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Es va realitzar un estudi exploratori a través d'una enquesta a Comitès d'Ètica a països d'Amèrica Llatina i el Carib de parla hispana, per rellevar la seva situació davant d'emergències sanitàries i consultar els dilemes ètics enfrontats a les investigacions per a COVID-19. S'obtingueren respostes de 106 comitès, pertanyents a 14 països. Només el 24% va respondre que existia una xarxa de comunicació eficient i efectiva entre comitès, prèvia a la pandèmia. El 45% va respondre que no existien a la seva regió comitès específics per avaluar projectes vinculats a emergències sanitàries amb anterioritat a la pandèmia. El percentatge de CEI que disposava de procediments previs per avaluar investigacions en situacions d'emergències sanitàries va ser només de 7%, si bé el 52% estava en procés d'elaboració arran de la pandèmia. El percentatge de CEI que va considerar raonable un temps inferior a 5 dies per a l'avaluació de projectes de recerca va variar en virtut del disseny: 32% per als estudis observacionals i 12% per als assaigs clínics amb drogues o amb vacunes. Els tres problemes ètics principals identificats als estudis per a COVID van estar relacionats amb el consentiment informat, els aspectes metodològics i la poca informació prèvia o manca d'evidència per als productes de recerca. Considerem que cal reformular la manera de pensar els problemes ètics de les emergències cap a un abordatge global, amb un enfocament preventiu, on les xarxes de col·laboració entre els CEI haurien de convertir-se en regla., This article presents the results of a qualitative research that inquiries about the implementation of the law on termination of pregnancy that decriminalized abortion on three specific grounds in Chile in 2017 (Law 21.030) and the role of primary health care (PHC) in the Metropolitan Region of Chile. Nineteen interviews were conducted with PHC and secondary level of care health professionals in addition to two officials from the Ministry of Health. The change from a regime of total criminalization to one of decriminalization by cause requires training for health teams and information for the population. The findings reveal that the lack of information and formal training for health personnel constitutes an obstacle to the exercise of women's rights under the law, producing a cascade effect in which women do not have sufficient information to exercise their rights. In addition, there is a provision in the law that causes confusion among professionals about advertising and information on services. The results are analyzed on the basis of national and international normative standards regarding the obligation to inform and the right to be informed in the context of health services related to abortion., Este artículo presenta los resultados de una investigación cualitativa que indaga sobre la implementación de la ley de interrupción del embarazo que despenalizó el aborto en tres causales específicas en Chile en 2017 (Ley 21.030) y el rol que la atención primaria de salud (APS) en la Región Metropolitana de Chile. Se realizaron 19 entrevistas a personal de la salud de la APS y del nivel secundario de atención en la Región Metropolitana además de dos personas del Ministerio de Salud. El cambio de régimen de penalización total a uno de despenalización por causales exige capacitación a los equipos de salud e información a la población. Los hallazgos revelan que la falta de información y capacitación formal al personal sanitario constituye un obstáculo para el ejercicio de los derechos de las mujeres que otorga la ley, produciéndose un efecto cascada, en que las mujeres no cuentan con la información suficiente para ejercer sus derechos. A ello se suma, una disposición en la ley que produce confusión entre profesionales sobre publicidad e información sobre los servicios. Se analizan los resultados a partir de estándares normativos nacionales e internacionales respecto a la obligación de informar, y el derecho a ser informado en contexto de prestaciones sanitarias relativas al aborto.

The diploma thesis deals with private and public law aspects which are specific of doorstep selling. The main goal of the thesis is a complex analysis of these aspects, with emphasis put on the issue of consumer protection. The thesis further examines drawbacks of the Czech legislation de lege lata on the theoretical level as well as in applicational practice and confronts these drawbacks with de lege ferenda proposals.

Elektronik iletişim araçları kullanılarak elektronik ortamda kurulan elektronik sözleşmelerin en yaygını internet üzerinden web siteleri aracılığıyla kurulan sözleşmelerdir. Bu sözleşmeler kural olarak hazır olmayanlar arası, katılmalı ve mesafeli sözleşme özelliği gösterirler. Katılmalı sözleşmelerin taraflara müzakere imkanı sunmaması sebebiyle Tüketici Hukuku kapsamında haksız şartlar meydana gelmekte ve sözleşme kesin hükümsüzlük yaptırımına tabi tutularak tüketici korunmaktadır. Yine sözleşmelerin mesafeli sözleşme niteliğinde olması ve mesafeli sözleşmeler bakımından hukukumuzda tüketiciyi koruyucu hükümlere yer verilmesi sayesinde korunma sağlanmaktadır. Mesafeli sözleşmeler bakımından tüketicinin korunması özellikle satıcı/sağlayıcının tüketiciyi bilgilendirme yükümlülüğü ve tüketicinin cayma hakkına sahip olması yoluyla sağlanmaktadır. The most common of electronic contracts established in electronic form using electronic communication tools are contracts established through websites over the internet. These contracts, as a rule, exhibit inter-participant, participatory and distance contracts. Since participatory contracts do not offer negotiation opportunities to the parties, unfair terms arise under the Consumer Law and the consumer is protected by subjecting the contract to absolute invalidity. Again, protection is provided by the fact that contracts are distant contracts and in terms of distant contracts, protective provisions are included in our law. The protection of the consumer in terms of distance contracts is provided by the seller/provider, in particular, with the obligation to inform the consumer and the right of the consumer to withdraw.

This article is devoted to the inter-company trade union organization after the amendment to the Trade Union Act. The inter-company trade union organization is relatively rarely subject of studies in labour law. Usually it is considered that the arrangements made for the company trade union organizations relate also to intercompany trade union organisation. Meanwhile, a more detailed analysis shows that the inter-company trade union organization is characterized by far-reaching specificity, and its regulation based largely on references to regulations governing the legal status of the company trade union organization is not always adequate. This generates numerous practical problems. In this text, the author analyzes several particularly important issues regarding intercompany trade union organization in connection with the amendment to the Trade Union Act, which entered into force on January 1, 2019.

An individual’s right to information is a fundamental right, guaranteed and protected by effective legal means. At the same time, since it is a relative right, it is likely to be limited by explicit legal regulations, in certain properly determined circumstances. The guarantee and protection of the right to information is a responsibility of authorities, who should facilitate an individual’s access to information, in more and more economic and social areas, where persons have a proven interest. In this context, it can be seen that a growing number of legislative acts in specific fields stipulate the obligation to automatically provide certain information or make it available to persons, thus effectively achieving the right to information, correlated to the obligation to inform, incumbent not only on authorities, but on business operators as well, in more and more cases. Information is important in terms of consumer rights, with a view to both protecting their economic interests, and defending their individual or collective health and safety. Certain regulations in terms of consumer rights protection refer to the defence of collective social values and public interests. The study will deal with how the consumer is protected and informed on certain acts and facts of trade, that might put him/her in vulnerable situations.

El Tribunal de Apelaciones en lo Civil de 2º Turno, confirma la sentencia de primera instancia que, en aplicación de la normativa protectora de los consumidores en el ámbito del Derecho a la Salud, condenó al laboratorio farmacéutico fabricante de un medicamento con el que fue tratado un paciente para el acné, y que posteriormente desarrolló una aplasia medular. Aún sin quedar comprobada la causalidad entre la ingesta del medicamento y el daño sufrido por el paciente, la falta de advertencia en el prospecto de que se habían dado una serie de casos que se habrían asociado a la enfermedad aunque no comprobados, hace incurrir al fabricante en responsabilidad objetiva. The Court of Appeals of the second turn, confirmed the first instance sentence, which, through the application of the consumer protection rules to the field of Health Law, condemned a pharmaceutical company that manufactures a medicine used to treat a patient with acne who developed aplastic anemia. Despite the relationship of causality between the intake of the medicine and the damage suffered by the patient was not demonstrated, the lack of warning in the package insert about other cases, also not proven, that might be associated with this disease, causes the pharmaceutical laboratory incurs in objective responsibility.

Javne delniške družbe so ene izmed najvplivnejših »igralcev« na lokalnem in globalnem finančnem trgu, zato je na mestu ugotovitev, da je za njihovo dobro upravljanje in komuniciranje potrebna regulacija, pa naj bo le-ta v obliki zakonov, uredb ali avtonomnih pravil. Pravočasno, verodostojno, kvalitetno ter enakovredno obveščanje in poročanje je bistven temelj za učinkovito delovanje javne delniške družbe. Z razkrivanjem pomembnih informacij se odraža odprtost javne družbe, spodbuja investiranje v družbo ter zagotavlja varnost vlagateljev. Bistveno pri razkritju informacij je, da javna delniška družba pri obveščanju postopa v skladu z veljavno zakonodajo, priporočili in avtonomnimi pravili ter seznanja na način, na mestu in v času, ki je za posamezno informacijo predviden. Publicly traded joint-stock companies are one of the most influential »players« on the local and global financial markets. Hence, the main finding is that regulation is vital for their good governance and communication, whether in the form of laws, regulations or autonomous rules. Well-timed, credible, high quality and non-discriminatory information is an essential foundation for the effective management of a publicly traded joint-stock company. Disclosure of important information reflects the openness of the company, encourages investment and ensures the safety of investors. It is vital that in the process of notification joint-stock company acts in accordance with the applicable legislation, recommendations and autonomous rules, and informs in the manner, place and time that is foreseen for the specific information.

eingereicht von Christina Wrezounik Universität Linz, Univ., Diplomarbeit, 2017

TEZ12132 Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, 2016. Kaynakça (s. 191-211) var. xvi, 211 s. ;_29 cm. Hukukun koruduğu başat bir değer olan kişilik hakkını; bir kişilik hakkı değeri olarak hayat, sağlık ve vücut tamlığını ihlal edebilecek nitelikte olan tıbbî müdahaleler bazı koşulların varlığı halinde hukuka uygun kabul edilmektedir. Öncelikle bir müdahalenin tıbbî müdahale olup olmadığını ve sonrasında tıbbî müdahalenin de hukuka uygun olup olmadığını değerlendirmek gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada, ulusal ve uluslararası düzenlemeler ışığında; tıbbî müdahalenin kapsamı belirlenmeye çalışılmış ve hukuka uygunluk değerlendirmesi yapılmıştır. Ayrıca tıbbî müdahalenin hukuka uygunluğunda önemli bir yer tutan bilgilendirme yükümlülüğü incelenmiş ve özellik arz eden bazı tıbbî müdahalelere kısaca değinilmiştir. Medical intervention, possesing the ability to impair life, health and phisical integrity which are components of personal right, a dominant value which law protects, is legal during existence of certain terms. Primarily an intervention should be evaluated for whether or not it qualifies as a medical intervention and then should be evaluated for legitimacy (legality) in this study extent of medical intervention is tried to be identified and legitimacy of medical intervention is assesed In addition informed consent which is a important element of legitimacy of medical intervention, is analysed and some of the featured medical interventions are mentioned briefly.

In this paper, the author analyses one of the obligations to inform recently implemented in Spain that requires from natural and legal persons to report about assets and properties abroad. Failure to comply with this requirement may make recognition of a gain over incomes and properties values not being declared. These gains will be considered income tax from last tax period. En el presente trabajo, la autora analiza una obligación de informar recientemente incorporada al ordenamiento español que obliga a toda persona física y jurídica a declarar los bienes y derechos que posea en el extranjero, cuyo incumplimiento conlleva la generación de una ganancia patrimonial en relación con aquellos elementos patrimoniales no declarados que se imputarán al último ejercicio no prescrito.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att i en jämförande studie utreda skillnaderna beträffande gällande rätt avseende upplysningsskyldigheten för säljaren vid fastighetsköp respektive vid köp av lös egendom. Uppsatsen ska även utreda huruvida skillnaderna är motiverade för säljaren av en vara. Någon bestämmelse som tar sikte på säljarens upplysningsskyldighet finns inte i 4 kap. JB. Av förarbetena framgår det att undersökningsplikten är utgångspunkten för felansvaret och att det inte finns någon generell upplysningsskyldighet för säljaren. I NJA 2007 s. 86 ansågs det motiverat att frångå gängse riskfördelning och ålägga fastighetssäljaren en upplysningsskyldighet, vilken tillsynes verkar ha en generell karaktär. I nämnda rättsfall dras paralleller med avtalsvillkoret i 19 § 1 st. 2 p. KöpL, som ger ett visst mått av upplysningsskyldighet. Inom doktrin är det omdiskuterat om säljaren i vissa situationer ska ha en sådan skyldighet. Efter avgörandet i NJA 2007 s. 86 kan det fastställas att det nu etablerats en upplysningsskyldighet vid sidan av AvtL:s ogiltighetsregler. Mot bakgrund av förarbetena, praxis och doktrin som behandlats gällande 19 § KöpL kan det konstateras att det inte finns ett klart stöd för att säljarens upplysningsskyldighet går vid sidan av AvtL:s ogiltighetsregler. Fastighetssäljaren ansvarar efter NJA 2007 s. 86 redan vid den lägre graden ohederlighet, vilket kan anses ha skapat en slags diskrepans mellan säljaren av lös egendom och fastighetssäljaren. Min sammantagna slutsats blir därmed att de skillnader som nu skapats i gällande rätt beträffande säljarens upplysningsskyldighet vid försäljning av en vara inte är motiverade, med hänsyn till den diskrepans som nu skapats mellan egendomsslagen och som inte kan undgå att betecknas som en generell upplysningsskyldighet för fastighetssäljaren. The purpose of this thesis is to, in a comparative study, examine differences in the law concerning the obligation for a vendor to inform at real estate purchase and purchase of movable property. The thesis shall also examine whether the differences are justified for the vendor of goods. A provision that refers to the seller's obligation to inform doesn’t exist in ch. 4 JB. The legislative history shows that the buyer’s obligation to inspect is the basis for the allocation of liability and that there isn’t a general obligation for the vendor to inform. In NJA 2007 p. 86, it was considered justifiable to depart from the usual risk allocation and impose a real estate vendor an obligation to inform, which seems to be general. The case mentioned above draws parallels with the contractual term of 19 § 1p. (2) AvtL, which gives a certain degree of obligation to inform. In doctrine, it’s debated whether the vendor in some situations should have such an obligation. After the ruling in NJA 2007 p. 86, an obligation to inform alongside AvtL’s rules on invalidity has now been established. With regard to legislative history, case law and doctrine examined concerning 19 § 1p. (2) AvtL, it can be concluded that there isn’t a clear support that the vendor’s obligation to inform goes alongside the AvtL’s rules on invalidity. The vendor of real estate is liable now by NJA 2007 p. 86 already at the lower degree of dishonesty, which might have created a sort of discrepancy between the vendor of movable property and the vendor of real estate. My overall conclusion is therefore that the current differences created in the law regarding the vendor's obligation to inform when vending goods can’t be justified, having regard to the discrepancy that emerged between asset classes and which can’t avoid to qualify as a general obligation to inform for the vendor of real estate.

Že stoletja dolgo Hipokratova etična načela nalagajo zdravniku, da vedno in povsod ravna izključno v bolnikovo dobro. Se je pa v vseh teh stoletjih odnos med zdravnikom in bolnikom precej spremenil. Iz zaščitniškega odnosa s strani zdravnika do bolnika je prešel v partnerski odnos oziroma neke vrste zavezništvo, kjer je za uspešno zdravljenje potrebno sodelovanje med zdravnikom in bolnikom. V začetku 20-tega stoletja se je začelo uveljavljati načelo samostojnosti bolnika. Gre za samostojnost bolnika pri odločitvah glede opravljanja medicinskih posegov in predlaganega zdravljenja. S tem se je priznala avtonomnost bolnika oziroma njegova pravica, da sprejme ali odkloni predlagan medicinski poseg ali zdravljenje. Zdravnik ima dolžnost posredovati bolniku vse informacije glede predlaganih postopkov, seveda na bolniku razumljiv način. Po pogovoru se lahko bolnik s predlaganimi posegi in postopki zdravljenja strinja ali pa tudi ne. Ima vso pravico predlagane posege ali zdravljenje odkloniti. V takem primeru sta zdravnik in bolnik dolžna poiskati rešitev, s katero se oba strinjata oziroma je za oba sprejemljiva. Tako zdravnik ni več samo svetovalec ampak je postavljen tudi v vlogo pogajalca. Pravico bolnika do samostojnega odločanja oziroma avtonomnosti je treba spoštovati. Vsekakor pa je osnova za dober odnos med zdravnikom in bolnikom medsebojno spoštovanje, zaupanje, česar pa je v današnjem času vedno manj. For centuries long Hippocratic ethical principles have guided doctors to always perform their work in patient favour. But the doctor-patient relationship has changed over the past few centuries from protective to some sort of allied relationship, where success of treatment is based in cooperation between doctor and patient. In the beginning of the twentieth century the principle of patient independence emerged. This turning point recognized patients sovereignty and the right to accept or declaine proposed medical intervention. The doctor is obligated to inform the patient in understandable fashion about all the planned procedures, but the patient has the right to declaine them. So, doctors should give information about proposed intervention and treatment in order for the patient to decide wheter or not he or she wishes to undergo such treatment, but the patient has every right to declaine it. This forces both doctor and patient to search for a compromise which is acceptable for both parties and makes doctors not just advisors but also negotiators. The patient autonomy and the right to make independent decisions should be respected, but neverthless it is mutual respect and trust that makes the doctor-patient relationship the basis for everything else. And we see less and less of such modus operandi in today´s world.

The bachelor thesis examines the situation of the statutory obligation to inform about terms and conditions of employment contract regarding both its development and its current legislative state with practical compliance. It analyzes in detail the emergence of this obligation and follows its evolution in the legislative norms. It also includes a summary of points about which the employee should be informed in connection with the creation of employment and a dividing of these according to the statutory announcement time. In the practical part are described the results of work inspections conducted in 2010 focused on the aforesaid obligation. The issue of breaches of the obligation to inform about terms and conditions of employment contract is examined in a questionnaire survey too. Finally also an outline of options solving the non-compliance and circumvention of this obligation is included in the conclusion.

Tout employeur qui fournit l'accès Internet au sein de son entreprise a intérêt à surveiller l'usage qui en est fait par ses employés, que ce soit pour maximiser les avantages ou pour réduire les risques liés à l'utilisation d'Internet au travail. Tout employeur a d'ailleurs le droit d'exercer une telle surveillance, sous réserve toutefois des droits des personnes surveillées. La mise en place d'une surveillance de l'utilisation d'Internet au travail peut porter atteinte à la vie privée des employés ou à leur droit à des conditions de travail justes et raisonnables, et peut également porter atteinte au droit à la vie privée des tiers indirectement visés par la surveillance. Dans ce contexte, afin de s'assurer que la surveillance est exercée dans les limites de ses droits, l'employeur doit franchir deux étapes de réflexion essentielles. L'employeur doit en premier lieu déterminer le niveau d'expectative raisonnable de vie privée des personnes surveillées, lequel niveau s'apprécie à la lumière d'une série de facteurs. L'employeur doit par ailleurs respecter les critères de rationalité et de proportionnalité. Ces critères requièrent notamment que l'employeur identifie les motifs sous-jacents à la surveillance ainsi que la manière dont la surveillance sera exercée. Une fois ces deux étapes franchies, l'employeur sera en mesure d'identifier les obligations auxquelles il est soumis dans le cadre de la mise en place de la surveillance., All employers providing Internet access to their employees should implement Internet monitoring in the workplace, to increase the benefits and reduce the risks related to Internet use at work. Employers have the right to implement this kind of monitoring subject, however, to the rights of employees and third parties. The implementation of Internet monitoring within the workplace can affect employees' privacy and the right to fair and reasonable conditions of employment, as well as the rights of third parties who may be indirectly subject to monitoring. In this context, the employer should go through two steps of reasoning. The employer should first determine the level of reasonable expectation of privacy of all individuals monitored, which level is assessed in the light of numerous factors. The employer must also meet the criteria of rationality and proportionality. These criteria require that the employer identifies the reasons behind monitoring, and how monitoring will be exercised. After these two steps, the employer will be able to identify the obligations to which he is submitted through the implementation of Internet monitoring.