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Bakgrund Risken att insjukna i prediabetes eller diabetes typ 2 är störst hos överviktiga med en ohälsosam livsstil. En sådan livsstil kan orsaka förhöjt plasmaglukos vilket i sin tur kan leda till diabetes typ 2 och även andra sjukdomar. Genom livsstilsförändringar kan en sådan utveckling motverkas, och även vändas, vilket kan leda till att värdena på plasmaglukos återgår till det normala. Syfte Syftet var att beskriva sjuksköterskors hälsofrämjande åtgärder för livsstilsförändring hos patienter med prediabetes eller diabetes typ 2. Metod Studien är en litteraturöversikt där resultatet baseras på 13 vetenskapliga artiklar publicerade mellan år 2014 och 2022. Artiklarna är av kvalitativ design, kvantitativ design samt mixed method. Datainsamlingen gjordes i databaserna PubMed och CINAHL. Resultat Sjuksköterskans förhållningssätt mot patienten, att träffa andra i samma situation och dela erfarenheter samt involvera anhöriga ansågs vara viktiga åtgärder. Information om livsstilsförändring och fysisk aktivitet samt vilken kost som är hälsosam är sådant som sjuksköterskan kan delge patienterna för att öka deras kunskap och förutsättning att lyckas förändra sin livsstil. Slutsats Sjuksköterskor kan skapa förutsättningar för patienter att genomföra livsstilsförändring, där förhållningssättet är en viktig del. En annan del är att förmedla kunskap och delge patienten den information som behövs för att förstå vad livsstilsförändring innebär. Background Overweight people whose lifestyle consists of unhealthy food and being sedentary are at greater risk of developing prediabetes or diabetes type 2. Such lifestyle can cause elevated plasma glucose which in turn can lead to type 2 diabetes and also other dangerous diseases. Through lifestyle changes one can counteract, and even reverse, an elevated plasma glucose and return to normal values. Aim The aim was to describe nurses' health promotion measures for lifestyle change in patients with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes. Method The study is a literature review where the results are based on 13 articles published between 2014 and 2022. The articles are of qualitative design, quantitative design and mixed method. The data collection was done in the databases PubMed and CINAHL. Results The nurse's approach to the patient, organizing meetings where patients in a similar situation can meet and share experiences and involving relatives were important measures. Information about what lifestyle change and physical activity and what kind of diet is healthy are things that the nurse needs to share with the patients in order to increase their knowledge and prerequisite for success. Conclusions Nurses can create conditions for patients to implement lifestyle change, where the approach to the patient is an important part. Another part is to impart knowledge and provide the patient with the information needed to understand what lifestyle change entails.

This thesis deals with the acute conditions in otorhinolaryngology (ENT), mostly with hemorrhage and dyspnoe, and with the nurse's intervention which are done at the patients with this conditions at the Otorhinolaryringology Standard Depatrment, the ENT Intensive Care Unit and at the Department of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation. The theoretic part is devoted to description of acute conditions in the ear, nose and throat area in general. Next it is focused on the dyspnoe in ENT, what are the causes, symptoms, therapy and if it's neccessary what are the ways of securing the airways. Then in connection with dyspnoe is described nursing care. The next chapter is focused on the acute conditon which is hemorrhage. Here is described from wich areas could patient bleed, what are the causes of hemorrhage, symptoms and therapy. The last chapter is focused on desctiption of nursing care at patients with hemorrhage. Three research objectives were defined in the empiric part of this bachelor thesis: Find out the interventions are performed in patients with acute condition in otorhinolaryngology. Map if the nurses are sufficiently prepared to provide nursing care to the patients with acute condition in ENT. To achieve the determined objectives qualitative research was used. Data collection was done through semi-structured interviews with 24 nurses from the Otorhinolaryringology Standard Depatrment, the ENT Intensive Care Unit and the Department of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation.The obtained information was processed by open coding, paper and pencil interviewing. The results showed that the provided interventions are similar for the particular acute contidion. The differences are only in some interventions. In case od bleeding from nose cavity, oral but also from surgical wound the provided interventions are very similar. I tis very important to inform the doctor about the acute contidiont with subsequent cooperation and fulfillmetn his surgeries. The performed interventions are mostly focused on the care of bleeding, administation of medicaments or blood derivatives and on the monitoring of the vital sings. In case of occurrence the acute dyspnoea the doctor is informed again and then is followed according to his surgeries. Performed interventions are focused on the monitoring of vital sings, administration od medicaments and if it is necessary on the airway management. In case of airway management the interventios are focused on nursing care of patients with tracheostomy. In finding out the readiness of nurses it was found that in their opinion they are prepared for the acute conditions in ENT.