazuje nekaj drugih pomembnih dejstev. Prvo je vsekakor širitev potrebe po obveščevalni dejavnosti na ekonomsko poslovno področje. Kot pravi Podbregar (2008) se posamezniki in organizacije, tako profitne kot neprofitne, v dinamičnem okolju v katerem živimo in ga kreiramo, srečujejo z vse večjo potrebo, ki bi jo na kratko lahko opisali s stavkom:«Potrebujem pravočasne, točne in uporabne podatke za odločanje«. Ta preprost stavek pred nas postavlja velike ovire, zahteva izjemno organiziranost in delovanje različnih teamov, skupin ter odlično infrastrukturo, večkrat vezano na najsodobnejše informacijske tehnologije. V sodobni informacijski družbi so nam mnogi podatki na voljo z relativno hitro dostopnostjo. Še vedno pa so nam za ključne odločitve potrebni podatki, ki morda v tistem trenutku niso razpoložljivi, so premalo natančni ali pa jih imajo v posesti ključni posamezniki, ki jih enostavno želijo zadržati zase in jih sami uporabiti za svoje lastne odločitve. Jelen (v Podbregar, 2008) glede tega izpostavlja ključno vlogo informacij v povezavi s silovitim razvojem informacijsko-komunikacijskih tehnologij, znanja kot intelektualnega kapitala in tveganja kot temeljne značilnosti dobe turbulentnih sprememb. Ne smemo pa prezreti še splošnega okvira, ki ga predstavlja - vsaj z gledišča razvitega sveta - pozni kapitalizem kot skupni imenovalec za različne izvedenke (turbokapitalizem, neokonservativizem, neoliberalizem in podobno), ki pogosto nosijo takšen ali drugačen ideološki pečat. A pomembneje kot to je, da prispevajo k zaostrovanju pogojev poslovanja in globalne konkurence. Podjetnik rabi na poti do uspeha tudi čedalje več znanja in informacij. Sodobne tehnologije ponujajo neobvladljive količine informacij, a hkrati postaja polje »občutljivih« informacij, ki so zaščitene pred nepooblaščenimi očmi, čedalje obsežnejše. Varujejo jih ne le sofisticirana tehnika in varnostni sistemi, temveč tudi zakon. A načeloma je dosegljiva vsaka, še tako varovana informacija. Vprašanje je le, koliko denarja in časa smo 9 pripravljeni investirati v rušenje ovir. Gre preprosto za vprašanje ekonomije in morale oziroma poslovne etike. Etika ponuja zabrisane meje, ostra ločnica pa je postavljena tam, kjer nemoralno početje prestopi prag zakona in preide na področje kriminalnega početja, točneje na področje poslovnega ali gospodarskega kriminala. Drugo pomembno dejstvo je, da je prišlo do t.i. privatizacije obveščevalne dejavnosti, ki je bila v preteklosti v ekskluzivni državni pristojnosti. Vse več je subjektov v poslovnem svetu, ki v svojo osnovno dejavnost vključujejo obveščevalno dejavnost z namenom pridobivanja konkurenčne prednosti na trgu. Obstaja cela paleta subjektov, ki na trgu nudijo storitve, ki so plod obveščevalne dejavnosti. Prav tako deluje tudi veliko subjektov, ki na trgu ponujajo storitve zaščite pred t.i. ekonomskim vohunstvom, pa naj gre za zgolj za zaščito vitalnih podatkov ali informacij, ali bolj kompleksne sisteme t.i. integralne varnosti. Poleg teh oblik, kjer poslovni subjekt na trgu lahko kupi te storitve, obstaja niz primerov, ko predvsem velike korporacije, znotraj svojih poslovnih sistemov, uvajajo obveščevalno dejavnost kot sestavino poslovnih procesov. S tem smo prišli do tretjega pomembnega dejstva in to je konkurenčna obveščevalna dejavnost. Kahner (1997) pravi, da je konkurenčna obveščevalna dejavnost sistematični program za zbiranje in analiziranje informacij o aktivnosti vaših tekmecev in splošnih poslovnih gibanjih, ki pomagajo k doseganju ciljev vaše družbe. Kot pravi Jelen (v Podbregar, 2008) ugledni Brintov inštitut postavlja ostro ločnico med konkurenčno obveščevalno dejavnostjo (Competitive Intelligence - CI) in poslovnim vohunstvom (Business Espionage). Konkurenčna obveščevalna dejavnost namreč uporablja javne vire za odkrivanje in razvijanje informacije o konkurenci, konkurentih in tržnem okolju. Za razliko od poslovnega vohunstva, ki razvija informacije z nelegalnimi sredstvi, kot je vdiranje (hacking), uporablja konkurenčna obveščevalna dejavnost javne informacije – vse informacije, ki so lahko legalno in etično identificirane in dostopne. Vprašanje ni zanimivo le konceptualno, temveč zarisuje povezavo - trikotnik med obveščevalnimi službami, precizneje, njenimi ekonomskimi sestavinami, poslovnim vohunstvom in poslovnimi družbami s svojimi programi konkurenčne obveščevalne dejavnosti . V tem trikotniku so podjetja tako subjekt te dejavnosti kot potencialni objekt, se pravi, bolj ali manj ranljiva tarča (etičnega in legalnega) zbiranja informacij ali vohunskih napadov, bodisi s strani obveščevalnih 10 služb bodisi s strani konkurenčnih podjetij. CI je že postala donosna dejavnost v razvitih gospodarstvih, kjer je veliko ponudnikov storitev. Razumevanje tako zgodovinskih vidikov obveščevalne dejavnosti, kakor tudi njene formalne in vsebinske transformacije, zahteva poznavanje temeljnih sestavin obveščevalne dejavnosti. Do teh pridemo s preučevanjem obstoječe literature. Glede tega Marrin (2014) poudarja, da so študije obveščevalne dejavnosti teoretično/akademsko dopolnilo k praksi nacionalne obveščevalno varnostne dejavnosti so prispevek visoke izobrazbe za razlago preteklosti, razumevanje sedanjosti in napoved prihodnosti. So akademsko znanje, ki je pogosto vgrajeno v okvir širših študij vlade in zunanje politike in so koristne tudi za obveščevalne strokovnjake. Več kot je literature in se visokošolski programi, oddelki in celo visoke šole/univerze posvečajo študiju in poučevanju obveščevalne dejavnosti, se le-ta vedno bolj uveljavlja kot akademska disciplina. Vendar obstajajo vrzeli v literaturi, ki so posledica tega, da ni zagotovljena akumulacija znanja in njegovo združevanje v daljšem časovnem obdobju. Za izboljšanje študij obveščevalne dejavnosti kot akademske discipline bo potrebna okrepitev najboljših praks z identifikacijo, pridobivanjem, shranjevanjem, ustvarjanjem in razširjanjem novega znanja. Izvajanje teh praks bo okrepila skladnost študij obveščevalne dejavnosti kot akademske discipline in hkrati povečala svoj vpliv na širše/splošno znanje, javno razumevanje in vladne prakse. Poleg znanj s področja obveščevalne dejavnosti potrebujemo tudi znanja s področja logistike. Logistika je zelo široka znanost, ki povezuje organizacijska, ekonomska, finančna, informacijska znanja, znanja o varstvu okolja in mnoge druge v enoten sistem. Opredeljuje se kot znanost in kot dejavnost, s katero smo obvladali fizični tok blaga, energije, informacij in človeških virov, in tako postane eden glavnih delov poslovne in tržne strategije. Prisotna je v vseh fazah poslovnega procesa v podjetju in je povezana z vsemi temeljnimi poslovnimi funkcijami. V znanstveni sferi obstaja jasno izražena potreba po definiranju generičnega modela logistike obveščevalnih dejavnosti, ki bo dobra platforma za organiziranje in upravljanje konkretnih aplikativnih modelov znotraj javnega in zasebnega ekonomsko poslovnega sektorja. Odločitev za organiziranje in financiranje takih modelov znotraj javnih in zasebnih gospodarskih družb, je predvsem odgovornost vodstvenih struktur, ki brez take podpore pri poslovnih odločitvah, 11 izgubljajo pomemben del konkurenčnosti ekonomsko poslovnega okolja in s tem pomemben potencialni tržni delež, ki predstavlja materialno osnovo za splošno blaginjo celotne družbe. Poleg teoretičnih znanj, sta nam potreben nabor informacij ponudili tudi dve raziskavi, ki smo jih izvedli z namenom definiranja modela logistike obveščevalnih dejavnosti na ekonomsko poslovnem področju. Z združitvijo znanj smo pristopili k preučevanju logistike obveščevalne dejavnosti na ekonomsko-poslovnem področju, ki je kompleksno in za solitarno znanstveno raziskavo preobsežno. Zaradi tega smo področje omejili na prodajo državnih deležev v slovenskih podjetjih, ki predstavlja enega od ključnih procesov, ki poteka in je praktično podlaga za kvaliteten razvoj slovenske družbe v prihodnosti. Definicijo ključnih dejavnikov logistike obveščevalne dejavnosti v procesu prodaje državnih deležev v slovenskih podjetij smo zato postavili v naše znanstveno-raziskovalno ospredje. Naše raziskovanje je rezultiralo z oblikovanjem procesnega modela logistike obveščevalne dejavnosti na ekonomsko-poslovnem področju kot prvega takega modela v Sloveniji. S tem se je odprl tudi prostor za vse nadaljnje raziskave na tem področju. Količina in kakovost znanj s tega področja je lahko učinkovito orodje managementa podjetij za doseganje konkurenčne prednosti na trgu. Model logistike obveščevalnih dejavnosti na ekonomsko poslovnem področju, je teoretično in empirično kompleksen model, ki omogoča, da je kvaliteta odločitev na osnovi informacij pridobljenih preko mreže obveščevalnih dejavnosti bistveno višja, kot kvaliteta tiste odločitve, ki je sprejeta na osnovi tradicionalnih »instiktivnih« procesov. In today's global, rapidly changing business environment is acquiring timely and quality information of the utmost importance for achieving economic success. It is also important to protect that information of a business entity, which presents its competitive advantage in this environment. So how do you get to important information, or perform their protection? Intelligence, once exclusively state but now largely private, corporate offers a wide range of tools by which qualified performers of these activities can achieve desired aims. To understand the intelligence, theoretical knowledge has to be upgraded by the skills/knowledge of logistics, which is presented in this thesis. The importance and role of intelligence, its legal framework, the methods used and the direction in which it develops, in combination with the knowledge of logistics, provide an appropriate framework for the definition of a theoretical model of the implementation of intelligence activities in the field of economics and business. Studies/researches presented in this thesis have resulted in the upgrading of mentioned theoretical model in a completely practical procedural model of intelligence in the field of economics and business, which represents an effective "tool kit" that affect on the leadership/management efficiency of national economies and business entities.

Razvoj kriminalistično obveščevalne dejavnosti se je začel konec 19. stoletja v Veliki Britaniji. Ker se je koncept dela kriminalistično obveščevalne dejavnosti pokazal kot zelo uspešen v boju zoper različne oblike kriminala, si je ta oblika dela začela hitro vtirati pot tudi v varnostne organe drugih držav. Tudi trendi razvoja varnostnih organov danes kažejo na svetlo prihodnost kriminalistično obveščevalne dejavnosti. Ker se je kriminalistično obveščevalna dejavnost razvila iz klasične obveščevalne dejavnosti, lahko med njima opazimo veliko podobnosti. Dejavnosti sta si zelo podobni v organiziranosti dela, v načinu zbiranja podatkov in informacij, pomemben segment zbiranja informacij obema predstavljajo informatorji. Tudi obveščevalni in kriminalistično obveščevalni cikel sta si zelo podobna, saj imata oba enako razporeditev posameznih faz znotraj cikla in tudi procesi tečejo zelo podobno. Kljub veliko podobnostim med dejavnostima, pa med njima prihaja do nekaj bistvenih razlik. Razlike je moč opaziti v samem namenu dejavnosti, v usmeritvi dejavnosti ter tudi končni izdelki se v obveščevalni in kriminalistično obveščevalni dejavnosti bistveno razlikujejo. V Republiki Sloveniji kriminalistično obveščevalno dejavnost opravlja Center za kriminalistično obveščevalno dejavnost, ki je organiziran znotraj Uprave kriminalistične policije. Center je nastal leta 2010 in se od takrat aktivno razvija in izpopolnjuje. CKOD tudi aktivno sodeluje z mednarodnimi organizacijami, kot sta Interpol in Europol. Criminal intelligence started to develop at the end of the 19th century. As its work concept proved to be very successful in fighting off different sorts of crimes it also started to sneak into security organs of other countries. Even today the security organs deelopment trends announce a bright future of criminal intelligence. As criminal intelligence developed from classical intelligence we can notice many similarities between them. They are a similar organisation of work, data and information collecting and they share a common important part of information collecting which are informers. Intelligence cycle and criminal intelligence cycle are both very similar too, because they have the same arrangement of phases inside the cycle and their processes run in a very similar way, too. In spite of many similarities between them, there are some crucial differences. There are differences in their goal, in their final guidelines, but their final products in intelligence and criminal intelligence differ very much too. In Slovenia criminal intelligence is done by the Centre for Criminal Intelligence, which is organised inside the Administration of Criminal Police. The Centre,established in 2010, has been actively developing and improving ever since. The Centre for Criminal Intelligence also actively cooperates with the international organisations, like Interpol and Europol.

Namen ustanovitve CIE je bil predvsem zagotoviti, da v prihodnosti ne bo prišlo do velikih katastrof, kot je bil na primer japonski napad na Pearl Harbor leta 1941. Vendar je delo obveščevalnih služb v nekaterih primerih tudi neuspešno, bodisi zaradi dejstva, ker je nemogoče vedno popolnoma predvideti situacijo, ali pa zaradi politike, ki mnogokrat prezre ocene obveščevalnih služb, če niso v skladu z njenimi prepričanji ali interesi. Za enega najbolj znanih obveščevalnih neuspehov velja teroristični napad na Svetovni trgovinski center leta 2001, ki je dve leti kasneje posledično pripeljal do ponovnega vprašanja o zakonitosti dela ameriške obveščevalne službe CIE. Govorimo o ameriški invaziji na Irak leta 2003 s strani administracije G. Busha mlajšega, ki je prezrla oziroma celo namerno priredila ocene CIE glede iraškega posedovanja OMU. Omenjena orožja so bila, poleg teroristične grožnje, ki naj bi jo po besedah Bele hiše predstavljal Sadam Husein, uradno glavni vzrok za napad na Irak. Po koncu prve zalivske vojne se je v Iraku začelo razoroževanje in s tem posledični nadzori inšpektorjev s strani ZN, ki so preverjali tudi prisotnost OMU. Kljub dejstvu da je ameriški nacionalni sekretar Colin Powell pred VS ZN novembra 2002 predstavil dokaze o prisotnosti OMU v Iraku, se postavi vprašanje, ali so bili ti dokazi resnični in zakonito pridobljeni. Odgovor je seveda negativen, celo Kongres ZDA je sčasoma izjavil, da je Busheva administracija pretiravala glede terorističnih groženj s strani Huseina ter se oprla na nezanesljive obveščevalne izsledke (Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, 2014). Kljub odločitvi VS ZN, da ne podpre Bele hiše pri invazije leta 2003, je Bush ustanovil Koalicijo voljnih, s pomočjo katere je vdrl v Irak. Številni analitiki, organizacije in mediji si delo obveščevalne skupnosti ter pritiske s strani političnega vrha, v omenjenem primeru, razlagajo po svoje. Določeni zagovarjajo zakonitost in suverenost takratnega dela obveščevalnih služb, spet drugi so mnenja, da je politika diktirala delo le-tem. Direktor CIE, George Tenet, je zapisal, da je CIA Beli hiši predala nezanesljive podatke, ki so v veliki meri temeljile na domnevah o iraškem orožju. Bela hiša pa je te ocene priredila in jih kot takšne lažno predstavila VS ZN ter širši javnosti. Takšno ravnanje ameriškega političnega vrha kaže na manipulativno in samovoljno delo politike, hkrati pa omadežuje obveščevalno skupnost in njeno delo v javnosti. The main purpose of CIA foundation was to prevent great security catastrophes like Japanese secret attack on Pearl Harbour in 1941 in the future. However the work of intelligence agencies is sometimes unsuccessful. One of the reasons is the fact that it is impossible to predict the situation perfectly or politics that rather ignores evaluations of intelligence service that goes against their beliefs and decisions. One of the most known intelligence failures is terroristic attack in 2001 on World Trade Center that has led to question the legality of work of CIA two years later. We are talking about the American invasion on Iraq in 2003, where administration of Mr. Bush Jr. overlooked or deliberately falsified evaluations of the CIA concerning possession of WMD in Iraq. Mentioned weapons were, in addition of terrorist threat by Saddam Hussein, officially the main reason for attack on Iraq. After the first Gulf war, disarmament and consequently inspectorate controls of UN have started in Iraq, where they also checked for presence of WMD. Despite the fact, that has American secretary of state Colin Powell in November 2002 presented evaluations of WMD presence in Iraq in front of UN SC, we can ask ourselves a question whether these proofs were genuine and legally obtained. The answer to that question is negative, even the U.S. Congress has eventually declared that Bush’s administration has exaggerated with Saddam Hussein’s terroristic threats and relied on undependable intelligence results (Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, 2014). Despite of negative decision of UN SC about supporting U.S. in invasion in 2003, Bush founded Coalition of the Willing. Numerous analytics, organisations and media interpret the work of intelligence service and political pressure in this case differently. Some advocate legality and sovereignty of intelligence work in that time, others think that the politics dictated their work. CIA Director, George Tenet wrote, that CIA has passed unreliable data that were based on assumptions about WMD to the White house. But White House deliberately overlooked hints and facts that Iraq does not possess WMD, so it falsified that data and falsely presented them to UN SC and the public. That kind of political work show us manipulative and arbitrary work of policy and at the same time it defilements intelligence community and its work in public.

Diplomsko delo preučuje socialne, politične in druge pogoje, ki pripeljejo do terorizma, koeksistenco med organiziranim kriminalom in terorizmom, predvsem z vidika izvajanja logističnega »suporta« kriminalnih združb pri dobavi orožja terorističnim organizacijam, potek finančnih transakcij in pranje denarja, katera so namenjena za izvrševanje terorističnih dejavnosti po svetu, preučuje tudi, ali obstajajo morebitni transferji orožja in denarja skozi Slovenijo ter vlogo obveščevalno-varnostnih služb, drugih varnostnih subjektov in Urada za preprečevanje pranja denarja pri preprečevanju ter zaznavanju tovrstnih transakcij oz. transportov. Ob tem teroristične skupine, kot plačilo za dobavljeno orožje, velikokrat kriminalnim združbam plačujejo s prepovedanimi drogami oziroma jim nudijo zaščito. Slovenija je z vstopom v Evropsko unijo in NATO sprejela mednarodne obveznosti ter pravice, ki izvirajo iz obeh organizacij, posledično pa se mora opredeljevati do mednarodnih političnih vprašanj ter sodeluje v mednarodnih mirovnih misijah. Zaradi tega se je tudi spremenila njena varnostna ogroženost, saj je z vstopom v NATO sprejela pravilo, da je napad na eno izmed članic NATA napad na vse članice NATA. Prav tako diplomsko delo preučuje vpliv lege Slovenije na njeno varnost, saj se Slovenija nahaja na Balkanskem koridorju, preko katerega poteka velik del transporta prepovedanih drog. Z vstopom Slovenije v evroatlantske povezave in s še vedno nemirnim Balkanskim polotokom se spreminja slovenski geopolitični in geostrateški položaj ter se s tem posledično lahko tudi veča oziroma manjša varnostna ogroženost v mednarodnem okolju. The thesis examines social, political and other conditions, which lead to terrorism. It examines coexistence between organized crime and terrorism, especially how criminal gangs execute logistic support for terrorist organizations, supplying them with weapons. The thesis studies the course of financial transactions and money laundering., intended to execute terrorist activities all around the world, the eventual transfers of weapon and money through Slovenia, the part of intelligence and security service and other subjects of security service, and also the role of Office for money laundering prevention in preventing and deteching such transaction and transports. Terrorist groups usually pay for weapon, supplied from criminal gangs, with prohibited drugs or they offer them protection. When Slovenia joined European Union and NATO, Slovenia had to adopt international rights and obligations, which derive from both organizations. Because of that, Slovenia has to declare about international political issues and participate in international peacekeeping missions. Joining NATO changed Slovenian security threats because of the NATO,s rule, when one of the members of NATO is attacked, it means that all of the members of NATO are attacked. The thesis also examines influence on Slovenia, because of its position on the Balkan corridor, through which a major part of drugs transport is happening. Slovenian membership in Euro-Atlantic integration and still turbulent Balkan Peninsula are the reason why Slovenian geopolitical and geostrategic position is changing. Which can also increase or reduce security threats in the international environment.

Pomembno je, da so na položaju znotraj obveščevalnih služb ljudje, katerih namen se je boriti proti globalnim kaznivim dejanjem, terorizmu, kibernetskemu kriminalu ipd.. Ne pa nadzirati večji, če ne celo celoten spekter prebivalstva, da ne prihaja do etičnih dilem pri ljudeh na položajih. In da svojo moč, ki jim je podana izkoristijo za javno dobro, ne pa za svoje osebne predispozicije. Pomembno je, da sprejmejo odgovornost svoje službe in da si je ne prisvajajo samo zaradi moči, ki jim jo dajo podobne službe. Vse je odvisno od etičnega razmišljanja in delovanja ljudi na pomembnih položajih, ki dejansko skrbijo za varnost države pred nevarnostmi znotraj nje, kot tudi nevarnostmi zunaj nje. Tukaj naj omenim, da informacije o tem kaj dela povprečen državljan preko spleta nima nobene vrednosti, zato se v takih primerih ne bi smelo nadzirati njegovih dejanj. Nadzirajo naj se dejanja osumljencev kaznivih dejanj in ne drugih. Del diplomske naloge je ravno raziskovanje problematike omenjene v zgornjem delu besedila. Praktičen pristop vidimo skozi analizo virov raziskovanja varnosti in zasebnosti, ter analiziranja primera iz prakse, ki ga poznamo pod imenom Balkanski bojevnik. Da lahko govorimo o zakonski podlagi, moramo omeniti, da je del zaključnega dela tudi potrditev ureditve znotraj naše države, in sicer da pravna država obstaja, in s tem zapisani zakoni, ki omejujejo in predpisujejo delovanje obveščevalnih služb. Ob preučevanju tematike etičnosti in neetičnosti se dotaknemo tudi pojma pravičnosti in morale. Za na konec pa so pripomogli k zaključku diplomskega dela poleg analiziranja virov, tudi odgovori študentov Pravne fakultete in intervjuji opravljeni z osebami iz področja delovanja obveščevalnih služb. Kompilacija omenjenih metod, nam je podala marsikatere odgovore na vprašanja, na katera prej nismo znali odgovoriti. It is important that high positions in Secret Services of Slovenia are occupied with people, which intentions are to fight against global criminal activities, like terrorism, cyber crime etc. Their idea of work should not be to control the majority or even the whole spectre of country inhabitants. It shouldn't have come to ethical dilemmas with people on best job positions. The power that is given by the nature of work they are doingm should be used for common good, and not for their personal needs. The importance is, that they accept responsibilities of their own jobs, and not to get this job, just because it grants them with some kind of power over information and using them. Everything depends on Ethical thinking and usefulness of people working on important positions. The occupied positions that states they are working for security and the best gains of country. It is important to give a notice, that what an average person is doing in their lives on the internet shouldn't be a subject of control over their doings. The actions that need to be the centre of their investigation should be the one controlled. A part of our Degree is investigating the problems mentioned above. The practical approach is seen through analysis of sources in security and privacy. We centred our intentions in practical approaches, that we did through analysing Court case called Balkanski bojevnik. To be able to talk about the law, we need to mention order of our country, which was proved that is law enforced country. With this said, it means that our written laws about Intelligence Services restrict those from doing illegal things. When mentioning Ethicalness and Unethicalness, we can not pass through term Justice and Morality, which is also mentioned in our work. So that the work looks like it should and is completed is thanks to good answers from students of Law Faculty, and to answers from interviews we made with specific people. The whole compilation has given as answers we did not know before we started doing this work.

Tradicionalna percepcija obveščevalne dejavnosti je neobhodno povezana s pojmom tajnosti. Tektonski premiki na geopolitični in družbeni ravni, ki so se z informacijsko-komunikacijsko (r)evolucijo pričeli s koncem hladne vojne, so vsekakor vplivali na izvedbeno raven obveščevalne dejavnosti. Poleg spremenjenih groženj, ki so iz prvenstveno ideoloških, postale politično nedefinirane, asimetrične, globalne in ekonomske in so spremenile varnostno okolje, je delovanje sodobnih obveščevalnih organizacij bistveno spremenjeno zaradi vpliva javnih virov. Informacije je možno pridobiti legalno in preko javnih domen, z metodo zbiranja in analiziranja podatkov pridobljenih iz javnih virov - OSINT (angl. Open Source Intelligence). Diplomska naloga opredeljuje ključne uporabne vrednosti javnih informacij v obveščevalnem procesu, ki vplivajo na organizacijo, znanje in proces, kot: kontekst, uporabnost, preverljivost, usmerjenost, prodornost in komunikativnost. Zaradi teh vrednosti se na ravni organizacije dogaja premik od hierarhično in funkcijsko urejene obveščevalne organizacije, proti virtualni in učeči se organizaciji. Količina informacij in njihova dosegljivost povečuje znanje, ki posledično izboljšuje objektivnost in točnost končnih produktov obveščevalne dejavnosti - obveščevalnih informacij. OSINT spreminja obveščevalni proces in premika težišče od zbiranja k analizi podatkov. OSINT ustvarja pogoje za sodelovanje in prekinja tradicijo enosmerne komunikacije. The traditional perception of intelligence is essentially linked with the concept of secrecy. Tectonic shifts in the geopolitical and societal level, which began with the end of the Cold War and were propelled by the information and communication (r)evolution changed the security environment, which shifted from primarily ideological to politically undefined, asymmetric, global and economic. Function of modern intelligence organizations significantly changed due to the influence of open source. In this new environment information could be obtained legally and within the public domain, which made the method of collecting and analysing such data - OSINT (Open Source Intelligence) - a significant intelligence discipline. Our thesis identifies key values of OSINT that affected the organizational structure, knowledge and process as: context, utility, verifiability, orientation, surge and communicability. We believe that the influence of OSINT is going to change the intelligence organization from hierarchical and functional towards network virtual and »learning organization«. Thesis argues that expansion of knowledge and accessibility to such knowledge increases the objectivity and accuracy of intelligence products. OSINT is also changing the core of the intelligence process - intelligence cycle - and shifts focus from the collection to analysis of gathered data. OSINT creates a space for cooperation and interrupts the tradition of one-way communication.

Slovenska vojska poleg nacionalne obrambe opravlja naloge v mednarodnih operacijah in na misijah v zahtevnih klimatskih in geografskih pogojih izven območja držav članic NATA in EU. Zavezniške sile, ki opravljajo svoje poslanstvo na ozemljih zunaj Natovega območja, so lahko izpostavljene različnim dejavnikom tveganja, ki vplivajo na njihovo zdravje. Za ustrezno zdravstveno zaščito sile je potrebno sprejeti in izvajati učinkovit program, ki naj bo namenjen tako zdravstvenemu osebju kot poveljnikom. Tovrsten program nam zagotavlja obveščevalna dejavnost na področju zdravstva (MEDINT), ki vključuje medicinske, bioznanstvene, epidemiološke, okoljske in druge podatke povezane z zdravjem ljudi in živali. Strokovno zdravstveno osebje pridobiva zdravstvene podatke, podaja oceno okoljskih in zdravstvenih virov ogrožanja, prepozna tveganja in izdela analizo groženj ter vključuje le te v upravljanje tveganj. MEDINT ima pomembno vlogo v razmerju med zdravstvenim sistemom in krovno obveščevalno dejavnostjo. Prav tako uporablja zakonitosti obveščevalnega ciklusa krovne obveščevalne dejavnosti, saj se na določenih stopnjah MEDINT-ov obveščevalni ciklus vključuje v obveščevalni ciklus krovne obveščevalne dejavnosti. Učinkovito upravljanje MEDINT-a zahteva sodelovanje med strokovnim osebjem različnih naravoslovnih ved, ki s svojim znanjem posredujejo medicinsko obveščevalne podatke osebju krovne obveščevalne dejavnosti in s tem pripomorejo k izdelavi načrta za zdravstveno zaščito sile pred, med in po operacijah. Končni obveščevalni proizvod MEDINT-a, ki temelji na oceni zdravstvene ogroženosti, podpira poveljnikov namen in operacijo. Slovenian armed forces perform, in addition to national defence, also tasks in demanding climatic and geographical conditions on international operations and missions outside the territory of the Member States of NATO and the EU. The Allied forces, who carry out their mission in the territories outside the NATO area, they may be exposed to various threats that affect their health. For the protection of the forces` health, it is necessary to adopt and implement an effective program, which should be aimed at healthcare personnel as well as commanders. This program provides us with medical intelligence (MEDINT), which includes medical, bio scientific, epidemiological, environmental, and other information related to the health of humans and animals. Professional medical staff obtained medical data, assess environmental and medical threats, recognizes the risks, carry out threat analysis and include them in risk management. MEDINT plays an important role in the connection of the health system with intelligence activities. It also uses the intelligence cycle to ensure that all available information for making assessments is processed. To be fully efficient MEDINT requires the cooperation of experts from different natural science disciplines (medical, scientific or bio-engineering). They provide medical intelligence and thus contribute to the planning of preventive medical actions for the forces` pre-deployment, deployment and post-deployment phase. Once medical information is gathered, refined and analysed into MEDINT, it must be integrated into the intelligence threat assessment for the commander as support for operations.

Napad na izraelske športnike s strani teroristične skupine Črni september. Tajna operacija Božji srd. Attack on Israeli athletes by the terrorist group Black September.

Diplomska naloga temelji na osebnih izkušnjah, ki sem jih bil deležen v času svojega šolanja v tujini po službeni dolžnosti, ter spoznanjih in možnostih aplikativne uporabe veščine sledenja pri varnostnih vedah. V znaku, ki ga nosijo pripadniki varnostnih sil ZDA z opravljenim tečajem bojnega sledenja, je latinski izraz »Ocularum Aperere«, kar pomeni odpri svoje oči. In ravno ta kratka besedna zveza je iztočnica moje naloge. Če poglobljeno in praktično pogledamo veščino sledenja v luči varnostnih ved, najdemo osnove za delovanje varnostnih sil na vseh nivojih. Plastično bi lahko rekli, da je stezosledstvo oziroma sledenje lahko eden izmed najboljših virov takojšnje uporabe zbranih obveščevalnih informacij na taktični ravni, čeravno je zaradi modernega tehnološkega napredka in dinamičnega asimetričnega bojevanja pozabljena veščina. Vse prevečkrat se odmikamo od osnov, tako v procesu usposabljanja kot kasneje pri delu. V nalogi so predstavljene zmožnosti veščine sledenja in njene uporabnosti. Kot opisuje May (2012) v članku o izraelskih sledilnih enotah, je vojska brez slednikov slepa. V tujih vojskah temu sistemsko posvečajo več pozornosti, pri nas sistemskega pristopa k tej veščini na žalost ni. Ravno zaradi tega bi bilo treba v naše oborožene sile sistemsko vključevati veščino sledenja v proces usposabljanja. This thesis is based on my personal experience, which I have received during military schooling abroad and is based on the application of the art of tracking within the fields of security. The phrase carried by members of the US security forces on the combat tracking course is a Latin term "Ocularum Aperere", which means “open your eyes”, this short phrase is the key point of my work. If we look in-depth from the practical point of view at the art of tracking, then we can find a base for application in all fields of study within security. If simplified we could say that combat tracking is one of the best sources in the immediate use of intelligence at the tactical level. Due to the usage of modern technological advances in dynamic asymmetric warfare, we could say that combat tracking is a lost art. Too often we are letting ourselves drift from the basic process of training and within the operational working environment. In this thesis we present the capabilities and use of combat tracking. As described by May (2012) in the article about Israeli trackers “The army without trackers is blind” in foreign armies they devote a systematic approach to combat tracking, in our country there is no systematic approach in a sense of individual or collective training. It is therefore our suggestion that implementation of tracking art must be integrated in our individual and collective training.

Sodobni človek je v vsakodnevnem življenju neprestano prisiljen sprejemati odločitve. V večini primerov gre običajno za rutinske odločitve. Podatki, ki so potrebni za sprejetje teh odločitev pa so javno dostopni vsakemu posamezniku. Na drugi strani pa so za ključne odločitve potrebni podatki, ki pa največkrat niso dostopni javno ali preko spleta. Za dostop do teh podatkov so potrebne posebne oblike pridobivanja podatkov. S tem pa se ukvarja obveščevalna dejavnost (Podbregar, 2012). Richelson (1999) pravi, da se obveščevalno dejavnost nanaša na informacije, ki jih vlada spoznava kot pomembne za svoje vojaške, zunanje in varnostne interese. Po njegovem so glavni elementi obveščevalne dejavnosti: zbiranje podatkov, njihovo analiziranje, tajne akcije in protiobveščevalna dejavnost. Anžič (1997) in Purg (1995) razumeta obveščevalno dejavnost v ožjem smislu, kot dejavnost, ki naj bi javno ali tajno zbirala, analizirala, ter vrednotila podatke, ki so pomembni za državo ali predmet zanimanja obveščevalnih služb. V širšem smislu pa naj bi k obveščevalni dejavnosti spadale še tajne akcije in protiobveščevalna dejavnost, katere cilj je preprečevanje delovanja tujih obveščevalnih služb tako v lastni državi, kot v tujini. Opisane so tudi metode pridobivanja podatkov, ki so odvisne od dostopnosti podatkov. Iz navedenega vidimo, da je obveščevalna dejavnost razdeljena na več zvrsti in sicer na obveščevalno, protiobveščevalno in varnostno. V navzočem delu bosta podrobneje predstavljeni njena obveščevalna in protiobveščevalna zvrst. Diplomsko delo ločeno predstavlja vsako izmed njiju od njunega zgodovinskega nastanka pa do danes, opisuje osnovne pojme, ki so povezani z njima, metode in način njunega dela, ter njuno strukturo. V zadnjem poglavju skuša prikazati njune skupne značilnosti in skupne metode za delo, prav tako pa razlike, ki se pojavljajo med njima. Modern man is in daily life constantly forced to make decisions. In most cases it is about routine decisions. The data, which are necessary for the adoption of those decisions, are publicly available to any individual. On the other hand are for the key decisions necessary data, which in most cases are not accessible to the public or via the Web. For access to these data are needed specific forms of data acquisition, with which deals Intelligence. (Podbregar, 2012) Richelson (1999), says thaht Intelligence refers to informations which are from the perspective of the Government important for its military, foreign and security interests. According to him, are the main elements of the Intelligence activities: data collection, their analysis, covert actions and Counterintelligence activities. Anžič (1997) and Purg (1995) understand intelligence in the strict sense as an activity that should be publicly or secretly collecting, analysing and evaluating the data, which are relevant for the country or the object of interesr of intelligence services. In a broader sense are a part of Intelligence also covert actions and Counterintelligence activity whose goal is to prevent actions against foreign intelligence services in their own country as well as abroad. They have also described the methods of obtaining the data, depending on the availability of data. As we can see Intelligence activity is divided into several categorias, namely in Intelligence, Counterintelligence and security as we can see from above. In the present work will be presented in detail its Courtintelligence and Intelligence category. The thesis presents each of them saparately from their historic creation until today, describes the basic concepts, which are associted with them and the manner of their methods of work and theit structure. In the last chapter tries to show their common features and common methods of work, as well as the differences that occur between them.

Magistrska naloga želi predstaviti obveščevalno varnostno dejavnost, predvsem pa tajno sodelovanje in prikazovanje žensk pri opravljanju posebnih operativnih metod. Pri izvajanju obveščevalne dejavnosti se uporablja specifične metode in sredstva dela, eno izmed njih pa je tudi tajno sodelovanje, kjer je ključno zbiranje podatkov s pomočjo človeških virov. Na podlagi preučene literature bomo predstavili, da so ženske nepogrešljivi del obveščevalnih služb. Kar nam je pričala že zgodovina, to nam priča tudi sedanjost in tukaj upamo trditi, da bodo ženske tudi v prihodnosti nepogrešljivi del v obveščevalnih službah. Ženska, kot tajna sodelavka, je lahko enako, oziroma še bolj uspešna v določenih nalogah, ki jih opravlja za obveščevalno službo od moškega, ki je zaposlen kot tajni sodelavec v obveščevalni službi. Končni cilj magistrske naloge je, da odstremo stereotipe in na podlagi literature in pričevanj uspešnih žensk, ki so skozi zgodovino delovale kot tajne sodelavke, pokažemo, da ženska kot tajna sodelavka ni le glavna akterka na filmskem platnu. Master's thesis aims to present the intelligence and security activities, particularly covert cooperation and the portrayal of women in the performance of specific operational methods. In implementing the intelligence activity, specific methods and means of work are used, one of them is secret cooperation, where data collection with human resources are key. Based on the studied literature we will be present that women are an indispensable part of the intelligence services. As we have already testified history,this testifies to the present, and here we hope to argue that women will be an indispensable part of the intelligence services in the future. Women as a secret collaborator can be equally or even more successful in the specific tasks carried out by the intelligence service of a man who worked as an undercover agent in the intelligence service. The ultimate objective of the master's thesis is the dismiss al of stereotypes on the basis of literature and testimonies of successful women who have historically acted as secret collaborators and show that a woman as a secret collaborator is not only a role on the movie screen.

Namen diplomske naloge je čim bolje razložiti novo paradigmo obveščevalne dejavnosti, ter zakaj je nastala potreba po njej. V nalogi so razloženi pojmi, katere je treba poznati, da lahko razumemo potrebo po novi obveščevalni paradigmi. Obveščevalna dejavnost se oblikuje že od samega začetka človeške civilizacije in se vedno bolj izpopolnjuje. Slediti pa mora sodobnim trendom in novim grožnjam. Obveščevalne strukture so se v zadnjih letih močno preoblikovale zaradi nekaj ključnih prelomnic zadnjega desetletja. V praksi se vedno manj uporablja tradicionalna obveščevalna paradigma. Bolj se teži k medsebojnemu sodelovanju na mednarodni ravni za čim bolj učinkovito zagotavljanje varnosti. Obveščevalne službe so postavljene pred nove težavne izzive, saj morajo podatke svojim naročnikom posredovati, kar se da hitro le ti pa morajo biti pravilni in imeti skoraj forenzično vrednost. Da izluščijo pomembne podatke iz presežka vseh možnih informacij je za obveščevalne službe velik izziv. Napredek informacijske tehnologije in globalizacija spreminjata družbo. Spremenil se je način življenja, standardi in socialne norme. Potreba po informacijah je vedno večja. Več pa je tudi virov informacij, predvsem javnih. V Sloveniji je potrebno obveščevalno dejavnost še nadgraditi, saj na tem področju zaostaja za drugimi državami. V okviru EU je Slovenija zavezana k sodelovanju v skupnih institucijah. Le z mednarodnim sodelovanjem obveščevalnih organizacij se bo lahko zagotavljala varnost na najvišji ravni. Varnost je predpogoj za razvoj zato jo je potrebno zagotavljati na mednarodni ravni. The purpose of the thesis is best to explain the new paradigm of intelligence, and why there is a need for it. The thesis explains the definitions, which are necessary to know, that we can understand the need for a new intelligence paradigm. Intelligence is formed from the very beginning of human civilization, and is increasingly refined. It has to be followed the latest trends and new threats. Intelligence structures strongly transformed in recent years because of some key milestones of the last decade. In practice the traditional intelligence paradigm is increasingly less used. There is need for mutual cooperation at the international level for the most efficient providing for security. Intelligence agencies are faced with new difficult challenges, because they have to provide information to their clients, as quickly as possible and the information have to be correct and had to have almost forensic value. To extract relevant information from the surplus of all the possible information, is a challenge for intelligence services. The progress of information technology and globalization are changing society. It has changed the way of life, social standards and norms. The need for information is growing. Sources of information are increasing, mainly the public. In Slovenia is necessary to upgrade intelligence while in this area Slovenia is behind other countries. Within the EU, Slovenia has committed to participate in the joint institutions. Only through international cooperation, intelligence organizations will be able to provide security at a highest level. Security is a precondition for development, therefore it is necessary to assure the security on an international level.

Obveščevalna dejavnost na ekonomskem področju je v zadnjih dveh desetletjih postala temelj stabilnosti držav na eni in konkurenčnega napredka gospodarskih družb na drugi strani. Večina obveščevalnih aktivnosti na področju ekonomije in gospodarstva obsega legalne pristope pridobivanja in vrednotenja podatkov. Izjema je vohunjenje, ki je v gospodarstvu še vedno prisotno. Visoka stopnja tveganja in možnosti pravnih sankcij odtehta želja po hitrem doseganju gospodarske rasti in približevanju najbolj uspešnim konkurentom na trgu. V procesu globalizacije in bliskovitega razvoja novih tehnologij je postala skrb za varovanje poslovnih skrivnosti in tržnih prednosti težji zalogaj, kot kadarkoli prej. Obenem so se gospodarske družbe znašle v položaju, ko morajo svojo eksistenco graditi na stalnem razvoju in držanja koraka pred konkurenco. Spremljanje dejavnosti konkurenčnih družb, analiziranje njihovih razvojnih kapacitet, proizvodnih procesov in končnih produktov je ena ključnih nalog vsakega razvojno naravnanega podjetja. Potrebe po izvajanju temeljitih poizvedb o poslovanju konkurenčnih družb, preteklosti zaposlenih in njihovi lojalnosti, preverjanj skrbnosti poslovanja podjetij v primerih prevzemov in nakupov, tržnih študij in svetovalnih storitev so v tujini sprožile hiter razvoj zasebne obveščevalne dejavnosti. Na potrebe trga so odgovorile zasebne poizvedovalno-svetovalne agencije, ki so se v zadnjih dvajsetih letih pojavile predvsem v ZDA in Zahodni Evropi. V Sloveniji se sistemsko obravnavanje obveščevalne dejavnosti na ekonomskem področju še ni povsem prijelo, a majhnosti navkljub vprašanj gospodarske varnosti na račun obveščevalnega delovanja tujih akterjev ne gre zanemarjati. Razvita in izvozno naravnana domača podjetja se tega dobro zavedajo in tudi zaradi tega uspešno poslujejo. Razmere na trgu zahtevajo dodaten razvoj in vlaganja v celovitost varnostnih sistemov v podjetjih in spremljanje konkurence. Pri tem pa so v vseh vidikih obveščevalne dejavnosti na ekonomskem področju v Sloveniji še velike rezerve. In the last two decades the intelligence activities in the economic sphere have become the cornerstone of economic stability of the countries on the one hand, and the cornerstone of competitive progress for companies, on the other. The majority of the intelligence activities in the economic and business sphere include legal approaches that obtain and evaluate data. The economic espionage is an exception that is still persistent. The high level of risk and the possibility of legal sanctions are outweighing the aim to achieve rapid economic growth and to approach the most successful competitors on the market In the process of globalization and the rapid development of new technologies a concern for the protection of trade secrets and commercial advantages has become a major task than ever before. At the same time, the companies are in a position where they have to keep ahead of their competition and to build their existence on the continuous development. Monitoring competitors' activities, analyzing their development capacities, production processes and finished products is one of the key tasks of any development-oriented company. The necessity of carrying out thorough investigations regarding competitors' activities, background checks, employee loyalty, due diligence in mergers and acquisitions, market research and advisory services triggered rapid development of the private intelligence abroad. Private fact finding and consultancy agencies have responded to the market's needs by developing their business in the past twenty years primarily in the USA and Western Europe. In Slovenia the systematic treatment of economic intelligence is not yet established. Despite being a small economy, issues of economic security on behalf of the intelligence activities carried out by foreign entities must not be neglected. Developed and export-oriented domestic companies are fully aware of this issue and therefore run a successful business. Market conditions require further development and investment in the integrity of security systems in companies as well as monitoring the competition. By doing this, in Slovenia there are still large reserves in all aspects of the intelligence activities in the economic sphere.

Vsak notranji nadzor se začne doma, v lastni hiši. Nadzor je del procesa upravljanja organizacije. Tudi obveščevalno-varnostne službe tu niso izjema, še več, notranji nadzor predstavlja osnovo vseh drugih, zunanjih nadzorov (Podbregar, 2012). Širša javnost ima malokdaj možnost brati o dejavnostih obveščevalno-varnostnih služb. Običajno se jih zasledi takrat, ko nekaj ne poteka tako, kot bi moralo, torej takrat, ko kršijo zakon. Dvom v nadzor, predvsem pa notranji nadzor nad njihovim delom, se pojavi takrat, ko kršijo zakon in mediji ali javnost tega ne izvedo. Zanimalo nas je, kateri so tisti instrumenti, ki državljanom in državljankam omogočajo vpogled nad delom služb, katerih narava dela je takšna, da je meja med dovoljenim in nedovoljenim tako zabrisana, da upravičeno vzbuja dvome, ali niso morda pravice državljanov in državljank kršene. Nadzor sodne, izvršne in zakonodajne oblasti je seveda zakonsko urejen, pa vendar ne moremo mimo vprašanja, kako poteka notranji nadzor nad delom varnostno-obveščevalnih služb. Razumemo lahko, da je njihovo delo zaradi narave informacij občutljivo, pa vendar, čemu služi notranji nadzor, če pa o ugotovitvah le-tega ne izvemo prav nič. Kakšen je pravzaprav namen tovrstnega nadzora? Za primerjavo smo v diplomskem delu vzeli Rusijo, način delovanja njenih varnostnih služb in nadzor nad njimi. Ni bilo vprašanje, kateri sistem nadzora je boljši, temveč, ali tovrstne službe smejo kršiti človekove pravice in svoboščine, ne da bi za to zakonsko odgovarjale. Gre za vprašanja etike, dostojanstva, pravičnosti in zakonitosti, do katerih smo državljani upravičeni, saj smo v medijih lahko zasledili, da je njihovo delovanje včasih tudi prekoračeno. Naloga kritično predstavlja osnovne pojme s področja notranjega nadzora nad obveščevalno-varnostnimi službami in spodbuja bralca k širšemu, predvsem pa konstruktivnemu razmišljanju. Any internal oversight begins at home, in our own house. Oversight is part of the management process of the organization. In this sense, the intelligence and security services are no exception, and what is more, the internal oversight is the basis for all other, external oversights (Podbregar, 2012). The general public rarely has the opportunity to read about the activities of the intelligence and security services. Usually, they detect them when something does not go the way it should, i.e. when they break the law. Doubt as to the oversight appears, in particular to the internal oversight of their work when the law is violated, and the media or general public do not find out about it. We want to know what the instruments given to the citizens enabling an insight into the work of intelligence services are, since the nature of their work is such that the boundary between permissible and unlawful is so blurred that reasonable doubts, if citizens’ rights have not been violated, are oftentimes raised. The control of the judiciary, executive and legislative bodies, of course, is legally regulated however, we cannot ignore the question of how an internal control of security intelligence works. It is well understood that due to the nature of the information they process, their work is sensitive, but what is an internal oversight good for if we know nothing about the results of their work. What then is the purpose of this type of oversight? For comparison, this thesis looks at Russia, and different ways of its security services and oversight. The question is not whose oversight system is better, but whether such services violate human and civil rights without being legally accountable. This is a question of ethics, dignity, justice and legality, to which citizens are entitled, for we can see in the media that the intelligence operations were sometimes exceeded. This thesis illustrates the basic concepts of the internal oversight of intelligence services and encourages the reader to a deeper and predominantly constructive thinking.

Diplomska naloga Povezljivost terorizma in obveščevalnih služb prikazuje, kako sta omenjena pojma medsebojno povezana. Saj tako kot delo obveščevalno-varnostnih služb vpliva na terorizem, tudi delovanje terorističnih organizacij vpliva na samo taktiko in delovanje obveščevalnih služb ter hkrati tudi na spreminjanje zakonodaje za preprečevanje terorizma in lažje delo obveščevalnih služb. Glede na porast terorizma je danes preprečevanje le-tega zelo pomembno za nacionalno in mednarodno varnost. V tem času ne more nihče reči, da je varen pred teroristi in njihovimi napadi. Živimo namreč v globalnem svetu, kjer je za uspešen boj proti terorizmu zelo pomembno sodelovanje obveščevalno-varnostnih služb tako na nacionalni kot na mednarodni ravni. Boj proti terorizmu je v zadnjem času postal primarna naloga obveščevalno-varnostnih služb. V tej nalogi bo predstavljena zgodovina terorizma in obveščevalnih služb od samega začetka do danes. Glede na ugotovitve o razvoju terorizma skozi zgodovino do danes se dotaknemo tudi terorizma v prihodnosti. Videli bomo, da sta obveščevalna dejavnost in terorizem stara kot samo človeštvo, vendar se je njuno delovanje spreminjalo skozi zgodovino. Pri tem pa bo opaziti medsebojni vpliv in posledično prilagajanje enega drugemu. Predstavljeni bodo tudi vzroki za nastanek terorizma, priprava in izvedba akcij teroristične organizacije ter potencialne poti iz terorizma. Obenem bo prikazano tudi delo obveščevalnih služb danes, in sicer s predstavitvijo slovenskih obveščevalnih služb Slovenske obveščevalno–varnostne agencije (SOVA) in Obveščevalno–varnostne službe Ministrstva za obrambo Republike Slovenije (OVS MORS). Ker je danes v ospredju varovanje človekovih pravic in temeljnih svoboščin, bo predstavljena tudi pravna podlaga Republike Slovenije za delovanje obveščevalno–varnostnih služb v Republiki Sloveniji ter nadzorstvo nad njimi. The thesis paper Correlation of terrorism and intelligence agencies shows how the mentioned concepts interconnect. The work of the intelligence and security services has an impact on terrorism just as the terrorist organizations and their operations have an impact on the tactics and activities of intelligence services, and also on the changing the laws for the prevention of terrorism and to facilitate the work of the intelligence services. Given the increase in terrorism today, the prevention of terrorism is very important for national and international security. At this time no one can say that they are safe from terrorists and their attacks. We live in a global world where successful counter-terrorism co-operation of intelligence and security services both at national and international levels is very important. The fight against terrorism has become the primary task of the intelligence and security services in recent times. In this paper the history of terrorism and intelligence services from the very beginning to the present will be presented. According to the findings on the development of terrorism through history up to now we touch on terrorism in the future. We will see that intelligence and terrorism are as old as mankind, but their operations changed throughout history. The interactions between them and the consequent adjustment to one another will be noticeable. The causes of terrorism, preparation and execution of terrorist actions and the potential paths of terrorism will also be presented. At the same time the work of the intelligence services today will be shown with the presentation of the intelligence services of the Slovene intelligence and security agency (SOVA) and the Intelligence and Security Department of the Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Slovenia (OVS MORS). Since the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms is at the forefront today the legal basis of the Republic of Slovenia for the functioning of the intelligence and security services in the Republic of Slovenia and the supervision of them will be presented.

V nalogi je predstavljena primerjava kriminalistične obveščevalne dejavnosti in vojaške obveščevalne dejavnosti na podlagi njunih značilnosti. Predstavljeni so pojmi obveščevalna dejavnost, vojaška obveščevalna dejavnost, kriminalistična obveščevalna dejavnost, obveščevalni podatek, obveščevalna informacija, obveščevalni izdelek in drugo. Najprej na kratko predstavimo obveščevalno dejavnost, nato podrobneje še kriminalistično obveščevalno dejavnost in vojaško obveščevalno dejavnost. V okviru teh je za slednji dve poudarek v predstavitvi organizacije, obveščevalnih funkcij, obveščevalnega cikla, obveščevalnih informacij oziroma obveščevalnih izdelkov ter v okviru kriminalistične obveščevalne dejavnosti še pomen obveščevalno vodene policijske dejavnosti. Kot posebej pomembno podrobneje osvetlimo načine pridobivanja surovih podatkov, ki vstopajo v obveščevalni proces in predstavljajo temelj za vse nadaljnje faze v obveščevalnem procesu. Pozornost je pri tem usmerjena na podobnosti in razlike med kriminalistično obveščevalno dejavnostjo in vojaško obveščevalno dejavnostjo ter na to, katere so morebitne prednosti, ki bi lahko koristile pri izvajanju kriminalistične obveščevalne oziroma vojaško obveščevalne dejavnosti za našo državo. The thesis presents the comparison of criminal and military intelligence based on their characteristics. It presents the concepts of intelligence, military intelligence, criminal intelligence, intelligence data, intelligence information, intelligence product, etc. The first part briefly discusses intelligence, followed by more detailed presentation of criminal and military intelligence with focus on presentation of the organization, intelligence functions, intelligence cycle, intelligence data, intelligence information and intelligence products, including the importance of intelligence-led policing as part of criminal intelligence. Special attention is paid to methods of acquiring raw data entering the intelligence process as a foundation for all subsequent phases of the intelligence process. In the end, similarities and differences between criminal and military intelligence are discussed with focus on possible benefits that might be useful in the implementation of criminal or military intelligence for Slovenia.

Supervizor na nacionalni in Wikileaks na svetovni ravni danes predstavljata sredstvi za lažje finančno, politično ali vse svetovno poznavanje dogajanja v državi ali v svetu. Aplikacija Supervizor nam omogoča, da lahko kadarkoli preverimo, koliko denarja je dobila osnovna šola v našem kraju ali morda koliko je podjetje našega soseda prejelo od države za urejanje vrtov. V nasprotju s finančnimi tokovi nam Wikileaks razkriva, kaj sta se na poslovnem kosilu pogovarjala ameriški minister in naš predsednik vlade ter ob tem izvemo, kaj vse smo Slovenci ali politiki pripravljeni narediti za odobravanje med politiki sosednjih držav ali priljubljenost med njimi. V diplomski nalogi smo poskušali tudi izvedeti, koliko slednji podatki vplivajo na našo osebno nacionalno varnost z boljšim poznavanje aplikacije Supervizor in depeš o Sloveniji iz Wikileaksa. Omenili smo njun vpliv glede samega pretoka informacij na svetovnem spletu ali t.i. OSINT, torej na zbiranje, obdelavo, analizo in na koncu objavo podatkov. V diplomski nalogi opredeljujemo tudi vpliv Supervizorja in Wikileaksa na osebno ali nacionalno varnost, koliko slednji ogrožata nas ali našo državo ter kaj nam s tem prinašata in ob tem odvzemata. Supervizor and Wikileaks provide useful information about financial and political situation in our own country or worldwide. The Supervizor application ensures you can check anytime you want, how much money did your local elementary school get from the government or how much did our neighbour's business get. Wikileaks uncovers private conversations between American prime minister and Slovenian president and that’s how we can discover exactly what lengths do the politicians go through, just for approval or popularity of their country. In thesis, by knowing how the application Supervizor woks and with information we could get from Wikileaks about Slovenia, we were trying to determinate how this data applies to the relations of our national security. I also determinate the power of Supervizor and Wikileaks on personal and national security, how much both of them endanger our country and ourselves and what are their benefits and their weaknesses.

Opis Operacije Anaconda, ki je potekala med vojno v Afganistanu. Description of Operation Anaconda, which took place during the war in Afghanistan.