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Pada setiap lingkungan RW selalu terdapat lahan kosong yang sering tidak di gunakan bahkan belum di manfaatkan dengan baik oleh warga yang berada di sekitar nya, maka dalam pelaksanaan KKN 2021 ini yang dilaksanakan oleh Nusaputra University, di desa cireunghas kecamatan Cireunghas, tepatnya di RW 03 mahasiswa peserta KKN kelompok 12 bersama masyarakat membuat program kerja penunjang “Pemanfaatan Lahan RW sebagai tempat penanam pohon jeungjing” penanaman pohon ini sebanyak 200 bibit pohon jeungjing yang di tujukan untuk dapat membantu perekonomian masyarakat khusus nya Kas warga untuk kegiatan sosial yang melibatkan seluruh warga yang akan di laksanakan di RW 03 di masa yang akan datang. Kegiatan ini juga sebagai kegiatan reboisasi lingkungan dan melindungi hutan. Kata kunci : pemanfaatan; lahan kosong; penanaman jeungjing

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a natural toxin and produced by various fungi of the genus Aspergillus and Penicillium and the second one in toxicity among mycotoxins. Recent studies have shown that grape seed extract (GSE) has a protective effect on mycotoxin-induced toxicity. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect GSE on OTA-induced genotoxicity, liver and kidney injury in rats. Forty mature Wistar albino male rats with similar body weight were divided into four groups (10 rats each): 1- untreated control group, 2- OTA treated group (1.7 mg/Kg bw, i. p.), 3- OTA + 75 mg/kg bw GSE treated group, 4- OTA + 150 mg/kg bw GSE treated group. Rats were treated for 15 days and at the end of experiments, blood, liver and kidney tissue homogenates, as well spermatocyte cells were harvested to determine the effect of OTA on geno-, hepato-, and renal toxicity in rats and the protective role of GSE. The results showed that GSE could significantly alleviate genotoxicity, DNA damage and improve the liver and kidney injury induced by OTA toxicity in male albino rats due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.

Sultan Said bin Sultan bin Ahmed bin Said Al-Busaidi (1223-1273 AH / 1806-1856 AD) was able to rule Oman and Zanzibar in a unified Arab-African state during his reign. However, it was separated for several reasons. Thus, the study aims to clarify the efforts made by Sultan Said for annexing Zanzibar to Oman, establishing the Arab-African Sultanate, and shedding light on the role played by Britain in dividing the Arab-African Sultanate and separating Zanzibar from the Omani rule in (1275 AH-1861 AD). The study has adopted the historical descriptive analytical approach. The study has reached several conclusions, such as: The economic motivators were the most important factors that pushed Sultan Said to move his capital from Muscat to Zanzibar in 1832 AD, and settle there until 1840 AD. At that time, Sultan Said bin Sultan laid the necessary foundations and pillars for the advancement of the unified Arab-African Sultanate. Further, he signed several agreements with some European countries to revive trade in the Sultanate. The study has finally recommended to: pursue the interest in the history of Oman and Zanzibar, focus on Britain's relationship with Zanzibar during the reign of Sultan Saeed, and on the impact of the political differences among the sons of Sultan Saeed after his death, Majid bin Saeed and Thuwaini bin Saeed on dividing the unified Arab-African Sultanate.It has also recommended to shed more light on the industrial activity in Zanzibar during Sultan Said bin Sultan bin Ahmed bin Said Al-Busaidi’s rule.

In this study some new compounds have been synthesized including preparation of some different Schiff bases[1-6] from the reaction benzdine with substituted of benzal-dehyde in absolute ethanol and converted into derivatives of 1,3-oxazpines(by ring clo- sure reaction (2+5) of Schiff bases with maleic anhydride in dry benzene[7-12],also the 2,3 –dihyroquinozoline-4(1H) one[13-17] were prepared. The prepared compounds were characterized by color and melting point determination, FT-IR and UV-Vis spectral analysis . Some of the prepared compounds were identified by 1H- NMR and C.H.N spectra analysis .

Along with the times, da'wah has experienced significant development, starting from the number of followers, methods, strategies, and media which have now become a means of driving da'wah activities themselves. This is of course inseparable from the all-digital era, da'wah can be carried out in various media that are quite efficient, fast and easy. One of them is the existence of the internet which has been followed by the emergence of social media. Library research or also called literature review (literature research, literature review) was chosen as a systematic way to collect data and systematize pre-existing research. By using the analytical descriptive method, namely a study that seeks to describe, write, analyze, interpret existing conditions so as to reveal existing facts related to opportunities and challenges as well as new media da'wah strategies that rely on how social media works by going with the flow in the digital era. Da'wah methods play an important role in da'wah activities. A da'i must be observant and wise in choosing methods, because methods greatly affect the smoothness and success of da'wah. In this millennial era, a da'i must think of the right method to convey his da'wah message. So it is necessary to have a discussion regarding the method of delivering da'wah that is suitable for the millennial generation. The existence of social media, most teenagers tend to use this access not for positive purposes, but for negative things. Many of the teenagers are also in this all-digital era, do not understand even do not understand religion. Therefore, things like this must be prevented by influencing youth through positive content such as preaching. Da'wah content can be made as attractive as possible so that it can attract teenagers to want to watch it. As interspersed with content that motivates to be more active in learning and others. All da'wah content can be spread via YouTube, Tiktok, Instagram, Twitter, Facebook and other social media commonly used by teenagers. As interspersed with content that motivates to be more active in learning and others. All da'wah content can be spread via YouTube, Tiktok, Instagram, Twitter, Facebook and other social media commonly used by teenagers. As interspersed with content that motivates to be more active in learning and others. All da'wah content can be spread via YouTube, Tiktok, Instagram, Twitter, Facebook and other social media commonly used by teenagers.

This study includs the synthesis of some new Amic acid and Imides,starting from the esters [S1] of Terephthalic acid which then converted toits hydrazide [S2] then to amic acid derivatives [S3-S7] and finally withimides [S8-S12]. Preparing of ester [S1] by usual esterification ofterephthalic acid with absolute ethanol in acidic medium, then hasconverted to its hydrazide [S2] by reacting it with hydrazine hydrate. Theamic acid derivatives [S3-S7] have been synthesized by the reaction ofhydrazide [S2] with anhydrides (2,3-dimethyl malic anhydride, 3-nitrophthalic anhydride, hexahydro phthalic anhydride, Diphenic anhydride,tetra Phenyl phthalic anhydride) in diethyl ether. Imides [S8-S12] werealso synthesized by cyclization of amic acids derivatives using aceticacid anhydride and anhydrous sodium acetate. The synthesizedcompounds were identified by spectral methods UV, FT-IR and H1-NMR beside melting point and the purity was determined using (TLC)and some of its physical properties were measured. Some of thesecompounds were tested against four strains of bacteria (E. coli, P.ariginosa, S. aurous and S. pyogenes)

Quality by design (QbD) has recently fascinated researchers for utilizing it in various arenas of pharma trends. By overcoming the conventional process, QbD prevents the risk of errors caused by the 'guess and by god approach'. This framework fosters profound knowledge of product and process quality by implying sound science and risk assessment strategies. The virtue of QbD leads to the collaborative contribution to pharmaceutical industrialists and satisfies the regulatory bodies. Additionally, leading to rapid production, saves time and expenditure, tremendous versatility, provides immense knowledge, improves robustness, higher consistency, reduces user's dilemma, decreases certainty of failure, declining inter-batch variation in pharmaceutical development. In this ever-increasing continuous production world, regulatory organizations such as the U.S. Food & Drug Administration and the International Conference on Harmonization recommend Q8 to Q14 guidelines in order to obtain the desired quality product. This review extensively discusses on various approaches of QbD for the pharmaceutical development of nano-carrier drug delivery systems. Additionally, QbD's applications in process and analytical method development techniques are documented.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of room temperature on the learning concentration of psychology students in class PI3. This research was conducted at the Psychology Faculty of Raden Fatah University, Palembang, with a sample of all students of the PI3 class of the psychology faculty. The method used in this research is quantitative with a quasi-experimental research type. The research design used is static group design. The data analysis of this study used an unpaired sample t-test, namely the independent sample t-test. The results of this study indicate that the value of sig. (2-tailed) obtained is 0.000

Kemiskinan adalah salah satu masalah mendasar di jantung negara dan wilayah. Kemiskinan yang dihadapi semua negara, terutama negara berkembang seperti Indonesia. Tujuan dari jurnal ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi dampak-dampak di indonesia. Penelitian ini pendekatan analitik yang menggabungkan teknik regresi linier berganda. Jenis data untuk survei ini memakai data sekunder. Metode analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah regresi linier berganda, yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui kemiskinan dan kesenjangan pendapatan ditinjau dari pertumbuhan ekonomi daerah di Indonesia.

Majlis Penasihat Syariah (MPS) Suruhanjaya Sekuriti Malaysia (SSM) merupakan badan berautoriti menyaring sekuriti patuh syariah yang disenaraikan di Bursa Malaysia. Berasaskan dua indikator syariah iaitu aktiviti perniagaan dan kewangan, senarai sekuriti patuh Syariah beserta senarai sekuriti yang dinyah senarai diterbit sebanyak dua kali setahun. Namun demikian, laporan ini tidak memperincikan indikator Syariah yang gagal dipatuhi oleh sekuriti berkaitan. Sehubungan itu, kajian ini bertujuan menganalisis secara deskriptif, indikator syariah yang gagal dipatuhi oleh sekuriti yang dinyah senarai pada tahun 2020 dan 2021 menggunakan penyaring Syariah global. Hasil analisis mendapati, sebanyak 44 daripada 65 sekuriti sesuai dianalisis. Majoriti sekuriti yang dinyah senarai patuh Syariah didapati berpunca daripada ketidakpatuhan terhadap indikator Syariah kewangan. Rentetan dapatan ini, maka indikator ketidakpatuhan wajar didedahkan kepada pelabur. Jesteru itu, pelabur dapat menggunakan informasi baru ini dengan rasional untuk tindakan pelupusan sebagaimana dicadangkan oleh pihak SSM. The Shariah Advisory Council (SAC) of the Securities Commission Malaysia (SCM) is the authoritative body to screen Shariah-compliant securities listed on the Malaysian Stock Exchange (Bursa Malaysia). Based on two Shariah indicators, namely business and financial activities, the list of Shariah-compliant securities together with the list of delisted securities are issued twice a year. However, this report does not detail the Shariah indicators that the relevant securities fail to comply with. In this regard, this study aims to analyze descriptively, Shariah indicators that failed to comply with the delisted securities in 2020 and 2021 using global Shariah filters. However, this report does not detail the Shariah indicators that the relevant securities fail to comply with. In this regard, this study aims to analyze descriptively, the Shariah indicators that failed to be complied with by the delisted securities in 2020 and 2021 using the Global Shariah Screener. The result of the analysis found that 44 out of the 65 securities were suitable to be analyzed. The majority of shariah-delisted securities were due to non-compliance with the financial Shariah indicators. As to these findings, the non-compliance indicators should be disclosed to investors. Thus, the investors can use this new information rationally for disposal actions as proposed by the SCM.

To prove the Effect of the Covid-19 vaccine and the symptoms resulting from the immune response. Questionnaires and personal interviews were taken from those vaccinated. 147 males (47.9%), 160 females (52.1%), mean and SD. Sequentially (1.48) (0.500), mean ages (10-90) years and SD sequentially (3.17) (1.413), mean and SD of sequential learning (2.96) (1.622), who received one dose was 99 (32.3%), and those who took two doses were 208 (67.8%). For those who have symptoms after vaccination, yes 141 (46.0%), no 42 (13.7%), and 124 (49.4) were unknown. And the relationship between symptoms after vaccination for gender R is (0.110), P-value = 0.054 = 0.05 which indicates a tiny relationship with symptoms after vaccination, were for age R (0.007), P-value (0.908) > 0.05, indicating no relationship between age and symptoms after vaccination, the relationship between chronic disease and appearance of symptoms, R= (0.724**), P –Value (0.000 < 0.005).

Hak cipta merupakan hak eksklusif pencipta yang timbul secara otomatis berdasarkan prinsip deklaratif setelah suatu ciptaan diwujudkan dalam bentuk nyata tanpa mengurangi pembatasan sesuai dengan peraturan perundang-undangan. Pelanggaran hak cipta bisa memberi dampak buruk bagi penciptanya, sering kali pelanggaran hak cipta membuat pemilik dari hak cipta mengalami kerugian ekonomi. Dalam hal ini, tentunya perlindungan hukum hak cipta harus ditegakkan. Karya sinematografi yaitu film yang seharusnya dilindungi hak penciptanya oleh UndangUndang Hak Cipta, tetapi dalam kenyataannya banyak yang melakukan pembajakan digital dan illegal downloading dari film aslinya. Kemajuan teknologi sekarang ini membawa dampak yang baik sekaligus dampak yang buruk. Pembajakan digital di era sekarang yang semakin marak. Kurangnya kesadaran masyarakat mengenai penegakan hukum hak cipta merupakan salah satu faktor terjadinya pelanggaran hak cipta seperti download film online. Artikel ini membahas tentang bagaimana dampak buruk download film melalui cara yang tidak legal atau pembajakan digital serta penegakan hak cipta dalam menghadapi masalah illegal downloading. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui Pengaturan Hukum Terhadap Pelanggaran Hak Cipta Pada Pengguna Aplikasi Sosial Media Instagram Dikaji Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 28 Tahun 2014.Penelitian ini menggunakan metode hukum normatif dengan Pendekatan Kasus dan Pendekatan Perundang-undangan. Jenis penelitian ini Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah jenis penelitian hukum normatif. Penelitian hukum normatif yaitu penelitian yang dilakukan atau ditujukan pada peraturan-peraturan tertulis dan bentuk-bentuk dokumen resmi atau disebut juga dengan bahan hukum (data sekunder) yaitu mengumpulkan bahan-bahan dari buku-buku yang ada hubungannya dengan masalah yang dibahas.

Exosomes are small nanosized biovesicles that form when multivesicular bodies and the plasma membrane fuse and are released into the surrounding body fluids. They are best known for their multifunction in mediating intercellular communication by transferring various biomolecules, including DNA, RNAs, proteins, and lipids, in a short- and long-distance manner and have been identified as health and disease messengers. Importantly, exosomes are necessary for various physiological processes in health and disease. The generation of exosomes depends on the status of the disease, which usually exhibits opposite roles by inducing enhanced cellular stress and damage. Recently, exosome-based nanotechnologies have provided unprecedented opportunities to boost the developments of exosome-related biology, chemistry, pathology, and therapeutics in different diseases based on their unique structural/compositional/morphological characteristics for next-generation nanomedicines. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in exosome nanotechnology research, including their classification, isolation and preparation, constitution, biological function, and nanobiomedical applications in disease treatment and diagnosis. Furthermore, future prospects were also concluded. This review will provide more inspiration for promoting the development of exosome-based advanced theranostic nanoplatforms and nanotechnology.

Background: Estrogen deficiency in menopausal women induces bone loss and makes them prone to pathological fractures. Age, body mass index (BMI), parental history of osteoporosis, and smoking tobacco also increase bone loss and pathological fractures. This study aims to determine whether age, BMI, parental history of osteoporosis, and smoking tobacco can predict pathological fractures in menopausal women. Moreover, the relationship between the early detection of osteoporosis with pathological fracture incidence will also be determined. Methods: This is an analytic observational epidemiological research with a cross-sectional retrospective design that involved 40 menopausal women. The data were collected from the patients' medical records 2020 in Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinic, Asri Medical Center (AMC) Muhammadiyah Hospital, Yogyakarta. The predictive factors for pathological fracture (age, BMI, parental history, smoking tobacco) were analyzed by using Fisher's exact test and the relationship between osteoporosis early detection, including bone mineral density (BMD) value, parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels, osteocalcin levels, and osteoporosis self-assessment tool for Asians (OSTA) score, with pathological fractures were investigated by using the chi-square test. Result: Age has a significant relationship with the occurrence of pathological fractures in menopausal women (OR = 6.6, 95% CI: 1.128-8.604, p = 0.042), while BMI, parental history of osteoporosis, and smoking tobacco did not have a significant relationship with pathological fractures (p > 0.05). Early detection of BMD and PTH was also found to have a significant relationship to fracture incidence. Additionally, menopausal women with high PTH levels and osteoporosis BMD values are eight times and four times greater risk of acquiring fractures than menopausal women with normal BMD values and PTH levels. Conclusion: Age can be a predictive factor for pathological fractures, and the early detection of PTH and BMD is related to the occurrence of pathological fractures in menopausal women.

The aim of the present study was to formulate a fluconazole cream for the treatment of Candida albicans. The optimized cream formulation was prepared using stearic acid, oleic acid, beeswax and borax. The uniform distribution of the active ingredient fluconazole could be confirmed in all formulated creams. The FC-C-C formulation showed satisfactory spreadability and extrudability. FC-C-C delivered (95.07 ± 15.85)% in only 36 h, and the formulation released the drug by an anomalous diffusion mechanism. The viscosity of FC-C-C was found to be (63.20 ± 0.83) cP. The antifungal study and animal studies confirmed that the prepared formulation is non-irritant and has an enhanced antifungal activity that reduces the side effects of fluconazole. The studies confirm that the prepared formulation may be useful for the treatment of Candida albicans.

Sebagai masyarakat Indonesia menginginkan kesejahteraan serta mendapatkan kelayakan dalam kehidupannya. Pemerintah selalu memikirkan cara untuk menyejahterakan masyarakat dengan beberapa variabel makro. Maka penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh variable makro ekonomi terhadap kemiskinan di Provinsi Sumatera Utara pada Tahun 2010-2020 serta analisisnya perspektif Ekonomi Islam, variabel makro yang digunakan pada penelitian ini antaranya inflasi, upah minimum regional (UMR) dan pengangguran. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif deskriptif dengan regresi linier berganda menggunakan SPSS 22,0. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian secara parsial (uji t) untuk UMR dapat diperoleh thitung < ttabel atau 5.468 < 1.697, sehingga mendapatkan kesimpulan bahwa secara parsial UMR berpengaruh terhadap kemiskinan di provinsi Sumatera Utara. Untuk variabel inflasi adalah thitung < ttabel atau 3.766 < 1.697, sehingga berkesimpulan bahwa secara parsial inflasi berpengaruh terhadap kemiskinan di provinsi Sumatera Utara. Hasil uji t untuk variabel pengangguran adalah thitung < ttabel atau 2.867 < 1.697 mendapatkan kesimpulan bahwa secara parsial pengangguran berpengaruh terhadap kemiskinan di provinsi Sumatera Utara. Dan secara simultan (uji f) pada variable UMR, Inflasi dan pengangguran bersama-sama mempengaruhi secara signifikan terhadap Kemiskinan di Provinsi Sumatera Utara. Selain itu, Islam memandang kemiskinan ada untuk memberi peluang kepada orang yang mampu untuk melakukan amal kebajikan sebagai tabungan diakhirat.

In addition to using the most up-to-date analytical technique, a thorough preparation phase must come first in order for the biological examination results to be reliable. The pre-analytical phase is this important step. We decided to conduct a prospective and descriptive study within central Laboratory department of the Mohammed VI University Hospital of Oujda with the goal of evaluating the pre-analytical phase in order to take action on the primary causes of pre-analytical nonconformity. In the course of observing 310 samples, we found 214 instances of pre-analytical nonconformities, of which 62 had to do with the prescription sheet, 62 with patient preparation, 31 with equipment preparation, 37 with the sampling procedure, 22 with waste management. Following the identification of these nonconformities in the hospital services under review, a multitude of corrective and preventive measures were taken in order to meet the standards of International Standard ISO15189 and to ensure the best possible patient care. Indeed, these key initiatives include audits, ongoing education, staff awareness and support.

Regarding high morbidity, mortality, and production losses, fungi infections have their importance among infectious illnesses and seem to be one of the main challenges facing poultry producers. This study aims to identify the genotypic characteristics of some fungi isolated from poultry. To reach this end, in El-Gharbia Governorate, Egypt, a total of 210 birds with a history of respiratory distress were randomly selected from a variety of private farms and hatcheries. The birds were sacrificed; tissue pieces were collected. In addition, a total of 87 samples of the poultry surroundings including 40 samples of poultry ration, 14 bedding materials, 4 air samples, and 29 water samples were collected. Using traditional fungal isolation, four fungal species were recovered, namely, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Cladosporium perangustum, and Penicillium chrysogenum. PCR was performed by fungus-specific universal primer pairs (ITS1 and ITS4) to identify and describe the genotype of isolated fungi. All examined isolates' ITS1-5.8SrDNA regions could be amplified. A purified PCR product was sequenced according to the Emerald Amp GT PCR master mix. This was initially performed to establish sequence identity to GenBank accession numbers. The rRNA gene for 5.8 sRNA divides the two ITS sections, which are situated between the 18S and 28S rRNA genes. ITS-1 gene sequence of the isolated Cladosporium perangustum (GeneBank accession number was OM 407392). The Sequence of the ITS-1 of isolated Penicillium chrysogenum (GeneBank accession numbers for studied nucleotide sequences were OM407401; OM407402; OM403685, and OM403686). For the examined nucleotide sequences, the GeneBank accession number for the ITS-1 internal transcribed spacer region of single Aspergillus niger was OM407391. GeneBank accession numbers for the isolated Aspergillus flavus ITS-1 sequence examined nucleotide sequences were OM403676, OM403677, and OM403678. In conclusion, genotypic characterization confirmed the phenotypic traditional fungal identification in the present study. Aspergillus species are the major fungi associated with birds in Egypt farms. The predominantly identified species were Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium chrysogenum.

In the current study concentrations of some air pollutants included total hydrocarbons (THCs) and particulate matter (PM10) were estimated. Samples were collected monthly from January to December 2020 in five stations in AL- Nasiriya City. Stations 1, 2, 3, and 4 were located at industrial, commercial, and residential areas, respectively, while the fifth station was located in a rural area. The Horiba Mobile Laboratory monitored air pollutants was used in the study for the estimation, it contains a mobile ambient air quality monitoring system. The results showed a variable concentrations of THCs and PM10 among seasons and stations during the study period. The highest value was found in Station 3 for THCs, while the highest concentration for PM10 was in stations 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Moreover, the results showed variable AQI values in all stations of the study for PM10. In general, all concentrations of PM10 were above the WHO and Iraqi standards.

The current study investigates the mediation effect of value-co-creation on customer engagement and positive e-WOM in a competitive Saudi Arabian market. An attempt to illustrate the factors influencing the positive e-WOM as a result of changing customer`s interests and lifestyle. The engagement of consumers in the co-creation of value is powerful in understanding consumer behavior. The paper has made an applied attempt in the Saudi Arabian market to study customer engagement, value co-creation, and positive e-WOM, which adds to the knowledge line in the digital marketing discipline.

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a condition caused by the infection of a retrovirus namely, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Currently, highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART), a combination of anti-viral drugs belonging to different classes is considered to be effective in the management of HIV. Ritonavir, a protease inhibitor (PI), is one of the most important components of the HAART regimen. Because of its lower bioavailability and severe side effects, presently, ritonavir is not being used as a PI. However, this drug is being used as a pharmacokinetic boosting agent for other PIs such as lopinavir and in lower doses. The current study aimed to develop nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) encapsulating ritonavir to reduce its side effects and enhance oral bioavailability. Ritonavir-loaded NLCs were developed using a combination of two different solid lipids and liquid lipids. Alpha-tocopherol, a well-known anti-oxidant, was used as an excipient (liquid lipid) in the development of NLCs which were prepared using a simple hot-emulsion and ultrasonication method. Drug-excipient studies were performed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). QbD approach was followed for the screening and optimization of different variables. The developed NLCs were characterized for their particle size (PS), polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (ZP), and entrapment efficiency (EE). Furthermore, NLCs were studied for their in vitro drug release profile, and finally, pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using in vivo pharmacokinetic studies. The optimized NLC size was in the range of 273.9 to 458.7 nm, PDI of 0.314 to 0.480, ZP of −52.2 to − 40.9 mV, and EE in the range of 47.37 to 74.51%. From in vitro drug release, it was found that the release of drug in acidic medium was higher than phosphate buffer pH 6.8. Finally, in vivo pharmacokinetic studies revealed a 7-fold enhancement in the area under the curve (AUC) and more than 10-fold higher Cmax with the optimized formulation in comparison to pure drug suspension.

Irinotecan-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (IRI-SLNs) was formulated and tested for its potential activity against colon cancer. IRI-SLNs were prepared by applying the principles of DoE. Nanoparticles were further surface modified using chitosan. Characterizations such as size, poly-dispersity, surface charge, morphology, entrapment, drug release pattern, cytotoxicity were conducted. In-vivo studies in male Wistar rats were carried to ascertain distribution pattern of SLNs and their acute toxicity on various vital organs. Lastly, stability of the SLNs were evaluated. Particles had a size, polydispersity and zeta potential of 430.77 ± 8.69 nm, 0.36 ± 0.02 and -40.06 ± 0.61 mV, respectively. Entrapment of IRI was 62.24 ± 2.90% in IRI-SLNs. Sustained drug release was achieved at a colonic pH and long-term stability of NPs was seen. Cytotoxicity assay results showed that SLNs exhibited toxicity on HCT-116 cells. Biodistribution studies confirmed higher concentration of drug in the colon after surface modification. An acute toxicity study conducted for 7 days showed no severe toxic effects on major organs. Thus, we picture that the developed SLNs may benefit in delivering IRI to the tumour cells, therefore decreasing the dose and dose-associated toxicities.

This work included the synthesis of azo dye (A1) by the reaction of diazonium salt to benzidine with salicyldehyde at (0-5) oC and synthesis of schiff base (A2-A6) through reaction substituted aromatic amine with aldehyde group in azo compound (A1) in ethanol compounds (A2-A6) and 2,3-dihydroquinozoline derivatives prepared by reaction schiff base with anthranilic acid in ethanol compounds (A7-A11), and characterization by using spectroscopic techniques Uv/Vis, FT-IR, C.H.N. and H1-NMR of some the prepared compounds using DMSO-d6 as a solvent, in addition to melting point and determination a purity of TLC, This work consisted a study of biological activity for some prepared compounds against four types of pathogenic bacteria to detect their resistance to anti biotic, drugs.