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Jabolka so tekom skladiščenja izpostavljena številnim stresnim dejavnikom, tako abiotskim kot tudi biotskim. Mehanske poškodbe predstavljajo optimalno mesto za okužbo s patogeni kot je P. expansum. Razumevanje interakcije med patogenom in gostiteljem je ključnega pomena pri razvoju novih, varnih in učinkovitih strategij kontrole kakovosti sadja, kot je na primer obsevanje z modro svetlobo. Namen naloge je bil preučiti mehanizem interakcije jabolk sorte idared s P. expansum na ravni proteoma po obsevanju z modro svetlobo v primerjavi z inokuliranimi jabolki v temi. Jabolka smo mehansko poškodovali in na mesto vboda inokulirali suspenzijo spor plesni. Po 24 h obsevanju z modro svetlobo valovne dolžine 445 nm smo izolirali proteine ter pripravili vzroce za identifikacijo proteinov z LC-MS. Dobljene proteomske podatke smo obdelali z bioinformacijskim orodjem QuickGO ter pregledom literature. Modra svetloba je v jabolkih vplivala predvsem na ravni proteinov vpletenih v odziv na stres, obrambo, strukturo celic, izražanje genov, metabolizem aminokislin in sekundarnih metabolitov, v plesni pa na ravni proteinov, ki so vpleteni v izražanje genov in biosintezo proteinov, metabolizem ogljikovih hidratov ter v sam proces okužbe. Glede na rezultate lahko sklepamo, da modra svetloba kot vrsta abiotskega stresa, okrepi obrambni sistem jabolk, kar se kaže v njihovi izboljšani odpornosti na patogene ter druge oblike stresa, s katerim se sadje sooča tekom skladiščenja. During storage, apples are exposed to many stressors, both abiotic and biotic. Mechanical damage represents an optimal site for infection with pathogens, such as P. expansum. Understanding the interaction between the pathogen and the host is crucial in developing new, safe and effective fruit quality control strategies, such as a blue light irradiation. The purpose of this thesis was to study the mechanism of interaction between the idared apples and the P. expansum after irradiation with a blue light, compared to the apples in the dark at proteome level. The apples were mechanically damaged and inoculated with a suspension of mold spores at the injection site. Following the 24-h irradiation with the blue light at a wavelength of 445 nm, proteins were isolated and samples were prepared for protein identification with the LC-MS. The obtained proteomic data were processed with a bioinformatics tool QuickGO and a literature survey. In the apples, irradiation with a blue light mainly affected levels of proteins involved in the response to stress, defense, gene expression, metabolism of amino acids and secondary metabolites, whereas in the mold, the proteins affected were mainly involved in the gene expression and protein biosynthesis, metabolism of carbohydrates and the process of infection. Based on these results, we conclude that in apples the blue light irradiation, as a type of abiotic stress, enhances defense response, which is reflected in an improved resistance to pathogens and other forms of stress fruits face during storage.

V magistrski nalogi preverjam učinkovitost phishing kampanje v enem izmed slovenskih podjetij. Najprej je potrebno definirati kaj sploh phishing je, kakšen je proces phishing napada in kakšne posledice prinaša uspešen phishing napad. V magistrski nalogi navajam tudi nekatere podobne oblike phishing napadov, ki so potencialno lahko še bolj učinkovite in imajo tudi širše posledice. Omenjam tudi nekatere obrambne mehanizme, katerih implementacija in uporaba do neke mere varuje posameznike pred phishing napadi. Obrambnih mehanizmov je več, vendar implementacija in uporaba le enega pogosto ni dovolj za učinkovito obrambo pred phishing napadi, zato se za večjo varnost pred phishing napadi priporoča kombinacija več obrambnih mehanizmov. Pred izvedbo simuliranega phishing napada odkrivam kakšni so vzroki uspešnosti phishing kampanj in zakaj so phishing kampanje tako uspešne. Simulacija phishing napada je bila izvedena na vzorcu približno stotih zaposlenih v neimenovanem slovenskem podjetju. Zaposlene v podjetju sem na koncu razdelil po oddelkih. Kot hipotezi magistrske naloge sem si zadal, da bo simulacija phishing napada vsaj 10% uspešna, prav tako pa sem napovedal, da bo oddelek prodaje najbolj neuspešen pri prepoznavanju phishing napada. In my master's thesis I am checking the effectiveness of a phishing campaign in one of the Slovenian companies. First of all, it is necessary to define what phishing is, what the process of a phishing attack is and what the consequences of a successful phishing attack are. In my master's thesis, I also list some similar forms of phishing attacks, which can potentially be even more effective and also have wider consequences. I also mention some defense mechanisms, which through use and implementation are used to, some extent, protect individuals from phishing attacks. There are several defense mechanisms, but the implementation and use of just one is often not enough to effectively defend against phishing attacks, therefore a combination of several defense mechanisms is recommended for greater security against phishing attacks. Before carrying out a simulated phishing attack, I discover the reasons for the success of phishing campaigns and why phishing campaigns are so successful. The simulation of the phishing attack was performed on a sample of about a hundred employees in an unnamed Slovenian company. I divided the company’s employees by departments. As a master’s thesis hypothesis, I set the goal that a simulation of a phishing attack would be at least 10% successful, and I also predicted that the sales department would be most unsuccessful in recognizing a phishing attack.

Z naraščanjem števila prebivalcev se iz leta v leto povečujejo potrebe po hrani, kmetijske površine pa ostajajo enake oziroma se še zmanjšujejo, zato je pomembno, da se na čim manjši površini pridela čim več pridelka. Pri majhnem izkoristku so poglavitna težava predvsem škodljivci, kot so insekti, virusi in bakterije. Vedno bolj pa se kaže tudi vpliv parazitskih rastlin, ki se preko posebne strukture imenovane havstorij povežejo z gostiteljsko rastlino ter iz nje črpajo hranila in vodo, s čimer oslabijo njeno rast in produktivnost. Razen tolerance rastlin zaenkrat še nimamo splošne metode za zatiranje parazitskih rastlin, je pa za njen razvoj ključno razumevanje fiziologije, interakcije z gostiteljem in evolucije parazitskih rastlin. Največja težava pri zatiranju je dolga dormanca semen, saj lahko v zemlji ostanejo tudi nekaj desetletij. Ob prisotnosti kalitvenega stimulansa, določene spojine proizvedene v gostitelju, vzklijejo ter ob zaznavi primernega gostitelja s pomočjo tako imenovanih havstorij inducirajočih faktorjev (HIF, ang. haustorium inducing factors) oblikujejo havstorije. Skoznje se ne prenašajo le hranila in voda, temveč se lahko aktivno prenašajo tudi genetski zapisi, bodisi RNK ali DNK. Tekom evolucije so se določeni genetski zapisi vgradili v genom parazitskih rastlin in s tem povečali njihovo sposobnost preživetja ali izboljšali parazitske lastnosti. Ti tako imenovani horizontalno preneseni geni (HGT) so večinoma utišani, nekateri pa se močno izražajo v parazitskih rastlinah in omogočajo ključne funkcije kot so metabolizem, celično dihanje, translacija mRNA v mitohondrijih in pretvorba proteinov. Nekaj genov HGT povezujejo tudi z zaviranjem obrambe gostitelja. The demand for food is increasing with growing world population, while agricultural land is becoming scarcer, therefore it is important to increase the yield of crop plants on the existing land. Primary reason for crop yield losses are pests, such as insects, viruses and bacteria, however parasitic plants are also becoming an increasing problem. Parasitic plants form a specific structure called haustorium, through which they draw nutrients and water from their hosts, impacting host growth and productivity. Apart from host tolerance, there is no general method for controlling parasitic plants, but understanding the physiology, host interactions and evolution of parasitic plants is crucial for its development. The biggest problem with parasitic plants control is the long dormancy of the seeds, because they can survive in the soil for up to a few decades. In the presence of a germination stimulant, a certain compound produced by host plant, they germinate, and when suitable host is detected through a haustorium inducing factor (HIF), they form a haustorium. Nutrients and water are transferred through the haustorium, but in some cases genetic material, RNA or DNA, is actively transferred as well. Over the course of evolution, certain genes have been incorporated in the genomes of parasitic plants, thereby increasing their viability or improving parasitic traits. Most of these so-called horizontally transferred genes (HGT genes) are silent, but some of them have been recognized as highly expressed in the parasite plants, participating in key functions like metabolism, cell respiration, mitochondrial translation and conversion of proteins. Certain HGT genes are also associated with suppression of the host defence mechanisms.

Namen magistrskega dela je bilo raziskati pojavnost odtujenega odnosa med partnerjema, in povezanost samospoštovanja z agresivnim vedenjem partnerja in kakovostjo partnerskega odnosa. Zanimalo nas je, kolikšna je stopnja samospoštovanja glede na agresivno vedenje partnerja in kakšna je kakovost partnerskih odnosov glede na posameznikovo samospoštovanje. Vzorec je zajemal 266 udeležencev (od tega 84,2 % žensk in 15,8 % moških), ki so izpolnili Vprašalnik zakonske nezadovoljnosti – MDS, Vprašalnik agresije – AQ in Rosenbergovo lestvico samospoštovanja – RSES. Ugotovili smo, da posamezniki z nižjim samospoštovanjem pogosteje izražajo agresijo in so manj zadovoljni s svojim partnerskim odnosom, kar se posledično povezuje z nizko kakovostjo partnerskega odnosa. Prav tako smo ugotovili, da obstajajo statistično pomembne razlike v partnerski odtujenosti glede na čas trajanja partnerske zveze, kajti posamezniki, ki so v partnerski zvezi manj časa, so si v primerjavi s posamezniki, ki so v partnerski zvezi dlje časa, bolj odtujeni, bolj odtujeni so si tudi tisti partnerji, ki imajo otroke. Na podlagi raziskave smo ugotovili, da ne prihaja do statistično pomembnih razlik med agresijo in udeležbo v partnerski terapiji, v nobeni od pod dimenzij agresije. Raziskava ponuja spoznanja in nov pogled o povezanosti tovrstnih konstruktov, pušča odprt prostor za nadaljnje raziskave ter lažje razumevanje še tako zapletenega področja, kot so partnerski odnosi. The purpose of the master's thesis was to investigate the occurrence of an alienated relationship between partners, and the relationship between self-esteem and aggressive partner behavior and the quality of the partnership. We were interested in the level of self-esteem in relation to the aggressive behavior of the partner and the quality of the partner relationship in relation to the individual's self-esteem. The sample included 266 participants (of which 84.2% were women and 15.8% were men) who completed a marital dissatisfaction questionnaire - MDS, an aggression questionnaire - AQ and the Rosenberg self-esteem scale - RSES. We found that individuals with lower self-esteem are more likely to express aggression and are less satisfied with their partnership, which in turn is associated with a low quality partnership. We also found that there are statistically significant differences in partner alienation according to the duration of the partnership, because individuals who are in a partnership for less time are more alienated compared to those who are in a partnership for a longer period of time. Those partners who have children are also more alienated. Based on our research, we found that there are no statistically significant differences between aggression and participation in partner therapy in any of the sub-dimensions of aggression. The research offers insights into and a new perspective on the interconnectedness of such constructs, leaving open space for further research and easier understanding of even such a complex area as partnerships.

V magistrski nalogi smo se osredotočili na (psihopatološke) osebnostne značilnosti in identitetne težave pri mladih na prehodu v odraslost. Gre za razvojno obdobje od konca mladostništva pa vse skozi dvajseta leta – 18 do 25/27 let. Za večino mladih v razvitih državah je to obdobje velikih sprememb in pomembnih odločitev. Zaradi spremenljivosti življenja v tem obdobju smo se osredotočili na stabilnost identitete in (psihopatološke) osebnostne značilnosti. Zanimalo nas je, kako se to povezuje s starostjo (v času prehoda v odraslost) in kako se med seboj razlikujejo moški ter ženske. Dodatno nas je zanimala še primerjava med študenti različnih smeri. Naš vzorec so sestavljali študenti (N = 162) iz različnih študijskih smeri (zdravstvene smeri, psihoterapija, pravo, ekonomija in tehnične smeri), ki jih uvrščamo v zdravo populacijo. V pisni obliki so izpolnili tri vprašalnike: Vprašalnik osebnostne organizacije (IPO), Vprašalnik motenj osebnosti (VMO-2) in Osebnostni vprašalnik za DSM-5 (PID-5). Ugotovljene so bile nekatere pomembne razlike med spoloma (glede osebnostnih dimenzij negativnega čustvovanja, antagonizma in nekaterih motenj osebnosti). V skladu s pričakovanji smo prav tako ugotovili, da se s starostjo izraženost vseh motenj na osebnostnem področju zmanjšuje, identiteta in obrambno-varovalni mehanizmi pa postajajo vse bolj zreli. V obdobju prehoda v odraslost lahko opazimo tudi upad osebnostne dimenzije negativnega čustvovanja in ugotavljamo, da osebnostni razvoj znotraj prehoda v odraslost poteka v smeri bolj prilagojenega psihološkega delovanja. In the master's thesis we focused on (psychopathological) personality traits and identity problems in emerging adulthood. It is a developmental period from the end of adolescence, all through the twenties – 18 to 25/27 years. For most young people in developed countries, this is a period of great change and important decision making. Due to the changes in life during this period, we focused on identity stability and (psychopathological) personality characteristics. We were interested in how this correlates with age (at the time of transition to adulthood) and how men and women differ from each other. We were also interested in comparing students of various study courses. Our sample consisted of students (N = 162) from various study courses (health science, psychotherapy, law, economics, and technical studies) who were considered a healthy population. They were asked to fill in three written questionnaires: Personality Organization Questionnaire (IPO), Personality Disorder Questionnaire (VMO-2), and DSM-5 Personality Questionnaire (PID-5). Some significant gender differences were identified (in terms of personality dimensions of negative emotion, antagonism and some personality disorders). As expected, we have also found that with age, the manifestation of all personality disorders decreases, and identity and defence/protective mechanisms become more mature. In the period of emerging adulthood, one can also observe a decline in the personal dimension of negative emotions and find that the personal development within the emerging adulthood goes in the direction of more adapted psychological functioning.

Travmatični ter stresni dogodki so pri ljudeh zelo pogosti. Pojavljajo se na najrazličnejših področjih. Pri posamezniku se kažejo na telesni ravni, psihični ravni ter socialni ravni. Te ravni se med seboj nenehno prepletajo in so odvisne ena od druge. V svojem delu sem želela raziskati kako hud stresni oz. travmatični dogodek vpliva na osebo z vseh vidikov zgoraj zapisanih ravni, kako se oseba s hudo stisko spoprijema, kdo ji pri tem pomaga oz. kdo jo ovira k čustvenemu ter mentalnemu napredku. V svoje raziskovanje slednjega sem vpletla moč socialnega dela. Ugotavljala sem kakšne metode, tehnike ter pristope uporablja socialni delavec pri svojem delu z osebo, ki ima izkušnjo s travmatičnim, stresnim dogodkom in nenazadnje kako je v posameznikovo izkušnjo vpletena socialna mreža, tako ožja kot širša. Rezultati analize pokažejo, da človek s travmatično, stresno izkušnjo lažje premaguje svoje doživljanje ter telesna nazadovanja, če ima socialno podporo. Raziskava pokaže, da je ožja socialna mreža, tj. družina, partner, najpomembnejša pri čustvenem ter telesne napredovanju, ter obratno. Iz raziskave je razvidno, da je prav tako kot podpora ožje socialne mreže, pomembna podpora institucij, tj. osebna zdravnica, bolnišnice, centri za socialno delo na katere se oseba lahko obrne ter ob podpori slednjih pridobi neko stabilnost ter motivacijo za nove, pozitivne začetke spopadanja s svojo negativno izkušnjo. Oseba ob socialni ter institucionalni podpori pridobiva na moči, krepi svojo samozavest ter posledično razvija in krepi tehnike za kvalitetno spopadanje s svojo doživeto izkušnjo. Traumatic and stressful events are very common in people. They appears in various fields. They manifest themselves either at the physical, psychological or social levels. These levels are constantly intertwined with each other and depend on each other. In my work I wanted to explore how severe stress or a traumatic event affects a person from all aspects of the levels described above, how a person with severe distress copes with, who is helping or assisting her and who impedes her to emotional and mental progress. In my research, I also involved the power of social work. I observed what methods, techniques and approaches use social workers in their work with a person who had or has experience with a traumatic, stressful event, and finally how the individual's experience involved a social network - narrower than the width. The results of the analysis show that a person with a traumatic, stressful experience can more easily overcome his or her experiencing and physical decline if he or she has social support. The research shows that the narrower social network (family, partner) is most important in emotional and physical progression, and vice versa. The survey shows that the support of institutions is also important. Personal physician, hospitals, social work centers to which a person can turn and with the support of the latter to obtain a stability and motivation for new, positive beginnings to cope with their negative experience. A person with social and institutional support is gaining strength, she enhances her self-esteem and, consequently, develops and strengthens coping techniques for quality of her life and mental health.

V diplomskem delu sem predstavil obrambne mehanizme pred prevzemi. Zaradi celovitega pogleda na obrambne mehanizme sem v prvem delu predstavil vrste prevzemov, razloge zaradi katerih do njih prihaja in razmejitve med prevzemi, združitvami in pripojitvami. Med glavne oblike prevzemov štejemo združitve, prevzeme z odkupom delnic, prevzem z odkupom premoženja. Posebno kategorijo tvorijo managerski prevzemi (MBO) in prevzemi z zadolžitvijo (LBO), sem prištevamo še prevzeme s pooblastili za zastopanje (proxyfighte). Pred natančnejšim opisom obrambnih mehanizmov pred prevzemi sem le-te razmejil še na prijateljske in sovražne, obrambni mehanizmi se uporabljajo pri sovražnih prevzemih. Med obrambnimi mehanizmi ločimo preventivne in kurativne mehanizme. Več poudarka smo namenili preventivnim mehanizmom, saj so le-ti neposredno vezani na zakonodajo, ki jih omejuje, pri kurativnih obrambnih mehanizmih gre predvsem za prepričevanje obstoječih delničarjev naj delnic ne prodajo in iskanje boljšega ponudnika. Preventivne obrambne mehanizme smo razdelili na štiri večje skupine, to so: spremembe organizacijske strukture, spremembe kapitalske strukture, spremembe premoženjskega stanja podjetja in zlate delnice. Glavne omejitve pri uporabi obrambnih mehanizmov predstavlja zakonodaja, zato smo preučili slovensko in evropsko zakonodajo na tem področju. V Sloveniji prevzemno zakonodajo smiselno sestavljata zakon o prevzemih in zakon o gospodarskih družbah, medtem ko je Evropska unija to področje uredila s trinajsto direktivo o prevzemih in prevzemnih ponudbah. Kot zadnje poglavje je predstavljen primer prevzema volkswagna s strani Porscheja, ki je nekaj časa visel v zraku zaradi zlate delnice, ki jo je imela dežela Spodnja Saška v družbi Volkswagen in zaradi nemškega zakona o volkswagnu, ki je dajal državi oz. deželi nesorazmerno število članov v nadzornem svetu glede na udeležbo v kapitalu. Sodba sodišča Evropskih skupnosti je Nemčiji zapovedala, da mora sporni zakon umakniti in s tem posledično dovoliti prevzem Volkswagna. In my diploma I introduce and describe takeover defense mechanisms. In the past years takeover defenses have evolved into increasingly complex and varied corporate weapons, aimed at protecting target firms from the threat of hostile takeovers or acquisitions. For the better understanding of paper, in the first part you can find theoretical descriptions of takeovers, mergers and acquisitions, the reasons why Companies are interesting in takeovers and what types of takeovers we know. Takeover can be hostile or friendly, defenses are used only in hostile takeovers, we also know two major groups of takeover defenses these are curative and preventive defense mechanism. For our purpose only curative defenses or defense strategies are interesting so I describe the most common defense strategies and compare with Slovenian Takeover act and Companies Act. There are four major groups of takeover defense strategies that are used. These are: i) shark repellents or changing the corporate organization structure, ii) changing the shareholder structure (changing of capital structure), iii) selling-out company crown jewels (best parts of Company) and golden shares. All these strategies have there limits in legislation. In the last chapter we describe practical case in which Porsche takeover Volkswagen. This case was interesting due to special Volkswagen golden share rights on which Republic of Germany and state Lower Saxony was entitled to. European Commission put charges against Federal Republic of Germany and European Court of Justice delivered the judgment, that Volkswagen law is not compatible with European legalization. Court decided that Germany violate the free movement of capital rule. Due to the judgment Porsche has legal rights to finalize acquisition of Volkswagen.