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To explore the protective effect of exogenous adiponectin on neurological function of Alzheimer's disease mice by affecting nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain receptor/nuclear factor-kappa B/tumor necrosis factor signal pathway. 60 healthy male mice with C57BL/6J were divided into 5 groups; control (group A) (n=12), sham operation (group B) (n=12), model (group C) (n=12) and high (group D) and low dose adiponectin groups (group E) (n=12). Normal saline was given to the group A, B, C, D and E group, once a day. Adiponectin high and low dose group was given adiponectin (10 mg/kg and 2.5 mg/kg) intragastric administration. The Morris water maze test of mice in each group was analyzed, the expressions of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2, nuclear factor-kappa B, toll-like receptor-4, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 beta in each group were compared, and the expressions of caspase-3, c-caspase-3 and B-cell lymphoma 2 proteins in each group were studied. Compared with the group C, the latent period of the experiment was decreased and the number of diving was increased in the high and low dose groups of adiponectin. Compared with the group C, the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2, nuclear factor-kappa B and toll-like receptor-4 in group D and E were lower. Compared with the group C, the levels of the above factors in the group D and E decreased. Compared with the group C, the caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-3 in the group D and E decreased, while the B-cell lymphoma 2 increased. Exogenous adiponectin can enhance the learning and memory ability of patients with Alzheimer's disease, affect the expression of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2, nuclear factorkappa B, toll-like receptor-4 and other pathways, and reduce the levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 beta, so as to inhibit the inflammatory response of nerves in the brain, reduce the damage to nerve function, and provide new therapeutic ideas for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain receptors (NOD-like receptors, NLRs) are involved in modulating the innate immune responses of the trophoblast and the placenta in normal pregnancy. The thymus participates in regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. However, it is unclear whether expression of NLR is modulated in the maternal thymus during early pregnancy. In this study, thymuses were sampled at day 16 of the estrous cycle, and at days 13, 16 and 25 of gestation (n = 6 for each group) from ewes after slaughter. Different stages were chosen because the maternal thymus was under the different effects of interferon-tau and/or progesterone or not. RT-qPCR, Western blot and immunohistochemistry analysis were used to analyze the expression of the NLR family, including NOD1; NOD2; major histocompatibility complex class II transactivator (CIITA); NLR family apoptosis inhibitory protein (NAIP); nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain and Leucine-rich repeat and Pyrin domain containing protein 1 (NLRP1), NLRP3 and NLRP7. The results showed that expression level of NOD1 was changed with the pregnancy stages, and expression levels of NOD2, CIITA, NAIP, NLRP1, NLRP3 and NLRP7 mRNA and proteins were peaked at day 13 of pregnancy. The levels of NOD2 and CIITA were increased during early pregnancy. The stainings for NOD2 and NLRP7 proteins were located in epithelial reticular cells, capillaries and thymic corpuscles. In summary, pregnancy stages changed expression of NLR family in the maternal thymus, which may be related to the modulation of maternal thymic immune responses, and beneficial for normal pregnancy in sheep. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain receptors (NOD-like receptors, NLRs) are involved in modulating the innate immune responses of the trophoblast and the placenta in normal pregnancy. The thymus participates in regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. However, it is unclear whether expression of NLR is modulated in the maternal thymus during early pregnancy. In this study, thymuses were sampled at day 16 of the estrous cycle, and at days 13, 16 and 25 of gestation (n = 6 for each group) from ewes after slaughter. Different stages were chosen because the maternal thymus was under the different effects of interferon-tau and/or progesterone or not. RT-qPCR, Western blot and immunohistochemistry analysis were used to analyze the expression of the NLR family, including NOD1; NOD2; major histocompatibility complex class II transactivator (CIITA); NLR family apoptosis inhibitory protein (NAIP); nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain and Leucine-rich repeat and Pyrin domain containing protein 1 (NLRP1), NLRP3 and NLRP7. The results showed that expression level of NOD1 was changed with the pregnancy stages, and expression levels of NOD2, CIITA, NAIP, NLRP1, NLRP3 and NLRP7 mRNA and proteins were peaked at day 13 of pregnancy. The levels of NOD2 and CIITA were increased during early pregnancy. The stainings for NOD2 and NLRP7 proteins were located in epithelial reticular cells, capillaries and thymic corpuscles. In summary, pregnancy stages changed expression of NLR family in the maternal thymus, which may be related to the modulation of maternal thymic immune responses, and beneficial for normal pregnancy in sheep.