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The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutrient intake and dietary antioxidant capacity of children and adolescents with ASD. The study included 38 children and adolescents with ASD aged 6–18 years and 38 gender and age-matched peers without ASD. Caregivers of participants who met inclusion criteria completed a questionnaire form, three-day food consumption record and antioxidant nutrient questionnaire. There were 26 (68.4%) boys and 12 (31.6%) girls in both groups and mean age of participants with and without ASD was 10.9 ± 4.03 years versus 11.1 ± 4.09 years, respectively. The average intake of carbohydrates, vitamin D, calcium, sodium and selenium was lower in participants with ASD than in participants without ASD (p < 0.05). In both groups, dietary fiber, vitamin D, potassium, calcium and selenium intake insufficiency were high, and there was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of carbohydrate, omega 3, vitamin D and sodium intake insufficiency. Considering the antioxidant intakes of the participants, the median value of dietary antioxidant capacity from food consumption record of participants with and without ASD was 3.2 (1.9) mmol versus 4.3 (1.9) mmol, respectively, whereas the dietary antioxidant capacity from antioxidant nutrient questionnaire was 3.5 (2.9) mmol versus 4.8 (2.7) mmol, respectively (p < 0.05). It is predicted that providing nutritional counseling and regulation of diet, especially keeping the antioxidant capacity of diets high, may be effective in reducing some of the symptoms of ASD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selection of suitable peanut genotypes with resistance to drought is an important strategy to combat problems of drought. This study aimed to investigate nutrient uptake and nutrient use efficiencies of Valencia peanut genotypes in response to terminal drought. A pot experiment was conducted in a factorial randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Factor A consisted of two soil water regimes (field capacity and 1/3 available water), and ten Valencia peanut genotypes were assigned as factor B. Macronutrient uptakes and nutrient use efficiencies (NUE) were examined; drought reduced nutrient uptakes, NUE for biomass and NUE for pod yield. Unique behaviors of some tested Valencia peanut genotypes on given traits were found. Genotype PI536121 had the highest K, Ca and Mg uptakes, while two genotypes ICG10890 and ICG10092 showed the highest NUE for biomass and pod yield. Genotype ICG14127 performed well regarding K, Ca and Mg uptakes and NUE for pod yield. Total nutrient uptakes of N, P, K, Ca and Mg were significantly positively correlated with biomass and pod yield (r = 0.48**–0.76**), whereas the number of seeds per pod and 100-seed weight were positively correlated with total nutrient uptakes of N, K, Ca and Mg (r = 0.23*–0.47**). Three tested genotypes ICG10092, ICG10890 and ICG14127 are promising genetic sources for further improvements of Valencia peanuts for drought tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This systematic review and meta‐analysis aimed to consolidate evidence on dietary interventions for atopic eczema/dermatitis (AD) skin symptoms in children without food allergies, following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Systematic review updates were conducted in May 2022 and June 2023, focusing on randomized placebo‐controlled trials (RCTs) involving children with AD but without food allergies. Specific diets or supplements, such as vitamins, minerals, probiotics, prebiotics, symbiotics, or postbiotics, were explored in these trials. Exclusions comprised descriptive studies, systematic reviews, meta‐analyses, letters, case reports, studies involving elimination diets, and those reporting on food allergens in children and adolescents. Additionally, studies assessing exacerbation of AD due to food allergy/sensitization and those evaluating elimination diets' effects on AD were excluded. Nutritional supplementation studies were eligible regardless of sensitization profile. Evaluation of their impact on AD clinical expression was performed using SCORAD scores, and a meta‐analysis of SCORAD outcomes was conducted using random‐effect models (CRD42022328702). The review encompassed 27 RCTs examining prebiotics, Vitamin D, evening primrose oil, and substituting cow's milk formula with partially hydrolyzed whey milk formula. A meta‐analysis of 20 RCTs assessing probiotics, alone or combined with prebiotics, revealed a significant reduction in SCORAD scores, suggesting a consistent trend in alleviating AD symptoms in children without food allergies. Nonetheless, evidence for other dietary interventions remains limited, underscoring the necessity for well‐designed intervention studies targeting multiple factors to understand etiological interactions and propose reliable manipulation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies and the leading causes of cancer related deaths worldwide. The development of CRC is driven by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. There is growing evidence that changes in dietary nutrition may modulate the CRC risk, and protective effects on the risk of developing CRC have been advocated for specific nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, lipid, vitamins, micronutrients and prebiotics. Metabolic crosstalk between tumor cells, tumor microenvironment components and intestinal flora further promote proliferation, invasion and metastasis of CRC cells and leads to treatment resistance. This review summarizes the research progress on CRC prevention, pathogenesis, and treatment by dietary supplementation or deficiency of glucose, amino acids, lipids, vitamins, micronutrients, and prebiotics, respectively. The roles played by different nutrients and dietary crosstalk in the tumor microenvironment and metabolism are discussed, and nutritional modulation is inspired to be beneficial in the prevention and treatment of CRC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphorus is indispensable for plant growth and development, with its status crucial for determining crop productivity. Plants have evolved various biochemical, morphological, and developmental responses to thrive under conditions of low P availability, as inorganic phosphate (Pi), the primary form of P uptake, is often insoluble in soils. Over the past 25 years, extensive research has focused on understanding these responses, collectively forming the Pi starvation response system. This effort has not only expanded our knowledge of strategies to cope with Pi starvation (PS) but also confirmed their adaptive significance. Moreover, it has identified and characterized numerous components of the intricate regulatory network governing P homeostasis. This review emphasizes recent advances in PS signaling, particularly highlighting the physiological importance of local PS signaling in inhibiting primary root growth and uncovering the role of TORC1 signaling in this process. Additionally, advancements in understanding shoot-root Pi allocation and a novel technique for studying Pi distribution in plants are discussed. Furthermore, emerging data on the regulation of plant-microorganism interactions by the PS regulatory system, crosstalk between the signaling pathways of phosphate starvation, phytohormones and immunity, and recent studies on natural variation in Pi homeostasis are addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Biochar amendment to the digestate-based bioponics improved plant yield. • Biochar adsorbed heavy metals and decreased their bioaccumulation in plants. • Noncancer and cancer risks were found from ingestion of the plants. • Biochar enhanced microbial communities, aiding metal stabilization in bioponics. • Biochar promoted genera in sludge and plant roots for efficient P and N recovery. Bioponics is a nutrient-recovery technology that transforms nutrient-rich organic waste into plant biomass/bioproducts. Integrating biochar with digestate from anaerobic wastewater treatment process can improve resource recovery while mitigating heavy metal contamination. The overarching goal of this study was to investigate the application of biochar in digestate-based bioponics, focusing on its efficacy in nutrient recovery and heavy metal removal, while also exploring the microbial community dynamics. In this study, biochar was applied at 50 % w/w with 500 g dry weight of digestate during two 28-day crop cycles (uncontrolled pH and pH 5.5) using white stem pak choi (Brassica rapa var. chinensis) as a model crop. The results showed that the digestate provided sufficient phosphorus and nitrogen, supporting plant growth. Biochar amendment improved plant yield and phosphate solubilization and reduced nitrogen loss, especially at the pH 5.5. Furthermore, biochar reduced the heavy metal accumulation in plants, while concentrating these metals in the residual sludge. However, owing to potential non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks, it is still not recommended to directly consume plants cultivated in digestate-based bioponic systems. Additionally, biochar amendment exhibited pronounced impact on the microbial community, promoting microbes responsible for nutrient solubilization and cycling (e.g., Tetrasphaera , Herpetosiphon , Hyphomicrobium , and Pseudorhodoplanes) and heavy metal stabilization (e.g., Leptolinea , Fonticella , Romboutsia , and Desulfurispora) in both the residual sludge and plants. Overall, the addition of biochar enhanced the microbial community and facilitated the metal stabilization and the cycling of nutrients within both residual sludge and root systems, thereby improving the overall efficiency of the bioponics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil organisms play a key role in carbon and nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems. While soil organisms are strongly influenced by litter chemistry and are highly sensitive to abiotic conditions, little is known about the interactive effects of these two factors. To address this gap in knowledge, we conducted a 10 week microcosm experiment in which we simulated the effects of climate change on soil ecology. More specifically, we studied relationships among litter nutrient concentration, microbial biomass, Collembola demographic parameters, and litter decomposition, exploring the potential impacts of increasing air temperature and decreasing soil moisture. To develop a gradient of nutrient concentrations, we created six tree litter mixtures with materials gathered from Quercus pubescens and its companion species. In contrast to microbes, we observed that Collembola abundance and litter decomposition were interactively affected by soil moisture and air temperature: the negative effect of increasing air temperature on Collembola abundance was amplified by reduced soil moisture, whereas the positive effect of increasing air temperature on litter decomposition disappeared under reduced soil moisture conditions. In contrast to fungi, the response of bacterial biomass and Collembola abundance to litter nutrient concentration was dependent on abiotic conditions. More specifically, the relationships between nutrients, especially calcium and magnesium, and bacterial biomass and Collembola abundance were less robust or disappeared under drier or warmer conditions. In conclusion, our findings underscore that ongoing climate change could affect soil organisms directly as well as indirectly, by altering their responses to litter nutrient concentrations. In addition, we found that nutrient‐rich habitats might be more affected than nutrient‐poor habitats by altered climatic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutritropism is a positive tropism toward nutrients in plant roots. An NH4+ gradient is a nutritropic stimulus in rice (Oryza sativa L.). When rice roots are exposed to an NH4+ gradient generated around nutrient sources, root tips bend toward and coil around the sources. The molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we analyzed the transcriptomes of the inside and outside of bending root tips exhibiting nutritropism to reveal nutritropic signal transduction. Tissues facing the nutrient sources (inside) and away (outside) were separately collected by laser microdissection. Principal component analysis revealed distinct transcriptome patterns between the two tissues. Annotations of 153 differentially expressed genes implied that auxin, gibberellin and ethylene signaling were activated differentially between the sides of the root tips under nutritropism. Exogenous application of transport and/or biosynthesis inhibitors of these phytohormones largely inhibited the nutritropism. Thus, signaling and de novo biosynthesis of the three phytohormones are necessary for nutritropism. Expression patterns of IAA genes implied that auxins accumulated more in the inside tissues, meaning that ammonium stimulus is transduced to auxin signaling in nutritropism similar to gravity stimulus in gravitropism. SAUR and expansin genes, which are known to control cell wall modification and to promote cell elongation in shoot gravitropism, were highly expressed in the inside tissues rather than the outside tissues, and our transcriptome data are unexplainable for differential elongation in root nutritropism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems is associated with an increased risk of pathogen infection via increased pathogen growth and host exposure via increased pathogen doses. Here, we studied the effect of nutrients on the virulence of an opportunistic bacterial pathogen of fish, Flavobacterium columnare , in challenge experiments with rainbow trout fingerlings. We hypothesized that removing all nutrients by washing the bacteria would reduce virulence as compared to unwashed bacteria, but adding nutrients to the tank water would increase the virulence of the bacterium. Nutrient addition and increase in bacterial dose increased virulence for both unwashed and washed bacteria. For unwashed bacteria, the addition of nutrients reduced the survival probability of fish challenged with low bacterial doses more than for fish challenged with higher bacterial doses, suggesting activation of bacterial virulence factors. Washing and centrifugation reduced viable bacterial counts, and the addition of washed bacteria alone did not lead to fish mortality. However, a small addition of nutrient medium, 0.05% of the total water volume, added separately to the fish container, restored the virulence of the washed bacteria. Our results show that human-induced eutrophication could trigger epidemics of aquatic pathogens at the limits of their survival and affect their ecology and evolution by altering the dynamics between strains that differ in their growth characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Farmers need information regarding soil fertility at every location of their fields to attain a higher level of precision in nutrient management. Nonetheless, the acquisition and processing of soil samples are labor‐intensive and time‐utilizing, and the related cost remains high‐priced to farmers. Artificial intelligence is the most speedily growing area combined into approximately all aspects of human life. Soil macronutrients like nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), and potassium (K) have a significant role in precision agriculture. There is a huge need for powerful and rapid measurement systems to measure accurately the macronutrients in the soil for optimal crop productivity, especially in site‐specific crop management system, where the application of fertilizer can be regulated spatially with respect to crop demand. Nevertheless, it can present a research direction to design an advanced scheme in order to predict the properties of soil. A portable sensor device is a basic need of an agriculture system for the accurate and rapid monitoring of soil macronutrients. Aim: In this research, the soil nutrients identified from the collected soil samples using optical sensors are evaluated for their accuracy using a deep learning approach. Methods: A deep residual network is exploited for the soil nutrient prediction after augmenting the gathered soil data. Finally, various performance evaluation measures, like mean squared error (MSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and root mean squared error (RMSE), are calculated to detect how accurately the sensor predicted the soil nutrients. Results: From the experimental analysis, it is stated that the proposed model attained low MSE value of 4.59 e−09, the low RMSE value of 6.78 e−05, and the low MAE value of 4.66 e−05 for N prediction. Likewise, the proposed model attained the least MSE value of 1.41 e−05, the least RMSE value of 0.0003, and the least MAE value of 0.0001 for P prediction. Conclusion: Finally, for K prediction, the proposed model achieved the least MSE value of 1.54 e−06, least RMSE value of 1.24 e−03, and the least MAE value of 1.38 e−05. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This study addressed the pressing issue of declining giant clam populations due to environmental changes in their habitats. Our findings underscore the critical role of environmental factors in shaping clam populations and emphasize the importance of understanding these dynamics for effective conservation strategies. This study contributed valuable insights to the intricacies of giant clam ecology, offering a scientific foundation for informed conservation efforts aimed at preserving these vital marine species and their ecosystems. The habitats of giant clams are undergoing environmental changes, and giant clam populations are declining. The present study was conducted to facilitate clam conservation. We conducted three 18-week trials to investigate the effects of nutrient, temperature, and salinity on the growth performance and survival rates (SRs) of juvenile Tridacna noae, adult Tridacna crocea, and subadult Tridacna derasa, respectively. Regarding nutrient sources, no significant differences were observed in shell length gain, specific growth rate, or SR between clams fed with Chaetoceros muelleri or commercial feed (hw nanotip) and those in a control group (juvenile phototrophs). Regarding temperature, clams cultivated at 27 °C exhibited significantly better growth performance and SR than did those cultivated at 19 °C or 31 °C (p < 0.05). By week 6, all clams in the 19 °C and 31 °C groups had died, indicating that suboptimal growth temperatures have severe adverse effects. Regarding salinity, clams cultivated at 34‰ exhibited significantly higher length gains and specific growth rates than did those cultivated at 20‰ or 25‰ (p < 0.05). SR was not significantly affected by salinity. Understanding how environmental factors affect giant clam populations may help researchers devise effective clam conservation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutrient run-off from agriculture causes water pollution and eutrophication. Polysaccharide hydrogels with controlled release of nutrients have been developed to minimize nutrient leaching and run-off. This review compares the loading and release of different nutrients from polysaccharide hydrogels for fertilizing purposes. Urea was encapsulated into polysaccharide hydrogels through blending, adsorption, and coating to minimize fast hydrolysis and possible volatilization. Urea release could be controlled by incorporating inorganic fillers, increasing polymer density, and reducing pore size. Early works incorporated polysaccharides into synthetic polymer hydrogel. Cellulose, cellulose derivatives, starch, chitosan, and alginate were later used as the composite hydrogel in urea encapsulation. The controlled release of other nitrogen sources such as KNO3, NH4NO3, NH4Cl, and leather waste was also studied. Phosphate release was reduced using copolymers containing Arabic gum, carboxymethyl cellulose, and starch-rich waste besides chitosan and carboxymethyl cellulose hydrogels. Potassium release from polysaccharide hydrogel containing nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium could be electrostatically controlled. Polysaccharide hydrogels containing micronutrients, humic acids, and sucrose were also developed. Most of the polysaccharide hydrogels did not fulfill the nutrient release standards. Besides controlling the release of multiple nutrients, further reduction of cost using polysaccharide-rich waste and nutrients in the wastewater should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interaction between phosphorus (P), zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe) alters plant nutrient concentrations and nutritional quality. In this regard, there are a limited number of studies on P and micronutrient relations in lettuce plants. In this study, the effects of Zn and Fe applications on plant growth, concentrations, and contents of P, Zn, Fe, copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn) were determined in lettuce plants grown under increasing P rates. Lettuce plants grown under increasing P rates (0, 100, 200, and 400 mg kg−1 P) were treated with either sole or combined applications of 20 mg kg−1 Zn and 30 mg kg−1 Fe. Fresh and dry weights, P concentrations, and contents of lettuce were increased by P fertilization. With Zn and Fe applications, lettuce Fe contents were increased by medium P rates. Plant Zn contents were increased by P fertilization when the plant supplied Zn alone. Besides the highest P rate, Zn and Fe increased plant Zn content through P fertilization. Under no micronutrient condition, Cu concentration revealed insignificant changes, but its content was significantly increased by P application. Plant Mn concentration only increased by low P when the plant supplied Zn however Mn contents of lettuce were increased by P fertilization. In conclusion, even high P doses had no significant impact on Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn concentrations in lettuce plants. Plant Zn concentrations increased when Zn was applied with Fe. Likewise, Cu increased but manganese declined. This emphasizes the importance of simultaneous Zn and Fe fertilizer application, especially in Zn biofortification research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The communication between the gut and brain is crucial for regulating various essential physiological functions, such as energy balance, fluid homeostasis, immune response, and emotion. The vagal sensory pathway plays an indispensable role in connecting the gut to the brain. Recently, our knowledge of the vagal gut-brain axis has significantly advanced through molecular genetic studies, revealing a diverse range of vagal sensory cell types with distinct peripheral innervations, response profiles, and physiological functions. Here, we review the current understanding of how vagal sensory neurons contribute to gut-brain communication. First, we highlight recent transcriptomic and genetic approaches that have characterized different vagal sensory cell types. Then, we focus on discussing how different subtypes encode numerous gut-derived signals and how their activities are translated into physiological and behavioral regulations. The emerging insights into the diverse cell types and functional properties of vagal sensory neurons have paved the way for exciting future directions, which may provide valuable insights into potential therapeutic targets for disorders involving gut-brain communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zoysiagrass is a valuable low maintenance warm‐season turfgrass. Nitrogen management is one of the most important management practices that affect colour retention and winter hardiness. However, the N cycling during seasonal senescence and its interaction with low temperature acclimation are not well‐understood. The objective of this experiment was to understand the initiation of senescence as affected by environmental signals and the contribution of chlorophyll and protein degradation to N metabolites. Two commercial cultivars ('Meyer' and 'Zenith'), seven wild accessions of Z. japonica, one wild accession of Z. matrella, and one wild accession of Z. pacifica from China were tested. Mature plants were exposed to four sequential environmental conditions to simulate fall shortening light photoperiods and decreasing temperatures as low as 0°C. Major N containing compounds and key enzymes in N metabolism during the senescence and low temperature acclimation were measured. The results showed that accessions of zoysiagrass from low latitudes had higher chlorophyll retention and lower N recycle (low soluble protein and NH4‐N) than those from higher latitudes in a simulated late fall, indicating that different mechanisms were responsible for the senescence and low temperature acclimation. In general, chlorophyll and soluble protein concentration decreased during the senescence which led to an increase of total free amino acids, especially glutamine, prior to the low temperature dormancy. The changes in N metabolism and the N uptake were also reflected in the decrease of NO3‐N and increase of NH4‐N, as well as relevant enzyme activities in the key steps. The signal and regulation mechanism in N cycling during the seasonal senescence and acclimation requires further investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In previous studies, an allodiploid lineage (WR-F1-F5) was established by the distant hybridization of white crucian carp (Carassius cuvieri, WCC, ♀) and red crucian carp (Carassius auratus red var., RCC, ♂), an allodiploid fish (WR-II) was produced by WR-F1 (♀) x WCC (♂). In this study, the nutrients in the muscle and ovary of WR-II and its parents (WCC, RCC, and WR) were investigated, including protein, fat, amino acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), moisture, and ash. The results showed that the protein content of WR-II in muscle and ovary (17.90 % and 25.60 % respectively) was higher than that of WR, and was significantly higher than that of WCC and RCC (p < 0.05). The fat content of WR-II in muscle and ovary (4.30 % and 5.31 % respectively) was higher than that of WR and was significantly higher than that of WCC and RCC (p < 0.05), and the muscle and ovary of WR-II showed rich DHA content (0.32 % and 0.54 % respectively) than that of WCC and RCC (p < 0.05). Fifteen amino acids were detected in WR-II and its parents, the total amino acid (TAA) content of WR-II in muscle and ovary (15.49 % and 18.43 % respectively) was significantly higher than that of WCC (p < 0.05), the delicious amino acid (DAA) content of WR-II in muscle and ovary (6.56 % and 8.29 % respectively) was different degrees higher than that of WCC, RCC, and WR. The moisture and carbohydrates of WR-II in muscle and ovary were lower than those in WCC and RCC. Furthermore, protein, fat, TAA, and DAA content in the ovary were significantly higher than those in muscle (p < 0.05), showing tissue differences in all detected fish. This study indicated that WR-II had the characteristics of high protein, high fat, high DHA, high TAA, high DAA, low moisture, and low carbohydrates, which provided theoretical support for its application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sipunculans, or peanut worms, are unsegmented worm-like marine organisms with distinctive trunk-like bodies. They play important roles in marine ecosystems, such as bioerosion, bioturbation, and food sources. Sipunculans are also harvested as human food in some regions worldwide. Despite their importance, a comprehensive understanding of the Sipuncula in Indonesia is still limited. This work aimed to compile a study of the distribution, ecology, and potency of Sipuncula species in Indonesian waters. The distribution of Sipuncula species in Indonesian waters was recorded from the northernmost to the easternmost part of Indonesia. So far, nineteen species have been found in Indonesian waters and are dominated by Sipunculus nudus. In Indonesia, Sipuncula exhibits a diverse range of habitats, they can be found in seagrass, mangrove and coral reef ecosystems, in both sandy and muddy sediments. Sipunculans found in Indonesia have ecosystem function as bioturbator, shell-utilizer, and coralsymbiotic species. Sipuncula also has potency as a food and nutraceutical for human health maintenance because it contains highly nutritious such as protein, carbohydrates, ash, lipids, moisture, minerals, amino acids, and fatty acids. In some areas in Indonesia, local communities use Sipuncula as a traditional food source and fishing bait. Given its significance for marine ecosystems and human livelihoods in Indonesia, future management strategies should include regulations on catch size and management practices, data collection, promotion of sustainable fishing practices, and research on Sipuncula biology and ecology. Addressing these knowledge gaps will help to ensure the sustainable use and conservation of Sipuncula in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on enzyme engineering and enzyme kinetics as the technical support and scientific basis, the combination of pig manure and corn stover was used as the substrate, 2% neutral protease was added, and the water content of the substrate was reduced to 56.01% at 80°C for 3 h in a biochemical reactor, a year-on-year decrease of 2.34%. The content of macromolecular organic matter was reduced to 63.79%, and after enzymatic hydrolysis, the organic content of substrates treated A and B reached 14.19% and 15.06%, respectively. The use of a large number of elements in plants had been increased to 6.87%, which met the NY 525-2012 organic fertilizer standard. Available-available phosphorus, avail- able potassium, total salt and total humic acid showed a downward trend. The mortality rate of roundworm eggs reached 92%, and the seed germination index reached 54%, which reached the standard of organic fertilizer rot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reduced grain and seed nutrient content in crops grown under elevated CO2 concentrations (eCO2) have raised concerns about future food security. Studies have reported that different seed elements responded differently to eCO2. Additionally, the nutrient response to eCO2 varied across species and cultivars. This study investigated the response of seed quality in two soybean cultivars (HS93‐4118 and Loda) previously shown to have different yield responses to eCO2. We show that seed quality responded differently to eCO2 for the two cultivars and that elements were differentially impacted. The strongest declines under eCO2 were observed for Al, Ca, Fe, and Se while P and Mn were unaffected. Seed protein content increased under eCO2 for the two cultivars. Oil content, however, showed a negative relationship with yield and declined under eCO2. Using path analysis, we show that eCO2 reduced the seed content for some elements through increasing seed yield, effectively diluting the elemental concentrations, while other elements were reduced in a yield‐independent manner. Despite the decline in the seed concentration for some elements, the overall yield per hectare of elements, protein, and oil under eCO2 increased because of greater seed yield. We quantified the economic impact of altered seed composition and show that the decline in oil content with increasing soybean yield at eCO2 could adversely impact profits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In recent years, the impact of diet on Alzheimer's disease (AD) as a modifiable lifestyle has attracted widespread attention. We aimed to elucidate the current research status, frontiers, and research trends regarding the role of diet in AD over the past two decades through CiteSpace. Methods: Studies related to AD and diet that were published from January 1, 2003, to June 30, 2023, were retrieved via the Web of Science Core Collection. We imported the study data into CiteSpace for visual analysis of countries, institutions, co-authors, and co-occurring keywords. Results: A total of 922 relevant studies were included in our analysis, which found Nikolaos Scarmeas was the most prolific author (13 studies, 1.41%). The results also indicated that USA and Columbia University were the country and institution with the highest number of publications, with 209 (22.67%) and 23 (2.49%), respectively. The keywords that had a burst in the past four years were neuroinflammation, AD, tau, association, and beta. Conclusion: Talent exchange and regional cooperation are recommended in this study field. The results indicate that the effectiveness of various dietary patterns and mechanisms of dietary interventions using biomarkers and supplementation with refined nutrients will be the main research trends in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Classical activated sludge systems have been used for over a century in domestic wastewater treatment. However, in recent years, not only carbon removal but also nitrogen and phosphorus removal have become essential for preserving water resources. In this context, scientists are searching for effective and sustainable solutions. In this study, the integrated biological activated sludge (IFAS) process, which is created by integrating fixed biofilm into the classical activated sludge process, was applied by combining it with a sequential batch reactor SBR). The IFAS-SBR system was applied in the sequencing batch reactor with a 40% volume fill ratio of moving support material, utilizing anaerobic (An)/aerobic (Ox)/anoxic (Ox) cycles, with a 36 hour hydraulic retention time (HRT) and an 11.8-day sludge retention time (SRT). During the operational phases, average removal efficiencies of 92.7% for chemical oxygen demand (COD), 79.5% for total nitrogen (TN), and 59.3% for phosphate phosphorus (PO4-P) were achieved. Considering discharge criteria, the reactor achieved successful COD and TN removal, but fell short in terms of phosphorus removal. The IFAS-SBR reactor, has the potential to meet wastewater standards under optimized conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to understand the potential utilization of sheep manure and urine, in this study manure and urine production, potential fertilizer and energy utilization of manure and urine and the cropland load of manure and urine in the sheep industry in China in 2021 were estimated. Related data was obtained from the statistical yearbook and the pollutant producing and discharging coefficient. The results show that in 2021, the total sheep manure and urine amount produced in China reached 291 million tons, of which the total nitrogen（TN）, total phosphorus（TP）and total potassium（TK）contents have reached 910 800, 192 800 tons and 738 900 tons respectively, which can effectively replace 2.553 1 million tons of nitrogen fertilizer（calculated by urea）, 1.084 5 million tons of phosphorus fertilizer（calculated by P2O5）, and 1.918 2 million tons of potassium fertilizer（calculated by K2O）, as well as producing 16.595 billion cubic meters of biogas. The potential fertilizer and energy utilization of sheep manure and urine is high. The cropland loads in Qinghai and Tibet rank first and second, respectively, in China. When utilizing sheep manure and urine, full consideration should be given to various land types, such as cultivated land, farming pastoral ecotone, forest land and grassland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was carried out during rabi season (September-March) of 2017-18 and 2018-19 at the experimental plot of RRTTS, OUAT, Keonjhar, Odisha to evaluate the nutrient and weed management practices on performance of onion. Fifteen treatmentswere designed in a split plot design. Among all the treatments, the maximum plant height was recorded in N3W4 (56.29 cm) which was closely followed by N3W3 (55.97 cm), number of leaves plant-1 was higher in N3W3 (12.47) significantly which was closely followed by N2W4 (12.33) and N2W3 (12.00) and maximum neck thickness was recorded in N1W2 (1.39 cm). Among yield parameters, the average bulb weight of onion ranges from 33.56 g (N1W2) to 87.6 g (N2W3) while, the highest bulb yields of onion (17.37 and 20.40 t ha-1) was recorded for the treatment which to be exact was applied with pre-emergence application of pendimethalin @ 0.8 l ha-1 supplement with one hand weeding at 25 DAT with B:C ratio of 1.84 and 1.76 for the year 2017-18 and 2018-19 respectively. Similarly, the treatment combination of N2W3 i.e. application of 50% STBFR along with 50% FYM based on N requirement and pre-emergence application of pendimethalin @ 0.8 l ha-1+onehand weeding at 25 DAT) was recorded the highest. The available nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, potash and sulphur content (284.67 kg ha-1, 14.83 kg ha-1, 97.43 kg ha-1 and 11.40 kg ha-1) in the post-harvest soil was recorded highest with the treatment N2W3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caulerpa racemosa belongs to a group of green algae commonly called sea grapes. The green color as a characteristic of C. racemosa is closely related to the chlorophyll pigment it contains. The concentration of chlorophyll in algae is influenced by the addition of nutrients to the rearing medium, such as nitrate (N) and phosphate (P) nutrients. To figure out the effect of adding N and P using urea and SP36 fertilizers with different concentrations on the chlorophyll content of C.racemosa was the main target of the current study. The research was conducted indoors, using a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 5 treatments and 3 replications. The treatment was a comparison of urea and SP36 as follows: A (100 : 0 %), B (75 25 %), C (50 : 50 %), D (25 : 75 %), and E (0 : 100 % ). The addition of N and P into the media using urea and SP 36 fertilizers in a ratio (50: 50%) resulted in the highest concentrations of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll. The lowest chlorophyll was found in treatment E, namely the addition of P without N (Urea 0 : SP 36 100 %). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The PCLake model has not previously been used for tropical reservoirs. This study attempted to apply the PCLake model to predict the chlorophyll a concentrations (Chl-a) in a tropical reservoir in Thailand. Sensitivity analyses were performed for the constants affecting the prediction of Chl-a in the phytoplankton module. The model calibration was performed by using the adjusted value of the most sensitive constant with the observed data from July to December 2020. The effects of the initial trophic state of the reservoir on the simulated Chl-a were evaluated. The results showed that Chl-a were sensitive to six constants. Among these constants, the value of the specific extinction of detritus (cExtSpDet) was adjusted using the calculated values from the typical limnological parameters of the studied reservoir. Statistical analyses of the results of calibration and the subsequent validation with the observed data from February to September 2022 were listed as follows: NSE=0.55 and 0.37, RSR=0.67 and 0.79, and PBIAS=27% and 9%, respectively. The initial trophic state of the reservoir had no influence on the long-term prediction of Chl-a. This preliminary effort indicates that the PCLake model can be used to predict Chl-a, which is representative of algal biomass in tropical reservoirs and is essential to water quality models, without complex modifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The idea of a critical limit (CL) of nutritional elements distinguishes deficiency from adequacy, which could suggest fertilizer administration. The critical limit can be used to distinguish between responsive (deficiency) and non-responsive (sufficiency) sites. The study aims to estimate the critical limit of phosphorus (P) for mustard and maize in different Agro-ecological Zones (AEZs) of Bangladesh. In this context, the study was conducted in 20 types of soil and two crops (maize and mustard) both in pot and field experiments. Twenty soils from different places were used as experimental materials, among them 12 soil samples had inadequate soil fertility, 4 had low fertility, and the remaining 4 had medium levels of fertility. The treatments were two crops: BARI Hybrid Maize 7 (Maize) and BINA Sharisha 9 (Mustard) and two levels of phosphorus (P): 0 and 15 ppm. Dry matter (DM) yield was calculated and the nutritional content of plant samples was determined. Depending on the chemical properties of the soil, the results ranged from extremely low to very high levels. Reading the mustard crop, the estimated critical levels of P were found to be 14.8 ppm (graphical) and 18.9 ppm (statistical). Regarding the maize crop, the estimated critical P levels were found to be 14.5 ppm (graphical) and 12.3 ppm (statistical). When soil P is less than the CL, plants respond to P-based fertilizer effectively. The results of the trials will assist in managing P fertilizer for the sustainability of maize and mustard production in diverse soil types in different agroecological zones of Bangladesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Quinoa is known for its unique nutritional characteristics and contains good quality protein and fat along with appreciable amount of starch, dietary fibre and micronutrients. The fractionation facilitated the separation of the botanical components of the grain which were found to be rich in specific nutrients. The protein‐ and fat‐rich fraction (PFRF) projected 2.15 times protein and 2.74 times fat, while fibre‐rich fraction (FRF) showed 2.35 times fibre content as compared to quinoa whole grain. Starch‐rich fraction (SRF) with 82.41% starch was lower in protein content. FRF showed higher water holding capacity compared with other quinoa samples where bulk density was reported highest in PFRF fraction (670 kg per m3). These fractions showed variation in their gelatinisation enthalpy for the thermal properties. Foaming and emulsion properties were significantly impacted by the composition of the fractions and varied at different pH. The apparent viscosity was recorded highest for FRF, where SRF was lowest. At varied temperatures tested, the exhibited behaviour of all samples was found to be non‐Newtonian in nature. Present study concludes that quinoa physical fractionation produced novel nutrient dense fractions with unique techno‐functional features and has potential to be explored for food product development as independent functional ingredient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subterranean estuary (STE) is a recognized reactive biogeochemical zone at the groundwater–seawater interface in coastal regions. However, few studies have explored dissolved organic matter (DOM) and nutrient processes in buried organic-rich STEs (with up to 20 % of organic matter content), despite their potential contributions to coastal water hypoxia and greenhouse gas emissions. This study conducted controlled laboratory experiments to investigate the physicochemical controls on DOM and nutrient processing in organic-rich STEs, considering variations in groundwater nitrate (NO 3 –) concentrations, salt concentration, seawater ions, and incubation times. Results showed elevated levels of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) in pore water, primarily from particulate organic matter (POM) degradation that originated from decayed vascular plants. POM-to-DOM degradations further resulted in the accumulation of ammonium (NH 4 +) and highly unsaturated compounds in all treatments. The addition of high-ionic-strength treatments (e.g., seawater and sodium chloride [NaCl] solution) reduced DOC solubility and selectively removed dissolved aromatic compounds in porewater. The cation-rich seawater shifted the porewater NH 4 + generation pathway from predominantly biological (re)mineralization in freshwater to abiotic (desorption via ion exchange) pathways in the saline water setup. Orthophosphate (PO 4 3−) dynamics were likely to be influenced by the iron-rich sediment surface in both freshwater and saline water scenarios. Our experiments further indicated that the long-term incubation enriched DOM concentration with a high degradation state. This work demonstrated that organic-rich STEs are significant sources of less labile DOM and NH 4 + to coastal waters. In the context of global climate change, our results illustrate the sensitivity of DOM and nutrient biogeochemical cycling in STEs to salinization and altered residence time, consequently affecting the quantity and quality of DOM and nutrients transported to coastal waters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic process is one of the biological removal processes of nutrients in wastewater treatment. Phosphorus removal by biological method is a new and developed technique that is done by changing the design of suspended growth systems. Methods: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study, which is a pilot workshop based in the first module, and chemistry, physics and microbiological tests were carried out at the wastewater treatment plant laboratory in one of the cities (Pardis) of Tehran province in 2020–2021 during a period of 12 months. Was completed. In this research, a total of 500 samples were taken from raw wastewater, aeration pond, effluent, secondary sedimentation and return activated sludge. Results: In this research, the internal decay coefficient and the growth efficiency coefficient are equal to d−1 0.1264 and 0.6579 gVSS/gCOD, respectively. And the maximum specific rate of consumption of food substance and the semi-saturation constant of food substance respectively were gCOD/gVSS.d 3.3467 gCOD/m 25.305. If the specific rate of consumption of food substance or efficiency factor in our research is 0.27 gCOD/gVSS.d and the semi-constant Ks saturation equal to 27.9 gCOD/m has been obtained, this actually shows that the organic matter (COD) in the waste water of Pardis city had a higher degradability (sbCOD). Conclusion: According to the obtained results, the synthetic coefficients in the Lineweaver–Burk and Hanes models are suitable, but in the Hofstee model, the amount of K and Kd is less than the optimal amount for the proper exploitation of the pilot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Premise: Moss sporophytes differ strongly in size and biomass partitioning, potentially reflecting reproductive and dispersal strategies. Understanding how sporophyte traits are coordinated is essential for understanding moss functioning and evolution. This study aimed to answer: (1) how the size and proportions of the sporophyte differ between moss species with and without a prominent central strand in the seta, (2) how anatomical and morphological traits of the seta are related, and (3) how sporophytic biomass relates to gametophytic biomass and nutrient concentrations. Methods: We studied the relationships between seta anatomical and morphological traits, the biomass of seta, capsule, and gametophyte, and carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus concentrations of 27 subtropical montane moss species. Results: (1) Moss species with a prominent central strand in the seta had larger setae and heavier capsules than those without a prominent strand. (2) With increasing seta length, setae became thicker and more rounded for both groups, while in species with a prominent central strand, the ratio of transport‐cell area to epidermal area decreased. (3) In both groups, mosses with greater gametophytic biomass tended to have heavier sporophytes, but nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in the gametophyte were unrelated to sporophytic traits. Conclusions: Our study highlights that the central strand in the seta may have an important functional role and affect the allometry of moss sporophytes. The coordinated variations in sporophyte morphological and anatomical traits follow basic biomechanical principles of cylinder‐like structures, and these traits relate only weakly to the gametophytic nutrient concentrations. Research on moss sporophyte functional traits and their relationships to gametophytes is still in its infancy but could provide important insights into their adaptative strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Vascular streak dieback (VSD) is an important disease in cocoa and a decrease in nutrient supply is indicated to increase the severity of this disease. This study aimed to analyze the direct and indirect effects of nutrients that play a role in protecting cocoa plants from VSD. Methods: The research location was selected based on criteria such as being a smallholder cocoa plantation area, having 5-10-year-old plants and the presence of VSD disease. A sampling technique for observing disease severity was systematically conducted, with the main sample being farmers' plantations. Cocoa leaf samples were taken from branches at one-third of the plant height, specifically from the upper canopy (leaves 3-4), which were physiologically mature, healthy and dark green. The variables observed were disease severity and cocoa leaf nutrient contents. The influence of N, P, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Mn, B, Cu and Zn on VSD severity was analyzed using path analysis. Result: The results showed that disease severity was related to nutrient content in the leaves. The cocoa leaf nutrients that have a direct influence on the increase in VSD disease severity are K, Ca, Mn and Cu, while nutrients N, P, Mg, Fe, B and Zn have a direct influence on reducing VSD disease severity. Nutrients N and P have a significant direct influence, whereas nutrient K has a significant indirect influence through its interaction with nutrients N and P in reducing VSD disease severity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] To match the fertilization method in Luzhou tobacco area and the absorption amount of nutrient elements absorbed by tobacco plants, to meet the growth needs of tobacco plants. [Method] In the production stage of flue-cured tobacco in Luzhou tobacco area, samples of different organs were collected at certain intervals, nutrient content and dry matter accumulation were measured, and corresponding fertilization measures were proposed according to the law of nutrient accumulation. [Result] The dry matter accumulation of different organs showed a “S” pattern. The dry matter accumulation of root, stem and leaf significantly increased from 41, 31 and 21 days after transplanting to 70 days, which accounted for 71.45%, 73.69% and 81.97% of the total dry matter accumulation of the corresponding organs, respectively. The maximum rates of root and stem dry matter accumulation were occurred within 10 days after topping, which were 35.06 and 45.27 kg/(hm2·d), while the maximum rates of leaf dry matter accumulation was occurred within 41-50 days after transplanting with a value of 54.92 kg/(hm2·d). The accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in tobacco plants showed "S" regular changes, and increased rapidly from 10-50, 10-70 and 10-50 days after transplanting, respectively, which accounted for 77.17%, 51.13% and 84.64% of the total accumulation. The nitrogen and potassium assimilation rate peaks were occurred during the 31-40 days after transplanting, which were 2.61 and 3.96 kg/(hm2·d). The phosphorus assimilation rate peak was occurred during 51-60 days after transplanting. The partial productivity of different fertilizers was different, which showed that nitrogen fertilizer partial productivity>phosphorus fertilizer partial productivity>potassium fertilizer partial productivity. [Conclusion] In the growth stage of Luzhou flue-cured tobacco, nitrogen and potassium fertilizers should be applied early. Combined with the characteristics of phosphate fertilizer, the one-time fertilization method of flue-cured tobacco production in Luzhou tobacco area could be used during ridging, which is more conducive to the absorption and accumulation of nutritional elements by tobacco plants and balancing the chemical composition of flue-cured tobacco, and ensuring the quality of tobacco leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the impacts of exogenous application of synthetic auxin 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) on lentil (Lens culinaris M.) growth, yield, and nutritional parameters in the Department of Crop Botany, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. Six treatments of 2,4-D (T0 = 0; T1 = 0.3; T2 = 0.5; T3 = 0.8; T4 = 1; and T5 = 1.2 ppm 2,4-D) with three replications were used in this study. Data on growth, yield, and nutritional parameters were collected and analyzed. The response of exogenous application of 2,4-D was significant in improving the performance of all the growth and yield contributing parameters as compared to untreated control plants. Exogenous application of 1 ppm 2,4-D was found to be effective for increasing plant height, branch number, root length, root-shoot fresh, and dry weight, nodule number, flower number, pod number, pod length, number of grains plant-1, 100-grain weight, and yield. Exogenous 2,4-D treatment significantly reduced the maturity time of lentil grain. The lowest date of maturity was found at 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2 ppm 2,4-D treatments. In this study, results showed a significant increase of different macro- (N, P, K) and micro- (Fe, Mn, Zn) nutrient content, uptake, and protein content in lentil grains with 1 ppm 2,4-D. It has been also revealed that the minimum requirement of 2,4-D to produce 80% lentil yield was 0.83 ppm. As a result, it was determined that the exogenous application of 2,4-D treatments is promising for enhancing the growth and productivity of lentil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Aims Methods Results Conclusions Boron (B) is an essential micronutrient for plants. Dicot plants respond to insufficient B supply by altering root architecture and root hair growth. How root systems of rather low‐B demanding monocot species such as maize (Zea mays L.) respond to B deficiency in terra has not been experimentally resolved, yet.The study aims to investigate root responses and their physiological consequences under B deficiency during the vegetative growth of maize.B73 wild‐type (WT) maize and its root hairless rth3 mutant were grown under varying B supply conditions in soil columns and in an automated root phenotyping facility. Biomass data, root system architecture traits, the mineral elemental composition and molecular B‐deficiency responses were quantified.Though having very low leaf B concentrations, no major growth deficit, apart from chlorotic stripes on leaves, was recorded on maize root and shoot development, with or without root hairs, on B‐deficient conditions. Although leaf B concentration of the rth3 mutant is significantly lower under B‐deficient and under B‐surplus conditions compared to the WT, the rth3 mutant neither developed a larger total root length, more fine roots nor displayed a higher expression of B uptake transporters as compensatory adaptations.Strikingly, maize plants did neither react with an inhibited root growth nor by a compensatory root foraging behaviour to severe B‐deficient in terra growth conditions. This is rather atypical for plants. The performance and altered leaf B concentrations of rth3 mutants may be biased by secondary effects, such as an overall reduced root growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diversity and spatial distribution of microscopic invertebrates in the Arctic have yet to be studied in detail. Knowledge of this is especially important in the context of glacier shrinking, one of the most visible environmental consequences of climate change. To understand how time since deglaciation shapes the communities of limno-terrestrial microfauna, we analysed samples of moss collected during the summer of 2021 in forefields of Trygghamna (Svalbard), where glaciers thought to have started to recede at the beginning of the twentieth century. We estimated the taxonomic and trophic composition and abundance of all microfauna groups (with a specific focus on little-known bdelloid rotifers) in two areas, which correspond to the different stages of the glacial retreat. The impact of 14 other environmental parameters (distance from the sea, moisture, moss structural complexity, soil nutrient, and isotopic composition) was considered. Thirty-seven microfauna taxa were found, wherein Dorylaimida nematodes (Dorylaimida, Nematoda) dominated both in frequency (present at all sites) and abundance (50 ± 21% from all individuals). Less prevalent bdelloid rotifers (Bdelloidea, Rotifera) were followed by tardigrades (Tardigrada), which, in contrast to others, were more abundant in the later deglaciated area. In general, environmental parameters explained 81.8% of the microfauna distribution. Time since deglaciation was the most significant factor (9.5%). Among the variables that act at a fine scale, the most important were moisture in the habitat (6%), presence of ground in the samples (4%), and δ15N (4%). The moss structural complexity did not have a significant effect, and neither did most of the variables characterising soil nutrient and isotopic composition. However, some variability was observed for different lower taxa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diet is a critical regulator for physiological metabolism and tissue homeostasis, with a close relation to health and disease. As an important organ for digestion and absorption, the intestine comes into direct contact with many dietary components. The rapid renewal of its mucosal epithelium depends on the continuous proliferation and differentiation of intestinal stem cells (ISCs). The function and metabolism of ISCs can be controlled by a variety of dietary patterns including calorie restriction, fasting, high-fat, ketogenic, and high-sugar diets, as well as different nutrients including vitamins, amino acids, dietary fibre, and probiotics. Therefore, dietary interventions targeting ISCs may make it possible to prevent and treat intestinal disorders such as colon cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, and radiation enteritis. This review summarised recent research on the role and mechanism of diet in regulating ISCs, and discussed the potential of dietary modulation for intestinal diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oilseed rape and other crops of Brassica napus have a high demand for boron (B). Boron deficiencies result in the inhibition of root growth, and eventually premature flower abortion. Understanding the genetic mechanisms underlying flower abortion in B‐limiting conditions could provide the basis to enhance B‐efficiency and prevent B‐deficiency‐related yield losses. In this study, we assessed transcriptomic responses to B‐deficiency in diverse inflorescence tissues at multiple time points of soil‐grown plants that were phenotypically unaffected by B‐deficiency until early flowering. Whilst transcript levels of known B transporters were higher in B‐deficient samples, these remained remarkably stable as the duration of B‐deficiency increased. Meanwhile, GO‐term enrichment analysis indicated a growing response resembling that of a pathogen or pest attack, escalating to a huge transcriptome response in shoot heads at mid‐flowering. Grouping differentially expressed genes within this tissue into MapMan functional bins indicated enrichment of genes related to wounding, jasmonic acid and WRKY transcription factors. Individual candidate genes for controlling the "flowering‐without‐seed‐setting" phenotype from within MapMan biotic stress bins include those of the metacaspase family, which have been implicated in orchestrating programmed cell death. Overall temporal expression patterns observed here imply a dynamic response to B‐deficiency, first increasing expression of B transporters before recruiting various biotic stress‐related pathways to coordinate targeted cell death, likely in response to as yet unidentified B‐deficiency induced damage‐associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). This response indicates new pathways to target and dissect to control B‐deficiency‐induced flower abortion and to develop more B‐efficient crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] Study the relevant nutrients of tomato sensory quality evaluation to establish a simple model for the determination of tomato sensory quality. (Methods]19 tomato varieties were tested for 8 nutrients, and 5 sensory evaluation indexes were investigated by questionnaires. Correlation analysis, principal component analysis (PCA) and regression analysis were used for comprehensive evaluation. [Results [Except zinc, 7 of the 8 nutrients had correlation coefficients greater than 0.300 with sensory quality. The correlation coefficients between soluble solid and score, vote, taste, aroma intensity, pulp texture.and juice abundance in both large and cherry tomatoes were greater than 0.400, and the correlations were stable and prominent. Soluble sugar was significantly or extremely significantly positively correlated with score, vote, taste and aroma intensity in large tomatoes, while the correlation were not obvious in cherry tomatoes. Water content was negatively correlated with score, vote, and juice abundance in both large and cherry tomatoes. Principal component analysis summarized the 11 evaluation indicators into 3 principal components, with an accumulated variance contribution rate of 74.939%. A simple model was obtained through multivariate linear regression analysis, tomato sensory quality predicted score =93.039-0.304 x vitamin C content -0.179 x lycopene content -0.621 x iron content +2.314 x soluble solid content -1.585 x titratable acid content. [Conclusion】A rapid, simple and quantitative determination model of tomato sensory quality based on nutrients was established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Plant root system architecture shows complex patterns adapting to different nutritional conditions. In Arabidopsis thaliana, root slanting is a behaviour that is observed when plants are grown on a solid agar plate vertically. However, the regulatory mechanisms of root slanting in response to nutrient conditions are not fully understood. In this study, we found that mutants of A. thaliana ribosome protein RPL13aC, which is expressed in root tips and leaves, exhibit a decreased root‐slanting phenotype. Ionomic analysis revealed that rpl13ac mutants have a reduced K content in shoots but not in roots. Because K+ availability has been suggested to affect root coiling, we hypothesized that the decreased root slanting of rpl13ac mutants is caused by the decrease in K content in their shoots. Decapitating shoots or limiting K supply dramatically decreased root slanting in wild‐type (WT) plants. We found that the expression of HIGH‐AFFINITY K+TRANSPORTER 5 (HAK5) significantly decreased in the roots of rpl13ac mutants. Mutants of hak5 showed decreased shoot K contents and decreased root slanting, supporting that the decreased shoot K+ accumulation results in less root slanting. K+ replenishment to the shoots of rpl13ac, hak5 mutants and K‐starved WT plants recovered their root slanting significantly. These results indicate that plants adjust root slanting in response to K+ accumulation in shoots. Further analysis showed that rpl13ac mutants have abnormal thigmotropic responses, which may be responsible for their defects in root slanting. Altogether, these results revealed K+‐dependent mechanisms that affect root system architecture. Significance Statement: Root slanting is an important behaviour that reflects diverse root growth characteristics that shape root system architecture, but its mechanism in response to shoot nutrient conditions has not been well described. In this research, by studying an Arabidopsis ribosomal protein‐mutant rpl13ac, we revealed that K accumulation in shoots, rather than in roots, affects root slanting possibly by influencing root thigmotropism, which brings insights into systemic nutrient responses of root system architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the inland valley (FADAMA) of the Directorate of University Farms (DUFARMS) of the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (FUNAAB) in Nigeria, an experiment was conducted successfully. The objective was to see how integrated nutrient sources influenced the performance of two lowland varieties of rice. A split-plot two-factorial experiment was used in the study, and it was replicated three times in a randomized complete block design. Rice seedlings were transplanted 12 days after being planted in the nursery to a depth of 3 cm and a spacing of 20 cm × 20 cm, one seedling per hill. Two varieties and six nutrient sources were used for the research. Rice yield and growth data were collected. ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) was used on data, and the significant means were separated using Tukey HSD (Honestly Significant Difference) at a probability level of 5%. ARICA 3 grew taller than NERICA L-34 as a result of the research. ARICA (Advanced Rice Varieties for Africa) 3 exceeded NERICA (The New Rice for Africa) L-34 in terms of shoot dry weight (4 WAP (Weeks After Planting) (1.53) and 6 WAP (1.53 g), respectively (5.60 g). Rice cultivars produced the highest grain when 25 kg N ha-1 (NPK 20:10:10) and 75 kg N/ha (Poultry manure) were applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A phytoplankton-zooplankton prey-predator model has been investigated and the role of nutrient concentrations and toxin producing phyloplankton for controlling the planktonic bloom has been discussed. It is assumed that the nutrient uptake function for toxin producing phytoplankton (TPP) is taken as Holling type-II functional responce. We also assume two different types of predational forms: simple law of mass action and Holling type-II response term. It is found that constant nutrient input and dilution rate of nutrient and toxin influence the plankton ecosystem model and maintain stability around the coexistent equilibrium. Therefore stability analysis of all the feasible equilibria are studied. Our observations indicate that if the toxin liberation rate crosses a certain critical value, the systein enters into Hopf bifurcation so the existence of Hopf-bi furcation for the interior equilibrium of the system is explored. The local analysis shows that oscillatory regimes and their combinations. In this present paper it reveals the fact that nutrient as well as toxin producing phytoplankton control platiktonic bloom i.e. the rate of toxin production by toxin producing phytoplankton plays an important role for controlling oscillations in the plankton system. We also notice that mon tality functions of zooplankton has an important role in controlling oscillations, coexistence, survival or extinction of the zooplankton population. Due to a high rate of toxin production of phytoplankton species can change the steady-state behaviour. Computer simulations illustrate the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies have found that intermittent fasting (IF) can prevent diabetes, cancer, heart disease, and neuropathy, while in humans it has helped to alleviate metabolic syndrome, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, Alzheimer's disease, and many other disorders. IF involves a series of coordinated metabolic and hormonal changes to maintain the organism's metabolic balance and cellular homeostasis. More importantly, IF can activate hepatic autophagy, which is important for maintaining cellular homeostasis and energy balance, quality control, cell and tissue remodeling, and defense against extracellular damage and pathogens. IF affects hepatic autophagy through multiple interacting pathways and molecular mechanisms, including adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), silent mating-type information regulatory 2 homolog-1 (SIRT1), peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) and farnesoid X receptor (FXR), as well as signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms such as glucagon and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). These pathways can stimulate the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin 6 (IL6) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), play a cytoprotective role, downregulate the expression of aging-related molecules, and prevent the development of steatosis-associated liver tumors. By influencing the metabolism of energy and oxygen radicals as well as cellular stress response systems, IF protects hepatocytes from genetic and environmental factors. By activating hepatic autophagy, IF has a potential role in treating a variety of liver diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, drug-induced liver injury, viral hepatitis, hepatic fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. A better understanding of the effects of IF on liver autophagy may lead to new approaches for the prevention and treatment of liver disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective was to analyse the associations between anthropometric characteristics and diet in male rugby players according to the playing position. A cross-sectional study was developed. The forwards had higher body weight (107 kg) and fat mass (FM; 12%) than the backs (87.8 kg and 8.47%, respectively) (p < 0.05). The quality of diet needs to improve (KIDMED value of 5.87 and 6.36 for forwards and backs, respectively). Nutritional imbalances, such as deficits in carbohydrates, fibre, calcium, magnesium and vitamin D, and excess of fats, saturated fatty acid, cholesterol and sugars were found. Carbohydrates and proteins intake were significant associated (p < 0.05) with a minor FM. Forwards with a KIDMED index of less than 8 had a significantly higher FM than those who maintained an optimal diet (p < 0.05). The diet of rugby players should be more in line with dietary recommendations and take into account the player position to optimise sports performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Characterising the extent and sources of intraspecific variation and their ecological consequences is a central challenge in the study of eco‐evolutionary dynamics. Ecological stoichiometry, which uses elemental variation of organisms and their environment to understand ecosystem patterns and processes, can be a powerful framework for characterising eco‐evolutionary dynamics. However, the current emphasis on the relative content of elements in the body (i.e. organismal stoichiometry) has constrained its application. Intraspecific variation in the rates at which elements are acquired, assimilated, allocated or lost is often greater than the variation in organismal stoichiometry. There is much to gain from studying these traits together as components of an 'elemental phenotype'. Furthermore, each of these traits can have distinct ecological effects that are underappreciated in the current literature. We propose a conceptual framework that explores how microevolutionary change in the elemental phenotype occurs, how its components interact with each other and with other traits, and how its changes can affect a wide range of ecological processes. We demonstrate how the framework can be used to generate novel hypotheses and outline pathways for future research that enhance our ability to explain, analyse and predict eco‐evolutionary dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earthworms have a prominent role in supporting soil functioning and thus in providing key services to humanity. Their beneficial role relates to effects on soil structure, carbon and nutrient cycling as well as the soil microbial community. Optimizing the role of earthworms in agricultural systems is therefore crucial for maintaining or improving soil quality and supporting a more sustainable, circular agriculture. Here, we summarize established knowledge on the role of earthworms in agronomy; present novel insights from the past decades; and identify key knowledge gaps to be addressed in the future to fully benefit from earthworms in our agricultural soils. We start by discussing how earthworms affect basic soil processes through their effects on soil structure, microbial communities and biogeochemical cycles. Further, we show how as a result of these changes, earthworms indirectly affect plant growth, the soil greenhouse gas balance and play a role in remediation of contaminated arable soils. We further address one of the paradoxes of earthworm ecology: that they are often not present in the soils where they are most needed. We subsequently discuss potential solutions to this paradox. Finally, we identify 10 key questions that need to be addressed in the near future. In our view, recognizing that earthworms are not a stand-alone solution to improving the sustainability of cropping systems, but an essential piece of the puzzle is crucial for optimizing the benefits they offer in agronomic systems. By managing our earthworm populations well, we manage our soils well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constructing multispecies submerged vegetation systems and maintaining stable seasonal succession is crucial for restoring shallow eutrophic lakes. However, little is known about the interactions between successional and existing species of different growth forms, particularly under the low light and high nutrient conditions of eutrophic lakes. We measured the functional traits of mature Vallisneria natans (Lour.) Hara plants and Potamogeton crispus L. shoots in monoculture and mosaic patterns under different light and nutrient conditions. The effect of light on functional traits of the submerged macrophyte species was more significant than that of nutrients, but the reverse was true for P. crispus biomass allocation. Moreover, interspecific interactions affected only the submerged macrophytes under the low light condition and varied with species. Specifically, the interaction of P. crispus to V. natans was biased towards competition, while the interaction of V. natans to P. crispus was converted from facilitation to competition by eutrophication, particularly in the homogenous mosaic growth pattern. This study demonstrates that sufficient light is a prerequisite and patch planting is an effective means to form a multispecies submerged vegetation system. In addition, we emphasize that the coexistence of eutrophication and low light will likely result in a competition between submerged macrophytes thus simplifying the vegetation, even if their growth forms and growing seasons are different. These findings help explain the collapse of multispecies submerged vegetation and guide the restoration of aquatic plants in eutrophic lakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abiotic stresses such as drought and heat continue to impact crop production in a warming world. This review distinguishes seven inherent capacities that enable plants to respond to abiotic stresses and continue growing, although at a reduced rate, to achieve a productive yield. These are the capacities to selectively take up essential resources, store them and supply them to different plant parts, generate the energy required for cellular functions, conduct repairs to maintain plant tissues, communicate between plant parts, manage existing structural assets in the face of changed circumstances, and shape-shift through development to be efficient in different environments. By illustration, we show how all seven plant capacities are important for reproductive success of major crop species during drought, salinity, temperature extremes, flooding, and nutrient stress. Confusion about the term 'oxidative stress' is explained. This allows us to focus on the strategies that enhance plant adaptation by identifying key responses that can be targets for plant breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Basil is a plant that can be cultivated in Psamment (coastal sandy soil). Basil requires nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S), so the NS balance is needed to obtain optimal results. Psamment contains low colloid, causing nutrients to be barely bound and easily lost. Zeolite and biochar can be a solution. This study aimed to determine the composition and frequency of fertilization, as well as the use of soil amendment for basil growth. This research consisted of two interrelated studies arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design. The research was conducted in Bugel, Panjatan, Kulon Progo, and the analysis was performed at the Soil Department Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Gadjah Mada. The first study consisted of two factors, namely UreaZA composition (0:0, 60:40, 70:30, 80:20, 90:10, and 100:0) and frequency of fertilization (every 1 and 2 weeks). The application of UreaZA (80:20) gave the best freshdry weight, NS content, and NS uptake of basil, and this result was used as the reference for the second study. The second study consisted of two factors, namely UreaZA fertilizer doses (50%, 75%, and 100%), and types and doses of soil amendment (without amendment, zeolite 7.5 t/ha, zeolite 15 t/ha; biochar 7.5 t/ha, and biochar 15 t/ha). It can be concluded that soil amendments application improved the chemical properties of psamment, freshdry weight, NS content, and NS uptake of basil. Furthermore, biochar and zeolite could increase the effectiveness of fertilization, so the dose of UreaZA fertilizer could be reduced until 50%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies indicated that manganese (Mn) levels were inconsistently associated with the prevalence of depression. We aimed to evaluate whether blood Mn concentrations were associated with the risk of depression among US adults. Using the NHANES 2011–2019 datasets, we conducted a cross-sectional study in 16,572 eligible participants with complete data on blood Mn concentrations and depression diagnosis. A weighted multivariable logistic model and restricted cubic spline model were applied to explore the association and dose-response relationship of blood Mn concentrations with depression risk in the total population and subgroups. In the total population, compared with the lowest reference group of blood Mn, participants in the second, third, and fourth quartile had an OR of 0.84 (95%CI: 0.66, 1.07), 0.93 (95%CI: 0.73, 1.19) and 0.91 (95%CI: 0.71, 1.15) for depression (p trend = 0.640). In subgroup analyses, doubling of blood Mn concentrations was associated with a 0.83-fold (95%CI: 0.67, 1.02), 0.30 -fold (0.14, 0.65) decreased risk of depression in females and other ethnic groups, respectively. Significant modification effects of ethnicity on the association of blood Mn concentrations with depression risk were observed. cross-sectional study design and self-reported depressive symptoms. Elevated blood Mn concentrations were associated with decreased depression risk in females and other specific subgroups. Mn supplementation could be a potential pathway for intervention and prevention of depression. [Display omitted] • A specific study about blood manganese (Mn) levels and depression in US adults. • Blood Mn were marginally associated with decreased depression risk in females. • Race/ethnicity modified the association of blood Mn with depression risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biological soil crust can effectively prevent wind erosion of sand and soil, which is of great significance to ecological restoration in desert areas. There have been few studies that have screened different planting patterns by analyzing biological crust properties. In this study, high-throughput sequencing was used to analyze the bacterial 16S rRNA community structure of biologically crusted soil in sandy bare land (CK), planting corn soil crust (CB), planting potato soil crust (TB) and planting alfalfa soil crust (AB), and nutrient profiles of each soil type were also analyzed. The results showed that soil nutrient content was significantly increased by the biological layer, and the organic matter, available phosphorus, and available potassium contents were significantly increased. In terms of bacterial communities, the TB treatment had more endemic genera (100). The top 10 phyla in terms of relative abundance accounted for around 95% of the total community, with Actinobacteria being the highest. The community structure of CB and AB was similar, and the diversity and richness indices of CB were significantly increased compared to those of CK. The available phosphorus and total nitrogen were found to be the main factors affecting bacterial community structure. The dominant role of Actinobacteria was mainly determined by pH. Overall, the results show that corn planting could be most helpful in the early restoration period of sandy land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]