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Objective: To see the prevalence and potential predictors for side effects of Sinopharm and Sinovac COVID-19 vaccines among students of medical, and BS human nutrition and dietetics courses. Study Design: Cross-sectional Proforma-derived. Setting: Sialkot Medical College, Sialkot, Pakistan. Period: July and August, 2021. Material & Methods: Fifty students (MBBS = 30; Dietetics course = 20) with at least one dose of Sinopharm or Sinovac COVID-19 vaccine were recruited, purposively. The subjects were asked to report in an indigenously designed proforma on adverse effects using recall methodology for open time. Results: Forty nine subjects gave complete responses in the proforma. The rate of adverse effects increased from 75% (n = 3) against Sinopharm to 100% (n = 9) against Sinovac vaccine among 13 students of Dietetics who had only 1st dose. For rest of the 36 participants, the rate was found, as: 76.5% (n = 13) against each of the 1st and 2nd dose of Sinopharm; 78.9% (n = 15) against 1st and 68.4 (n = 13) against 2nd doses of Sinovac vaccine. The frequency of different adverse effects per individual ranged 1-3 (Sinopharm) or 1-4 (Sinovac). Whereas, lower rate of injection site pain was recorded on 1st dose of Sinopharm than Sinovac (52.9 vs 57.9%, respectively). None of the variables was noted as potential predictor for the side effects (p >.05). Conclusion: Sinopharm, and Sinovac COVID-19 vaccines exhibit almost similar prevalence of self-manageable side effects. Moreover, there is no predictor for the effects.

Objective: To see the prevalence and risk factors for post full vaccination (Sinopharm and Sinovac COVID-19 vaccines) weak immunity in persons with no history of viral exposure. Study Design: Prospective Observational. Setting: Syed Research Centre, Sialkot. Period: Nov 2021 to Feb 2022. Material & Methods: Eighty two individuals (male/female, aged: 24-70 years) were enrolled from District Sialkot (Pakistan). Two doses of Sinopharm or Sinovac COVID-19 vaccine were administered to each participant before blood sampling. The quantity of COVID-19 spike immunoglobulin G against SARS-CoV-2 (5-Antigen) was detected in serum using chemiluminescence immunoassay technique [threshold titer: 7.1 (detection), 105. 63 (seroprotection), 492.96 BAU/mL (strong humoral response)]. Results: Overall, 96.3% seropositivity, 89% seroprotection, and 37.8% (n = 31) weak immune response were recorded. Whereas, mean antibody titer was found to be 2312.02 (range: 0.0 – 28711.74) BAU/mL. A vaccinated male had approximately 4 folds (95%CI: 1.297 – 11.504; p = .002) more likelihood of weak immune response than females. Similarly, the rate of poor immunological outcome was higher in individuals with >24.9 Kg/m2 (69.2%, n = 27) body mass index compared to ≤24.9 Kg/m2. A person with Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine was more vulnerable to weak immune response than Sinovac vaccinated participants (RR = 2.351; 95%CI = 1.327 – 4.167; p .002; 57.6% vs. 24.5%, respectively). Co-occurrence of age (>47 years) and BMI (>24.9 Kg/m2) existed in 11 of 28 males (39.3%) with impaired immunogenicity. Conclusion: The high rate of post full vaccination weak immune response is alarming. Gender, BMI, and vaccine type were amongst the predictors for diminished humoral response.

Objective: To determine the frequency of rickets among children ≤ 5 years of age presenting with poor growth visiting a tertiary care facility. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Pediatric Unit-2, Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur. Period: July 2021 to January 2022. Material & Methods: A total of 261 patients with poor growth and ≤5 years of either gender were included. A written consent was taken from the parents/guardian of all study participants after explaining them the nature of this study. All demographic data along with outcome variable (frequency of rickets) was noted on a predesigned proforma. Results: Mean age was 3.34 ± 1.41 years. Majority of the patients 136 (52.11%) were between 4 to 5 years of age. Out of the 261 patients, 153 (58.62%) were male and 108 (41.38%) were females with male to female ratio of 1.4:1. Mean sunlight exposure time was 25.67 ± 11.72 minutes/day. Mean age of start of weaning was 8.13 ± 4.33 months. Frequency of rickets among children ≤ 5 years of age presenting with poor growth was found in 18 (6.9%) patients. Conclusion: The frequency of rickets among children ≤ 5 years of age presenting with poor growth was high (6.9%).

Objective: To share experience and present our data of past 15 years on endoscopy guided empiric embolization of GDA and compare it with the results of conservative management. Study Design: Retrospective study Setting: Agha Khan University Hospital Karachi. Period: January 2001 till October 2017. Material & Methods: 70 patients were selected who presented with upper GI bleed followed by conventional angiography. The data was collected on clinical presentation, patient demographics, embolization procedures, and postembolization outcomes. Results: A total of 101 patients were included in the study. 79 were male and 22 were female. The median age at presentation was 54 years (range 15-96 years). All the patients presented with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. All the patients underwent fluoroscopy guided angiography. In 30 patients the angiography was able to locate the bleeding source. In 44 patients the bleeding source could not be identified however empiric embolization was performed. In 27 patients the angiography was negative and embolization was not performed. The overall clinical success in the empirically embolized group is 77.2 %. 27 patients were conservatively managed after negative angiography. The overall clinical success in the empirically embolized group is 77.2 %.However in the patients who were conservatively managed the clinical success was only 48.1 %. Conclusion: This study concluded that it safe and effective to empirically emobolize the GDA in patients refractory to initial endoscopic treatment for non variceal upper GI bleed.

Excessive use of chemical fertilizers is common for higher production of Groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.). Chemical fertilizers are costly andhave adverse effect on soil environment. Keeping in view avoidingthe side effects of chemical fertilizers, an experiment was carried out for evaluating the different organic manures to select potential organic manure for better groundnut production during 2018-19 at Groundnut Research Station Attock. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications, fivetreatments consisted of different organic and inorganic fertilizers i.e. T1 (FYM @7.5t/ha), T2 (PM @05t/ha), T3 (NPK @30:80:30 kg/ha), T4 (Vermicompost@ 2.5t/ha) and T5 control (zero fertilizer). Nutrients use efficiency, quality and yield components were recorded. The study revealed that organic manure can enhance the production and quality of Ground nut for replacing the chemical fertilizer. Poultry manure @ 05t/ha significantly produced higher yield (4203 kg/ha), shelling% (71%), 100 seed weight (72.66 g), plant height (31.66 cm), pods/plant(58.00), oil content (42.86%), protein(28.60%) during both the years over rest of treatments. Similarly FYM and vermicompost had better results than the NPK. Therefore it is recommended that poultry manure @05t/ha can improve groundnut yield under pothohar conditions of Pakistan.

Evolution of low moisture stress tolerant genotypes of cotton is a dire need of the time for sustainable/increased production of cotton in Pakistan. A study was conducted to estimate the varietal differences and genetic control of various within boll yield components and fiber quality traits under normal and moisture stress conditions. Five parents viz; PB-39, MNH-886, MNH-147, CIM-598, BH-95 and their ten direct crosses were grown in field in split plot arrangement under randomized complete block design with two replications. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences between the two treatments (normal and moisture deficit) and among the fifteen genotypes for all the recorded traits including bolls number per plant, weight per boll, seed cotton yield per plant, GOT, seeds number per boll, seeds mass per boll, lint mass per boll, fiber length, fiber strength and fiber fineness. Treatment × genotype interaction was also significant for all the traits except fiber fineness. Variance due to GCA and SCA were significant for most of the traits; however magnitude of dominance variance was higher than additive variance indicating prevalence of non-additive genetic control for all the traits under both the conditions. The phenotypic expression of all the genotypes varied greatly under the two growing conditions.

Raya (Brassica juncea L.) as an imperative oilseed crop, necessitates a judicious amount of fertilizers for its sufficient yield, however the soils in Pakistan are becoming nutrient scarce owing to extensive farming. In order to evaluate the accurate fertilizer requirement for potential raya yields, an experiment was conducted at Regional agricultural research institute, Bahawalpur, Pakistan during the years 2018-2020. Various combinations of NPK fertilizers were made and applied to Raya crop. The treatments were T1 (0-0-0 NPK kg/ha), T2 (0-60-60 NPK kg/ha) ,T3 (60-60-60 NPK kg/ha), T4 (90-60-60 NPK kg/ha), T5 (120-60-60 NPK kg/ha), T6 (90-0-60 NPK kg/ha), T7 (90-30-60 NPK kg/ha), T8 (90-90-60 NPK kg/ha),T9 (90-60-0 NPK kg/ha), T10 (90-60-30 NPK kg/ha) and T11 (90-60-90 NPK kg/ha). Subsequently, fertilizer recommendations were made on the basis of Mitscherlich-Bray equation. Theoretical maximum yield of Raya was obtained by plotting log y (grain yield) versus 1/x (amount of nutrient applied). The results showed that Soil have 10 kg (P ha?1) would need 125 kg Phosphorus oxide per hectare fertilizer to attain 90% grain yield. Moreover it was concluded that recommended dose of fertilizer for Raya was less in comparison to that achieved through application of Mitscherlich-Bray equation. From these results, it is crucial to assess the 90%maximum yield by implementing the formula prior to conducting of field trials in order to enhance economic outputs and to balance the nutrients in soils.

Wheat (Triticumaestivum L.) is a primary staple food crop that supports more than a third of the world's population and is Asia's main staple food. Abiotic stressors have an impact on wheat production all over the world. A hydroponic research was carried out to investigate the effects of various salinity levels. i.e 1.5, 5, 10 and 15 ds/m on 10 different cultivars of wheat (Aas-11, Gold-16, Johar-16, 1711, 1712, 1713, 1718, 1725, 1754 and V-4) during 2018 and 2019. The data regarding the effect of salinity on Plant shoot & Root length, Plant shoot & Root Fresh and dry weights and No. of tillers were recorded. Withevery increase in salinity level, decline in all growth parameters was observed.The number of tillers, shoot length and root length decreased with the increase in EC in all the tested strains/varieties. An overall decrease in total biomass by observed by wheat cultivars. The wheat cultivar 1713 showed tallest shoots while wheat cultivar 1712 has lowest length of shoot. Overall, Aas-11 performed better than all the cultivars tested.

The present study was conducted at four different locations for the evaluation of mung bean (vigna radia L.) genotypes. It was shown that all of the genotypes performed better in producing yield at Sarghoda region of Pakistan. The mung bean genotype MPP-15039 performed highest in Sarghoda region and produce high yield in all other three location of the Pakistan in comparison with other genotypes. In Faisalabad region all the genotypes performed on second number in producing mung bean yield as compared to other region. The production of the genotypes was on third position at Sialakot followed by Faroqabad. It was also depicted from the study that the genotypes producing more pods also produced more yield. The Genotype MPP-15039 was producing more pods in Sargodha region and it produced more yield. The genotypes producing less number of the pods also produce low yield as in MPP-15002 as shown in graph 3.

Technical education plays vital role in economic development of world. States consider youth as assets for nation. Therefore developed countries give more emphasis to youth’s education and training to prepare them to world of work. Technical education and vocation training starts from secondary level in developed counties. Now developing counties making remarkable progress in technical education to able their youth to contribute in national socio-economic development. There is a need to give more importance and emphasis to technical education and vocational training to prepare youth to world of work. This paper highlighted the importance of vocational and technical education. Technical educational development report of South Asian counties is discussed as well impact of globalization on technical education elaborated. The issues and flaws in technical education of Pakistan are highlighted. Finally recommendations are presented to develop globally accepted technical education system