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Sound, with all its manifestations, presents itself as a form of energy with properties and capabilities that remain partially shrouded in mystery. The art of composing music, the artful assemblage and fusion of sounds, still lingers in a realm of obscurity, fraught with complexities. The techniques wielded by composers often stem from an intrinsic gift that defies replication or sharing. However, akin to other art forms, music can be deciphered through the lenses of mathematics and geometry. Through the utilization of linear algebra, a paramount mathematical discipline, a practical and efficient framework can be established for the comprehension and manipulation of musical compositions. Within this discourse, we delve into the essence of music and its fundamental principles, subsequently exploring the application of mathematical concepts; linear algebra in particular; in the analysis of music. The findings put forth in this manuscript hold the potential to enlighten researchers and enthusiasts within the realm of music and mathematical sciences, enhance comprehension and knowledge, refine and enhance analytical methodologies and musical procedures across various facets of the music industry, and foster a deeper bond between the realms of mathematics and artistic expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Neuro-Ophthalmology Virtual Education Library (NOVEL) is the largest online, open-access, repository of neuro-ophthalmology educational material. It contains nearly 20,000 learning objects, including textbooks, PDFs, PowerPoints, videos, and images in a variety of individual and group collections. The purpose of this letter is to increase awareness of this invaluable resource for neuro-ophthalmology education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In most anuran species, vocalizations often consist of different notes with various temporal and spectral acoustic attributes which play a crucial role in their survival and reproductive success. Although the first call note might be necessary for anuran communication, we know little about how different notes of the calls influence female choice. The present study used phonotaxis experiments to examine the effects of the notes on female choice in the Anhui tree frog (Rhacophorus zhoukaiyae). The stimulus pair consisted of the original male advertisement call (OC) and one of four revised versions, where the first (WN1), second (WN2), or fifth (WN5) notes were replaced by band-limited white noise (WN), and the second note was replaced by a period of silence (SN2), played back antiphonally. The results showed that (1) the females preferred OC compared with WN1, suggesting the first call note plays an important role in female choice, and (2) the females preferred WN2 and SN2 compared with OC. We discuss the possibility that the second note might be the result of the combined effects of physiological constraint and avoiding backward masking of the second note on the first one over evolutionary time. These results support the notion that the first two functionally antagonistic call notes may influence female choice in this species. Significance statement: Vocalizations consisting of different components are a prerequisite for acoustic communication. However, the effect of different notes in anuran advertisement calls on female choice is still unknown. We adapted different notes of the original male advertisement call of the Anhui tree frog (R. zhoukaiyae) and played them back to females in order to explore the effects of these modifications on female choice. We found that females preferred male advertisement calls that contained the first note, but not the second one. These results support the idea that the first call note may play an important role in female choice, while the second note might have resulted from the combined effects of physiological constraint and avoiding backward masking of the second note on the first one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the unexplored aspects of "interpretation" in the Islamic tradition, an important area is the origin of "hermeneutics" from the heritage of exegesis. It can shed light on the dimensions, capabilities, and unexplored chapters of Muslim commentators while highlighting their strengths and weaknesses. In this way, it paves the way for the introduction of new hermeneutical themes. To pursue this broader perspective, a critical analysis of the different ways of interpreting verse in Latā'if al-'Ishārāt serves as a crucial step. By typologizing Qushairī's interpretations and subjecting them to a critical reading using the analytical-descriptive method, this study concludes that Qushairī occupies a prominent literary, artistic, and Sufi position within the Latā'if al-'Ishārāt. As a result, his aesthetically pleasing interpretations are more common than his precise and principled ones. In the case of precise interpretations, the majority focus on presenting the underlying semantic layers of the verses, followed by giving objective examples. However, the notion of "possible meaning among several possible meanings" is missing. Despite his ability to captivate audiences with his sensationalism and effectiveness in conveying the teachings of the Quran, some of his superficial, far-fetched, and simplistic interpretations do not live up to his scholarly reputation and cannot be justified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In birds, pre-hatching calls are part of the communication behavior between parents and offspring, and may serve multiple functions. The Clark's Grebe (Aechmophorus clarkii) has a wide distribution in Mexico, and in 2015 we monitored a reproductive colony in the lagoon of Zumpango in central Mexico. We describe and measure the pre-hatching calls of two individuals from two different clutches. Eggs were about 22–25 days old. We obtained 5.16 minutes of recordings, with 81 calls made up by a frequency-modulated note and with an average call duration of 8.05 milliseconds and a peak dominant frequency of 828.20 Hertz (max 870.40; min 771.38). Calls were emitted at intervals of 1.38 seconds. This is the first description of pre-hatching calls in the Clark's Grebe, a poorly studied waterbird in Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Modern Turkish History Studies / Cumhuriyet Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi (CTAD) is the property of Ataturk Institute for Modern Turkish History and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the compilation studies during the Republic period, folk songs were notated taking into account the Western music sound system. Considering these two types of music, which have different performance practices and sound systems, it can be seen that the practice is far from a scientific approach. This situation prevents the local elements that add richness to the folk songs by giving them their characteristic features from being reflected in the performance and creates standard, monotonous performances. In this regard, it is thought as a solution to write the notes taking into account the vocalizations of the masters who are accepted as schools in Turkish folk music and to carry out training and performances based on these notes. In this study, the performance of the folk song "Grand Bazaar in Aydın" by Hale Gür was analyzed. In the light of the analysis, it was determined that Gür used step decoration, Mordan, Trill and Group notes in the folk song in question. In the study, it is recommended to re-create the notations by taking into account the vocal performances of other masters who have become schools, and to carry out training and vocalization studies on the new notes to be created. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mecmua is the property of MECMUA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Our scientific article entitled "A bright representative of the composer school - Adil Babirov" is dedicated to Adil Babirov, a composer who contributed to the history of Azerbaijani music of the 20th century, his work, as well as the study of some of his works. At the beginning of the article, the names of some works of outstanding musical figures of Azerbaijan, exhibited outside our country, are mentioned. On world stages, there are sold out operas and ballets by Kara Karaev and Fikret Amirov. The article presents the works of the composer Adil Babirov. The composer, who lived in exile until the end of his life, composed and created in the national spirit. The mode-intonation form of his songs is built according to the national principle. Almost all of the composer's songs were composed in the mode of mugham. Here the composer uses Segakh, Shura, Shushtar and other mugham modes. The Prelude-Scherzo is a very interesting and unusual work. So this multi-movement piece starts with a heavy adagio tempo, moves into an allegro rhythm, and then returns to a heavy largo tempo again, making a beautiful twist. In the article, musical versions of the work are reproduced in small fragments. The article notes that Adil Babirov is a versatile composer. Thus, the composer turned to film music, pop music, the song genre and Western classical music. His music for films is an invaluable contribution to Azerbaijani culture. And also the composer wrote music for cartoons. In 1976, he wrote the music for the cartoon Claw, Ear, Carpet, Thorn. During the years of emigration, the composer created many works related to Karabakh. His work "Native Land" is an example of this. The music written by the composer for the TV play "Yurd Yeri", which reflects the real life of people forcibly displaced from the Karabakh land, is one of his last works. It should be noted that what distinguishes the composer from other colleagues is his work with modulations. The article also discusses the composer's life path. The years of his education and the universities where he worked are discussed. It is emphasized here that Adil Babirov, who was a student of the brilliant composer Kara Karaev, was not awarded the honorary titles he deserved to perpetuate his name. The compositional activity of the honored artist Adil Babirov occupies a special place in the musical culture of Azerbaijan. It is noted that, as mentioned in the text, while studying at the Pedagogical Institute, our teacher in his student years was the composer Adil Babirov. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ethnologie Française is the property of Presses Universitaires de France and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Simple Summary: Divergence in acoustic signal systems might play a central role in speciation. Alarm calls are part of the acoustic signal system, which can transmit information about impending threats to group members and relatives. This study focuses on geographic variation in the note types of alarm calls in Japanese tits, a small songbird species distributed broadly in China. It was found that the note types of the same population responding to different intruders were roughly the same, and that all the three populations had shared note types and their own unique note types to warn about the same intruder. Moreover, we found large differences in the acoustic parameters of shared common note types among populations. These findings provide valuable information to improve the collective understanding of the evolutionary mechanisms of alarm call systems in birds. Geographic variability in acoustic signals has been documented in many bird species. However, geographic variations in alarm calls have been so far neglected despite their crucial role on reducing risk to group members and relatives. We analyzed the note types and acoustic parameters of Japanese tit (Parus minor) alarm calls to three types of intruders (a nest predator, an adult predator, and a harmless species) from three populations in China. Our results revealed that tits in the same population produce similar note types to different intruders, but the three populations only shared six note types and each population had unique note types. The frequency and duration parameters of three shared common note types were significantly different among populations. The three populations belong to the same species, thus they have shared note types. We suspect that the unique note types occurring in each population may be related to three potential reasons: founder effect, predation pressure, and vocal learning. The differences in acoustic parameters of common notes among populations may be a consequence of adaptations to their environments. We suggest that population differences in the note levels of bird alarm calls do exist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Natural language processing (NLP) techniques can be used to analyze large amounts of electronic health record texts, which encompasses various types of patient information such as quality of life, effectiveness of treatments, and adverse drug event (ADE) signals. As different aspects of a patient's status are stored in different types of documents, we propose an NLP system capable of processing 6 types of documents: physician progress notes, discharge summaries, radiology reports, radioisotope reports, nursing records, and pharmacist progress notes., Objective: This study aimed to investigate the system's performance in detecting ADEs by evaluating the results from multitype texts. The main objective is to detect adverse events accurately using an NLP system., Methods: We used data written in Japanese from 2289 patients with breast cancer, including medication data, physician progress notes, discharge summaries, radiology reports, radioisotope reports, nursing records, and pharmacist progress notes. Our system performs 3 processes: named entity recognition, normalization of symptoms, and aggregation of multiple types of documents from multiple patients. Among all patients with breast cancer, 103 and 112 with peripheral neuropathy (PN) received paclitaxel or docetaxel, respectively. We evaluate the utility of using multiple types of documents by correlation coefficient and regression analysis to compare their performance with each single type of document. All evaluations of detection rates with our system are performed 30 days after drug administration., Results: Our system underestimates by 13.3 percentage points (74.0%-60.7%), as the incidence of paclitaxel-induced PN was 60.7%, compared with 74.0% in the previous research based on manual extraction. The Pearson correlation coefficient between the manual extraction and system results was 0.87 Although the pharmacist progress notes had the highest detection rate among each type of document, the rate did not match the performance using all documents. The estimated median duration of PN with paclitaxel was 92 days, whereas the previously reported median duration of PN with paclitaxel was 727 days. The number of events detected in each document was highest in the physician's progress notes, followed by the pharmacist's and nursing records., Conclusions: Considering the inherent cost that requires constant monitoring of the patient's condition, such as the treatment of PN, our system has a significant advantage in that it can immediately estimate the treatment duration without fine-tuning a new NLP model. Leveraging multitype documents is better than using single-type documents to improve detection performance. Although the onset time estimation was relatively accurate, the duration might have been influenced by the length of the data follow-up period. The results suggest that our method using various types of data can detect more ADEs from clinical documents., (©Tomohiro Nishiyama, Ayane Yamaguchi, Peitao Han, Lis Weiji Kanashiro Pereira, Yuka Otsuki, Gabriel Herman Bernardim Andrade, Noriko Kudo, Shuntaro Yada, Shoko Wakamiya, Eiji Aramaki, Masahiro Takada, Masakazu Toi. Originally published in JMIR Medical Informatics (https://medinform.jmir.org), 24.09.2024.)

• This study is the first time attempting to convert music to biomolecules. • A novel notion termed musical protein (MP) –– the protein defined by music –– is proposed. • A computational strategy to map the time sequence of music onto the spatial architecture of proteins is described. • Some designed MPs are confirmed to have biological functions. Music, the ubiquitous language across human cultures, is traditionally considered as a form of art but has been linked to biomolecules in recent years. However, previous efforts have only been addressed on sonification of nucleic acids and proteins to produce so-called life music, the soundscape from the basic building blocks of life. In this study, we attempted to, for the first time, conduct a reverse operation of this process, i.e. conversion of music to protein (CoMtP). A novel notion termed musical protein (MP) –– the protein defined by music –– was proposed and, on this basis, we described a computational strategy to map the time sequence of music onto the spatial architecture of proteins, which considered that each note in the stave of a music (target) can be simply characterized by two acoustical quantities and that each residue in the primary sequence of a protein (hit) was represented by amino acid descriptors. A simulated annealing (SA) algorithm was applied to iteratively generate the best matched MP hit for a music target and structural bioinformatics was then used to model spatial advanced structure for the resulting MP. We also demonstrated that some small MPs derived from music segments may have potential biological functions, which, for example, can serve as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) to inhibit clinical bacterial strains with moderate or high antibacterial potency. This work may benefit many aspects; for example, it would open a door for the hearing-impaired persons to 'listen' music in a biological vision and could be a mean of exposing students to the concepts of biomolecules at an earlier age through the use of auditory characteristics. The CoMtP would also facilitate the rational design of proteins with biological and medicinal significance. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Singh et al. [1], for solving the fully neutrosophic linear programming problems stated that the method of Abdel-Basset et al. [2] is scientifically incorrect and suggested a modified version for it. They have constructed their modifications based on different model assumptions which have been discussed in detail in the answer note. The purpose of this answer note is to inform that the justifications and clarifications given by Singh et al. [1] are not appropriate. We show that the outcome obtained by Abdel-Basset et al. [2] is correct and the method holds all conditions of the problem under neutrosophic environment. This answer note has also discussed some additional narrative which was not discussed in Abdel-Basset et al. [3] comment paper. Finally, we aim to bring back the faith in readers on the proposed method by Abdel-Basset et al. [2].

Copyright of Journal of Dil Araştırmaları is the property of Journal of Dil Arastirmalari and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Saúde Coletiva is the property of MPM Comunicacao and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: To observe the impact of using scribes on documentation efficiency in ophthalmology clinics. Design: Single-center retrospective cohort study. Participants: A total of 29 997 outpatient visits conducted by 7 attending ophthalmologists between January 1, 2018, and December 31, 2019, were included in the study: 18 483 with a scribe present during the encounter and 11 514 without a scribe present. Methods: Use of a scribe. Main Outcome Measures: Total physician documentation time, physician documentation time during and after the visit, visit length, time to chart closure, note length, and percentage of note text edited by physician. Results: Total physician documentation time was significantly less when working with a scribe (mean ± standard deviation, 4.7 ± 2.9 minutes/note vs. 7.6 ± 3.8 minutes/note; P < 0.001), as was documentation time during the visit (2.8 ± 2.2 minutes/note vs. 5.9 ± 3.1 minutes/note; P < 0.001). Physicians also edited scribed notes less, deleting 1.9 ± 4.4% of scribes’ draft note text and adding 14.8 ± 11.4% of the final note text, compared with deleting 6.0 ± 9.1% (P < 0.001) of draft note text and adding 21.2 ± 15.3% (P < 0.001) of final note text when not working with a scribe. However, physician after-visit documentation time was significantly higher with a scribe for 3 of 7 physicians (P < 0.001). Scribe use was also associated with an office visit length increase of 2.9 minutes (P < 0.001) per patient and time to chart closure of 3.0 hours (P < 0.001), according to mixed-effects linear models. Conclusions: Scribe use was associated with increased documentation efficiency through lower total documentation time and less note editing by physicians. However, the use of a scribe was also associated with longer office visit lengths and time to chart closure. The variability in the impact of scribe use on different measures of documentation efficiency leaves unanswered questions about best practices for the implementation of scribes and warrants further study of effective scribe use.

Geographic variability in acoustic signals has been documented in many bird species. However, geographic variations in alarm calls have been so far neglected despite their crucial role on reducing risk to group members and relatives. We analyzed the note types and acoustic parameters of Japanese tit (Parus minor) alarm calls to three types of intruders (a nest predator, an adult predator, and a harmless species) from three populations in China. Our results revealed that tits in the same population produce similar note types to different intruders, but the three populations only shared six note types and each population had unique note types. The frequency and duration parameters of three shared common note types were significantly different among populations. The three populations belong to the same species, thus they have shared note types. We suspect that the unique note types occurring in each population may be related to three potential reasons: founder effect, predation pressure, and vocal learning. The differences in acoustic parameters of common notes among populations may be a consequence of adaptations to their environments. We suggest that population differences in the note levels of bird alarm calls do exist.

Copyright of Journal of Commercial & Intellectual Property Law (TFM) / Ticaret ve Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku Dergisi is the property of Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Facult of Law and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Les trois caractères chinois: Shēng, Yīn et Yuè sont omniprésents dans les textes classiques chinois concernant la musique. En général, on pense que Shēng est une imitation du son naturel, et Yīn est le positionnement du son selon certaines règles. Pourvu de sens sociaux et rituels, Yuè représente souvent l’ensemble de la musique instrumentale, le chant et la danse. Toutefois, ces trois caractères reçoivent des sens très divers selon les contextes. Dans cet article, nous essayons d’analyser et discerner le sens des trois caractères chinois dans des textes classiques datant de l’époque pré-impériale, des textes significatifs de la pensée de la Chine antique ainsi que des évolutions de la technique musicale.

The author of the article considers the importance of a note in education as well as in social and professional life and therefore she decides to reinterpret its function from two points of view: a traditional one existing in didactics (note ensures durability of the results of teaching) and from a perspective of media communication and digital reality that in many cases lead to reinterpretation and redefinition of many fixed opinions. Having defined such field of interest, the author of the article presents a note from a perspective of dominating today particular Polonistic concept of education. She presents taking notes as multistage process of gaining skills to write texts and proposes effective model of working on a note in a class (defined in stages and conditions) – while a student matures to his own textual activity.

Singh et al. [1], for solving the fully neutrosophic linear programming problems stated that the method of Abdel-Basset et al. [2] is scientifically incorrect and suggested a modified version for it. They have constructed their modifications based on different model assumptions which have been discussed in detail in the answer note. The purpose of this answer note is to inform that the justifications and clarifications given by Singh et al. [1] are not appropriate. We show that the outcome obtained by Abdel-Basset et al. [2] is correct and the method holds all conditions of the problem under neutrosophic environment. This answer note has also discussed some additional narrative which was not discussed in Abdel-Basset et al. [3] comment paper. Finally, we aim to bring back the faith in readers on the proposed method by Abdel-Basset et al. [2]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article endeavors to clarify the current requirements and status of regulatory approval for chemoprevention (risk reduction) drugs and discusses possible improvements to the regulatory pathway for chemoprevention. Covering a wide range of topics in as much depth as space allows, this report is written in a style to facilitate the understanding of nonscientists and to serve as a framework for informing the directions of experts engaged more deeply with this issue. Key topics we cover here are as follows: a history of definitive cancer chemoprevention trials and their influence on the evolution of regulatory assessments; a brief review of the long-standing success of pharmacologic risk reduction of cardiovascular diseases and its relevance to approval for cancer risk reduction drugs; the use and limitations of biomarkers for developing and the approval of cancer risk reduction drugs; the identification of individuals at a high(er) risk for cancer and who are appropriate candidates for risk reduction drugs; business models that should incentivize pharmaceutical industry investment in cancer risk reduction; a summary of scientific and institutional barriers to development of cancer risk reduction drugs; and a summary of major recommendations that should help facilitate the pathway to regulatory approval for pharmacologic cancer risk reduction drugs.

Copyright of Journal of International Social Research is the property of Journal of International Social Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Białorutenistyka Białostocka is the property of University of Bialystok and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)