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Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction/purpose: Artificial intelligence can be used for both positive and negative purposes. In recent years, the use of deepfake technology has attracted significant attention. Deepfake technology replaces a person's face and creates events that never happened. While the use of deepfake was more noticeable in the past, the technology has advanced so rapidly that today it is impossible to determine if the content is fake or not. As a result, there is erosion of trust in the media and political institutions, manipulation of public discourse, as well as the spread of disinformation and fake news. The aim of this work is to examine the methods of creating deepfake content and explore the possibilities for detecting such content. A special focus is placed on investigating the dark side of deepfake technology, i.e., the negative purposes for which deepfake technology can be used. Methods: Through the use of literature review methods and content analysis, this work has provided a systematization of knowledge about deepfake technology, as well as an analysis of relevant data in this field regarding the potential misuse of deepfake technology. Deepfake technology and its use are viewed from a security perspective, i.e., how the use of these technologies can pose a social hazard. Future research should be designed to be multidisciplinary, integrating knowledge from social sciences (security, sociology, psychology) and technical sciences (information technology). Results: The results of this research show that in a positive context, the use of deepfake is associated with medicine, the film industry, entertainment, and creative endeavors. However, deepfake is often used to create pornographic content, revenge porn, fake news, and various types of fraud. Conclusion: Deepfake technology is neutral in the sense that the purpose of its use depends on the individual creating the content. The use of both artificial intelligence and deepfake technology raises complex legal and ethical questions. Although there is noticeable potential for societal improvement offered by these technologies, deepfake technology simultaneously poses a serious risk to human rights, democracy, and national security. Therefore, the misuse of deepfake technologies represents a social hazard for the entire population of any country. Women are particularly vulnerable due to the possibility of creating pornographic content and revenge porn using deepfake technology, although victims of this act can also be men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of GeSec: Revista de Gestao e Secretariado is the property of Sindicato das Secretarias e Secretarios do Estado de Sao Paulo (SINSESP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of GeSec: Revista de Gestao e Secretariado is the property of Sindicato das Secretarias e Secretarios do Estado de Sao Paulo (SINSESP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodistico is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El presente trabajo busca ofrecer una reflexión general sobre el fenómeno de la desinformación en la era digital con el fin de crear conciencia sobre los riesgos que representa para el normal desarrollo de los procesos democráticos. Además, busca destacar la necesidad de abordar la desinformación desde diversos ámbitos, en armonía con el pleno respeto de la libertad de expresión. El estudio pretende proporcionar herramientas quepermitan identificar claramente la desinformación, señalar algunas ideas respecto de las finalidades que subyacen a la actividad de desinformar y revisar las principales etapas del proceso de desinformación. También busca ofrecer una visión más acabada del concepto de desinformación, planteando una distinción e identificando las conexiones entre esta actividad y el fenómeno comunicativo de las fake news. Posteriormente, el análisis se centra en los efectos que la desinformación produce para la democracia y el respeto a los derechos humanos, especialmente en el marco de las sociedades modernas marcadas por el uso de las TIC. Por último, se ofrece un breve panorama sobre algunas de las herramientas que pueden ser consideradas para hacer frente a la desinformación, aunque no se profundizará en cada uno de estos remedios debido a los límites de extensión del estudio.

En este trabajo partimos de la teoría de Fricker sobre la injusticia testimonial para analizar el fenómeno de la desinformación de género presente hoy en las noticias falsas. Entendemos que la desinformación de género cada vez más presente en el mundo virtual se explica como una reacción frente a los avances logrados por el feminismo y tiene como objetivo atacar y desacreditar al movimiento feminista a través del discurso del odio. Aplicando los conceptos desarrollados por Fricker en Injusticia epistémica, consideramos que el feminismo se enfrenta a una situación de injusticia testimonial sistemática que pone en cuestión su capacidad como sujeto de conocimiento y que resulta dañina tanto para el propio movimiento como para la sociedad en general. Analizado esto y visto que se trata de una estrategia que se ha utilizado en reiteradas ocasiones a lo largo de la historia, reflexionamos acerca de posibles formas de actuación que nos permitan salir de esta situación.

La desinformación, en específico las noticias falsas (fake news), constituyen un fenómeno presente en la cotidianidad de la comunicación global, un riesgo para la democracia, la estabilidad social y el conocimiento de la verdad de los hechos a nivel internacional. En el caso particular de Cuba, su circulación masiva y acelerada propagación, ha evolucionado a lo largo de su historia a la par del desarrollo de los medios de comunicación. Durante la investigación, se utilizaron métodos científicos como la Observación participante, a partir de la propia práctica laboral de los autores, el Análisis documental, combinado con la Investigación bibliográfica, el Estudio de casos y el Análisis descriptivo, mediante los cuales se logró formular una propuesta de periodización histórica y la determinación de las generalidades en cada etapa. Aunque su utilización ha sido una constante en Cuba, a partir de la masificación del uso de Internet, han pasado a desempeñar un papel protagónico en la guerra híbrida de la que es objeto el país en la actualidad.

Copyright of Risk, Hazards & Crisis in Public Policy is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Post-truth has become a widespread but malevolent force throughout Latin America. While it has received attention from sociologists and philosophers, its spatial dimensions have been overlooked. This essay first outlines the fundamentals of post-truth. Second, it ties post-truth to neoliberalism. Third, it sketches the social bases of post-truth in Latin America, including the corporatization of media and the explosion of social media. It links post-truth to the hegemony of neoliberalism in the region. Then it offers a series of vignettes designed to illustrate that post-truth takes varying forms in different national contexts, including Donald Trump's border wall, Jair Bolsonaro's Brazil, Venezuela under Hugo Chávez and Nicolás Maduro, and several other countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Education, Technology & Society (BRAJETS) / Cadernos de Educação Tecnologia e Sociedade (CETS) is the property of Brazilian Journal of Education, Technology & Society - BRAJETS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo profundizar en el estudio del comportamiento de los usuarios frente a las noticias falsas. Se ha realizado una encuesta (n=1350) a población de entre 18 y 80 años sobre las actitudes, los sentimientos y los sesgos cognitivos que operan en procesos de desinformación. Entre las conclusiones cabe destacar que el 89,2 % dice recibir noticias falsas. De ellos, el 25,9 % semanalmente y el 54 % declara recibirlas a través de las redes sociales, principalmente Facebook. El 41,4 % de los que alguna vez han compartido una noticia falsa confiesa haberlo hecho porque pensaba que era verdadera; el 23 %, porque estaba de acuerdo con el contenido, y un 10,1 % lo hizo porque hablaba mal de un partido político contrario al suyo. La preocupación es el sentimiento que aflora en un 66,8 % de los encuestados, seguido del 61 % que siente enfado. Sin embargo, un 38,1 % de los encuestados confiesa que las noticias falsas refuerzan lo que piensan. La investigación demuestra la prevalencia de sesgos cognitivos como el de confirmación y el de conformidad, así como la teoría de flujo en dos pasos en el proceso por el que el usuario da credibilidad a los contenidos que recibe y procede a distribuirlos.

Disinformation is currently one of Europe's greatest challenges. In the past years, the European continent in general and, more precisely, the European Union have been suffering from various disinformation campaigns: such as the one that led to Brexit; the parallel health and disinformation pandemic; or the hybrid propaganda strategy following the Russian invasion of Ukraine. In this context, the death of Queen Elizabeth II of England has also been marked by disinformation practices that went viral throughout Europe. Therefore, this research aims to delve into the nature of disinformation regarding the death of the Queen in the timeframe between 8 and 22 September 2022, focusing in three European countries, namely Spain, the United Kingdom and France. For that purpose, the study is based on a content analysis of 76 publications published by fact-checking organisation, as well as open-ended surveys with specialised agents on disinformation. Overall, results show that social networks were the main platform through which misinformative content was disseminated, with Twitter occupying the first position- whereas other previous studies have shown the primacy of Facebook as a source of disinformation. The hoaxes, which generally included images, mainly responded to the typology of misleading and fabricated content established by Wardle (2017). Likewise, the main subject matter of the viral hoaxes was conspiracy theories, focusing on Elizabeth II as the main protagonist. Moreover, the frequency of hoax dissemination was significantly higher during the first week after the death of the monarch and responded to a transnational trend in which the spread of disinformation was adapted to national contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: (a) to identify the Social Media Platform (SMP) most used to search for information about the Covid-19 pandemic and its users' profiles; and (b) to identify the relationship between the constructs of Knowledge Quality (KQ), Knowledge Donation (KD), and Knowledge Collection (KC) in the scope of the Covid-19 pandemic and using a knowledge quality scale and a knowledge donation and collection scale. Design/methodology/approach: Data was collected through a survey with 295 answers. First, we analyze the profile of SMP users through exploratory factor analysis and reliability, which was used to test the hypotheses, followed by multigroup analysis. Findings: Most participants are women between 25 to 34 years with complete post-graduation. The results suggest that the most used SMP to search for or receive information about Covid-19 was Facebook. Most of the respondents identified fake news on SMP but ignored them. The model presents reliability and adequate convergent and discriminant validity. KC represented a medium effect on KQ and KD. The multigroup analysis shows that there is a difference between age groups. Originality: This is the first study to test the relation between the constructs KQ, KC, and KD using data from the Covid-19 pandemic on SMPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior to the 2020 election President Trump suggested the election should be postponed "until the country can make sure that only eligible American citizens can vote." With the COVID‐19 pandemic leading many states to take steps that made it easier for citizens to vote safely, the president and his allies made numerous false claims about voter fraud; others argued that voter fraud is not common and is unlikely to appreciably increase with greater reliance on mail balloting. We rely on a national Internet‐based survey experiment conducted prior to the 2020 election to assess the effectiveness of both messages on citizens' support for a hypothetical proposal to postpone the presidential election. The results suggest that respondents were more likely to support postponement if they received a fake news message that fraud is common. The results also suggest that these effects are conditional; both political party and knowledge moderate the relationship. Related Articles: Aguado, N. Alexander. 2022. "When Charismatic Leadership Trumps Social Networking: Searching for the Effects of Social Media on Beliefs of Electoral Legitimacy." Politics & Policy 50(5): 942–51. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12494. Fisher, Patrick. 2020. "Generational Replacement and the Impending Transformation of the American Electorate." Politics & Policy 48(1): 38–68. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12340. Stockemer, Daniel. 2013. "Corruption and Turnout in Presidential Elections: A Macro‐Level Quantitative Analysis." Politics & Policy 41(2): 189–212. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12012. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The catastrophic earthquake that struck Morocco on September 8, 2023, garnered significant media coverage, leading to the swift dissemination of information across various social media and online plat- forms. However, the heightened visibility also gave rise to a surge in fake news, presenting formidable challenges to the efficient distribution of accurate information crucial for effective crisis management. This paper introduces an innovative approach to detection by integrating Natural language processing, bidirectional long-term memory (Bi-LSTM), convolutional neural network (CNN), and hierarchical attention network (HAN) models within the context of this seismic event. Leveraging advanced machine learning,deep learning, and data analysis techniques, we have devised a sophisticated fake news detection model capable of precisely identifying and categorizing misleading information. The amal gamation of these models enhances the accuracy and efficiency of our system, addressing the pressing need for reliable information amidst the chaos of a crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This manuscript seeks to address elements of the individual's cognitive dissonance before the current social situation, in his/her relationship with fake news and with certain socio-digital platforms. The objective was critically examining the relevance of today's school education as a premise for the worker's training process, whether to overcome the cognitive dissonance caused by fake news, denialism, and conspiracy theories, mainly via socio-digital platforms. Through theoretical-bibliographical research in the light of principles from historical-dialectical materialism and historical-critical pedagogical theory, it was found that in current school education there is a predominance of unilateral worker training that substantiates the possibility of cognitive dissonance in times of fake news in communion with denialism and conspiracy theories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While traditional media literacy (TML) facilitates outdated patterns of digital media response, new media literacy (NML) frames the adaptation of literacy to the ever‐dynamic trend of media development. It then raises the cruciality of integrating NML concepts into national educational frameworks. The study aims to explore the case of Myanmar and the Philippines' NML capacity levels. Both countries have a digital media environment enveloped by information distortions mainly rooted in tumultuous political climates. The study leans to notions of educational crises in both countries as seen in terms of (1) sociopolitical contexts that lead to the irresponsive initiatives to improve individual criticality, (2) lack of emphasis on NML response, and (3) the implication of state and individual approaches against false information. Finally, the study presents a multifaceted response to educational paradigms derived from interpretive social‐scientific approaches in seeing the critical issues concerning digital media use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research is to understand the impact generated by fake news on the political perception and critical thinking of citizens who receive information through social networks during the Social Outbreak in Chile, and to assess the value of new independent fact checking media created during the same period. The methodology employs a mixed approach with an exploratory scope, involving the creation of an assessment tool used to evaluate 95 subjects from the Biobío Region, Chile who assessed and categorized a news item as true or false. The primary findings reveal that participants perceive sharing fake news as a perilous action, and they hold the belief that fake news has the potential to alter political and social ideologies. In conclusion, assessing subjects' strategies for identifying fake news allows for the development of evaluation tools that promote data verification and enhance media literacy. This becomes crucial as the criteria for verification among active social network users are often low, indicating a level of credibility in published content without thorough scrutiny of data sources or acknowledgment of the risks associated with disseminating potentially false information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of HOW: A Colombian Journal for Teachers of English is the property of Asociacion Colombiana de Profesores de Ingles and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Esferas is the property of Esferas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of A&C - Administrative & Constitutional Law Review - Revista de Direito Administrativo e Constitucional is the property of A&C - Revista de Direito Administrativo & Constitucional (Instituto Bacellar) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

La presente investigación examina, a través de un análisis de contenido, los rasgos de las fake news difundidas en España sobre la guerra Israel-Hamás y registradas en las plataformas de verificación Maldita.es, Newtral, Efe Verifica, Verificat e Infoveritas entre el 7 de octubre de 2023 y el 7 de marzo de 2024, es decir, los primeros cinco meses del conflicto (n=232). Se detecta el protagonismo de los elementos audiovisuales en estos mensajes —difundidos principalmente a través de X— con el fin de dotar de una mayor verosimilitud al relato. También se percibe un fin eminentemente ideológico y una ausencia mayoritaria de fuentes identificadas, así como la descontextualización de la información. Predominan los bulos sobre ataques, bombardeos y muertes de civiles, la mayoría referidos a ofensivas de Israel contra Gaza. Para la verificación de estos contenidos, los fact-checkers recurren a un amplio repertorio de recursos y herramientas principalmente digitales.

O presente texto se debruça sobre a tarefa de pensar a presença do conceito de pós-verdade em ciências dentro de um cenário em que debates não fundamentados em fatos e evidências científicas, mas sim em opiniões pessoais ou ideológicas que têm apelo emocional ou ainda que se alinham com uma determinada visão de mundo, crescem exponencialmente. Diante do exposto, é apresentada, a partir de uma abordagem qualitativa, com elementos de pesquisa bibliográfica e exploratória, uma breve discussão sobre a construção do conhecimento científico, suas implicações no atual contexto da sociedade e como a distorção da ciência pode contribuir para o reforço de concepções alternativas e o surgimento de pós-verdades no processo ensino e aprendizagem. Com base no estudo realizado, é perceptível que a pós-verdade distorce a percepção da ciência, gerando desconfiança no método científico. É essencial, assim, que os professores ensinem os estudantes a distinguirem fatos de crenças pessoais, promovendo, desta forma, o pensamento crítico e a análise rigorosa para combater a desinformação.

En un contexto de desinformación creciente en internet, analizamos las noticias relacionadas con el medio ambiente de los cinco medios españoles de la Red Internacional de Verificación de Datos (IFCN): Efe Verifica, Infoveritas, Maldita, Newtral y Verificat. Planteamos una metodología cuantitativa con una muestra de 217 noticias (en un periodo de hasta casi 3 años) y 1.258 publicaciones de sus cuentas de X (antes Twitter) durante un mes. Concluimos que tienen un compromiso para promover una sociedad más sostenible, aunque la función principal de las noticias creadas y difundidas es explicativa o informativa con una temática predominante sobre “temperaturas y cambio climático”; además detectamos que no existe una estrategia común de difusión por parte de estos medios.

Este texto foca nos desafios que a imagem produzida por Inteligência Artificial traz para o universo do Fotojornalismo. Trata-se de uma relação que se entrelaça a este tempo histórico, marcado pela circulação de imagens falsas. Estas têm provocado intenso debate público e mobilizado reações institucionais, sob o argumento de contribuírem para a corrosão da democracia. Corrosão que atinge, por outro viés, a credibilidade do fotojornalismo, sustentada, historicamente, por seu vínculo com o referente, algo que a IA rompe. Essa e ouras tensões são abordadas no artigo, estruturado em diálogo com pesquisadores e profissionais da imagem fotográfica.

El objetivo es analizar la representación de la población migrante en desinformaciones identificadas por 14 plataformas de fact-checking chilenas, entre 2018 y 2022. La muestra se caracteriza según fechas, fuentes, medios, estrategias, frames y ejes discursivos, a través de un análisis de contenido, encuadre y discurso en 93 casos. Los resultados muestran que existe contenido engañoso (42%) y fabricado (39%), con encuadre de derechos (33%) y seguridad (28%), junto a ejes discursivos como “invasores” (34%), “delincuentes” (25%) e “ilegales” (23%). Asimismo, se constata que circulan en redes sociales (66%) y medios nacionales (27%), aumentado en periodos electorales y siendo emitidas por supuestos testigos (31%), partidos políticos (20%), Gobierno e instituciones (18%). Esta investigación revela la confluencia de actores y discursos en la desinformación sobre migración en Chile, advirtiendo que podría tratarse de una estrategia generalizada de desincentivo a la movilidad humana que utiliza la falsedad como recurso.

El artículo explica por qué tanto la información sobre los asuntos públicos como el conocimiento para aprovecharla, con que cuenten los ciudadanos, son claves para el ejercicio de sus deberes y derechos políticos, y por qué la desinformación y la desigualdad son graves obstáculos para la efectividad de esa intervención ciudadana en la discusión y decisión de los asuntos comunes. Advierte que, frente a esa situación, han surgido cuatro propuestas de superación de la crisis de la democracia (la epistocrática, la tecnocrática, la sorteocrática y la de la ciberdemocracia populista) que son peligrosamente antipolíticas o antidemocráticas. Confronta esas propuestas haciendo una apuesta por la profundización de la democracia desde su principio ético fundamental: el reconocimiento universalista de la capacidad de agencia en cada ciudadano. Concluye señalando líneas de reforma y acción política para hacer más efectiva y real esa condición.

Este artigo busca mapear o campo semântico a partir do qual as notícias sobre o Sebastião de Veneza (1598-1603) circularam na Inglaterra elisabetana para indagar sobre as noções de verdade e falsidade que guiaram a percepção sobre a autenticidade da história sebastianista. A proposta é fazer um exercício de “semântica histórica” e organizar esse vocabulário a fim de pensar os “estatutos de veracidade” e a autorização da notícia (falsa). Tendo em vista as questões sobre meio e mensagem colocadas pelos novos circuitos de difusão de notícias na Época Moderna, propõe-se que havia diferenças no tratamento (no campo semântico) dos fatos narrados entre gêneros e suportes documentais e em como era tratada a circulação de informação nas fontes analisadas.

Desde o início de 2020 quando foi decretado a pandemia da Covid-19 a desinformação relacionada à ciência evidenciou uma grave problemática a ser enfrentada pelos países. Além disso, a divulgação de informações falsas por grupos negacionistas da ciência e antivacina tem causado um problema social relacionado a saúde pública e coletiva. Neste sentido, o estudo tem por objetivo fazer uma revisão bibliográfica sobre o negacionismo científico e a antivacina, bem como mostrar a abordagem STEAM como uma possibilidade de combate. A metodologia molda-se na abordagem qualitativa de natureza básica e em relação ao procedimento como bibliográfica. Realizou-se consultas a artigos científicos no google acadêmico e periódicos capes, além de livros, no período de setembro de 2021 a novembro de 2022. A pesquisa revela o crescimento dos grupos que negam a ciência e a vacina em função do advento da internet e redes sociais, bem como a visibilidade desses grupos durante a pandemia da Covid-19 com a divulgação de notícias falsas afetando o controle da doença e o processo de vacinação. Também se observou urgência do ensino de ciências com enfoque no ensino que possibilite a alfabetização científica. Desse modo, o STEAM emerge como uma possibilidade para combater o negacionismo científico e a antivacina, por ser uma abordagem de ensino que proporciona ao estudante o protagonismo, a criatividade, a criticidade e a reflexão.

Copyright of Migraciones is the property of Universidad Pontificia Comillas, Instituto Universitario de Estudios sobre Migraciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodistico is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodistico is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

La investigación en psicología ha mostrado que tendemos a dar mayor veracidad a aquella información que recibimos de manera repetida y reiterada. Este sesgo cognitivo, denominado efecto de ilusión de verdad o de verdad ilusoria, se basa en la mayor facilidad que tenemos los seres humanos para procesar cognitivamente la información que nos resulta familiar. En este artículo se describe este sesgo cognitivo y su relación con la propagación de noticias falsas en determinados contextos y acontecimientos sociohistóricos, como instrumento para confundir y manipular a la opinión pública. Entre estos acontecimientos podemos citar las mentiras difundidas por la Administración Bush en 2003 en torno a la supuesta posesión de armas de destrucción masiva por parte de Irak; el uso indiscriminado de fakes por el expresidente de los Estados Unidos, Donald Trump; la campaña de distribución de información falsa por parte del independentismo catalán; y la propagación incontrolada de fakes y bulos en nuestro país durante la pandemia de COVID-19

El fenómeno de la desinformación, por su impacto en el tratamiento y consumo de información, sigue siendo objeto de investigaciones científicas desde muy distintas perspectivas comunicacionales. Esta investigación aborda el fenómeno de la desinformación desde una perspectiva correlacional, centrándose en la intersección de la desinformación, el populismo y los eneagramas. Su objetivo es comprender cómo los eneatipos y las inclinaciones emocionales pueden influir en la percepción y gestión de las noticias falsas, y su vinculación con el concepto de populismo. Este enfoque holístico proporciona una perspectiva valiosa para abordar los desafíos de la desinformación y el populismo en el contexto de la educación superior, sentando las bases para futuras investigaciones en esta temática compleja e interconectada.

O artigo busca identificar vulnerabilidades do jornalismo que vêm sendo exploradas por grupos de interesse capazes de “hackear” as rotinas produtivas das redações para difundir desinformação. A partir da análise de acontecimentos da política brasileira entre 2018 e 2022, apontou-se para a) casos nos quais a valorização das fontes de alta hierarquia permitiu a difusão de alegações falsas e gerou matéria-prima para propaganda em favor do ex-presidente; b) nos quais o princípio da objetividade resultou em jornalismo declaratório ou falsas equivalências; e c) nos quais a relevância conferida às polêmicas em redes sociais como acontecimentos jornalísticos redundou na amplificação de ideias da extrema direita no noticiário. Conclui-se pela necessidade de uma revisão dos princípios, valores e práticas profissionais do jornalismo, de modo que seus aspectos vulneráveis à exploração por agentes de desinformação sejam atualizados

In recent years, fact-checking journalism has become one of the dominant strategies to tackle disinformation. For these entities to be effective and gain the trust of citizens, it is essential that they carry out their work under the principles of ideological neutrality, especially when they try to verify political discourse. This paper, groundbreaking in the Spanish context, aims to analyze the verification practices and possible partisan biases of political fact-checking in Spain through a specific study applied to Newtral, the main fact-checker specialized in politics in this country. The political verification practices used by this fact-checker since the beginning of its activity (October 2018-October 2022) were analyzed through quantitative content analysis. In a second phase, the same study was replicated, applied only to the discourse of the main national political leaders. The study used inferential statistics (chi-square hypothesis tests, correlational studies, Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U test). No significant differences were observed between political parties in any of the variables analyzed in the phases of execution and verdict, neither in the general sample nor in the specific sample related to political leaders. However, greater attention is paid to the statements made by politicians belonging to Partido Popular, whose discourse is more checked, which could indicate a certain selection bias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

If successful, disinformation operations on social media could generate false beliefs in the public and lead them to take political decisions contrary to their interests. In response to this, various actors have implemented measures, among which stand out the (self) regulation of algorithms to signal malicious information and informational literacy actions. Nevertheless, there is still not enough empirical evidence to account for the extent to which false information generates false beliefs, as well as the efficacy of the aforementioned actions to reduce citizen credulity. This study uses a representative survey applied during the 2021 elections in Mexico (n = 1750) that predicts the extent to which the use of social networks to follow the campaign has an effect on credulity in false information. At the same time, we observe how these effects are moderated on the one hand by the different platforms, whose architecture is more or less prone to alerting about disinformation, and on the other, by citizens' attitudes and strategies to prevent being misinformed. We find that the use of platforms that have used measures to alert about disinformation does not predict greater or lesser credulity, but instead WhatsApp, with fewer controls and a more private character, does increase it. On the other hand, the exercise of strategies does not reduce credulity in disinformation, unlike attitudes against it, which substantially decreases it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article was carried out with the objective of identify the impacts generated by fake news on the financial market. The research was classified as qualitative and descriptive, achieved through an online questionnaire answered by 50 active investors in the financial market, and descriptive statistics and content analysis were used to analyze the responses. The results showed that news plays an important role in the decision-making of investors in the market and can have serious consequences. It was observed that investors tend to make irrational decisions and are subject to long-term cognitive bias, as well, that they are susceptible to collective errors through the "herd effect" generated by large-scale shared information and data. However, it is believed that as the individual gains experience and understands how the market works, he avoids falling for such manipulative news, and can often use it to his advantage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We belong to a time when everything is questionable, and the truth seems threatened. Gramsci's admonition is fulfilled: "The old is dying and the new cannot be born; in this interregnum a great variety of morbid symptoms appear." The pragmatism of our time prefers useful lies to the moral value of truth, manipulating emotions that the public is not capable of detecting or does not have the time to value. "We live in a world in which the highest function of a character is to allow the reality to disappear, and at the same time, to mask the disappearance at that." To define this type of "farce," the term post-truth is used, which is presented as an interpretable truth that is not due to demonstrable facts, and as just another consumer product, an apparent truth to the liking of postmodern man. In the post-truth era, schools must help students discern the information they receive from the media and learn to look for evidence of the truth. Given the broad access to digital media available to students, these assessment skills are more necessary today than ever. If children are the future, the future could be poorly informed, but can we do something? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Repasa el fenómeno de la desinformación y los desafíos que ante este enfrentan los organismos electorales. Centra su atención en la estrategia general de comunicación planteada por el Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones para el proceso electoral de febrero de 2022 y concluye con la identificación de los componentes que debe cumplir la estrategia de comunicación de un organismo electoral: ser permanente, transversal y multidisciplinario, blindarse de aliados externos, incorporar herramientas tecnológicas, estar presente en plataformas de redes sociales y, sobre todo, debe ser veraz, empática, respetuosa y convincente.

Este artículo reseña: Byung-Chul, HAN, Infocracia, la digitalización y la crisis de la democracia., Editorial Taurus, Santiago de Chile, 2022. 91 pp.