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[Deutsch] Die deutschsprachige Unterrichtsforschung unterscheidet bereits seit längerem drei Basisdimensionen der Unterrichtsqualität: Effiziente Klassenführung, konstruktive Unterstützung und Potential zur kognitiven Aktivierung. Da die drei Basisdimensionen als fächerübergreifende Konzeptualisierung der Unterrichtsqualität gelten, stellt sich aus fachdidaktischer Sicht die Frage, inwieweit dieses Modell die Charakteristika von Mathematikunterricht hinreichend abbilden kann. Vor diesem Hintergrund wurde ein Beobachtungsinstrument zur Erfassung der Unterrichtsqualität im Mathematikunterricht der unteren Sekundarstufe entwickelt, das sowohl generische als auch fachspezifische Merkmale erfassen soll. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht die Faktorenstruktur dieses Beobachtungsinstruments sowie Zusammenhänge zu fachspezifischen Kompetenzfacetten der beobachteten Mathematiklehrpersonen zur Validitätsprüfung. Qualität von Mathematikunterricht wurde durch hoch-inferente Ratingskalen operationalisiert und von geschulten Beobachtenden in 156 Unterrichtsstunden eingeschätzt. Die deskriptiven Kennwerte weisen auf eine akzeptable Messqualität der Ratingskalen hin. Eine explorative Faktorenanalyse zeigt, dass dem Beobachtungsinstrument eine vierdimensionale Struktur zugrunde liegt, die als die drei Basisdimensionen sowie eine vierte Dimension, fachdidaktische Strukturierung, gedeutet wird. Für drei der vier Qualitätsdimensionen finden sich mindestens schwach positive Korrelationen mit den fachspezifischen Kompetenzfacetten der Lehrpersonen, allerdings nicht für die Klassenführung. Die Ergebnisse werden in Bezug auf die Fachspezifität des Beobachtungsinstruments und die Konzeptualisierung von Unterrichtsqualität diskutiert. [English] German educational research has already for a long time distinguished three basic dimensions of instructional quality: classroom management, constructive support and cognitive activation. Since the three basic dimensions are regarded as a generic conceptualization of instructional quality, recently the question has arisen as to how far this model can adequately reflect the characteristics of mathematics teaching. Against this background, an observation instrument was developed for assessing the quality of mathematics instruction at the lower secondary level, which claims to measure both generic and subject-specific characteristics. The present study examines the factor structure of the observational instrument as well as correlations with subject-specific competence facets of the observed mathematics teachers as validity criteria. Instructional quality was operationalized by high-inferent rating scales and assessed by trained raters in 156 lessons. Descriptive statistics indicate an acceptable psychometric quality of the rating scales. An explorative factor analysis yielded a four-dimensional structure for the observational instrument, which is interpreted as the three basic dimensions and a fourth dimension, called mathematics educational structuring. With the exception of classroom management, all dimensions correlated at least weakly positively with subject-specific teacher competence. We discuss our findings with regard to the subject-specifity of the observational instrument and the conceptualization of instructional quality.

Treball Final de Grau en Mestre o Mestra d'Educació Primària. Codi: MP1040. Curs acadèmic: 2019/2020 El objetivo principal de este proyecto es promover y mejorar la conducta del alumnado en relación a aspectos como: conductas disruptivas y actitudes violentas. Todo ello, lo abordaremos mediante un proyecto educativo que incluirá programas de actuación, mejora y promoción dentro de la Educación Primaria. Por todo ello, se analizará el comportamiento de 15 alumnos de 6º de Primaria con problemas de conducta dentro de una clase de un total de 25 mediante un instrumento observacional de 4 semanas en las cuales se tratarán las conductas y relaciones desde diferentes perspectivas creando una evolución paulatina de las relaciones entre iguales. The main objective of this project is to promote and improve the behavior of students in relation to aspects such as: disruptive behaviors and violent attitudes.All of this, we will address it through an educational project that will include programs of action, improvement and promotion within Primary Education. Therefore, the behavior of 15 6th Primary students with behavioral problems will be analyzed within a class of a total of 25 through a 4-week observational instrument in which behaviors and relationships will be addressed from different perspectives creating a gradual evolution of peer relationships.

A significant number of investigations highlight that parents possess a great potential to influence positively or negatively the sport experience of their children. It is necessary to emphasize that they can also perform an astonishing number of inappropriate behaviours during the course of their sons’ sport events. In this investigation, the management, pressure, comprehension and active participation comments performed by parents in grassroots football matches have been analysed through the systematic observation. Twelve teams have been observed which belong to the 2nd division league of U-15 in the Balearic Islands (Spain) during 2016-17 season through 12 recordings. These comments were coded by trained observers using LINCE® recording software and POISE (Parents’ Observation Instrument at Sport Events) (Kidman and McKenzie, 1996). The results show that neutral comments are the most notorious followed by positives and negatives. In conclusion, it must be mentioned that the relevance of this study is double: (1) It provides objective data about comments done by parents-spectators during the matches of their children; (2) it adds necessary information to carry out a systematic observation of parents and spectators in grassroots sport from the grandstands. This research was conducted, in part, thanks to a grant (Values in sport) from Conselleria de Transparència, Cultura i Esport. Govern de les Illes Balears (Spain). Project number (06605).

Observational studies that use a combination of complementary methods can providekey insights into everyday behavior in natural settings. Many elements of human behavior areperfectly perceivable ---and hence observable--- in a multitude of everyday activities and settings,ranging from low-intervention programs to interactive studies analyzing different aspects offamily life, social relations, performance in sport or at school, etc. Human behavior, however,also has elements that are only partially perceivable but that can be captured through indirectobservation and subsequent analysis of oral behavior or written text or graphics. In this article,we present a schematic overview of the main steps involved in an observational study.The aim is to provide authors interested in embarking on such a study with some practical insights andguidelines that we hope will provide them with the knowledge and motivation to delve furtherinto this field and ultimately design their own observational study., Desde una perspectiva de complementariedad metodológica, los trabajos que utili-zan la metodología observacional aportan una aproximación imprescindible para la explicacióndel comportamiento en su contexto cotidiano. El comportamiento humano presenta una facetaplenamente perceptible y, por tanto, observable, en multitud de actividades, contextos y situa-ciones, desde la implementación de programas de baja intervención a los estudios interactivosen múltiples variantes (ámbito familiar, deportivo, escolar, social, etc.), pasando también porsituaciones de perceptividad parcial, en que cabe la observación indirecta, que aporta el análisisde conducta oral y material textual y gráfico. En este artículo se presentan esquemáticamentelas grandes etapas que requiere la aplicación de la metodología observacional. Con ello seespera aportar al potencial autor de estudios observacionales unos conocimientos que le resul-ten útiles para empezar a aplicar esta metodología, así como recursos para ampliar informaciónsobre cada una de las etapas.

Desde una perspectiva de complementariedad metodológica, los trabajos que utilizan la metodología observacional aportan una aproximación imprescindible para la explicación del comportamiento en su contexto cotidiano. El comportamiento humano presenta una faceta plenamente perceptible y, por tanto, observable, en multitud de actividades, contextos y situaciones, desde la implementación de programas de baja intervención a los estudios interactivos en múltiples variantes (ámbito familiar, deportivo, escolar, social, etc.), pasando también por situaciones de perceptividad parcial, en que cabe la observación indirecta, que aporta el análisis de conducta oral y material textual y gráfico. En este artículo se presentan esquemáticamente las grandes etapas que requiere la aplicación de la metodología observacional. Con ello se espera aportar al potencial autor de estudios observacionales unos conocimientos que le resulten útiles para empezar a aplicar esta metodología, así como recursos para ampliar información sobre cada una de las etapas., Observational studies that use a combination of complementary methods can providekey insights into everyday behavior in natural settings. Many elements of human behavior are perfectly perceivable ---and hence observable--- in a multitude of everyday activities and settings,ranging from low-intervention programs to interactive studies analyzing different aspects of family life, social relations, performance in sport or at school, etc. Human behavior, however,also has elements that are only partially perceivable but that can be captured through indirectobservation and subsequent analysis of oral behavior or written text or graphics. In this article,we present a schematic overview of the main steps involved in an observational study.The aim is to provide authors interested in embarking on such a study with some practical insights andguidelines that we hope will provide them with the knowledge and motivation to delve furtherinto this field and ultimately design their own observational study.

Despite the importance and usefulness of previous observational methodology investigations’ outcomes, there is no evidence about the creation or evaluation of a socioeducational intervention for parents in sport. Therefore, researchers do not have the possibility to apply a socioeducational intervention to their parental observations. This investigation was focused on the effects of the application of a socioeducational intervention with parents of 12 football teams in the U-15 years category in the Balearic Islands (Spain) during the 2016–17 season. Furthermore, six teams formed the control group (CG) and six constituted the experimental group (EG). This research was divided into three phases: (1) pre-test, (2) socioeducational intervention, and (3) post-test. The 12 matches recorded during the first phase and the 12 matches recorded during the third phase were observed and coded by trained observers using LINCE and POISE (parents’ observation instrument at sport events). Results showed a decrease in negative comments and an increase in positive comments during the matches, confirming the socioeducational intervention performed with that aim. This study suggests that the present socioeducational intervention demonstrates improvements on parental attitudes in grassroot football and, due to this reason, we encourage authors to use it and provide feedback.

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar las propiedades y características del instrumento de observación desarrollado para el estudio de la eficacia del ataque en handball. Este instrumento será utilizado para la valoración de la competición internacional panamericana. Se estudian los criterios: equipo, tiempo, resultado, relación numérica; fase de juego; finalización del ataque; oposición, acción del portero, zona, tipo y trayectoria del lanzamiento. Tres observadores distintos analizaron por separado y en dos momentos diferentes dos partidos de selecciones nacionales: Mexico-Chile y Venezuela-Paraguay. Se realizaron pruebas de concordancia inter e intra observador y se aplicó la teoría de la generalizabilidad para analizar su fiabilidad. Los resultados alcanzaron altos valores de concordancia y generalizabilidad para todos los criterios excepto para el grado de oposición durante la finalización. Se concluye que la herramienta es fiable para la codificación y registro de la eficacia del ataque en handball The aim of this study was to analyze the properties and characteristics of the observational instrument developed for the study of the effectiveness of the attack in handball. This instrument will be used for the assessment of the Pan American international competition. The following criteria are studied: teams, time, result, numerical relationship; game phase; finalization of attack; opposition, goalkeeper´s action, location, type and throwing trajectory. Three different observers analyzed separately and at two different times two matches of national teams: Mexico-Chile and Venezuela-Paraguay. Evidence of inter and intraobserver concordance were conducted and generalizability theory for reliability was applied. The results reached high values of concordance and generalizability to all criteria except for the degree of opposition during finalization. It is concluded that the tool is reliable for coding and recording of the effectiveness of the attack in handball

An Exploration into Integrating Daylight and Artificial Light via an Observational InstrumentDaylight is dynamic and dependent upon weather conditions; unfolding with both subtle and dramatic variations in qualities of light. Through a building’s apertures, daylight creates a connection between the space inside and the world outside. The aperture or window itself constitutes the frame that simultaneously separates, and connects, us to our surroundings. One can say that the world outside projects itself into the interior space, essentially as diffused illuminating reflections. As figuratively abstract and blurred phenomena, these diffused luminous reflections rouse us into interactions with the world.In this book we are interested in identifying the qualitative parameters involved in the integration of dynamic artificial lighting and daylight; the latter being already highly dynamic by nature. Our practice-based methodology is based on the design of what we call an ‘observational instrument’. The observational instrument is comprised of an object that has been designed using built-in LEDs connected to dynamic control software. Our studies have been based upon experiential analyses that examine how the dynamic artificial lighting in the observational instrument unfolds during the changing of the daylight situations that are generated by the weather outside. This research employs the concept of coupling between interior and exterior, in order to identify a spectrum of design parameters that are attentive to the relationships between these two dynamic lighting categories.This book is one of four books that is published in connection with the research project entitled LED Lighting; Interdisciplinary LED Lighting Research. The research project has been a three-year collaboration between The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts Schools of Architecture, Design and Conservation and The IT University of Copenhagen. An Exploration into Integrating Daylight and Artificial Light via an Observational InstrumentDaylight is dynamic and dependent upon weather conditions; unfolding with both subtle and dramatic variations in qualities of light. Through a building’s apertures, daylight creates a connection between the space inside and the world outside. The aperture or window itself constitutes the frame that simultaneously separates, and connects, us to our surroundings. One can say that the world outside projects itself into the interior space, essentially as diffused illuminating reflections. As figuratively abstract and blurred phenomena, these diffused luminous reflections rouse us into interactions with the world.In this book we are interested in identifying the qualitative parameters involved in the integration of dynamic artificial lighting and daylight; the latter being already highly dynamic by nature. Our practice-based methodology is based on the design of what we call an ‘observational instrument’. The observational instrument is comprised of an object that has been designed using built-in LEDs connected to dynamic control software. Our studies have been based upon experiential analyses that examine how the dynamic artificial lighting in the observational instrument unfolds during the changing of the daylight situations that are generated by the weather outside. This research employs the concept of coupling between interior and exterior, in order to identify a spectrum of design parameters that are attentive to the relationships between these two dynamic lighting categories.This book is one of four books that is published in connection with the research project entitled LED Lighting; Interdisciplinary LED Lighting Research. The research project has been a three-year collaboration between The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts Schools of Architecture, Design and Conservation and The IT University of Copenhagen.

By identifying and analysing temporal patterns (T-patterns) in behaviour, this study aims to detect technical errors and behavioural sequences in the kosoto gari judo throw, and, based on this, to propose changes to the way in which judo is taught. The participants (n = 50: 38 men and 12 women; Mage = 19.23 years, SD = 1.12) were students studying for a physical education and sports science degree with no previous experience of judo. This was a systematic observational study in which the students were filmed performing the kosoto gari technique. The results, derived from descriptive statistics and a sequential analysis of T-patterns conducted by means of Theme 5, revealed that the students committed a series of typical errors when learning to perform the throw. Furthermore, these errors often appeared in sequence, mainly involving a lack of balance, the position of the feet and hips/trunk, an incorrect reap and the final arm movement. The results can be used to propose movement sequences that would ensure that the throw is learnt correctly, and also to enable recommendations to be made regarding the use of feedback. El objetivo de esta investigación es implementar el análisis y detección de las estructuras temporales de los acontecimientos deportivos o patrones temporales o T-pattern para detectar los errores técnicos y sus secuencias conductuales en la proyección de judo kosoto-gari y así proponer cambios metodológicos en los procesos de enseñanza del judo. Los participantes (n = 50; 38 hombres y 12 mujeres; M = 19.23 años; DE = 1.12), estudiantes del grado en CAFE sin experiencia previa en judo, se sometieron, a partir de un estudio observacional sistemático, a un registro en video de la ejecución de la técnica de estudio. Los resultados, determinados mediante estadística descriptiva y análisis secuencial de T-Patterns obtenido con el programa Theme 5, corroboran que existe una serie de defectos típicos que comete el sujeto en el aprendizaje de esta proyección, así como unas secuencias de errores en cadena, que básicamente afectan al desequilibrio, a la posición de los pies y cadera-tronco, a la incorrecta acción de siega y a la acción final de los brazos. Estos resultados nos permiten proponer, en el aprendizaje del judo, secuencias de movimientos que garanticen el éxito en la proyección y recomendaciones sobre la utilización del feedback. O objectivo desta investigação é implementar a análise e detecção de estruturas temporais dos acontecimentos desportivos, ou padrões temporais (Padrões-T), para detectar erros técnicos e as suas sequências comportamentais na projecção do judo kosoto-gari e assim sugerir mudanças metodológicas nos processos de ensino do judo. Os participantes (n = 50; 38 homens e 12 mulheres; M = 19.23 anos; DP = 1.12), estudantes do grau em CAFE sem experiência prévia no judo, submeteram-se, a partir de um estudo observacional sistemático, a um registo em vídeo da execução da técnica em estudo. Os resultados, determinados mediante estatística descritiva e análise sequencial de Padrões-T obtidos com o programa Theme 5, corroboram a existência de uma série de erros típicos que os sujeito cometem na aprendizagem desta projecção, assim como uma sequência de erros em cadeia, que basicamente afectam o desequilíbrio, a posição dos pés e do tronco, a incorrecta acção de pega e a acção final dos braços. Estes resultados permitem-nos propor, na aprendizagem do judo, sequências de movimentos que garantam o êxito na projecção e recomendações sobre a utilização do feedback.

Este artículo presenta los referentes conceptuales que dan soporte al diseño de un instrumento observacional para caracterizar la competencia informacional en estudiantes universitarios. Estos referentes se basan en la semiótica estructural (Greimas, 1989, Alvarado, 2007) y en una comprensión más situada de carácter histórico y cultural de esta competencia. Se concibe el instrumento como un dispositivo de orden superior en cuanto conduce a los sujetos a adoptar una posición de observadores de sí mismos (Navarro, 1995). Los resultados resaltan el carácter situado de las prácticas de acceso, evaluación y uso de fuentes de información por cuanto el instrumento toma en cuenta los contextos, los sujetos y los lenguajes This article presents the conceptual aspects which give support to the design of an observational test oriented to characterize the information literacy in university students. These aspects are based on the structural semiotics (Greimas, 1989, Alvarado, 2007) and on a situated comprehension of the information literacy with a historical and cultural perspective. The instrument is conceived as a higher order device inasmuch it leads the students to observe themselves (Navarro, 1995). Results highlights the situated character of the practices related with the access, assess and use of information sources whereas the test takes into account the contexts, the subjects and the languages Cet article présente les cadres conceptuels qui constituent la base de la conception d'un instrument d'observation pour caractériser la compétence informationnelle chez des étudiants universitaires. Ces cadres conceptuels s'organisent autour de la sémiotique structurelle (Greimas, 1989, Alvarado, 2007) et de la compréhension du caractère historique et culturel de cette compétence. L'instrument est conçu comme un dispositif d'ordre supérieur vu qu'il exige que les sujets adoptent une position d'observateurs d'eux-mêmes (Navarro, 1995). Les résultats démontrent le caractère des pratiques d'accès aux sources d'information, de leur évaluation et de leur emploi car l'instrument tient compte des contextes, des sujets et des langages

Many empirical studies on burglary focus on environmental characteristics, more specifically on non-observable factors like residential mobility and income. However, since burglars cannot observe these characteristics, why would they use them in the target selection process? Environmental research mostly looks at the macro level, the neighbourhood, or the micro level, the house. The meso level, the street, has been researched less often. A gap in previous research lies in the combination of multiple levels. The interaction effect between the neighbourhood, the street and the house has hardly been researched, while all these levels are taken into account when a burglar selects a target. This paper addresses the construction and pilot test of an observational instrument at neighbourhood, street and house level for the observation of stable environmental factors. The instrument presented in this paper can be used in further research to examine the influence of environmental characteristics on target selection by burglars.

The control of quality of data it is one of the most relevant aspects in observational researches. The Generalizability Theory (GT) provides a method of analysis that allows us to isolate the various sources of error measurement. At the same time, it helps us to determine the extent to which various factors can change and analyze the effect on the generalizability coefficient. In the work shown here, there are two studies aimed to creating and purifying an observation instrument, Observation Protocol in the Teaching Functions (Protocolo de Funciones Docentes, PROFUNDO, v1 and v2), for behavioral assessment which has been carried out by instructors in a social-affective out-of-school program. The reliability and homogeneity studies are carried out once the instrument has been created and purified. The reliability study will be done through the GT method taking both codes (c) and agents (a) as differential facets in. The generalization will be done through observers using a crossed multi-faceted design (A × O × C). In the homogeneity study the generalization facet will be done through codes using the same design that the reliability study.

Problem statement: Serving as an officer in international military operations is often demanding, and requires that the officer has a well-developed character. Character and character strength are difficult concepts to measure objectively. The most common method for measuring character strengths is with a rating instrument called VIA-IS ( Peterson & Seligman, 2004 ). It employs subjective self-rating measures which may not reflect the character strengths actually displayed in difficult and particularly stressful situations. Observer-based measures of character strength are not yet developed in the research literature. Purpose of study: To design an observer-based instrument to measure vital character strengths during military field exercises at the Norwegian Military Academy (NMA). Method: 12 previously-determined character strengths required for succeeding as a military officer were introduced to participants in a workshop of experienced military officers with expertise in infantry disciplines. The purpose of the workshop was to construct observable measures of the 12 character strengths to assess military cadets during combat field exercises. The workshop participants developed several observable measures for each of the 12 character strengths. Conclusion: The observable measures developed form the basis for an observational instrument to measure character strengths during military field exercises.

2011