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This dissertation investigates the phonetic and phonological characteristics of Danish stop consonants, with particular focus on their diachronic origin and synchronic variation. Using data-oriented and statistical methods, it fills empirical gaps in phonetic research on Danish stops and in doing so contributes to our understanding of the overall sound system of the language.The dissertation reports the results of a number of studies which combine spontaneous speech corpora with state-of-the-art techniques in statistical modeling. Topics considered include intervocalic voicing, which is shown to be rare in all stops and in almost all phonetic contexts, and affrication of aspirated stop releases, which is shown to be strongly dependent on place of articulation. The dissertation also investigates a range of phonetic parameters in a legacy corpus of traditional varieties of Jutland Danish, with the results showing systematic regional variation even in minute acoustic details.

This dissertation investigates the phonetic and phonological characteristics of Danish stop consonants, with particular focus on their diachronic origin and synchronic variation. Using data-oriented and statistical methods, it fills empirical gaps in phonetic research on Danish stops and in doing so contributes to our understanding of the overall sound system of the language.The dissertation reports the results of a number of studies which combine spontaneous speech corpora with state-of-the-art techniques in statistical modeling. Topics considered include intervocalic voicing, which is shown to be rare in all stops and in almost all phonetic contexts, and affrication of aspirated stop releases, which is shown to be strongly dependent on place of articulation. The dissertation also investigates a range of phonetic parameters in a legacy corpus of traditional varieties of Jutland Danish, with the results showing systematic regional variation even in minute acoustic details.

This study investigates the link between the perception and production in sound change in progress, both at the regional and the individual level. Two devoicing processes showing regional variation in Dutch are studied: the devoicing of initial labiodental fricatives and of initial bilabial stops. Five regions were selected, to represent different stages of change in progress. For each region, 20 participants took part in production (Study 1) and perception (Study 2) experiments. First, the results of the production tasks give additional insight in the regional and individual patterns of sound change. Second, the regional perceptual patterns in fricatives match the differences in production: perception is the most categorical in regions where the devoicing process is starting, and the least categorical in regions where the process of devoicing is almost completed. Finally, a clear link is observed between the production and perception systems undergoing sound change at the individual level. Changes in the perceptual system seem to precede changes in production. However, at the sound change completion, perception lags behind: individuals still perceive a contrast they no longer produce.

International audience; Voicing assimilations inside groups of obstruents occur in opposite directions in French and German, where they are respectively regressive and progressive. The aim of the study is to investigate (1) whether non native speakers (here French learners of German) are apt to acquire subtle L2 specificities like assimilation direction, although they are not aware of their very existence, or (2) whether their productions depend essentially upon other factors, in particular consonant place of articulation. To that purpose, a corpus made up of groups of obstruents (/t/ followed by /z/, /v/ or /f/) embedded into sentences has been recorded by 16 French learners of German (beginners and advanced speakers). The consonants are separated by a word or a syllable boundary. Results, derived from the analysis of consonant periodicity and duration, do not stand for an acquisition of progressive assimilation, even by advanced speakers, and do not show differences between the productions of advanced speakers and beginners. On the contrary the boundary type and the consonant place of articulation play an important role in the presence or absence of voicing inside obstruent groups. The role of phonetic, universal mechanisms against linguistic specific rules is discussed to interpret the data.

Orientador: Eleonora Cavalcante Albano Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem Resumo: Esta dissertação pretende criar uma base de dados de referência da fala infantil, para o estudo de vogais e obstruintes do Português Brasileiro (doravante PB). Os sujeitos têm de 5 a 7 anos de idade, sem história de patologias de fala. Para isso, desenvolveu-se uma ferramenta lúdica para a coleta da fala dos sujeitos. A metodologia é centrada em uma história infantil, intitulada "Deu a louca nos Contos de Fadas", e usa um jogo de percurso de tabuleiro para gerar a emissão de 57 palavras criadas para o instrumento. O total de palavras alvo é 36. Elas foram criadas pondo-se em correspondência cada obstruinte do PB (fricativas e oclusivas) com as vogais [a], [i] e [u]. A metodologia permite a coleta de todos os sons do PB na posição de ataque inicial e medial. Este estudo utilizou-o apenas para observar obstruintes e vogais em posição tônica inicial. Foram coletados dados de 9 crianças (5 meninas e 4 meninos) na fase final de aquisição da linguagem. Para as gravações, o pesquisador solicitou às crianças que dissessem as palavras alvo inseridas em uma frase veículo que se mantinha dentro do tema lúdico. A frase foi "Digo ____ volte atrás". Essa dizia respeito a desfazer uma suposta confusão gerada pelos protagonistas da história infantil. Era a frase "mágica". Apenas uma sessão de coleta de dados (para cada criança) foi suficiente para gravar todas as palavras-alvo. Em análise preliminar, notou-se que os parâmetros acústicos estáticos nem sempre eram capazes de descrever a variação e a dinâmica dos fenômenos da fala infantil. Por isso usamos dois tipos de análise: uma de parâmetros acústicos estáticos e uma de parâmetros acústicos dinâmicos, baseada em inspeção de forma de onda e espectrogramas. Para a análise estatística optou-se pelo Modelo Linear Geral (GLM) com uma Análise de Variância de Medidas Repetidas. O alpha foi estabelecido em 0,05. Como resultado das análises de parâmetros acústicos de vogais obtivemos que F1 diferenciou [a] de [i] e [u], F2 diferenciou as três vogais e F3 diferenciou [i] de [a] e [u]. As freqüências dos três formantes é mais alta do que o esperado para adultos. A análise dinâmica de forma de onda e espectrogramas parece indicar demora para a estabilização da trajetória formântica, especialmente em F2 para cerca de 9% dos casos. Como resultado das análises de parâmetros estáticos de consoantes fricativas, obtivemos que a assimetria e o centróide foram eficazes para diferenciar os três locais de constrição, o vozeamento e a interação entre local e vozeamento. A curtose não distinguiu as fricativas em nenhum parâmetro. A variância somente diferenciou local de constrição. A análise dinâmica parece indicar que ocorre desvozeamento parcial em fricativas vozeadas e vozeamento parcial em fricativas desvozeadas. Como resultado das análises de parâmetros estáticos de consoantes oclusivas, obtivemos que a assimetria e o centróide foram eficazes para diferenciar os três locais de constrição, o vozeamento e a interação entre local e vozeamento. A curtose e a variância foram eficazes para diferenciar os três locais de constrição e o vozeamento, porém não para sua associação. O VOT foi eficaz para diferenciar não somente vozeamento, mas também o local de constrição. A análise dinâmica indica que ocorre desvozeamento parcial em oclusivas vozeadas e vozeamento parcial em oclusivas desvozeadas. E que vogais infantis tem freqüências mais altas do que da adulta, porém seus espaços vocálicos são semelhantes. Esses fenômenos podem ser iluminados pela fonologia Gestual (Browman & Goldstein, 1992; Ball & Kent, 1997; Scobbie, 1998; Albano, 2001; Kent & Read , 2002; Shadle, 2006; Goldstein, Byrd & Saltzman 2006). Esperamos que essa abordagem possa trazer ainda mais luz à este trabalho Abstract : This master's thesis study aims at creating a reference database for the study of vowels and obstruents in child speakers of Brazilian Portuguese (henceforth BP). The subjects are between 5 and 7 years old, with no history of speech disorders. Special tool was developed for data collection, centered on a child story named "Fairy Tales Go Crazy" with 57 words created for the instrument with all sounds of BP in initial and medial onset position. To prompt word utterance a board game was used. The total number of target words is only 36: total of words which were created by matching each BP obstruent (fricatives and plosives) with the vowels [a], [i] and [u]. The tool was used in this study to observe obstruents and vowels only in initial stressed position. The data was collected from 9 children (5 girls and 4 boys) in the final stages of language acquisition, selected as randomly as possible. Researcher asks each child to say the target words embedded in a carrier sentence. A preliminary analysis showed that acoustic phonetic parameters were not always sufficient to describe the variation and dynamics of the speech signal in child language. Therefore, we have used two types of analysis: a Static Acoustic Analysis and a Dynamic Acoustic Analysis. The static acoustic analysis made the following measurements: for vowels, relative duration (a percent obtained of segment absolute duration divided per word duration), absolute duration and the first three formants; for fricatives, relative and absolute duration and the four spectral moments (Jongman, 2000). The fricative spectral moments were measured at their center in a 40 millisecond window; for plosives, relative and absolute duration, voice onset time (VOT) and the burst spectral moments (Forrest et al., 1988). Statistical analysis was performed by a General Linear Model (GLM) with a Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance. Alpha was set at 0.05. For the vowels the dependent variables were the formants and the independent ones were the vowels. As expected, F1 was effective in differentiating the vowel [a] from [i] and [u], F2 was effective for differentiating the three vowels, F3 was effective only to differentiate the vowel [i] from [u] and [a]. For the fricatives the independent variables were the articulation places (lip-dental, alveolar or post-alveolar) associated with the voicing (voiced or devoiced) - total of six independent variables - and the dependent variables were the first four spectral moments. The skewness and centre of gravity were effective in differentiating the three places of articulation, and the association between the voicing and place. The kurtosis did not distinguish fricatives in any parameter. The standard deviation differed only place of articulation. For plosives the independent variables were places of articulation (bilabial, dental/alveolar and velar) associated with the voicing (voiced or devoiced) - total of six independent variables - and the dependent variables were the four spectral moments and VOT. The skewness and centre of gravity were effective in differentiating the three places of articulation, the voicing and the association between voicing and place. The kurtosis and variance were effective in differentiating the three places of articulation and voicing separately, but not for their association. As expected, the VOT could distinguish the voicing, but was also effective for differentiating the place of articulation as well as the association between voicing and point. The dynamic acoustic analysis showed that voiced plosives may devoice and devoiced plosives may voice. It showed that, often, normal children's strategies are similar to those with language pathologies described by Berti (2006), Freitas (2007) and Rodrigues (2007). We should note that none of these phenomena would seem strange to the adult listener, being auditorily imperceptible. In spite of deviating from adults in acoustic trajectories as seen on spectrograms, normal children seem to produce something which sounds close to what is expected by adults. These phenomena may be illuminated by Gestural Phonology (Browman & Goldstein, 1992; Ball & Kent, 1997; Scobbie, 1998; Albano, 2001; Kent & Read , 2002; Shadle, 2006; Goldstein, Byrd & Saltzman 2006). We hope this approach may shed further light on this work Mestrado Lingüística Mestre em Linguística

International audience; We analyze voicing in sequences of obstruents with French as L1 and German as L2, languages characterized by strong differences in the voicing dimension, including assimilation direction. To that purpose, we study the realizations of two sequences of obstruents, where the first consonant, in final position, is fortis, and the second consonant, in initial position is either a lenis stop or a lenis fricative. These sequences lead to a possible anticipation of voicing in French, a direction not allowed in German given German phonetics and phonology. Highly variable realizations are observed: progressive and regressive assimilations, and absence of assimilation, often accompanied by an unexpected pause. Results show that French learners tend to perform better when the consonant is a stop than a fricative. Results are discussed as a function of French learners' mastering of German (final voicelessness, stop voicing, as well as phonological system).

Straipsnyje pirmą kartą lietuvių kalbos trankieji priebalsiai tiriami lokuso lygčių (locus equations) metodu, kuris akustinės fonetikos tyrimuose plačiai taikomas tiek balsių ir priebalsių koartikuliacijos lygiui nustatyti, tiek priebalsių artikuliacijos vietai tirti. Be to, tai pirmasis lyginamasis lietuvių ir latvių kalbų trankiųjų priebalsių tyrimas, atliktas pagal tą pačią metodiką. Straipsnyje pateikiama abiejų baltų kalbų priebalsių akustinė klasifikacija, sukurta remiantis universaliais Tarptautinės fonetikų asociacijos (TFA) sukurtais principais. Abiejų kalbų lokuso lygčių rezultatai lyginami pagal tris kriterijus: balsingumą, palatalizaciją ir artikuliacijos vietą.

International audience; Produced and perceived effort according to the voicing in French Laryngeal and articulatory muscles are involved in the realization of the features that distinguish phonemes. This study focuses on self-perception by the speakers and repartition of vocal and articulatory effort according to the voicing in modal speech compared to whispered speech. For the 12 French obstruents, the perceived effort is greater for the voiced consonants than for the corresponding voiceless ones, except for the labiodental fricatives. The analysis of bilabial stops production show that laryngeal effort is greater for the voiced consonants and the articulatory effort greater for the voiceless ones, and reversely for the fricatives. These results indicate that perceived effort in his/her own production is based on a predominant perception of laryngeal effort over articulatory effort in modal speech as in whispered speech, but that it's modulated by the manner and the place of articulation.; Les muscles laryngés et articulatoires sont impliqués dans la réalisation des traits qui distinguent les phonèmes. Cette étude porte sur l’auto-perception par les locuteurs et la répartition de l’effort vocal et articulatoire en fonction du trait de voisement en parole modale comparée à la parole chuchotée en français. Pour les 12 obstruantes du français, l’effort est ressenti plus important pour les voisées que les non voisées correspondantes, excepté dans le cas des fricatives labiodentales. Les analyses de la production des occlusives bilabiales montrent que l’effort laryngé est supérieur pour les consonnes voisées et l’effort articulatoire supérieur pour les non voisées, mais l’inverse pour les fricatives. Ces résultats indiquent que l’effort ressenti lors de sa propre production repose sur une perception prédominante de l’effort laryngé sur l’effort articulatoire en voix modale comme en voixchuchotée ; mais qu’il est cependant modulé selon le lieu et le mode d’articulation des consonnes.

International audience; In this paper, we present a historical account for the tonal alternations observed in the Khaling verbal system. We show that most of these alternations can be explained by two series of sound change. First, level and falling tones appeared in closed syllables with sonorant and ob-struents codas respectively. Second, the loss of vowels in specific contexts lead to the development of additional falling tones. A residue of falling tones remain unaccounted for by the present reconstruction, but several hypotheses are proposed to explain their origin.

This document is a critical edition of a short article by Haudricourt: Haudricourt, André-Georges. 1979. "Le traitement des spirantes lors de la mutation des initiales." In Therapan L. Thongkum, V. Panupong, P. Kullavanijaya & Kalaya Tingsabadh (eds.), Studies in Tai and Mon-Khmer phonetics and phonology in honor of Eugénie J.A. Henderson, pp. 105-110. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University Press. Michel Ferlus explains and expands the line of reasoning set out by André-Georges Haudricourt., Ce document est une édition critique d'un court article d'Haudricourt: Haudricourt, André-Georges. 1979. "Le traitement des spirantes lors de la mutation des initiales." In Therapan L. Thongkum, V. Panupong, P. Kullavanijaya & Kalaya Tingsabadh (eds.), Studies in Tai and Mon-Khmer phonetics and phonology in honor of Eugénie J.A. Henderson, pp. 105-110. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University Press. Michel Ferlus reprend et développe le raisonnement d'André-Georges Haudricourt.

The present study examines how Swiss German learners cope with the contrast between voiced and unvoiced obstruents in L2 French. The feature [±voice]) is not exploited in Swiss German dialects, where pairs of obstruents sharing the same place and manner of articulation are basically differentiated in terms of longer or shorter duration (i.e., the feature [±tense]). Therefore, we expect that Swiss German learners of French would assimilate the non-native feature [±voice] to the native [±tense] contrast, due to the great similarity and the functional equivalence of the two features; devoicing is predicted to occur more often in universally preferred positions such as the prepausal context. The corpus consists of 20 sentences (containing 6 voiced obstruents in 6 different phonotactic contexts), which were read by 10 high school students. An acoustic analysis permitted to categorize the 340 tokens into three discrete types: fully voiced, fully unvoiced, partially voiced. Chi-square tests yielded significant effects of the factors “context”, “segment” and “speaker” on the variable “voicing”. In particular, speakers pronounced 58% of the intervocalic obstruents as fully voiced, whereas they devoiced 85% of the prepausal tokens (thus, revealing both L1-based and universally preferred patterns).

Luwanga has a seemingly allophonic surface distribution of voiced and voiceless obstruents. This commonplace distribution typically requires the proposition that segments are specified as either [±voice] underlyingly, with their counterparts derived via phonological rule. Drawing evidence from consonant alternations in Class 9/10 nouns and their derivatives, obstruents contrast for [voice], at least in stem-initial position. Elsewhere, voice is non-contrastive. The outcome of this alternation, although transparent, cannot be captured in a standard constraint-based optimality theoretic framework and instead requires machinery employed to address surface opacity. This paper illustrates that the result of competing pressures to remain faithful to the underlying segmental structure, as well as to a consonant’s specification for [voice], is the seemingly transparent but analytically opaque retention of marked structure. We illustrate that this type of cumulative faithfulness is best addressed via one of two evaluative mechanisms capable of capturing additive effects, namely Local Constraint Conjunction and Harmonic Grammar.

Die vorliegende Dissertation befasst sich mit den artikulatorischen und perzeptiven Charakteristika der palatalen Artikulationsstelle, wobei der empirische Schwerpunkt auf der Untesuchung des ungarischen palatalen Obstruenten liegt. Die Motivation für diese Forschungsfrage ist der Tatsache geschuldet dass sich eine beträchtliche Anzahl instrumentalphonetischer Arbeiten sowohl aus dem Bereich Sprachproduktion als auch aus dem Bereich Perzeption mit den drei Hauptartikulationsstellen - labial, alveolar und velar - auseinandergesetzt hat. Im Vergleich dazu befasst sich vergleichsweise wenig Forschungsliteratur mit der der Klasse der Paltale. Der einleitende Teil der Arbeit fasst die theoretischen Ansätze zum Thema sowohl aus phonologischer als auch aus phonetischer Sicht zusammen. Die Ergebnisse des empirischen Teils der Arbeit demonstrieren einige durch palatale Segmente hervorgerufene instrusive Effekte, wenn diese als zusätzliche Antworkategorie zu den drei Hauptartikulationsstellen in Experimenten zur kategorialen Wahrnehmung präsentiert werden. Artikulatorische Studien mittels Elektormagnetischer Artikulographie (EMA) weisen den ungarischen Palatal als dorsopalatal mit diesbezügluch charakteristischen koartikulatorischen und biomechanischen Features aus. This dissertation presents articulatory and perceptual characteristics of the palatal place of articulation with the focus on the Hungarian palatal obstruent. This research question is motivated by the fact that a lot of instrumental research in perceptual but also articulatory phonetics has concentrated on the study of the three major - labial, alveolar and velar - places of articulation whereas substantially less attention has been devoted to segments from the palatal class. The introductory part summarises the relevant foundations from both phonetic and phonological perspectives. Empirical cross-linguistic work demonstrates some intrusive effects of the palatal segment when introduced in an experimental setup manipulating transitional parameters in a Categorical Perception study. Studies by means of Electromagnetic Articulography phonetically qualify the Hungarian palatal as a dorsopalatal with characteristic coarticulatory and biomechanic features.

This study extends a cross-linguistic collaboration on phonological development, which aims to compare production of word-initial obstruents across sets of languages which have comparable consonants that differ in overall frequency or in the frequency with which they occur in analogous sound sequences. By comparing across languages, the influence of language-specific distributional patterns on consonant mastery can be disentangled from the effects of more general phonetic constraints on development. We compared production of French and Drehu word-initial obstruents to frequencies in the input, and did word and non-word repetition experiments with French and Drehu-acquiring two-year-old to five-year-old children. Results show that frequencies in the input are correlated to production of word initial obstruents especially in youngest children. Both groups of monolingual and bilingual children have similar scores but they show different patterns for particular obstruents that differ in the input frequencies., L'étude que nous présentons s'inscrit dans le cadre d'une collaboration interlinguistique sur le développement phonologique. L'objectif est de comparer les productions de consonnes à l'initiale des mots dans plusieurs langues présentant des consonnes comparables mais distinctes par leurs fréquences intrinsèques ou dans les fréquences auxquelles elles apparaissent en contexte vocalique similaire. En comparant plusieurs langues, l'influence sur la maîtrise des consonnes des répartitions distributionnelles spécifiques à la langue peut être séparée de celle des effets des contraintes phonétiques plus générales sur le développement. Nous avons comparé les productions de consonnes à l'initiale de mots en français et en drehu aux fréquences dans la langue ambiante, dans des tâches de répétitions de mots et de non-mots chez des enfants de deux à cinq ans francophones et locuteurs du drehu. Les résultats montrent que les fréquences dans la langue ambiante sont corrélées aux scores de production correcte des consonnes à l'initiale des mots, surtout chez les enfants les plus jeunes. Les groupes d'enfants monolingues francophones et bilingues français-drehu ont des scores globaux similaires mais présentent des différences pour certaines consonnes de fréquences différentes dans les deux langues.

International audience; The present paper examines the voicing effects in Modern Arabic. Data, consisting of 78 different VC syllable contexts (36 voiced syllables and 42 voiceless syllables), was produced by 16 speakers. 3736 tokens were analyzed, they showed that voicing affects the duration of the consonant and the vowel. The voiced consonant is shorter (83 ms), compared with the voiceless consonant (118 ms), whereas the vowel is longer when followed by a voiced consonant (103 ms), compared with a voiceless consonant (86 ms). A hierarchy was observed for this correlation to be dependent on manner of articulation (stop vs. fricative) and on vowel quantity (long vs. short).

Diese Dissertation beinhaltet eine umfassende Untersuchung der deutschen stimmlosen Obstruenten [pf, ts, p, t, f, s]. Dabei wurden akustische Merkmale in einem automatisierten Verfahren aus dem Sprachsignal extrahiert um die untersuchten Obstruenten in ihrer Artikulationsart und -ort zu unterscheiden. Die Ergebnisse wurden in Sprachperzeptionsexperimenten validiert, indem die Bedeutung der zuvor extrahierten akustischen Merkmale, zum Bespiel bestimmter Frequenzbereiche, getestet wurde. Die Ergebnisse werden abschliessend hinsichtlich ihrer Verwendbarkeit fuer einen automatischen Spracherkenner diskutiert.

En este trabajo se analiza la taxonomía de las nivelaciones dialectales y se propone la posibilidad de un tercer tipo impulsado por los electrotextos, en particular, el denominado chateo y los mensajes de texto de la telefonía celular, los cuales paradójicamente facilitan y restringen la comunicación. Se examina y se rechaza la posibilidad de que estos textos constituyan un tercer medio de realización de las lenguas naturales en contraposición a los medios oral y escrito. Se propone una modificación de la clasificación dialectal con la inclusión de las especies dialectales. Sobre la base de datos del español y del inglés, se propone una explicación de los procesos de abreviación silábica en los electrotextos, tomando como hipótesis fundamental la disparidad en los inventarios fonéticos de sonorantes, que incluyen las vocales y las obstruyentes, mayoría en los inventarios fonéticos de las lenguas naturales. In this paper the taxonomy of dialectal levelings is analyzed and the possibility of a third type brought about by electrotexts, particularly, those coming from chatting on the Internet and mobile phone text messages. The proposal that these texts represent a third medium of language in contrast with the oral and written ones is rejected. Dialectal classification is modified by the inclusion of dialectal species. With Spanish and English data, the abbreviation processes of electrotexts are explained, on the basis of the disparity between obstruents and sonorants in the phonemic inventories of natural languages. Dans cette recherche, on analyse la taxonomie des nivellements dialectaux et on propose un troisième type fondé sur les électrotextes, particulièrement ce qu’on appelle chat et les messages de texte des téléphones mobiles qui facilitent et restreignent paradoxalement la communication. On examine et refuse la possibilité que ces textes constituent un troisième moyen de réalisation des langues naturelles par opposition aux moyens oral et écrit. On propose une modification de la classification dialectale avec l’inclusion des espèces dialectales. Fondé sur des données de l’espagnol et de l’anglais, on propose une explication des processus d’abréviation syllabique dans les électrotextes partant de la disparité dans les inventaires phonétiques de sonorants incluant les voyelles et les obstruantes, les plus nombreuses dans les inventaires phonétiques des langues naturelles.

Version améliorée (en septembre 2014) de l'article de 1982. On a corrigé les nombreuses erreurs inhérentes à la nouveauté du sujet et introduit des éléments nouveaux. Le cadre et le style de l'article ont été préservés. Les principales modifications sont en bleu.; International audience; Cet article analyse le phénomène de spirantisation des obstruantes médiales et ses conséquences pour la formation du système consonantique du vietnamien. L'histoire du vietnamien est celle d'une langue dissyllabique poussée au monosyllabisme sous l'influence du chinois. Il y a deux procédés pour passer au monosyllabisme : (1) Chute de la présyllabe après une période possible de réduction et d'amuïssement. Ce procédé est observable dans la famille des langues môn-khmer. (2) Compression du mot en gommant les consonnes médiales. La première manifestation en est la spirantisation qui, si elle se continue normalement, aboutit à une vocalisation. Le vietnamien a combiné les procédés 1 et 2. Les présyllabes sont tombées alors que les spirantes n'avaient pas achevé leur évolution vers un affaiblissement plus poussé ; se retrouvant à l'initiale, elles se sont phonologisées. La survivance de ces spirantes par des sonores a donc un caractère accidentel. Ces phénomènes font du vietnamien une langue exemplaire pour la phonétique historique.

International audience; Récemment, DRESHER (2007, 2009) développe une proposition, le Successive Division Algorithm (SDA), dont les racines remonteraient au moins à TRUBETZKOY (1939) et JAKOBSON (1969), a.k.a. l'Ecole de Prague, et qui se différencierait du Pairwise Algorithm (PA). Doit-on y inclure Martinet ? Pour DRESHER (2007), la réponse est oui. Puisqu'au détour d'une réflexion sur l'analyse, sous-jacente aux Grundzüge, des obstruantes du français, il se réfère à une représentation de ces consonnes proposée par MARTINET (1964) "whose analysis is clearly influenced by Trubetzkoy". Cependant, à relire MARTINET (1939, 1955), on remarque un désaccord entre ses propositions concernant la représentation du système du français et celles issues du courant praguois. Martinet défendant une vision bidimensionnelle des oppositions (de type corrélation, série et ordre), Troubetzkoy une vision tridimensionnelle (avec la classification logique des oppositions).