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Notoedric mange, caused by sarcoptiform Notoedres mites, an obligately parasite, causes potentially fatal dermatitis along with secondary systemic infections in small mammals, felids as well as humans. In the present case study, we describe clinical diagnosis and therapeutic management of notoedric mange with ivermectin in rabbits. Two New Zealand White rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) naturally infested with notoedric mange reported with history of varied clinical signs like anorexia, patchy alopecia, intense pruritus, erythema and dry scabs. Several whitish crust-like lesions were observed on ears, nose, face, forelimbs and hindlimbs. Confirmatory diagnosis of Notoedres cati var cuniculi was done by skin scraping from supported by clinical signs and hematological alterations. Both the animals were successfully treated with Ivermectin, a broad spectrum anti-parasitic agent. Both rabbits showed recovery by the end of third week of treatment and it was subsequently confirmed by absence of mites in two consecutive skin scrapings examination at weekly interval. The mite, Notoedres cati is considered as a serious pest of rabbits with ivermectin as still effective drug in treating the clinical cases. Stringent diagnostic strategies need to be prepared for regular screening and control of notoedric infestations in laboratory and pet rabbits.

Bu vaka sunumunda bir kedide notoedrik uyuz kesin tanısında burun temizleme bandının kullanımı tanımlandı. Bir buçuk yaşlı kedi baş sallama, kaşıntı ve kulak kanalında kirli akıntı şikayetleri ile kliniğimize getirildi. Kulak kanalından koton svap uygulaması ile örnek alındıktan sonra karşılaştırma amacıyla burun temizleme bandı kulak kanalı iki parmak arasında sıkıştırılarak yapıştırıldı. Her iki tanı tekniğinde de koton svap ile 6 burun bant ile 9 yetişkin akar tespit edilerek notoedrik uyuz tanısı konuldu. Haftada bir kez olmak üzere toplamda 4 kez intraaurikular eprinomektin uygulaması reçete edildi ve 1. hafta eprinomektin uygulamasıyla beraber gerçekleştirilen parazitolojik muayenede canlı akar görülmemesi ve klinik iyileşme başladığı görüldü.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T11:01:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-05-01 There are many records of the family Sarcoptidae in bats. The species Notoedres (Notoedres) yunkeri has been reported only once, parasitizing a molossid bat in Panama. In the present study, we expand the occurrence of the species to Brazil. Laboratório Especial de Coleções Zoológicas Instituto Butantan Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia - FMVZ Universidade de São Paulo - USP Laboratório de Morcegos Urbanos Centro de Controle de Zoonoses Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Museum of Zoology University of Michigan Departamento de Patologia Reprodução e Saúde Única Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias-UNESP Departamento de Patologia Reprodução e Saúde Única Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias-UNESP

Urbanization has profound ecological impacts that reach beyond city boundaries. Obvious ecological consequences of urbanization include habitat loss and fragmentation. Anthropogenic barriers reduce habitat connectivity, impede gene flow between populations and accelerate the loss of genetic diversity in populations due to drift. Urbanization may have also cryptic consequences such as the effects of human-introduced toxicants on wildlife populations. Toxicants are a leading cause of population decline for a variety of animal species worldwide and may directly threaten animal populations by causing direct mortalities, or indirectly through sublethal, chronic effects such as reproductive impairment, decreased immune competence, and increased disease susceptibility or emergence. If population-level impacts occur as a result of toxicant exposure, genetic consequences may also accompany reduced population sizes and connectivity. These include inbreeding depression that may increase the probability of population extinction and the loss of adaptive potential that reduces the ability of populations to respond to novel selection regimes. Overall, urbanization presents wildlife with many novel stressors to which they must adapt or perish. Urbanization is increasing at an unprecedented pace; understanding both the obvious and the cryptic threats to wild animal populations persisting near urban areas will be vital to promoting conservation and the maintenance of global biodiversity.To address the consequences of urbanization on wildlife populations, I focused on a well-studied population of bobcats (Lynx rufus) living in and around Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area (SMMNRA). This region comprises a collection of protected park areas near downtown Los Angeles. Bobcats inhabiting SMMNRA have been monitored by National Park Service (NPS) biologists since 1996. Within a localized region of SMMNRA, the NPS has demonstrated that a major freeway (US-101) acts not only as a barrier to movement for bobcat and coyote (Canis latrans) populations, but potentially also as a social barrier. Further, from 2002-2005, a notoedric mange epizootic associated with secondary anticoagulant rat poison exposure was the greatest source of mortality for bobcats. During this period, the annual survival rate for radio-collared animals fell by > 50% and in 2003 the mange mortality rate reached a high of 51%. Long-term samples were collected from this population from 1996-2012, allowing the rare opportunity to make direct comparisons before, during, and after the population decline. Using these data as a foundation, my research focused on three main objectives. First, I characterized neutral and adaptively relevant genetic diversity in bobcat populations across SMMNRA in both fragmented urban and protected natural areas. Second, I examined anticoagulant rodenticide exposure in bobcats across southern California, contrasting seasonal, demographic and spatial risk factors in both natural and urbanized areas. Third, I characterized physiological and immunological parameters in bobcats across SMMNRA to evaluate the effects of disease and toxicant exposure on bobcat health in an urban, fragmented landscape.I found that two freeways are significant barriers to gene flow. Further, the 3-year disease epizootic, associated with secondary anticoagulant rodenticide exposure, caused a population bottleneck that led to significant genetic differentiation pre- and post-disease populations that was greater than that between populations separated by major freeways for > 60 years. However, balancing selection acted on immune-linked loci during the epizootic, maintaining variation at functional regions. With respect to anticoagulant rodenticide exposure, I detected high prevalence of exposure (89%, liver; 39%, blood) and found that for individuals with paired liver and blood data (N = 64), 92% were exposed most frequently to greater than or equal to 3 compounds. Prevalence and the amounts of contaminants were associated with human activities that included commercial, residential, and agricultural development. I found a strong association between AR exposure to greater than and equal to 0.25 ppm or greater than and equal to 2 compounds and an ectoparasitic disease, notoedric mange. Finally, I observed that AR exposure has both immune stimulatory and suppressive effects that may explain increased bobcat susceptibility to notoedric mange as a result of chronic exposure to anticoagulant rodenticides. Bobcats exposed to ARs had elevated lymphocyte, and specifically B cell counts, and decreased percentages of neutrophils. Overall, these data highlight that even for free-ranging animals that are considered relatively adaptable to urbanization, habitat fragmentation and toxicant exposure can have profound population level effects that threaten the long-term stability of wildlife populations in an increasingly urbanized landscape.

Th is paper describes a rare case of severe notoedrosis (notoedric mange) in a household cat from the suburban region of Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina. According to history, the male cat was in direct contact with stray kitten which had dermatological disorder. Th e examination of the skin revealed an intensely pruritic and hyperkeratotic dermatitis with typical scabby appearance. Deep scarifi cation samples were collected from the altered skin area and macerated in 10% KOH. Th e microscopic examination revealed mites from genus Notoedres, later identifi ed as Notoedres cati according to the morphological shape and size. Th e aff ected cat was treated with ivermectin 0.4 mg/kg, subcutaneously, two times with 7 day intervals. The first follow-up physical examination was done aft er seven days. Th is control showed that pruritic changes began to disappear. This case report confi rms the presence of Notoedres cati in the cat population in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Author(s): Serieys, Laurel E. K.; Lea, Amanda; Epeldegui, Marta; Foley, Janet; Moriarty, Joanne Gale; Riley, Seth P. D.; Uittenbogaart, Christel H.; Fraser, Devaughn; Mouton, Alice; Wayne, Robert K. | Abstract: Human activities threaten wildlife with a variety of novel stressors such as exposure to toxicants. Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) are toxicants applied worldwide and through bioaccumulation, threaten species that prey on poisoned rodents or their predators. We studied a population of urban bobcats in southern California that declined rapidly from 2002-2005 due to notoedric mange. We first assessed prevalence of AR exposure using blood and liver samples across the population and found widespread exposure (g90%). Death associated with mange was strongly correlated with cumulative first- and second-generation AR exposure. These findings suggested that exposure to both first- and second-generation ARs were an underlying cause of the disease. We next aimed to understand the sublethal immunological and physiological effects of AR exposure in this natural population. We used two approaches: 1) we used a comprehensive suite of health assays (complete blood counts, blood chemistry assessment, and immunological profiling), and 2) we quantified AR-induced differential gene expression in blood for a subset of individuals. We found that sublethal AR exposure, primarily measured as exposure to diphacinone, is associated with hallmark indicators of generalized systemic inflammation that in persistence could promote immune dysfunction. Further, differential gene expression findings supported the results of immunological profiling. Further, a decrease in the expression of genes associated with epithelial maintenance simultaneous to a decrease in gene expression linked with ectoparasitic immune response may explain the link between AR exposure and mange vulnerability. Such indirect effects of sublethal exposure exemplify the challenge of protecting wild populations from common toxicants in human-dominated environments.

Author(s): Horak, K. E.; Bevins, S. N.; Kopanke, J.; Musselman, E.; Miller, C.; Bennett, K.; Olver, C.; VandeWoude, S. | Abstract: Recent studies have correlated anticoagulant rodenticide exposure to the development of mange in wild felids. However, a causative association between anticoagulant exposure and the onset of mange or immune dysfunction that may increase susceptibility of wild felids to manage has not been established. To investigate the potential connection between anticoagulant rodenticide exposure and immune dysfunction, specific-pathogen-free domestic cats were exposed to brodifacoum over a six-week period and vaccinated with irrelevant antigens at different points during the course of the experiment to assess recall and direct immune responses. Measures of immune response included delayed-type hypersensitivity tests and cell proliferation assays. IgE and antigen-specific antibodies were quantified via ELISA assays. No cats developed coagulopathies despite having detectable levels of brodifacoum in the blood. Brodifacoum cats had significant decreases in the production of certain cytokines including IL-6 and IL-4. The results of this study suggest that cats may be less susceptible to anticoagulant rodenticide induced coagulopathy and that the effects of environmentally realistic brodifacoum exposure on humoral and cell-mediated immunity against foreign antigen exposures in domestic cats are minimal.

The efficacy of a novel topical combination of fipronil 8.3% w/v, (S)-methoprene 10 % w/v, eprinomectin 0.4% w/v, and praziquantel 8.3% w/v (Broadline, Merial) was evaluated in 18 cats naturally infested by Notoedres cati in a controlled, blinded clinical efficacy study. Cats were blocked on pretreatment bodyweight and randomly allocated to two groups of nine cats each. One group served as control (untreated) and one group was treated once topically with Broadline according to the label instructions. Skin scrapings (three scrapings per animal per occasion) were collected prior to treatment and every other week for 8 weeks thereafter and examined for live N. cati mites. In addition, lesions were evaluated at each sampling to monitor the clinical recovery. Based on live mite counts, efficacy against N. cati of a single topical administration with Broadline was >99%, and all treated cats recovered from clinical signs of notoedric mange. No treatment-related adverse events were observed.

Notoedric mange was responsible for a population decline of bobcats ( Lynx rufus ) in 2 Southern California counties from 2002-2006 and is now reported to affect bobcats in Northern and Southern California. With this study we document clinical laboratory and necropsy findings for bobcats with mange. Bobcats in this study included free-ranging bobcats with mange (n = 34), a control group of free-ranging bobcats without mange (n = 11), and a captive control group of bobcats without mange (n = 19). We used 2 control groups to evaluate potential anomalies due to capture stress or diet. Free-ranging healthy and mange-infected bobcats were trapped or salvaged. Animals were tested by serum biochemistry, complete blood count, urine protein and creatinine, body weight, necropsy, and assessment for anticoagulant rodenticide residues in liver tissue. Bobcats with severe mange were emaciated, dehydrated, and anemic with low serum creatinine, hyperphosphatemia, hypoglycemia, hypernatremia, and hyperchloremia, and sometimes septicemic when compared to control groups. Liver enzymes and leukocyte counts were elevated in free-ranging, recently captured bobcats whether or not they were infested with mange, suggesting capture stress. Bobcats with mange had lower levels of serum cholesterol, albumin, globulin, and total protein due to protein loss likely secondary to severe dermatopathy. Renal insufficiency was unlikely in most cases, as urine protein:creatinine ratios were within normal limits. A primary gastrointestinal loss of protein or blood was possible in a few cases, as evidenced by elevated blood urea nitrogen, anemia, intestinal parasitism, colitis, gastric hemorrhage, and melena. The prevalence of exposure to anticoagulant rodenticides was 100% (n = 15) in bobcats with mange. These findings paint a picture of debilitating, multisystemic disease with infectious and toxic contributing factors that can progress to death in individuals and potential decline in populations.

Objectives The aim of this study was to compare the sensitivity of acetate tape impression with skin squeezing and superficial skin scraping methods for the diagnosis of burrowing mites ( Notoedres cati) in cats. Methods Samples were collected from 50 cats showing signs of notoedric mange. The most affected region was selected for sampling using acetate tape impression with skin squeezing, and superficial skin scraping. Results No significant difference was observed in the number of mites found by both methods, regardless of the stage of development of the mite. The tests showed a high correlation to the total number of mites (r = 0.928). However, in two animals it was possible to confirm the presence of N cati only by the acetate tape impression test. Conclusions and relevance We conclude that the acetate tape impression test is a good method for confirming the presence of N cati in cats. In our experience, this technique is as sensitive as superficial skin scraping, even in animals presenting with a low infestation. Moreover, the technique is less traumatic and allows the collection of clinical specimens in more sensitive locations, such as the eyelids, lips and paws.

Humans introduce many toxicants into the environment, the long-term and indirect effects of which are generally unknown. We investigated exposure to anticoagulant rodenticides and evaluated the association between notoedric mange, an ectoparasitic disease, and anticoagulant exposure in bobcats (Lynx rufus) and mountain lions (Puma concolor) in a fragmented urban landscape in southern California, USA. Beginning in 2002, an epizootic of notoedric mange, a disease previously reported only as isolated cases in wild felids, in 2 years reduced the annual survival rate of bobcats from 0.77 (5-yr average) to 0.28. Anticoagulants were present in 35 of 39 (90%) bobcats we tested, multiple compounds were present in 27 of these 35 (77%), and total toxicant load was positively associated with the use of developed areas by radiocollared animals. Mange-associated mortality in bobcats showed a strong association with anticoagulant exposure, as 19 of 19 (100%) bobcats that died with severe mange were also exposed...

Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) are increasingly recognized as a threat to nontarget wildlife. High exposure to ARs has been documented globally in nontarget predatory species and linked to the high prevalence of an ectoparasitic disease, notoedric mange. In southern California, mange associated with AR exposure has been the proximate cause of a bobcat (Lynx rufus) population decline. We measured AR exposure in bobcats from two areas in southern California, examining seasonal, demographic and spatial risk factors across landscapes including natural and urbanized areas. The long-term study included bobcats sampled over a 16-year period (1997–2012) and a wide geographic area. We sampled blood (N = 206) and liver (N = 172) to examine exposure ante- and post-mortem. We detected high exposure prevalence (89 %, liver; 39 %, blood) and for individuals with paired liver and blood data (N = 64), 92 % were exposed. Moreover, the animals with the most complete sampling were exposed most frequently to three or more compounds. Toxicant exposure was associated with commercial, residential, and agricultural development. Bobcats of both sexes and age classes were found to be at high risk of exposure, and we documented fetal transfer of multiple ARs. We found a strong association between certain levels of exposure (ppm), and between multiple AR exposure events, and notoedric mange. AR exposure was prevalent throughout both regions sampled and throughout the 16-year time period in the long-term study. ARs pose a substantial threat to bobcats, and likely other mammalian and avian predators, living at the urban-wildland interface.

From February 1998 to July 1999, 65 western gray squirrels (Sciurus griseus griseus) were trapped at three sites in Klickitat County, Washington (USA) as part of a home range and habitat use study. No squirrels (0/9) with mange lesions were identified in the initial trapping session (February and March 1998). During all subsequent trapping sessions (August 1998 through July 1999), squirrels with lesions consistent with notoedric mange, caused by the mite Notoedres centrifera (douglasi), were captured or recaptured at all three study sites. The diagnosis was confirmed by histopathology and examination of mites obtained from skin scrapings from two affected squirrels. Of the 56 squirrels captured from August 1998 to July 1999, 33 (59%) had characteristic mange lesions, and 14 (42%) affected squirrels died directly of mange or of secondary complications of mange. Only four breeding females of 22 radio-collared animals (males and females) in the study population were known to have survived the mange outbreak (12 died, 6 missing). Factors potentially contributing to this mange outbreak include a mast crop failure in the fall of 1998 and transmission of mites from animial to animal during trapping and processing sessions.

Notoedric mange is a cutaneous ectoparasitic disease of cats caused by Notoedres cati, a mite belonging to the Sarcoptidae family. The disease occurs in felids, occasionally in other mammals and in humans. The canine form, even if cited by some authors, has never been documented. This report describes for the first time a case of notoedric mange in a dog.

The burrowing mites, Sarcoptes and Notoedres , belong to the family Sarcoptidae which can cause scabies, a pruritic, contagious skin disease in animals and humans. Notoedres cati is the burrowing mite typically associated with feline scabies (Foley 1991) while Sarcoptes is associated with sarcoptic mange in dogs and humans. Notoedres mites are smaller than Sarcoptes , have ‘thumb print’-like dorsal striations, shorter limb stalks and a dorsal anus compared with the terminal anus, dorsal pegs and spines seen on Sarcoptes species (Scott and others 2001). While information on canine sarcoptic mange is available, little is known about feline scabies. To the authors' knowledge, no cases of feline notoedric mange have been reported in the UK since the 1960s (Joyce 2010), with only sporadic reports from other parts of the world where it is considered epizootic (Delucchi and Castro 2000, Itoh and others 2004). Similarly, sarcoptic mange due to Sarcoptes scabiei in cats has only been reported infrequently worldwide. Three cases of pruritic skin disease associated with S scabiei in cats have been reported in continental Europe and North America (Bussieras 1984, Hawkins and others 1987, Kontos and others 1998), while a single case without pruritus was described in Taiwan (Huang and others 1998). Furthermore, feline scabies may also be associated with systemic disease or concurrent skin disease (Huang …

This paper describes a case of notoedric mange in an ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) in the Brazilian Amazon region. A young male of approximately four months of age that was illegally kept as a pet was apprehended in Altamira, State of Pará, northern Brazil. The animal was transported to the Mangal das Garças Park in the state's capital city of Belém. The ocelot had pruritus and lesions suggestive of scabies in the head. Skin scraping material was examined under optic microscopy. There was seen a large number of eggs, larvae, nymphs and adult mites. The mean female and male sizes were 230.2 × 200.4 µm and 137.6 × 104.9 µm. Based on the morphologic characteristics and morphometric analysis, this mite was classified as Notoedres cati. This is the first report of notoedric mange in L. pardalis from Brazilian Amazon.

Two mountain lions (Puma con-color) were found dead in the Simi Hills area of southern California (Ventura County). Postmortem examination and toxicological analyses indicated that the cause of death was anticoagulant rodenticide intoxication. In addition, both lions had marked alopecia and skin crusts, caused by Notoedres cati. The diagnosis of notoedric mange was confirmed by histology and direct examination of mites obtained from skin scrapings of the two animals. Histologically, the affected skin showed acanthotic epidermis with parakeratosis and parasitic tunnels in the stratum corneum. This is the first report of the pathological changes associated with notoedric mange in free-ranging mountain lions.

Em levantamento retrospectivo de 19 anos (1984-2002), envolvendo a totalidade de 39524 casos dermatopáticos, de caninos e felinos, atendidos no Serviço de Dermatologia do VCM-HOVET/FMVZ-USP, identificou-se um total de 2907 (7,3%) casos de escabiose. Respectivamente, 2283 (78,5%) e 624 (21,5%) animais, eram das espécies canina e felina. A frequência de ocorrência da sarna sarcóptica (6,4%) foi inferior àquela da sarna notoédrica (15,7%), esta última, duas e meia vezes mais freqüente que a congênere canina, sendo tal diferença significativa (p

Between March and December 1999, five free-ranging lynx (Lynx lynx) affected by mange were found dead or shot by game wardens in the Swiss Alps. In the first two cases, Notoedres cati was isolated from the skin; in the third and fourth case, Sarcoptes scabiei was the cause of the infection; and in the fifth case, a mixed infection was diagnosed. Red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) affected with sarcoptic mange and domestic cats infested with N. cati are likely to be the sources of infection. It seems improbable that mange will occur as an epidemic in lynx in Switzerland, but losses due to infections with N. cati and/or S. scabiei may have an impact on this small, geographically limited lynx population. This is the first report of notoedric mange in a free-ranging lynx and the first report of mange in lynx from Switzerland.

Five of 16 cats belonging to the same owner were brought to the veterinary hospital because of a 30-day history of signs of intense pruritus and alopecic and erythematous areas with bloody crusts. Notoedric mange was diagnosed and confirmed by microscopic examination of skin scrapings of all 5 cats. The remaining cats did not have clinical signs of mange, and Notoedres cati were not observed after microscopic examination of skin scrapings. A decision was made to treat all 16 cats with doramectin subcutaneously. In each cat, 0.1 ml of a 1% solution of doramectin was administered s.c. Body weights ranged from 2.9 to 7.1 kg (6.4 to 14.2 lb) in the 16 cats and the final doses varied from 143 to 345 micrograms/kg (65 to 157 micrograms/lb) of body weight, with a mean (+/- SD) of 270.4 +/- 64 micrograms/kg (122.9 +/- 29.1 micrograms/lb). The mean dose for the 5 affected cats was 292.2 +/- 44.8 micrograms/kg (132.8 +/- 20.4 micrograms/lb), with a range of 208 to 333 micrograms/kg (94.6 to 151.4 micrograms/lb). Lesions began to recede 1 week after treatment. Fifteen days after treatment, all 5 affected cats were clinically normal. Findings in our cats suggest that a single mean dose of doramectin of approximately 290 micrograms/kg is sufficient to control notoedric mange in cats.

Notoedric mange (Notoedres cati) was found in a neonate Florida panther (Felis concolor coryi) and presumably its mother on 22 June 1992 and 8 February 1993, respectively, in Collier County, Florida (USA). Both infestations were treated successfully with 0.2 mg/kg ivermectin. This is the first known case of notoedric mange in the endangered Florida panther.

A fatal case of notoedric mange is described in an adult male bobcat, Felis rufus, from south Texas. This cat was extremely weak and emaciated. Skin lesions consisted of greatly thickened, gray encrustations and alopecia of the muzzle, eyes, crown, ears and parietal scalp extending down the neck to the midscapular region of the shoulders. Histologically, there was partial to complete excoriation of the stratum corneum with erosions into the stratum germinativum to the level of the dermis in some areas. Numerous specimens of Notoedres cati (Hering, 1838) were noted, usually in the stratum corneum, sometimes burrowing into the stratum germinativum. A mild dermal inflammatory response consisting principally of neutrophils and round cells was observed. Confirmed notoedric mange with clinical signs similar to the above was also observed by a local veterinarian in three bobcat kittens from the same area. These were treated with a sulfurated lime shampoo followed by VIP dip. Subsequently, they recovered without consequence. These cases emphasize the possibility of notoedric mange as a potential epizootic disease in wild felid populations.