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Higher degree research students in education are largely underprepared for understanding or employing statistical data analysis methods. This is despite their need to read literature in their field which will indubitably include such research. This weakness may result in students choosing to use qualitative or interpretivist methodologies, even though education data are highly complex requiring sophisticated analysis techniques to properly evaluate the impact of nested data, multi-collinear factors, missing data, and changes over time. This paper describes a research methods course at a researchintensive university designed for students in a thesis-only degree program. The course emphasizes the logic and conceptual function of statistical methods and exposes students to hands-on tutorials in which students are required to conduct analyses with open-access data. The first half of the 12-week course focuses on core knowledge, normally taught in first-year probability and statistics courses. The second half focuses on introducing and modeling advanced statistical methods needed to handle complex problems and data. The course outline is provided along with descriptions of teaching and assessments. This exemplar functions as a potential model of how relative novices in statistical methods can be introduced to a conceptual use of statistical methods to raise the credibility of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reviews the effect of comprehension and perceived text difficulty in promoting reading enjoyment and interest to read more among novice learners practicing extensive and pleasure reading. Sixty-seven college students in their first semester of Spanish were asked to read a children-like story picture book in Spanish and were then given both a comprehension test and a brief perception questionnaire about how much they had enjoyed the story, how difficult they thought the reading had been, and whether they had interest to read more. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses show that (1) students' perception on the level of difficulty of a text align with their actual comprehension of the story, (2) the level of reading enjoyment is strongly related to how much the students understood and how difficult the text was perceived to be, and (3) reading enjoyment and interest to read more are highly correlated when novice learners find the text easy. Pedagogical implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background A learning curve is graphical representation of the relationship between effort, such as repetitive practice or time spent, and the resultant learning based on specific outcomes. Group learning curves provide information for designing educational interventions or assessments. Little is known regarding the learning curves for Point-of-Care Ultrasound (POCUS) psychomotor skill acquisition of novice learners. As POCUS inclusion in education increases, a more thorough understanding of this topic is needed to allow educators to make informed decisions regarding curriculum design. The purpose of this research study is to: (A) define the psychomotor skill acquisition learning curves of novice Physician Assistant students, and (B) analyze the learning curves for the individual image quality components of depth, gain and tomographic axis. Results A total of 2695 examinations were completed and reviewed. On group-level learning curves, plateau points were noted to be similar for abdominal, lung, and renal systems around 17 examinations. Bladder scores were consistently good across all exam components from the start of the curriculum. For cardiac exams, students improved even after 25 exams. Learning curves for tomographic axis (angle of intersection of the ultrasound with the structure of interest) were longer than those for depth and gain. Learning curves for axis were longer than those for depth and gain. Conclusion Bladder POCUS skills can be rapidly acquired and have the shortest learning curve. Abdominal aorta, kidney, and lung POCUS have similar learning curves, while cardiac POCUS has the longest learning curve. Analysis of learning curves for depth, axis, and gain demonstrates that axis has the longest learner curve of the three components of image quality. This finding has previously not been reported and provides a more nuanced understanding of psychomotor skill learning for novices. Learners might benefit from educators paying particular attention to optimizing the unique tomographic axis for each organ system.

Higher degree research students in education are largely underprepared for understanding or employing statistical data analysis methods. This is despite their need to read literature in their field which will indubitably include such research. This weakness may result in students choosing to use qualitative or interpretivist methodologies, even though education data are highly complex requiring sophisticated analysis techniques to properly evaluate the impact of nested data, multi-collinear factors, missing data, and changes over time. This paper describes a research methods course at a research-intensive university designed for students in a thesis-only degree program. The course emphasizes the logic and conceptual function of statistical methods and exposes students to hands-on tutorials in which students are required to conduct analyses with open-access data. The first half of the 12-week course focuses on core knowledge, normally taught in first-year probability and statistics courses. The second half focuses on introducing and modeling advanced statistical methods needed to handle complex problems and data. The course outline is provided along with descriptions of teaching and assessments. This exemplar functions as a potential model of how relative novices in statistical methods can be introduced to a conceptual use of statistical methods to raise the credibility of research.

Abstract Background Coding has become an integral part of STEM education. However, novice learners face difficulties in processing codes within embedded structures (also termed nested structures). This study aimed to investigate the cognitive mechanism underlying the processing of embedded coding structures based on hierarchical complexity theory, which suggests that more complex hierarchies are involved in embedded versus sequential coding structures. Hierarchical processing is expected to place a great load on the working memory system to maintain, update, and manipulate information. We therefore examined the difference in cognitive load induced by embedded versus sequential structures, and the relations between the difference in cognitive load and working memory capacity. Results The results of Experiment 1 did not fully support our hypotheses, possibly due to the unexpected use of cognitive strategies and the way stimuli were presented. With these factors well controlled, a new paradigm was designed in Experiment 2. Results indicate that the cognitive load, as measured by the accuracy and response times of a code comprehension task, was greater in embedded versus sequential conditions. Additionally, the extra cognitive load induced by embedded coding structures was significantly related to working memory capacity. Conclusions The findings of these analyses suggest that processing embedded coding structures exerts great demands on the working memory system to maintain and manipulate hierarchical information. It is therefore important to provide scaffolding strategies to help novice learners process codes across different hierarchical levels within embedded coding structures.

Background: A learning curve is graphical representation of the relationship between effort, such as repetitive practice or time spent, and the resultant learning based on specific outcomes. Group learning curves provide information for designing educational interventions or assessments. Little is known regarding the learning curves for Point-of-Care Ultrasound (POCUS) psychomotor skill acquisition of novice learners. As POCUS inclusion in education increases, a more thorough understanding of this topic is needed to allow educators to make informed decisions regarding curriculum design. The purpose of this research study is to: (A) define the psychomotor skill acquisition learning curves of novice Physician Assistant students, and (B) analyze the learning curves for the individual image quality components of depth, gain and tomographic axis. Results: A total of 2695 examinations were completed and reviewed. On group-level learning curves, plateau points were noted to be similar for abdominal, lung, and renal systems around 17 examinations. Bladder scores were consistently good across all exam components from the start of the curriculum. For cardiac exams, students improved even after 25 exams. Learning curves for tomographic axis (angle of intersection of the ultrasound with the structure of interest) were longer than those for depth and gain. Learning curves for axis were longer than those for depth and gain. Conclusion: Bladder POCUS skills can be rapidly acquired and have the shortest learning curve. Abdominal aorta, kidney, and lung POCUS have similar learning curves, while cardiac POCUS has the longest learning curve. Analysis of learning curves for depth, axis, and gain demonstrates that axis has the longest learner curve of the three components of image quality. This finding has previously not been reported and provides a more nuanced understanding of psychomotor skill learning for novices. Learners might benefit from educators paying particular attention to optimizing the unique tomographic axis for each organ system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Coding has become an integral part of STEM education. However, novice learners face difficulties in processing codes within embedded structures (also termed nested structures). This study aimed to investigate the cognitive mechanism underlying the processing of embedded coding structures based on hierarchical complexity theory, which suggests that more complex hierarchies are involved in embedded versus sequential coding structures. Hierarchical processing is expected to place a great load on the working memory system to maintain, update, and manipulate information. We therefore examined the difference in cognitive load induced by embedded versus sequential structures, and the relations between the difference in cognitive load and working memory capacity. Results: The results of Experiment 1 did not fully support our hypotheses, possibly due to the unexpected use of cognitive strategies and the way stimuli were presented. With these factors well controlled, a new paradigm was designed in Experiment 2. Results indicate that the cognitive load, as measured by the accuracy and response times of a code comprehension task, was greater in embedded versus sequential conditions. Additionally, the extra cognitive load induced by embedded coding structures was significantly related to working memory capacity. Conclusions: The findings of these analyses suggest that processing embedded coding structures exerts great demands on the working memory system to maintain and manipulate hierarchical information. It is therefore important to provide scaffolding strategies to help novice learners process codes across different hierarchical levels within embedded coding structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metaphors are well-known tools for teaching statistics to novices. However, educators might overlook metaphor theoretical developments that offer nuanced and testable perspectives on their pedagogical applications. This article introduces the notion of metaphor types—“correspondence” (CO) and “class inclusion” (CI)—as different strategic ways of presenting metaphors and reports an experimental study on their effectiveness in teaching basic regression to language and communication majors. Briefly, CO emphasizes systematic links while CI emphasizes holistic perceptions of similarity between the source and target of a metaphor. Both competency and attitudinal measures were compared in view of the latter’s importance as intended outcomes of the typical introductory course. The results show that while CO outperformed CI in assessments of manual calculations (e.g., SST/SSR/SSE/R2), CI outperformed CO in essay assessments requiring elaboration of general conceptual understanding. CI was also linked to more positive perceptions of the practical utility of regression analysis and its contribution to personal growth. Correlations between performance and attitudes were stronger in CO than CI, which further suggests CO’s greater perceived resemblance to a “rote learning” approach. The attendant implications are discussed in the growing context of general statistics education for nonstatistics majors. Directions for further research are suggested.

Metaphors are well-known tools for teaching statistics to novices. However, educators might overlook metaphor theoretical developments that offer nuanced and testable perspectives on their pedagogical applications. This article introduces the notion of metaphor types-"correspondence" (CO) and "class inclusion" (CI)-as different strategic ways of presenting metaphors and reports an experimental study on their effectiveness in teaching basic regression to language and communication majors. Briefly, CO emphasizes systematic links while CI emphasizes holistic perceptions of similarity between the source and target of a metaphor. Both competency and attitudinal measures were compared in view of the latter's importance as intended outcomes of the typical introductory course. The results show that while CO outperformed CI in assessments of manual calculations (e.g., SST/SSR/SSE/R2), CI outperformed CO in essay assessments requiring elaboration of general conceptual understanding. CI was also linked to more positive perceptions of the practical utility of regression analysis and its contribution to personal growth. Correlations between performance and attitudes were stronger in CO than CI, which further suggests CO's greater perceived resemblance to a "rote learning" approach. The attendant implications are discussed in the growing context of general statistics education for nonstatistics majors. Directions for further research are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Successful intubation with video laryngoscopes necessitates good hand-eye coordination and the use of intubation adjuncts like bougie and stylet. We proposed this study to find whether using Frova introducer with C-MAC video laryngoscope will reduce the intubation time in trainee anesthesiologists. Material and Methods: We enrolled 140 adults without any difficult airway predictors. They were randomly assigned to undergo C-MAC video laryngoscope guided intubation by anesthesia residents using tracheal tube preloaded over Frova introducer (n = 70) or without Frova introducer (n = 70). Primary outcome was the intubation time. Secondary outcomes were the number of redirections of tracheal tube or Frova introducer toward glottis, need for external laryngeal maneuvers (ELMs), first attempt intubation success rate, and ease of intubation. Results: The median actual intubation time (IQR) in Frova and non-Frova group, respectively, were 25.46 (28.11–19.80) and 19.96 (26.59–15.52) s (P = 0.001). The number of redirections of TT or Frova introducer toward glottis, first attempt success rate, and ease of intubation were comparable. The need for ELMs [n (%)] was 15 (21.4) and 26 (37.1) in Frova and non-Frova group, respectively (P = 0.04). Conclusion: Frova introducer guided endotracheal intubation with C-MAC videolaryngoscope in patients with normal airways had a marginally prolonged intubation time with a significant reduction in the need of external laryngeal manoeuvres but with a comparable number of redirections and attempts. Further research is needed to generalize these findings to patients with difficult airways.

This paper describes one approach to focusing on Connections, one of the five Cs from the World Readiness Standards for Learning Languages, as a means of exposing introductory language students to culturally diverse authentic texts through drama-based pedagogy. Our approach focuses on an instructor working within an established departmental curriculum for introductory language courses. Despite these constraints, the instructor was able to create a two-day instructional sequence that allowed students to interact with each other through their engagement with the work of the Francophone playwright Charles Moravia (1875-1938). The activity sequence was embedded in the grammar and vocabulary presented in the assigned textbook chapter, aligned with the communicative goals for the unit, and also integrated the graduate student instructor’s own doctoral research interests in a way that was energizing for instructor and students alike. The authors demonstrate the viability of expanding a given syllabus to offer novice language students a more culturally diverse range of authentic texts, including a range of genres, all while consistently serving the needs of a proficiency-based classroom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research aims to gauge novice college Spanish students’ perceptions of blended courses to help the design and teaching of blended learning. Blended learning shifts from teacher-centered classes to a learner-centered focus (Hartman, Dziuban & Moskal, 1999; Morgan 2002). There is also more emphasis on peer-to-peer learning (Collis, 2003) since information can be easily shared. The participants of the study had no prior experience taking blended courses. The 14 participants were given an anonymous questionnaire at the end of the semester to explore their perceptions of hybrid learning in order to enhance the set-up of the courses. The questionnaire consisted of open- and closedended questions. The findings of the study revealed moderately positive attitudes towards blended courses. Finally, after analyzing the participants’ discourse, some suggestions for the design and instruction of future blended courses were outlined, especially for novice foreign language learners.

Background and Aims: Successful intubation with video laryngoscopes necessitates good hand-eye coordination and the use of intubation adjuncts like bougie and stylet. We proposed this study to find whether using Frova introducer with C-MAC video laryngoscope will reduce the intubation time in trainee anesthesiologists. Material and Methods: We enrolled 140 adults without any difficult airway predictors. They were randomly assigned to undergo C-MAC video laryngoscope guided intubation by anesthesia residents using tracheal tube preloaded over Frova introducer (n = 70) or without Frova introducer (n = 70). Primary outcome was the intubation time. Secondary outcomes were the number of redirections of tracheal tube or Frova introducer toward glottis, need for external laryngeal maneuvers (ELMs), first attempt intubation success rate, and ease of intubation. Results: The median actual intubation time (IQR) in Frova and non-Frova group, respectively, were 25.46 (28.11–19.80) and 19.96 (26.59–15.52) s (P = 0.001). The number of redirections of TT or Frova introducer toward glottis, first attempt success rate, and ease of intubation were comparable. The need for ELMs [n (%)] was 15 (21.4) and 26 (37.1) in Frova and non-Frova group, respectively (P = 0.04). Conclusion: Frova introducer guided endotracheal intubation with C-MAC videolaryngoscope in patients with normal airways had a marginally prolonged intubation time with a significant reduction in the need of external laryngeal manoeuvres but with a comparable number of redirections and attempts. Further research is needed to generalize these findings to patients with difficult airways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: As certified Carpentries instructors, the authors organized and co-taught the University of Montana’s first in-person Carpentries workshop focused on the R programming language during early 2020. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, a repeated workshop was postponed to the fall of 2020 and was adapted for a fully online setting. The authors share their Carpentries journey from in-person to online instruction, hoping to inspire those interested in organizing Carpentries at their institution for the first time and those interested in improving their existing Carpentries presence. Methods: The authors reflected on their experience facilitating the same Carpentries workshop in-person and online. They used this unique opportunity to compare the effectiveness of a face-to-face environment versus a virtual modality for delivering an interactive workshop. Results: When teaching in the online setting, the authors learned to emphasize the basics, create many opportunities for feedback using formative assessments, reduce the amount of material presented, and include helpers who are familiar with technology and troubleshooting. Conclusions: Although the online environment came with challenges (i.e., Zoom logistics and challenges, the need to further condense curricula, etc.), the instructors were surprised at the many advantages of hosting an online workshop. With some adaptations, Carpentries workshops work well in online delivery.

Objective: This paper compares the pedagogical theory driving current norms towards instruction of novices in both fields, specifically focusing on The Carpentries and ACRL Framework instruction. I identify key areas of difference in theoretical and practical approaches towards education of learners entirely new to a topic, focusing on a choice to pursue constructivist or experiential learning versus providing direct instructional guidance. Methods: Two case studies are explored through the lens of the Dreyfus Model of learning for their theoretical underpinings for engaging novice learners: the ACRL Framework and Carpentries’ Instructor Training. Results: Applying the Dreyfus Model of learning and cognitive load theory shows theoretical benefits to direct instructional guidance over constructivist or minimally guided instruction. Conclusions: The ACRL Framework and Carpentries workshops share teaching goals of creating new mental models and core skills to support future learning, but differ in their pedagogical approaches. For novice learners of information literacy, there may be value in considering a more guided approach. Concrete lesson-planning strategies are proposed. The substance of this article is based upon a poster presented at RDAP Summit 2019.

We present a study of the development of L2 stop VOT (voice onset time) in lower-level English-speaking learners of Spanish over the course of a college semester. Participants were recorded six times in two-week intervals. Halfway through the semester, students received a brief pronunciation training session with practice and feedback. Overall, the learners did not lower their L2 VOTs in the first half of the study, before pronunciation training. Following training, however, they lowered their mean VOTs for Spanish voiceless stops significantly. A similar effect was not found for their mean VOTs of Spanish voiced stops, in line with prior work suggesting that prevoicing may be harder to acquire. Yet careful examination suggests that learners are increasing the frequency with which they use prevoicing in Spanish, suggesting this metric might inform future work on L2 Spanish pronunciation development. This work has implications for teaching and research in second language pronunciation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Performing a lumbar puncture (LP) is a key skill to master for doctors in the emergency department (ED), but the level of success and rate of complications still differs considerably. Studies have shown that LP is attempted at a different level than intended in 30% of cases when the classical landmark technique is used. Ultrasound-assisted LP can reduce the risk of failed LP, possible by its ability to visualize the relevant anatomy of the spine, but only a few studies have considered its potential in learning environments with novice learners. Methods: Medical students and first-year trainee doctors who had never performed a LP in a clinical setting were asked to locate and mark the exact location of where to insert the needle when performing a LP by first using the classical landmark technique secondly by use of ultrasound. Corrections of the marked locations were registered for each attempt. Each participant marked three different healthy volunteers in both sitting and laying positions. Results: The accuracy in LP by landmarking as a total of correct markings (“unchanged”) vs. a total of incorrect markings (“changed”) improved significantly in both the sitting (p = 0.028) and lying positions (p=0.002). All participants were positive about the use of ultrasound when learning how to identify the correct LP marking, mostly because of improved understanding of the anatomical structures and improved confidence in the succeeding attempts. Conclusion: Ultrasound can assist and potentially increase the learning of landmark techniques in novice learners in a secure training environment. Visualizing the underlying anatomical structures of the landmark technique in this way can add a second level of security for the learner for the future practice of LP.

Higher education programs are increasingly involved in the preparation of health and wellness coaches. The preparation of entry-level coaches in undergraduate programs presents unique challenges and opportunities as students are simultaneously novice learners in higher education, health professions, and coaching. Therefore, faculty need to consider the unique skills needed by health and wellness coaches and the characteristics of undergraduate learners when designing undergraduate coaching education programs. As students move into the evidence-based profession of health and wellness coaching, they must acquire essential knowledge and skills while going through a period of significant personal development. The journey from novice to competent entry-level coach takes commitment and focused effort by students and faculty alike, supported by a thoughtful design of undergraduate programs. Design elements include a coach-the-coach approach, an emphasis on self-development, explicitly teaching the thinking skills inherent to coaching, and the progressive immersion of experiential learning. These approaches could maximize the success of novices in becoming competent, entry-level health and wellness coaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research aims to gauge novice college Spanish students' perceptions of blended courses to help the design and teaching of blended learning. Blended learning shifts from teacher-centered classes to a learner-centered focus (Hartman, Dziuban & Moskal, 1999; Morgan 2002). There is also more emphasis on peer-to-peer learning (Collis, 2003) since information can be easily shared. The participants of the study had no prior experience taking blended courses. The 14 participants were given an anonymous questionnaire at the end of the semester to explore their perceptions of hybrid learning in order to enhance the set-up of the courses. The questionnaire consisted of open- and closedended questions. The findings of the study revealed moderately positive attitudes towards blended courses. Finally, after analyzing the participants' discourse, some suggestions for the design and instruction of future blended courses were outlined, especially for novice foreign language learners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is increasingly being adopted in the field of internal medicine, leading to the development of POCUS curricula in undergraduate and postgraduate medical education programs. Prominent internal medicine societies and organizations worldwide recognize the expanding utilization of POCUS by internal medicine physicians, emphasizing the need for practitioners to be aware of both its benefits and limitations. Despite the growing enthusiasm for POCUS, clinicians, particularly those with limited clinical experience, must be cautious regarding its inherent limitations and the potential impact on their clinical practice. This review aims to outline the limitations and potential drawbacks of POCUS for medical students, residents, and internists who wish to stay abreast of the escalating use of POCUS in internal medicine and have a desire, or have already commenced, to incorporate POCUS into their practice. Additionally, it provides recommendations for enhancing POCUS proficiency to mitigate these limitations., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023, Elhassan et al.)

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Although instruction using expert-generated schemas is associated with higher diagnostic performance, implementation is resource intensive. Learner-generated schemas are an alternative, but may be limited by increases in cognitive load. We compared expert- and learner-generated schemas for learning ECG rhythm interpretation on diagnostic accuracy, cognitive load and knowledge acquisition. Fifty-seven medical students were randomized to two experiments. Experiment 1 (n = 29) compared use of traditional teaching frameworks to expert generated schemas. Participants randomly received either a traditional framework or an expert-generated schema to practice each of two content areas in a crossed design. Learning accuracy and cognitive load were measured during the training phase. Discriminating knowledge and diagnostic accuracy were tested immediately after the training phase and 1-2 weeks after. Using the same methodology, experiment 2 (n = 28) compared use of learner-generated versus expert-generated schemas. In experiment 1, learning from expert-generated schemas was associated with lower cognitive load (13 vs 16, p < 0.001), higher diagnostic accuracy on immediate testing (40 vs 29 %, p = 0.018), and higher discriminating knowledge (81 vs 71 %, p < 0.001). Both groups performed similarly on delayed testing (14 vs 8 %, p = 0.6). In experiment 2, use of learner-generated schemas reduced diagnostic accuracy during the training phase (55 vs 77 %, p < 0.001), with similar performance on the immediate (30 vs 33 %, p = 0.89) and delayed (7 vs 5 %, p = 0.79) testing phases.. Learner-generated schema generation was associated with increased cognitive load (17.1 vs 13.5, p < 0.001). When compared to traditional frameworks, use of an expert-generated schema improved learning of ECG rhythm interpretation. Participants generating their own schemas perform similarly to those using expert-generated schemas despite reporting higher cognitive load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Learning the analysis of electrical circuits represented by circuit diagrams is often challenging for novice students. An open research question in electrical circuit analysis instruction is whether color coding of the mathematical symbols (variables) that denote electrical quantities can improve circuit analysis learning. The present study compared two groups of high school students undergoing their first introductory learning of electrical circuit analysis. One group learned with circuit variables in black font. The other group learned with colored circuit variables, with blue font indicating variables related to voltage, red font indicating those related to current, and black font indicating those related to resistance. The color group achieved significantly higher post-test scores, gave higher ratings for liking the instruction and finding it helpful, and had lower ratings of cognitive load than the black-font group. These results indicate that color coding of the notations for quantities in electrical circuit diagrams aids the circuit analysis learning of novice students. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Emergent learning describes learning that occurs when participants interact and distribute knowledge, where learning is self-directed, and where the learning destination of the participants is largely unpredictable (Williams, Karousou, & Mackness, 2011). These notions of learning arise from the topologies of social networks and can be applied to the learning that occurs in educational institutions. However, the question remains whether institutional frameworks can accommodate the opposing notion of “cooperative systems” (Shirky, 2005), systems that facilitate the creation of user-generated content, particularly as first-year education cohorts are novice groups in the sense of not yet having developed university-level knowledge.This paper theorizes an emergent learning assessment item (Flickr photo-narratives) within a first-year media arts undergraduate education course. It challenges the conventional models of student–lecturer interaction by outlining a methodology of teaching for emergence that will facilitate student-directed and open-ended learning. The paper applies a matrix with four parameters (teacher-directed content/student-directed content; non-interactive learning task/interactive learning framework). This matrix is used as a conceptual space within which to investigate how a learning task might be constructed to afford the best opportunities for emergent learning. It explores the strategies that interactive artists utilize for participant engagement (particularly the relationship between the artist and the audience in the creation of interactive artworks) and suggests how these strategies might be applied to emergent generative outcomes with first-year education students.We build upon Williams et al.’s framework of emergent learning, where “content will not be delivered to learners but co-constructed with them” (De Freitas & Conole, as cited in Williams et al., 2011, p. 40), and the notion that in constructing emergent learning environments “considerable effort is required to ensure an effective balance between openness and constraint” (Williams et al., 2011, p. 39). We assert that for a learning event within a Web 2.0 environment to be considered emergent, not only does there need to be an effective balance between teacher-directed content and student-directed content for knowledge to be open, creative, and distributed by learners (Williams et al., 2011), but there also need to be multiple opportunities for interaction and communication between students within the system and that these “drive the emergence of structures that are more complex than the mere parts of that system” (Sommerer & Mignonneau, 2002, p. 161).

Vocabulary is critical in second language acquisition, yet there is no consensus as to how to present vocabulary in a way that facilitates learning. Scant empirical evidence supports the claim that presenting words in semantic clusters is helpful, while increasing evidence asserts that grouping words semantically impedes L2 vocabulary acquisition. How best to cluster L2 vocabulary, therefore, is an unresolved question. Research in cognitive psychology shows that including repetitive aspects (such as certain consonant-vowel combinations) in verbal information facilitates information retrieval. Presenting words with a repetitive aspect makes these vocabulary items phonologically similar. Therefore, the present study investigated semantic and phonological clustering effects among 32 novice learners of L2 Spanish. Vocabulary was presented in four categories ([±semantic, ±phonological]), and within-subjects comparisons were made as to which clusters were learned better and retained longer over time. Results show that the semantically clustered (and not phonologically similar) words were more difficult to learn. Performance improved by presenting vocabulary in random and/or phonological groups both in the short term and over time. Even though the mind may tend to store accumulated vocabulary in semantic fields, it may initially be prepared to receive words that need to be organized in semantic fields, not to receive words that have already been semantically pre-organized. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This article reflects on experiences gained in designing what was intended to be a blended course. In the event, a blended option was not possible and the article explores how variation theory was then used to transition international learners, sceptical about distance learning, from in-person to distance learning modalities. The role of variation, in approaching both the content and process of the learning experience, was presented during the two in-person lectures at the outset of the course. While the results are preliminary and tentative, the use of variation seems to have positively impacted learner understanding of subject matter and the online learning experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collegiate class piano courses demand sight-reading competencies and many pedagogical approaches exist, but there is relatively little information regarding the use of computerized settings for practice of this skill in environments that seek to guide the eye in learning to sight-read piano music. This study followed a series of examinations of computerized eye guides including the sweep, the highlighted measure, and the note-to-note guides in learning to sight-read. Four groups of randomly placed college-level class piano students (N=69) practiced sight-reading for six weeks, in fifteen-minute sessions, in one of four environments: Finale Performance Assessment (sweep) (n=20), Home Concert Xtreme (highlighted measure) (n=18), Flash animation (note-to-note highlight) (n=16), and a control group using paper and a metronome (n=15). All environments contained a metronomic click, but no additional sound reinforcement. Results indicated that all groups significantly improved, but no significant differences were found among the groups. Pedagogical implications are discussed along with suggestions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emergent learning describes learning that occurs when participants interact and distribute knowledge, where learning is self-directed, and where the learning destination of the participants is largely unpredictable (Williams, Karousou, & Mackness, 2011). These notions of learning arise from the topologies of social networks and can be applied to the learning that occurs in educational institutions. However, the question remains whether institutional frameworks can accommodate the opposing notion of "cooperative systems" (Shirky, 2005), systems that facilitate the creation of user-generated content, particularly as first-year education cohorts are novice groups in the sense of not yet having developed university-level knowledge. This paper theorizes an emergent learning assessment item (Flickr photo-narratives) within a first-year media arts undergraduate education course. It challenges the conventional models of student-lecturer interaction by outlining a methodology of teaching for emergence that will facilitate student-directed and open-ended learning. The paper applies a matrix with four parameters (teacher-directed content/student-directed content; non-interactive learning task/interactive learning framework). This matrix is used as a conceptual space within which to investigate how a learning task might be constructed to afford the best opportunities for emergent learning. It explores the strategies that interactive artists utilize for participant engagement (particularly the relationship between the artist and the audience in the creation of interactive artworks) and suggests how these strategies might be applied to emergent generative outcomes with first-year education students. We build upon Williams et al.'s framework of emergent learning, where "content will not be delivered to learners but co-constructed with them" (De Freitas & Conole, as cited in Williams et al., 2011, p. 40), and the notion that in constructing emergent learning environments "considerable effort is required to ensure an effective balance between openness and constraint" (Williams et al., 2011, p. 39). We assert that for a learning event within a Web 2.0 environment to be considered emergent, not only does there need to be an effective balance between teacher-directed content and student-directed content for knowledge to be open, creative, and distributed by learners (Williams et al., 2011), but there also need to be multiple opportunities for interaction and communication between students within the system and that these "drive the emergence of structures that are more complex than the mere parts of that system" (Sommerer & Mignonneau, 2002, p. 161). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When using visual material in higher education to teach art or design history, do we as teachers take for granted that the students not only 'see' but also 'comprehend' what we are talking about? Schnotz (2002) proposes that "it is not enough that learners posses the cognitive schemata of everyday knowledge required for understanding pictorial illustrations" (p116), they need also to have acquired domain-specific knowledge and the skills to apply it. Superficial observational points are often provided from students who lack visual literacy skills. These students tend to rely on visual type-form (recognition schemata) rather than associations which identify individual representations that required having the skill to recognise relevancy and the prior knowledge to put what they had identified into appropriate language. According to Fransecky and Debes (1972), one of the abilities one must have to be a visually literate individual is the grammar and syntax of visual language and the knowledge of how to apply it. According to Feldman (1982), art "is a language of visual images that everyone must learn to read" (p.5) and according to Broughton (1986) "visual communication relies upon an innate grammar of images that is learnable" (p.127). Within the framework of the literature, this paper will discuss a proposed study that will focus on investigating levels of visual literacy and predominant learning modality of undergraduate design students using a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods including: a questionnaire and F-sort and Q-sort methodology. It will use correlation analysis to examine patterns of similarity or dissimilarity in terms of levels of visual literacy and predominant learning modality to examine the hypothesis that there is a strong link between high visual literacy skill levels and visually inclined learners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Learning and practicing scientific inquiry is an essential component of a STEM education, but it is often difficult to teach to novices or those outside of a laboratory setting. To promote scientific thinking in a freshmen introductory neuroscience course without a lab component, we developed a series of learning activities and assignments designed to foster scientific thinking through the use of scientific grant proposals. Students wrote three short grant proposals on topics ranging from molecular to cognitive neuroscience during a 10-week class (one quarter). We made this challenging and advanced task feasible for novice learners through extensive instructional scaffolding, opportunity for practice, and frequent peer and instructor feedback. Student and instructor reports indicate that the assignments were highly intellectually engaging and that they promoted critical thinking, a deeper understanding of neuroscience material, and effective written communication skills. Here we outline the mechanics of the assignment, student and instructor impressions of learning outcomes, and the advantages and disadvantages of implementing this approach.