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L-arginine metabolism through arginases and inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) constitutes a fundamental axis for the resolution or progression of Chagas disease. Infection with Trypanosoma cruzi can cause a wide spectrum of disease, ranging from acute forms contained by the host immune response to chronic ones, such as the chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy. Here, we analyzed, in an in vitro model, the ability of two T. cruzi isolates, with different degrees of virulence, to regulate the metabolism of L-arginine through arginase 1 (Arg-1) and NOS2 in macrophages and through arginase 2 (Arg-2) and NOS2 in cardiomyocytes. Stimulation of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMΦ), obtained from CD1 mice, with TNF-α + IFN-γ induced their polarization into classically activated macrophages (CAMΦ), which expressed functional NOS2, while stimulation with IL-4 induced their polarization into alternatively activated macrophages (AAMΦ), which expressed functional Arg-1. Interestingly, stimulation of cardiomyocytes, obtained from hearts of CD1 neonatal mice, with TNF-α + IFN-γ or IL-4 also resulted in functional NOS2 and arginase expression, as observed in CAMΦ and AAMΦ, but Arg-2 was the arginase isoform expressed instead of Arg-1. We observed that infection of BMMΦ with the more virulent T. cruzi isolate (QRO) importantly diminished NOS2 expression and nitric oxide (NO) production in CAMΦ, allowing parasite survival, while infection with the less virulent isolate (CI2) did not diminish NOS2 activity and NO production in CAMΦ to a great extent, which resulted in parasite killing. Regarding Arg-1, infection of BMMΦ with the QRO isolate significantly induced Arg-1 expression and activity in AAMΦ, which resulted in a higher parasite load than the one in the unstimulated BMMΦ. Even though infection with CI2 isolate did not increase Arg-1 expression and activity in AAMΦ, the parasite load was higher than the one in the unstimulated BMMΦ but at a lesser magnitude than that observed during infection with the QRO isolate. On the other hand, infection of cardiomyocytes with either QRO or CI2 isolates and further stimulation with TNF-α + IFN-γ inhibited NOS2 expression and NO production, leading to amelioration of infection. Surprisingly, infection of cardiomyocytes with either QRO or CI2 isolates and further stimulation with IL-4 strongly inhibited Arg-2 expression and function, which resulted in parasite loads similar to those observed in unstimulated cardiomyocytes. Our results suggest that T. cruzi isolates that exhibit variable virulence or pathogenicity degrees differentially regulate L-arginine metabolism through Arg-1/2 and NOS2 in macrophages and cardiomyocytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L-arginine metabolism through arginases and inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) constitutes a fundamental axis for the resolution or progression of Chagas disease. Infection with Trypanosoma cruzi can cause a wide spectrum of disease, ranging from acute forms contained by the host immune response to chronic ones, such as the chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy. Here, we analyzed, in an in vitro model, the ability of two T. cruzi isolates, with different degrees of virulence, to regulate the metabolism of L-arginine through arginase 1 (Arg-1) and NOS2 in macrophages and through arginase 2 (Arg-2) and NOS2 in cardiomyocytes. Stimulation of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMΦ), obtained from CD1 mice, with TNF-α + IFN-γ induced their polarization into classically activated macrophages (CAMΦ), which expressed functional NOS2, while stimulation with IL-4 induced their polarization into alternatively activated macrophages (AAMΦ), which expressed functional Arg-1. Interestingly, stimulation of cardiomyocytes, obtained from hearts of CD1 neonatal mice, with TNF-α + IFN-γ or IL-4 also resulted in functional NOS2 and arginase expression, as observed in CAMΦ and AAMΦ, but Arg-2 was the arginase isoform expressed instead of Arg-1. We observed that infection of BMMΦ with the more virulent T. cruzi isolate (QRO) importantly diminished NOS2 expression and nitric oxide (NO) production in CAMΦ, allowing parasite survival, while infection with the less virulent isolate (CI2) did not diminish NOS2 activity and NO production in CAMΦ to a great extent, which resulted in parasite killing. Regarding Arg-1, infection of BMMΦ with the QRO isolate significantly induced Arg-1 expression and activity in AAMΦ, which resulted in a higher parasite load than the one in the unstimulated BMMΦ. Even though infection with CI2 isolate did not increase Arg-1 expression and activity in AAMΦ, the parasite load was higher than the one in the unstimulated BMMΦ but at a lesser magnitude than that observed during infection with the QRO isolate. On the other hand, infection of cardiomyocytes with either QRO or CI2 isolates and further stimulation with TNF-α + IFN-γ inhibited NOS2 expression and NO production, leading to amelioration of infection. Surprisingly, infection of cardiomyocytes with either QRO or CI2 isolates and further stimulation with IL-4 strongly inhibited Arg-2 expression and function, which resulted in parasite loads similar to those observed in unstimulated cardiomyocytes. Our results suggest that T. cruzi isolates that exhibit variable virulence or pathogenicity degrees differentially regulate L-arginine metabolism through Arg-1/2 and NOS2 in macrophages and cardiomyocytes.

Background: The NOS2 gene polymorphism rs2297518 is associated with an increased level of NO, which could contribute to colorectal cancer (CRC) development. We hypothesized that the potential influence of the NOS2 gene polymorphism on cancer development may vary between right-sided and left-sided colon cancers, and rectal cancers. The aim of this study was to determine the rs2297518 polymorphism influence on colorectal cancer development with regard to tumor localization. Methods: This case–control study included 199 patients with CRC and 120 controls. The qPCR endpoint genotyping was conducted using the TaqMan® genotyping assay. Results: This study revealed significant differences in tumor characteristic and in the minor alelle A frequency in the NOS2 genotype between colorectal cancers with different localizations. The mucinous adenocarcinoma was diagnosed significantly more often in right-sided cancers than in left-sided (30.6% vs. 10.9%, p = 0.009) and rectal cancers (30.6% vs. 7.1%, p = 0.0003). The minor allele A of the NOS2 genotype was observed more frequently in right-sided cancers than in left-sided cancers (44.9% vs. 23.1%, p = 0.0137) and more frequently in rectal cancers than in left-sided cancers (40.0% vs. 23.1%, p = 0.0285). Conclusions: In conclusion, the results support the hypothesis that the SNP rs2297518 of the NOS2 gene influences colorectal cancer development with regard to tumor localization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) is a dsDNA sensor that triggers type I inflammatory responses. Recent data from our group and others support the therapeutic efficacy of STING agonists applied intratumorally or systemically in a range of murine tumor models, with treatment benefits associated with tumor vascular normalization and improved immune cell recruitment and function within the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, such interventions are rarely curative and STING agonism coordinately upregulates expression of immunoregulatory interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) including Arg2, Cox2, Isg15, Nos2, and Pdl1 that may limit treatment benefits. We hypothesized that combined treatment of melanoma-bearing mice with STING agonist ADU-S100 together with antagonists of regulatory ISGs would result in improved control of tumor growth vs. treatment with ADUS100 alone. Methods: Mice bearing either B16 (BRAFWTPTENWT) or BPR20 (BRAFV600EPTEN-/-) melanomas were treated with STING agonist ADU-S100 plus various inhibitors of ARG2, COX2, NOS2, PD-L1, or ISG15. Tumor growth control and changes in the TME were evaluated for combination treatment vs ADU-S100 monotherapy by tumor areameasurements and flow cytometry/transcriptional profiling, respectively. Results: In the B16 melanoma model, we noted improved antitumor efficacy only when ADU-S100 was combined with neutralizing/blocking antibodies against PD-L1 or ISG15, but not inhibitors of ARG2, COX2, or NOS2. Conversely, in the BPR20 melanoma model, improved tumor growth control vs. ADU-S100 monotherapy was only observed when combining ADU-S100 with ARG2i, COX2i, and NOS2i, but not anti-PD-L1 or anti-ISG15. Immune changes in the TME associated with improved treatment outcomes were subtle but included increases in proinflammatory innate immune cells and activated CD8+CD69+ T cells and varied between the two tumor models. Conclusions: These data suggest contextual differences in the relative contributions of individual regulatory ISGs that serve to operationally limit the anti-tumor efficacy of STING agonists which should be considered in future design of novel combination protocols for optimal treatment benefit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective(s): Macrophages exhibit versatile phenotypes, with M1 macrophages releasing inflammatory cytokines and possessing microbicidal activities, while M2 macrophages release anti-inflammatory cytokines and contribute to tissue repair. The M1/M2 imbalance plays a significant role in various pathological processes. Crocin, known for its antioxidant properties and ability to eliminate free radicals, has been investigated for its potential anti-inflammatory effects. We examined the effect of the primary activation state of macrophages on their phenotype switching when exposed to crocin.Materials and Methods: The crocin impact on macrophage viability was evaluated by MTT. TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 secretion, as well as Nos2/Arg1 ratio, were measured in cells treated with crocin or LPS+IFN-γ (M1 inducers), in cells concurrently treated with crocin and LPS+IFN-γ or in cells pretreated with crocin before M1 induction.Results: Crocin did not show any toxicity at the concentration of 500 µM or lower. When uncommitted macrophages were exposed to crocin (25-100 µM), it elevated certain M1 activity indicators, including Nos2/Arg1 ratio and TNF-α secretion, but not IL-6. Crocin in concurrent treatment with LPS+IFN-γ prevented the increase in M1 indicators, Nos2/Arg1 ratio, and TNF-α secretion. However, pretreatment of cells with crocin before the addition of LPS+IFN-γ did not reverse M1 induction in macrophages; instead, it further increased the Nos2/Arg1 ratio and TNF-α secretion. IL-10 was not detectable in any of the experimental groups.Conclusion: It appears that the modulatory effects of crocin on macrophage M1/M2 phenotype switching partly depend on the presence or absence of inflammatory mediators and, accordingly, the initial state of macrophage commitment.

ABSTRACTThe internal ribosome entry site (IRES) is a unique structure found in the 5’ untranslated region (5'-UTR) of specific messenger RNAs (mRNAs) that allows ribosomes to bind and initiate translation without the need for a cap structure. In this study, we investigated the presence and functional properties of the IRES activity of nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) mRNA, which encodes an enzyme that produces nitric oxide in response to various stimuli such as inflammation. Nitric oxide is a signaling molecule that plays a crucial role in various physiological processes, including immune responses and neuronal signaling. Our results showed the existence of IRES activity in the 5'-UTR of Nos2 mRNA in various cell types. IRES-mediated translation of NOS2 mRNA was higher in neuronal cells and its activity increased in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Despite inhibition of cap-dependent translation, nitrite production was partially maintained. These results demonstrate the presence of IRES activity in the 5'-UTR of NOS2 mRNA and suggest that IRES-mediated translation plays a key role in controlling nitric oxide production in response to LPS, an inflammatory stimulus.

Abstract Background Pre-eclampsia (PE) is a common condition in pregnancy; however, methods for early diagnosis and effective treatment options are lacking. Ferroptosis is a newly identified iron-dependent cell death pathway. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of ferroptosis-related genes in PE, the underlying mechanism, and their potential diagnostic value using a bioinformatics approach. Methods We downloaded the GSE48424 and GSE98224 datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between PE and healthy pregnancy samples were identified in the GSE48424 dataset and subjected to weighted gene co-expression network analysis; the most relevant modules were intersected with known ferroptosis-related genes to distinctly identify the role of ferroptosis in PE. We further searched transcription factors and microRNAs that are predicted to regulate these ferroptosis-related genes, and patients in the GSE48424 dataset were divided into two groups according to high or low expression of the key ferroptosis-related genes associated with PE. To obtain robust key ferroptosis-related genes in PE, we validated their expression levels in the external dataset GSE98224. Finally, the reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay was utilized to access the expression of these genes in the PE and normal blood samples. Results Six ferroptosis-related genes involved in PE were obtained by overlapping 3661 genes most associated with PE, 565 DEGs between PE and normal samples, and 259 known ferroptosis-related genes. Among these genes, patients with PE displaying lower expression levels of NOS2 and higher expression levels of PTGS2 had a higher ferroptosis potential index. The expression pattern of NOS2 was consistent in the GSE48424 and GSE98224 datasets. RT-qPCR data confirmed that NOS2 expression was more significantly elevated in patients with PE than in those with a normal pregnancy. Conclusions Our study explored the diagnostic value of ferroptosis-related genes in PE, and identified NOS2 as the key gene linking ferroptosis and PE, suggesting a new candidate biomarker for early PE diagnosis.

Objective(s): Macrophages exhibit versatile phenotypes, with M1 macrophages releasing inflammatory cytokines and possessing microbicidal activities, while M2 macrophages release antiinflammatory cytokines and contribute to tissue repair. The M1/M2 imbalance plays a significant role in various pathological processes. Crocin, known for its antioxidant properties and ability to eliminate free radicals, has been investigated for its potential anti-inflammatory effects. We examined the effect of the primary activation state of macrophages on their phenotype switching when exposed to crocin. Materials and Methods: The crocin impact on macrophage viability was evaluated by MTT. TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 secretion, as well as Nos2/Arg1 ratio, were measured in cells treated with crocin or LPS+IFN-γ (M1 inducers), in cells concurrently treated with crocin and LPS+IFN-γ or in cells pretreated with crocin before M1 induction. Results: Crocin did not show any toxicity at the concentration of 500 μM or lower. When uncommitted macrophages were exposed to crocin (25-100 μM), it elevated certain M1 activity indicators, including Nos2/Arg1 ratio and TNF-α secretion, but not IL-6. Crocin in concurrent treatment with LPS+IFN-γ prevented the increase in M1 indicators, Nos2/Arg1 ratio, and TNF-α secretion. However, pretreatment of cells with crocin before the addition of LPS+IFN-γ did not reverse M1 induction in macrophages; instead, it further increased the Nos2/Arg1 ratio and TNF-α secretion. IL-10 was not detectable in any of the experimental groups. Conclusion: It appears that the modulatory effects of crocin on macrophage M1/M2 phenotype switching partly depend on the presence or absence of inflammatory mediators and, accordingly, the initial state of macrophage commitment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pre-eclampsia (PE) is a common condition in pregnancy; however, methods for early diagnosis and effective treatment options are lacking. Ferroptosis is a newly identified iron-dependent cell death pathway. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of ferroptosis-related genes in PE, the underlying mechanism, and their potential diagnostic value using a bioinformatics approach. Methods: We downloaded the GSE48424 and GSE98224 datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between PE and healthy pregnancy samples were identified in the GSE48424 dataset and subjected to weighted gene co-expression network analysis; the most relevant modules were intersected with known ferroptosis-related genes to distinctly identify the role of ferroptosis in PE. We further searched transcription factors and microRNAs that are predicted to regulate these ferroptosis-related genes, and patients in the GSE48424 dataset were divided into two groups according to high or low expression of the key ferroptosis-related genes associated with PE. To obtain robust key ferroptosis-related genes in PE, we validated their expression levels in the external dataset GSE98224. Finally, the reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay was utilized to access the expression of these genes in the PE and normal blood samples. Results: Six ferroptosis-related genes involved in PE were obtained by overlapping 3661 genes most associated with PE, 565 DEGs between PE and normal samples, and 259 known ferroptosis-related genes. Among these genes, patients with PE displaying lower expression levels of NOS2 and higher expression levels of PTGS2 had a higher ferroptosis potential index. The expression pattern of NOS2 was consistent in the GSE48424 and GSE98224 datasets. RT-qPCR data confirmed that NOS2 expression was more significantly elevated in patients with PE than in those with a normal pregnancy. Conclusions: Our study explored the diagnostic value of ferroptosis-related genes in PE, and identified NOS2 as the key gene linking ferroptosis and PE, suggesting a new candidate biomarker for early PE diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hepatoblastoma (HB) is the most common liver tumor in children with easy metastasis. The emergence of ferroptosis as a novel form of cell death has gained increased attention in various human cancers. However, the roles of ferroptosis-related (FR) genes in HB remain elusive Methods: The GSE133039, GSE131329, and GSE81928 datasets were utilized for screening core FR genes in HB. Through Lasso regression analysis and using the support vector machine recursive feature elimination (SVM-RFE) algorithm, three candidate FR genes were obtained for characterizing HB. Their expression patterns and their clinical associations were explored through the 'Limma' R package, and their diagnostic potential was evaluated using ROC curves. Nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) emerged as a candidate for further analyses. The CIBERSORT algorithm and GSEA dataset were used to respectively investigate the immune and metabolism effects of NOS2; the former was validated through immunofluorescence. The GSDC database was employed to analyze the correlation between NOS2 expression and the therapeutic efficacy of multiple drugs. PCR, Western blotting, colony formation assays, and Transwell experiments, were used to determine biological functions of NOS2 in HB cells. Potential upstream transcription factors of NOS2 were predicted through the TRRUST, hTFtarget, GeneCards, and JASPAR databases. Results: NQO1, SLC1A4, and NOS2 were identified as potential genes in HB and found to be significantly upregulated in tumor samples. Nevertheless, only NOS2 was closely associated with HB clinicopathological characteristics; high NOS2 expression indicated poor prognosis, metastatic tendency, and late clinical stage. Immune analyses indicated that high NOS2 expression was concomitant with decreased infiltration levels of CD8+ T cells but increased infiltration levels of macrophages. GSEA revealed that NOS2 failed to affect the enrichments of glycolysis, fatty acid metabolism, and cholesterol biosynthesis in HB. Moreover, NOS2 was positively correlated with the IC50 values of trametinib, lapatinib, and cisplatin. NOS2 overexpression promoted the proliferation, migration and invasion of HepG2 and HuH-6 cells. JUND was identified as a potential transcriptional regulator of NOS2 by binding to its promoter (5'- TTCTGACTCTTTT-3'). Conclusion: NOS2 plays a significant role in HB clinical assessments and holds promise as a novel therapeutic target. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACTPrevention of rotavirus (RV) infection by gut-resident segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) is an example of the influence of gut microbiota composition on enteric viral infection. Yet, the mechanism by which SFB prevents RV infection is poorly understood. A recent report that SFB colonization of germfree mice generates retinoic acid (RA) thus activating RA receptor (RAR) signaling, which protected against Citrobacter rodentium infection, prompted us to investigate whether this pathway might contribute to SFB’s protection against RV infection. Colonization of conventional mice by SFB indeed increased intestinal RA levels and direct administration of RA partially mimicked the protection against RV infection conferred by SFB. Moreover, blockade of RAR signaling eliminated SFB’s protection against RV infection. Blockade of RAR signaling did not impact RV infection in the absence of SFB, nor did it alter the protection against RV infection conferred by bacterial flagellin, which in contrast to SFB, is dependent upon IL-22 signaling. SFB/RA-mediated prevention of RV infection was associated with an RA-dependent increase in enterocyte migration, consistent with the notion that enhanced anoikis is the ultimate means by which SFB, IL-22, and RA impede RV infection.

The Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1–nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (KEAP1–NRF2) system plays a central role in redox homeostasis and inflammation control. Oxidative stress or electrophilic compounds promote NRF2 stabilization and transcriptional activity by negatively regulating its inhibitor, KEAP1. We have previously reported that bromovalerylurea (BU), originally developed as a hypnotic, exerts anti-inflammatory effects in various inflammatory disease models. However, the molecular mechanism underlying its effect remains uncertain. Herein, we found that by real-time multicolor luciferase assay using stable luciferase red3 (SLR3) and green-emitting emerald luciferase (ELuc), BU potentiates NRF2-dependent transcription in the human hepatoblastoma cell line HepG2 cells, which lasted for more than 60 h. Further analysis revealed that BU promotes NRF2 accumulation and the transcription of its downstream cytoprotective genes in the HepG2 and the murine microglial cell line BV2. Keap1 knockdown did not further enhance NRF2 activity, suggesting that BU upregulates NRF2 by targeting KEAP1. Knockdown of Nfe2l2 in BV2 cells diminished the suppressive effects of BU on the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, like nitric oxide (NO) and its synthase NOS2, indicating the involvement of NRF2 in the anti-inflammatory effects of BU. These data collectively suggest that BU could be repurposed as a novel NRF2 activator to control inflammation and oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous studies have indicated that nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) genetic variations are involved in delayed fracture healing and fracture nonunion. Whether these genetic variants associate with the development of osteomyelitis (OM) remains unclear. Here, we analyzed the potential relationships between NOS2 genetic variations and the risk of developing post-traumatic OM (PTOM) in a Chinese Han population. Methods: Altogether 704 participants, including 336 PTOM patients and 368 healthy controls, were genotyped of rs2297514 and rs2248814 of the NOS2 gene using the SNaPshot genotyping method. Results: Outcomes showed that the frequency of allele C of rs2297514 in the patient group was significantly lower than that in the control group (48.7% vs. 54.5%, P = 0.029, OR = 0.792, 95% CI 0.642 -- 0.976). In addition, significant associations were found between rs2297514 and susceptibility to PTOM by the recessive model (P = 0.007, OR = 0.633, 95% CI 0.453 -- 0.884), and the homozygous model (P = 0.039, OR = 0.648, 95% CI 0.429 -- 0.979). Moreover, patients with the CC genotype of rs2297514 had lower inflammatory biomarkers levels than the TT genotype, especially for the C-reactive protein (CRP) level (median: 4.1 mg/L vs. 8.9 mg/L, P = 0.027). However, no significant relationship was noted between rs2248814 and the risk of developing PTOM. Conclusion: In this Chinese cohort, rs2297514 is correlated with a decreased risk of PTOM development, with genotype CC as a protective factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by neuroinflammation and demyelination orchestrated by activated neuroglial cells, CNS infiltrating leukocytes, and their reciprocal interactions through inflammatory signals. An inflammatory stimulus triggers inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2), a pro-inflammatory marker of microglia/macrophages (MG/Mφ) to catalyze sustained nitric oxide production. NOS2 during neuroinflammation, has been associated with MS disease pathology; however, studies dissecting its role in demyelination are limited. We studied the role of NOS2 in a recombinant β-coronavirus-MHV-RSA59 induced neuroinflammation, an experimental animal model mimicking the pathological hallmarks of MS: neuroinflammatory demyelination and axonal degeneration. Objective Understanding the role of NOS2 in murine-β-coronavirus-MHV-RSA59 demyelination. Methods Brain and spinal cords from mock and RSA59 infected 4–5-week-old MHV-free C57BL/6 mice (WT) and NOS2-/- mice were harvested at different disease phases post infection (p.i.) (day 5/6-acute, day 9/10-acute-adaptive and day 30-chronic phase) and compared for pathological outcomes. Results NOS2 was upregulated at the acute phase of RSA59-induced disease in WT mice and its deficiency resulted in severe disease and reduced survival at the acute-adaptive transition phase. Low survival in NOS2-/- mice was attributed to (i) high neuroinflammation resulting from increased accumulation of macrophages and neutrophils and (ii) Iba1 + phagocytic MG/Mφ mediated-early demyelination as observed at this phase. The phagocytic phenotype of CNS MG/Mφ was confirmed by significantly higher mRNA transcripts of phagocyte markers-CD206, TREM2, and Arg1 and double immunolabelling of Iba1 with MBP and PLP. Further, NOS2 deficiency led to exacerbated demyelination at the chronic phase as well. Conclusion Taken together the results imply that the immune system failed to control the disease progression in the absence of NOS2. Thus, our observations highlight a protective role of NOS2 in murine-β-coronavirus induced demyelination.

Abstract Studies of mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) have demonstrated that nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) is involved in AD pathology. However, the effects of NOS2 on the pathology of Parkinson’s disease (PD) are not well studied. To address this gap, we examined the impact of NOS2 on disease-associated phenotypes in a mouse model of PD. Transgenic mice carrying the A53T mutation of α-synuclein (SynA53T) and newly generated double transgenic mice with deletion of NOS2 (SynA53T/NOS2−/−) were used. Compared with SynA53T mice, the loss of nos2 decreased α-synuclein phosphorylation at serine 129 and reduced α-synuclein-induced microglial and astrocyte activation in SynA53T/NOS−/− mice. Additionally, neuroinflammation-related gene clusters in the deep mesencephalic nucleus (DpMe) were altered in SynA53T/NOS−/− mice compared with SynA53T mice. Taken together, our results suggest that deletion of nos2 alleviates α-synuclein pathology and α-synuclein-associated neuroinflammatory responses in the brain.

Background: Ferroptosis is involved in many malignant tumors and has been implicated in important mechanisms of colorectal cancer (CRC) suppression. However, the prognostic and predictive values of the ferroptosis activation pattern in CRC patients have not been noted. Here, we aimed to construct and validate a prediction model based on ferroptosis-related genes (FRGs) for CRC patients and investigated the expression pattern and biological function of the most significantly altered gene. Methods: A total of 112 FRGs were obtained from the FerrDb website, and the clinical characteristics of 545 CRC patients and their global gene expression profiles were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Survival-related FRGs were identified by Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. Finally, the expression pattern and biological function of NOS2, the most implicated gene was explored in vitro and in vivo. Results: The prediction model was established based on 8 FRGs. Patients in the high- or low-risk group were stratified based on the median risk value calculated by our model, and patients in the high-risk group experienced poor overall survival (p<0.01). Further validation demonstrated that the FRG model acted as an independent prognostic indicator for CRC patients (HR=1.428, 95% CI, 1.341-1.627; p<0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) for 5-year survival was 0.741. NOS2 was one of the most significantly affected FRGs and was highly expressed in malignant tissue, but it inhibited tumor growth and induced tumor cell death in vitro and in vivo, possibly by repressing the NF-kB pathway. Conclusion: Our study revealed that FRGs have potential prognostic value in CRC patients and that NOS2 suppresses tumor progression, providing a novel therapeutic target for CRC treatment based on ferroptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tuberculosis (TB) is a fatal infectious disease; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenicity of TB remain elusive. The present study aims to identify potential biomarkers associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) infection by using integrated bioinformatics and in vitro validation studies. GSE50050, GSE78706, and GSE108844 data from the gene expression omnibus (GEO) database were downloaded to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The functions of DEGs were further subjected to gene ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway analysis. The hub genes from the DEGs were determined based on the protein–protein interaction (PPI) network analysis. Finally, the hub genes were experimentally validated using the in vitro functional studies. A total of 26 common DEGs were identified among GSE50050, GSE78706, and GSE108844. The functional enrichment analysis showed that the common DEGs were associated with cytokines response and TB pathways. The PPI network analysis identified nine hub genes. Further in vitro studies showed that nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) was up-regulated in RAW264.7 cells upon lipopolysaccharides (LPS) stimulation, which was accompanied by increased inflammatory cytokines release. Furthermore, NOS2 was found to be a target of miR-493-5p, which was confirmed by luciferase reporter assay. NOS2 was repressed by miR-493-5p overexpression and was up-regulated after miR-493-5p inhibition in RAW264.7 cells. The rescue experiments showed that LPS-induced increase in the inflammatory cytokines of the RAW264.7 cells was significantly attenuated by NOS2 knockdown and miR-493-5p overexpression. Collectively, our results for the first time demonstrated that NOS2/miR-493-5p signaling pathway may potentially involve in the inflammatory response during bacterial infection such as M. tb infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crocetin (CCT) is a natural saffron-derived apocarotenoid that possesses healthy properties such as anti-adipogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. Lipolysis is enhanced in obesity and correlates with a pro-inflammatory, pro-oxidant state. In this context, we aimed to investigate whether CCT affects lipolysis. To evaluate CCT's possible lipolytic effect, 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with CCT10μM at day 5 post-differentiation. Glycerol content and antioxidant activity were assessed using colorimetric assays. Gene expression was measured using qRT-PCR to evaluate the effect of CCT on key lipolytic enzymes and on nitric oxide synthase (NOS) expression. Total lipid accumulation was assessed using Oil Red O staining. CCT10μM decreased glycerol release from 3T3-L1 adipocytes and downregulated adipose tissue triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and perilipin-1, but not hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), suggesting an anti-lipolytic effect. CCT increased catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, thus showing an antioxidant effect. In addition, CCT exhibited an anti-inflammatory profile, i.e., diminished inducible NOS (NOS2) and resistin expression, while enhanced the expression of adiponectin. CCT10μM also decreased intracellular fat and C/EBPα expression (a transcription factor involved in adipogenesis), thus revealing an anti-adipogenic effect. These findings point to CCT as a promising biocompound for improving lipid mobilisation in obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundFerroptosis is involved in many malignant tumors and has been implicated in important mechanisms of colorectal cancer (CRC) suppression. However, the prognostic and predictive values of the ferroptosis activation pattern in CRC patients have not been noted. Here, we aimed to construct and validate a prediction model based on ferroptosis-related genes (FRGs) for CRC patients and investigated the expression pattern and biological function of the most significantly altered gene.MethodsA total of 112 FRGs were obtained from the FerrDb website, and the clinical characteristics of 545 CRC patients and their global gene expression profiles were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Survival-related FRGs were identified by Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. Finally, the expression pattern and biological function of NOS2, the most implicated gene was explored in vitro and in vivo.ResultsThe prediction model was established based on 8 FRGs. Patients in the high- or low-risk group were stratified based on the median risk value calculated by our model, and patients in the high-risk group experienced poor overall survival (p

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by neuroinflammation and demyelination orchestrated by activated neuroglial cells, CNS infiltrating leukocytes, and their reciprocal interactions through inflammatory signals. An inflammatory stimulus triggers inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2), a pro-inflammatory marker of microglia/macrophages (MG/Mφ) to catalyze sustained nitric oxide production. NOS2 during neuroinflammation, has been associated with MS disease pathology; however, studies dissecting its role in demyelination are limited. We studied the role of NOS2 in a recombinant β-coronavirus-MHV-RSA59 induced neuroinflammation, an experimental animal model mimicking the pathological hallmarks of MS: neuroinflammatory demyelination and axonal degeneration. Objective: Understanding the role of NOS2 in murine-β-coronavirus-MHV-RSA59 demyelination. Methods: Brain and spinal cords from mock and RSA59 infected 4–5-week-old MHV-free C57BL/6 mice (WT) and NOS2-/- mice were harvested at different disease phases post infection (p.i.) (day 5/6-acute, day 9/10-acute-adaptive and day 30-chronic phase) and compared for pathological outcomes. Results: NOS2 was upregulated at the acute phase of RSA59-induced disease in WT mice and its deficiency resulted in severe disease and reduced survival at the acute-adaptive transition phase. Low survival in NOS2-/- mice was attributed to (i) high neuroinflammation resulting from increased accumulation of macrophages and neutrophils and (ii) Iba1 + phagocytic MG/Mφ mediated-early demyelination as observed at this phase. The phagocytic phenotype of CNS MG/Mφ was confirmed by significantly higher mRNA transcripts of phagocyte markers-CD206, TREM2, and Arg1 and double immunolabelling of Iba1 with MBP and PLP. Further, NOS2 deficiency led to exacerbated demyelination at the chronic phase as well. Conclusion: Taken together the results imply that the immune system failed to control the disease progression in the absence of NOS2. Thus, our observations highlight a protective role of NOS2 in murine-β-coronavirus induced demyelination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging evidence shows that peripheral systemic inflammation, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), has a close even interaction with central nervous disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study is designed to further clarify the relationship between AD and ulcerative colitis (UC, a subclass of IBD). The GEO database was used to download gene expression profiles for AD (GSE5281) and UC (GSE47908). Bioinformatics analysis included GSEA, KEGG pathway, Gene Ontology (GO), WikiPathways, PPI network, and hub gene identification. After screening the shared genes, qRT-PCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescence were used to verify the reliability of the dataset and further confirm the shared genes. GSEA, KEGG, GO, and WikiPathways suggested that PPARG and NOS2 were identified as shared genes and hub genes by cytoHubba in AD and UC and further validated via qRT-PCR and Western blot. Our work identified PPARG and NOS2 are shared genes of AD and UC. They drive macrophages and microglia heterogeneous polarization, which may be potential targets for treating neural dysfunction induced by systemic inflammation and vice versa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS), encoded by the NOS2 gene, promotes the generation of high levels of NO to combat harmful environmental influences in a wide range of cells. iNOS can cause adverse effects, such as falling blood pressure, if overexpressed. Thus, according to some data, this enzyme is an important precursor of arterial hypertension (AH) and tension-type headache (TTH), which are the most common multifactorial diseases in adults. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of rs2779249 (chr17:26128581 C>A) and rs2297518 (chr17: chr17:27769571 G>A) of the NOS2 gene with TTH and AH overlap syndrome (OS) in Caucasians in Eastern Siberia. The sample size was 91 participants: the first group—30 patients with OS; the second group—30 patients AH; and the third group—31 healthy volunteers. RT-PCR was used for the determination of alleles and genotypes of the SNPs rs2779249 and rs2297518 of the NOS2 gene in all groups of participants. We showed that the frequency of allele A was significantly higher among patients with AH compared with healthy volunteers (p-value < 0.05). The frequency of the heterozygous genotype CA of rs2779249 was higher in the first group vs. the control (p-value = 0.03), and in the second group vs. the control (p-value = 0.045). The frequency of the heterozygous genotype GA of rs2297518 was higher in the first group vs. the control (p-value = 0.035), and in the second group vs. the control (p-value = 0.001). The allele A of rs2779249 was associated with OS (OR = 3.17 [95% CI: 1.31–7.67], p-value = 0.009) and AH (OR = 2.94 [95% CI: 1.21–7.15], p-value = 0.015) risks compared with the control. The minor allele A of rs2297518 was associated with OS (OR = 4.0 [95% CI: 0.96–16.61], p-value = 0.035) and AH (OR = 8.17 [95% CI: 2.03–32.79], p-value = 0.001) risks compared with the control. Therefore, our pilot study demonstrated that the SNPs rs2779249 and rs229718 of the NOS2 gene could be promising genetic biomarkers for this OS risk in Caucasians from Eastern Siberia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies of mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) have demonstrated that nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) is involved in AD pathology. However, the effects of NOS2 on the pathology of Parkinson's disease (PD) are not well studied. To address this gap, we examined the impact of NOS2 on disease-associated phenotypes in a mouse model of PD. Transgenic mice carrying the A53T mutation of α-synuclein (SynA53T) and newly generated double transgenic mice with deletion of NOS2 (SynA53T/NOS2−/−) were used. Compared with SynA53T mice, the loss of nos2 decreased α-synuclein phosphorylation at serine 129 and reduced α-synuclein-induced microglial and astrocyte activation in SynA53T/NOS−/− mice. Additionally, neuroinflammation-related gene clusters in the deep mesencephalic nucleus (DpMe) were altered in SynA53T/NOS−/− mice compared with SynA53T mice. Taken together, our results suggest that deletion of nos2 alleviates α-synuclein pathology and α-synuclein-associated neuroinflammatory responses in the brain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When the expression of NOS2 in M1-polarized macrophages is induced, huge amounts of nitric oxide (•NO) are produced from arginine and molecular oxygen as the substrates. While anti-microbial action is the primary function of M1 macrophages, excessive activation may result in inflammation being aggravated. The reaction of •NO with superoxide produces peroxynitrite, which is highly toxic to cells. Alternatively, however, this reaction eliminates radial electrons and may occasionally alleviate subsequent radical-mediated damage. Reactions of •NO with lipid radicals terminates the radical chain reaction in lipid peroxidation, which leads to the suppression of ferroptosis. •NO is involved in the metabolic remodeling of M1 macrophages. Enzymes in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, notably aconitase 2, as well as respiratory chain enzymes, are preferential targets of •NO derivatives. Ornithine, an alternate compound produced from arginine instead of citrulline and •NO, is recruited to synthesize polyamines. Itaconate, which is produced from the remodeled TCA cycle, and polyamines function as defense systems against overresponses of M1 macrophages in a feedback manner. Herein, we overview the protective aspects of •NO against radical species and the autoregulatory systems that are enabled by metabolic remodeling in M9-polarized macrophages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background NOS2 expression is mostly found in bacteria-exposed or cytokine-treated tissues and is mostly connected to innate immune reactions. There are three isoforms of NOS2 (NOS2-1 to -3). In RNA-seq data sets, analyzing inflammatory gene expression, only expression of the NOS2-1 mRNA isoform is detected. However, the expression of NOS2 in differentiating human pluripotent stems (hPSCs) has not been analyzed yet. Methods Public available RNA-seq databases were screened for data of hPSCs during differentiation to different target cells. An isoform specific algorithm was used to analyze NOS2 mRNA isoform expression. In addition, we differentiated four different human iPSC cell lines toward cortical neurons and analyzed NOS2 mRNA expression by qRT-PCR and 5′-RACE. The functionality of the NOS2-2 protein was analyzed by transient transfection of expression clones in human DLD1 cells and nitrate measurement in the supernatant of these cells. Results In RNA-seq databases we detected a transient expression of the NOS2 mRNA during the differentiation of hPSCs to cardiomyocytes, chondrocytes, mesenchymal stromal cells, neurons, syncytiotrophoblast cells, and trophoblasts. NOS2 mRNA isoform specific analyses showed, that the transiently expressed NOS2 mRNA in differentiating hPSC (NOS2-2; “diff-iNOS”) differ remarkably from the already described NOS2 transcript found in colon or induced islets (NOS2-1; “immuno-iNOS”). Also, analysis of the NOS2 mRNA- and protein expression during the differentiation of four different hiPSC lines towards cortical neurons showed a transient expression of the NOS2 mRNA and NOS2 protein on day 18 of the differentiation course. 5′-RACE experiments and isoform specific qRT-PCR analyses revealed that only the NOS2-2 mRNA isoform was expressed in these experiments. To analyze the functionality of the NOS2-2 protein, we transfected human DLD-1 cells with tetracycline inducible expression clones encoding the NOS2-1- or -2 coding sequence. After induction of the NOS2-1 or -2 mRNA expression by tetracycline a similar nitrate production was measured proofing the functionality of the NOS2-2 protein isoform. Conclusions Our data show that a differentiation specific NOS2 isoform (NOS2-2) is transiently expressed during differentiation of hPSC. Video Abstract

Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi is a typical medicinal and edible plant with a long application history in China and Southeast Asia. As a widely used traditional medicine, P. lobata exhibits the properties of anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antioxidant, relieving cough and asthma. Particularly, the increasing evidence indicates that the P. lobata has the therapeutic effect on fibrotic-related diseases in terms of metabolic regulation. However, the mechanisms of P. lobata on pulmonary fibrosis (PF) has not been thoroughly explored. This study aimed to explore the effect of arginine metabolites of P. lobata against PF model by integrating metabolomics and network pharmacology analysis. It might provide a new idea for the target finding of P. lobata anti-pulmonary fibrosis. In this study, the Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into five experimental groups: saline-treated control group, bleomycin-induced fibrosis group, prednisolone acetate group, P. lobata 3.2 g/kg group and P. lobata 6.4 g/kg group. The therapeutic effect of P. lobata on bleomycin-induced PF in rats was evaluated by clinical symptoms such as lung function, body weight, hematoxylin eosin staining (HE), Masson staining and hydroxyproline assay. Next, the plasma metabolomics analysis was carried out by LC-MS to explore the pathological differences between the group of control, PF and P. lobata -treated rats. Then, the network pharmacology study coupled with experimental validation was conducted to analysis the results of metabolic research. We constructed the "component-target-disease" network of P. lobata in the treatment of PF. In addition, the molecular docking method was used to verify the interaction between potential active ingredients and core targets of P. lobata. Finally, we tested NOS2 and L-OT in arginine-related metabolic pathway in plasma of the rats by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Real-time PCR was performed to observe the level of TNF-α mRNA and MMP9 mRNA. And we tested the expression of TNF-α and MMP9 by Western blot analysis. Our findings revealed that P. lobata improved lung function and ameliorated the pathological symptoms, such as pathological damage, collagen deposition, and body weight loss in PF rats. Otherwise, the plasma metabolomics were employed to screen the differential metabolites of amino acids, lipids, flavonoids, arachidonic acid metabolites, glycoside, etc. Finally, we found that the arginine metabolism signaling mainly involved in the regulating of P. lobata on the treatment of PF rats. Furtherly, the network pharmacology predicted that the arginine metabolism pathway was contained in the top 20 pathways. Next, we integrated metabolomics and network pharmacology that identified NOS2, MMP9 and TNF-α as the P. lobata regulated hub genes by molecular docking. Importantly, it indicated a strong affinity between the puerarin and the NOS2. P. lobata attenuated TNF-α, MMP-9 and NOS2 levels, suppressed TNF-α and MMP-9 protein expression, and decreased L-OT and NOS2 content in PF rats. These results indicated that the effects of P. lobata may ameliorated PF via the arginine metabolism pathway in rats. Therefore, P. lobata may be a potential therapeutic agent to ameliorated PF. In this work, we used metabolomics and network pharmacology to explore the mechanisms of P. lobata in the treatment of PF. Finally, we confirmed that P. lobata alleviated BLM-induced PF in rats by regulating arginine metabolism pathway based on reducing the L-OT and NOS2-related signal molecular. The search for the biomarkers finding of arginine metabolism pathway revealed a new strategy for P. lobata in the treatment of PF. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Japanese apricot (Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc.) is popularly known as ume in Japan, and the heated concentrate of ume juice, called ume extract, is commonly consumed as food. A neutralized, diluted ume extract (dUE) reported as MK615 solution exhibits hepatoprotective properties. However, the active substance contributing to its hepatoprotective efficacies has not been explored. We aimed to identify and characterize the active substance underlying the hepatoprotective potential of ume extract. Our results are described in two parts and whereas the objective of this part (Part 1) was to identify the active substance, in Part 2, we elucidated its chemical structure. Methods: The components of ume extract were fractionated stepwise, and their hepatoprotective activities were evaluated using a D-galactosamine-induced liver injury rat model. The fractionated components were characterized qualitatively and quantitatively using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis and were dosed to rats, equalizing the content of the main components. Finally, a purified active substance was isolated by crystallization, and its hepatoprotective activity was verified. The molecular mass and formula of the active substance were elucidated by high-resolution mass spectrometry. Results: The dUE, but not the components from unheated ume juice concentrate, showed hepatoprotective activity. Focusing on the components peculiar to the ume extract, a fraction rich in a water-soluble substance, tentatively named unknown 1 (UK1), was found to have hepatoprotective activity. It was observed that both the UK1-rich fraction and dUE suppressed the hepatic expression of nitric oxide synthase 2 (Nos2). Furthermore, the purified UK1 (≥93.88% purity, containing 6.11% hydrate water) was demonstrated to have hepatoprotective activity comparable to that of dUE. UK1 has the molecular formula C10H11NO9, with a molecular weight of 289, corresponding to a novel compound. Conclusions: Our findings revealed that UK1, which is likely to be a previously unknown, bioactive component in ume extract, is the major hepatoprotective substance in dUE.

Fungal infections cause serious health problems, especially in patients with an immune-deficiency. Histone deacetylase 11 (HDAC11) mediates various immune functions, yet little is known about its role in regulating host immune responses to fungal infection. Here we report that HDAC11 negatively controls antifungal immunity in macrophages and dendritic cells. Deleting Hdac11 protects mice from morbidity and markedly improves their survival rate upon systemic infection with Candida albicans (C. albicans). Moreover, HDAC11 deficiency results in increased production of NO and reactive oxygen species, which enhances fungal killing. Mechanistically, loss of HDAC11 increases histone 3 and 4 acetylation at the Nos2 promoter and leads to enhanced Nos2 transcription and corresponding iNOS levels in macrophages. In addition, STAT3, a transcriptional repressor of Nos2, physically interacts with HDAC11, serving as a scaffold protein supporting the HDAC11 association with the Nos2 promoter. Notably, treatment with the HDAC11 inhibitor, FT895, exhibits antifungal therapeutic effects in both mouse and human cells challenged with C. albicans. These data support that HDAC11 may be a therapeutic target for fungal infection.

Background: Currently, there are no efficient therapies for Alzheimer's disease (AD) among the elderly, although it is the most common etiology of dementia among the elderly. Quercetin, which has a variety of therapeutic properties, may pave the way for novel approaches to AD treatment. In the AD patients' frontal cortex, current study aims to identify the potential mechanisms of quercetin's pharmacological targets. Materials and methods: The pharmacological targets of quercetin have been studied from DrugBank and SwissTarget. In order to distinguish AD-associated genes targeted by quercetin (Q-ADGs), we utilized an integrated intersection of gene expressions of the frontal cortex in combination with transcriptome analysis. To detect cortex-related Q-ADGs and immune-related Q-ADGs, a drug screening database and the immune infiltration analysis was utilized. The Q-ADGs were then linked with the AD severity scores (MMSE scores) to find severity-associated Q-ADGs. In addition, the miRNA-seq datasets were examined to identify severity-associated Q-ADG-miRNAs. Twelve genes, more frequently related to AD by previous studies among all the genes identified in the present study, were subjected to the verification of qRT-PCR in AD cell model. Results: In the frontal lobe of AD, 207 Q-ADGs were discovered and found that axonogenesis, glial differentiation, and other biological processes had been enriched. There were 155 immune-related Q-ADGs (e.g., COX2, NOS2, HMGB1) and 65 cortex-related Q-ADGs (e.g., FOXO1, CXCL16, NOTCH3). Sixteen Q-ADGs (e.g., STAT3, RORA, BCL6) and 28 miRNAs (e.g., miR-142-5p, miR-17-5p) were found to be related to MMSE scores. In the qRT-PCR results, six out of twelve genes were significantly regulated by quercetin. DYRK1A, FOXO1, NOS2, NGF, NQO1, and RORA genes were novel target of quercetin in AD. DYRK1A, NOS2, and NQO1 genes targeted by quercetin have benefits in the treatment of AD. However, FOXO1, NGF, and RORA genes targeted by quercetin might have a negative impact on AD. Conclusion: The role of quercetin in AD appears to be multifaceted, and it can affect patients' frontal cortex in a variety of pathways, such as axonogenesis, immune infiltration, and glial cell differentiation. DYRK1A, NOS2, and NQO1 might be potential novel effective drug targets for quercetin in AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Gastric cancer is the fourth most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide. North of Iran is a high-risk area for gastric cancer. Nitric oxide (NO), mainly synthesized by inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) in pathological conditions, plays an important role in cytotoxicity, inflammation and fibrosis. In this research we studied the effect of (rs1137933) T>C genotype on gastric cancer.. Methods: This analysis was performed on 93 patients with gastric cancer who were referred to endoscopy Tuba Clinic in 2015 and 93 healthy individuals as controls. DNA extracted from peripheral blood samples was applied in PCR-RFLP (Polymerase chain reaction- restriction fragment length polymorphism) analysis to determine (rs1137933) T>C genotype. The association of the (rs1137933) T>C genotype and gastric cancer risk were analyzed by MedCalc software and (X2) Chi-square and (OR) Odds Ratio exams. Results: Frequency of TT, CT, and CC genotypes in cases was 12.61, 51.35 and 36% and 38.7, 34.4, and 26.8% in the control group. Significant association was found between (rs1137933) T>C genotype with gastric cancer chance, PC single nucleotide polymorphism of NOS2 gene could be an appropriate molecular marker that could be used to determine individual sensitivity to gastric cancer and for designing cancer prevention programs.

Background: Despite extensive work on macrophage heterogeneity, the mechanisms driving activation induced heterogeneity (AIH) in macrophages remain poorly understood. Here, we aimed to develop mathematical models to explore theoretical cellular states underpinning the empirically observed responses of macrophages following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. Methods: We obtained empirical data following primary and secondary responses to LPS in two in vitro cellular models (bone marrow-derived macrophages or BMDMs, and RAW 264.7 cells) and single-cell protein measurements for four key inflammatory mediators: TNF, IL-6, pro-IL-1β, and NOS2, and used mathematical modelling to understand heterogeneity. Results: For these four factors, we showed that macrophage community AIH is dependent on LPS dose and that altered AIH kinetics in macrophages responding to a second LPS challenge underpin hypo-responsiveness to LPS. These empirical data can be explained by a mathematical three-state model including negative, positive, and non-responsive states (NRS), but they are also compatible with a four-state model that includes distinct reversibly NRS and non-responsive permanently states (NRPS). Our mathematical model, termed NoRM (Non-Responsive Macrophage) model identifies similarities and differences between BMDM and RAW 264.7 cell responses. In both cell types, transition rates between states in the NoRM model are distinct for each of the tested proteins and, crucially, macrophage hypo-responsiveness is underpinned by changes in transition rates to and from NRS. Conclusions: Overall, we provide a mathematical model for studying macrophage ecology and community dynamics that can be used to elucidate the role of phenotypically negative macrophage populations in AIH and, primary and secondary responses to LPS.

Nitric oxide synthases (NOS) are the major sources of nitric oxide (NO), a small bioactive molecule involved in the regulation of many cellular processes. One of the most prominent functions of NO is regulation of vasodilatation and thereby control of blood pressure. Most important for vascular tone is NOS3. Endothelial NOS3-generated NO diffuses into the vascular smooth muscle cells, activates the soluble guanylate cyclase resulting in enhanced cGMP concentrations and smooth muscle cell relaxation. However, more and more evidence exist that also NOS1 and NOS2 contribute to vascular function. We summarize the current knowledge about the regulation of NOS expression in the vasculature by transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms, in regard to inflammation and innate immune pathways.

Inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) produces high local concentrations of nitric oxide (NO), and its expression is associated with inflammation, cellular stress signals, and cellular transformation. Additionally, NOS2 expression results in aggressive cancer cell phenotypes and is correlated with poor outcomes in patients with breast cancer. DNA hypomethylation, especially of noncoding repeat elements, is an early event in carcinogenesis and is a common feature of cancer cells. In addition to altered gene expression, DNA hypomethylation results in genomic instability via retrotransposon activation. Here, we show that NOS2 expression and associated NO signaling results in substantial DNA hypomethylation in human cell lines by inducing the degradation of DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) protein. Similarly, NOS2 expression levels were correlated with decreased DNA methylation in human breast tumors. NOS2 expression and NO signaling also resulted in long interspersed noncoding element 1 (LINE-1) retrotransposon hypomethylation, expression, and DNA damage. DNMT1 degradation was mediated by an NO/p38-MAPK/lysine acetyltransferase 5-dependent mechanism. Furthermore, we show that this mechanism is required for NO-mediated epithelial transformation. Therefore, we conclude that NOS2 and NO signaling results in DNA damage and malignant cellular transformation via an epigenetic mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Local tissue acidosis affects anti-tumor immunity. In contrast, data on tissue pH levels in infected tissues and their impact on antimicrobial activity is sparse. In this study, we assessed the pH levels in cutaneous Leishmania lesions. Leishmania major -infected skin tissue displayed pH levels of 6.7 indicating that lesional pH is acidic. Next, we tested the effect of low extracellular pH on the ability of macrophages to produce leishmanicidal NO and to fight the protozoan parasite Leishmania major. Extracellular acidification led to a marked decrease in both NO production and leishmanicidal activity of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon γ (IFN-γ)-coactivated macrophages. This was not directly caused by a disruption of NOS2 expression, a shortage of reducing equivalents (NAPDH) or substrate (L-arginine), but by a direct, pH-mediated inhibition of NOS2 enzyme activity. Normalization of intracellular pH significantly increased NO production and antiparasitic activity of macrophages even in an acidic microenvironment. Overall, these findings indicate that low local tissue pH can curtail NO production and leishmanicidal activity of macrophages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: NOS2 expression is mostly found in bacteria-exposed or cytokine-treated tissues and is mostly connected to innate immune reactions. There are three isoforms of NOS2 (NOS2-1 to -3). In RNA-seq data sets, analyzing inflammatory gene expression, only expression of the NOS2-1 mRNA isoform is detected. However, the expression of NOS2 in differentiating human pluripotent stems (hPSCs) has not been analyzed yet. Methods: Public available RNA-seq databases were screened for data of hPSCs during differentiation to different target cells. An isoform specific algorithm was used to analyze NOS2 mRNA isoform expression. In addition, we differentiated four different human iPSC cell lines toward cortical neurons and analyzed NOS2 mRNA expression by qRT-PCR and 5′-RACE. The functionality of the NOS2-2 protein was analyzed by transient transfection of expression clones in human DLD1 cells and nitrate measurement in the supernatant of these cells. Results: In RNA-seq databases we detected a transient expression of the NOS2 mRNA during the differentiation of hPSCs to cardiomyocytes, chondrocytes, mesenchymal stromal cells, neurons, syncytiotrophoblast cells, and trophoblasts. NOS2 mRNA isoform specific analyses showed, that the transiently expressed NOS2 mRNA in differentiating hPSC (NOS2-2; "diff-iNOS") differ remarkably from the already described NOS2 transcript found in colon or induced islets (NOS2-1; "immuno-iNOS"). Also, analysis of the NOS2 mRNA- and protein expression during the differentiation of four different hiPSC lines towards cortical neurons showed a transient expression of the NOS2 mRNA and NOS2 protein on day 18 of the differentiation course. 5′-RACE experiments and isoform specific qRT-PCR analyses revealed that only the NOS2-2 mRNA isoform was expressed in these experiments. To analyze the functionality of the NOS2-2 protein, we transfected human DLD-1 cells with tetracycline inducible expression clones encoding the NOS2-1- or -2 coding sequence. After induction of the NOS2-1 or -2 mRNA expression by tetracycline a similar nitrate production was measured proofing the functionality of the NOS2-2 protein isoform. Conclusions: Our data show that a differentiation specific NOS2 isoform (NOS2-2) is transiently expressed during differentiation of hPSC. 1uj3Epc_eyJHiftngx9Qfc Video Abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amani MT Gusti,1,2 Safaa Y Qusti,1 Suhad M Bahijri,3,4 Eman A Toraih,5,6 Samia Bokhari,7 Sami M Attallah,8,9 Abdulwahab Alzahrani,10 Wafaa MA Alshehri,11 Hawazin Alotaibi,12 Manal S Fawzy13,14 1Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; 2Department of Medical Laboratory, Biochemistry, King Fahad Armed Forces Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; 3Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; 4Saudi Diabetes Research Group, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; 5Department of Surgery, Tulane University, School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA; 6Department of Histology and Cell Biology (Genetics Unit), Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt; 7Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, King Fahd Armed Forces Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; 8Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; 9Department of Clinical Pathology, King Fahd Armed Forces Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; 10Department of Molecular Biology, King Fahd Armed Forces Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; 11Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Bisha, Al Namas, Saudi Arabia; 12Ministry of Health, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; 13Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt; 14Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Northern Border University, Arar, Kingdom of Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Manal S FawzyDepartment of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, EgyptTel + 20 1008584720Fax + 20 64 3216496Email manal_mohamed@med.suez.edu.egBackground: Deregulation of the antioxidant enzymes was implicated in pathogenesis and complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The data relate the genetic variants of these enzymes to T2DM are inconsistent among various populations.Purpose: We aimed to explore the association of 13 genetic variants of “superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS)” with T2DM susceptibility and the available clinical laboratory data.Subjects and Methods: A total of 384 individuals were enrolled in this work. Different genotypes of the genes mentioned above were characterized using TaqMan OpenArray Genotyping assays on a Real-Time polymerase chain reaction system.Results: After age- and sex-adjustment, among the studied 13 variants, GSTT1 rs17856199 was associated with T2DM under homozygote (OR=3.42; 95% CI:1.04– 11.2, p=0.031), and recessive (OR=3.57; 95% CI: 1.11– 11.4, p=0.029) comparison models. The NOS2 rs2297518*A allele was more frequent among the T2DM cohort (58.1% vs 35.4%, p< 0.001) and showed a dose-response effect; being heterozygote was associated with higher odds for developing DM (OR=4.06, 95% CI=2.13– 7.73, p< 0.001), whereas being AA homozygote had double the risk (OR=9.06, 95% CI=3.41– 24.1, p< 0.001). Combined NOS2 rs2297518*A and either GSTT1 rs17856199*A or *C genotype carriers were more likely to develop T2DM. Different associations with sex, BMI, hyperglycemia, and/or hyperlipidemia were evident. The principal component analysis revealed NOS2 rs2297518*G, old age, dyslipidemia, high systolic blood pressure, and elevated HbA1c were the main classifiers of T2DM patients.Conclusion: The oxidative stress-related molecular markers, GSTT1 rs17856199 and NOS2 rs2297518 variants were significantly associated with T2DM risk and phenotype in the study population.Keywords: single nucleotide polymorphism, GSTT1, NOS2, oxidative stress, T2DM

Abstract Background Small RNAs (sRNAs) extensively mediate gene‐specific chromatin regulation in lower organisms. As a dominant type of functional sRNAs in mature mammals, microRNAs mainly regulate gene expression at post‐transcription level in the cytoplasm. Currently, whether there exists a type of nuclear‐localized sRNAs mediating gene‐specific epigenetic regulation in mature mammalian cells remains largely unclear. Here, we profiled sRNAs enriched in the nucleus and investigated their function in mediating gene‐specific epigenetic regulation in anti‐tumor immunity. Methods We established cytoplasmic and nuclear transcriptomes of sRNAs of dendritic cells (DCs) using high‐throughput sequencing. Transcription abundances of sRNAs and mRNAs were analyzed by reverse transcription‐quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR) assay. The associations between sRNAs and Argonaute (AGO) proteins were detected by RNA immunoprecipitation analysis. Synthesized sRNAs and locked nucleic acid (LNA) ‐modified sRNA inhibitors were used to screen the function of sRNAs in innate immune cells. The effect of sRNA on the enrichment of either chromatin remodeler or histone modification at the gene promoter was analyzed by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)‐qPCR assay. Chromatin accessibility qPCR assay was used to detect the accessibility of gene promoters. A B16 melanoma‐bearing mouse model was established to determine the function of sRNAs in tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs) and their effect on tumor growth. Results We identified a new class of nucleus‐localized sRNAs, named snRNA/snoRNA‐derived nuclear RNAs (sdnRNAs). Some sdnRNAs were Dicer‐independent and had no association with Argonaute proteins. sdnRNA‐3, the most abundant Dicer‐independent sdnRNAs identified in our analysis, was selected as a representative to examine the biological function of sdnRNAs. sdnRNA‐3 selectively inhibited the transcription of Nos2 in macrophages during innate immune response by repressing the chromatin accessibility at Nos2 gene promoter. sdnRNA‐3 promoted the enrichments of repressive chromatin‐remodeling regulator Mi‐2β and the repressive histone modification H3K27me3 at Nos2 gene promoter. In the B16 melanoma mouse model, we found higher expression of sdnRNA‐3 in M2 TAMs than M1 TAMs and DCs. Transfer of sdnRNA‐3‐silenced macrophages inhibited tumor growth with increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in TAMs. Conclusions Our results demonstrated that the sdnRNA‐3 repressed the transcription of Nos2 by repressing chromatin accessibility at the promoter, providing new insights into the regulation of macrophage function in tumor immunity.

Local tissue acidosis affects anti-tumor immunity. In contrast, data on tissue pH levels in infected tissues and their impact on antimicrobial activity is sparse. In this study, we assessed the pH levels in cutaneous Leishmania lesions. Leishmania major-infected skin tissue displayed pH levels of 6.7 indicating that lesional pH is acidic. Next, we tested the effect of low extracellular pH on the ability of macrophages to produce leishmanicidal NO and to fight the protozoan parasite Leishmania major. Extracellular acidification led to a marked decrease in both NO production and leishmanicidal activity of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon γ (IFN-γ)-coactivated macrophages. This was not directly caused by a disruption of NOS2 expression, a shortage of reducing equivalents (NAPDH) or substrate (L-arginine), but by a direct, pH-mediated inhibition of NOS2 enzyme activity. Normalization of intracellular pH significantly increased NO production and antiparasitic activity of macrophages even in an acidic microenvironment. Overall, these findings indicate that low local tissue pH can curtail NO production and leishmanicidal activity of macrophages.

Desmopressin (dDAVP) is the best characterized analogue of vasopressin, the endocrine regulator of water balance endowed with potent vasoconstrictive effects. Despite the use of dDAVP in clinical practice, ranging from the treatment of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus to bleeding disorders, much remains to be understood about the impact of the drug on endothelial phenotype. The aim of this study was, thus, to evaluate the effects of desmopressin on the viability and function of human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HLMVECs). The results obtained demonstrate that the vasopressor had no cytotoxic effect on the endothelium; similarly, no sign of endothelial activation was induced by dDAVP, indicated by the lack of effect on the expression of inflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules. Conversely, the drug significantly stimulated the production of nitric oxide (NO) and the expression of the inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase, NOS2/iNOS. Since the intracellular level of cAMP also increased, we can hypothesize that NO release is consequent to the activation of the vasopressin receptor 2 (V2R)/guanylate cyclase (Gs)/cAMP axis. Given the multifaceted role of NOS2-deriving NO for many physio-pathological conditions, the meanings of these findings in HLMVECs appears intriguing and deserves to be further addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective(s): As a multifunctional molecule, NO has different effects on liver injury. The present work aimed to investigate the effects of Nos2 knockout (KO) on acute liver injury in aged mice treated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Materials and Methods: The acute liver injury model was produced by CCl4 at 10 ml/kg body weight in 24-month-old Nos2 KO mice and wild type (WT) mice groups. The histological changes, transaminase and glutathione (GSH) contents, and the expressions of liver function genes superoxide dismutase (SOD2) and butyrylcholinesterase (BCHE), as well as apoptosis- and inflammation-associated genes were detected at 0, 6, 16, 20, 28, and 48 hr, respectively. Results: Compared with WT aged mice, there are more fat droplets in liver tissues of Nos2 KO aged mice, and the serum levels of ALT and AST were elevated in the KO group; in addition, there was a decrease in the expression of SOD2 and BCHE and GSH content at multiple time-points. Furthermore, the expression of apoptosis protein CASPASE-3 was elevated from 20 to 48 hr, the same as CASPASE-9 at 28 and 48 hr and pro-apoptotic protein BAX at 6 and 28 hr, while the expression of apoptosis inhibitory protein BCL2 declined at 6 and 28 hr; at the same time the mRNA expressions of genes related to inflammation were increased at different extents in liver extracts of Nos2 KO aged mice. Conclusion: Nos2 KO exacerbated liver injury probably by elevated oxidative stress, apoptosis and inflammation response in CCl4-induced aged mice liver intoxication model.

Abstract Background Increasing evidence has suggested that a single nucleotide polymorphism in the Ncf1 gene is associated with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). However, the mechanisms of NCF1-induced immunoregulatory effects remain poorly understood. In this study, we focus on NCF1 deficiency-mediated effects on EAE in NOS2 dependent and independent ways. Methods To determine the effects of NCF1 and NOS2 during EAE development, we have established recombinant mouse strains deficient at NCF1 and/or NOS2 in a crossbreeding system. Different strains allow us to examine the entire course of the disease in the Nos2-null mice bearing a Ncf1 gene that encodes a mutated NCF1, deficient in triggering oxidative burst, after immunization with recombinant myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)79-96 peptides. The peptide-induced innate and adaptive immune responses were analyzed by flow cytometry. Results NCF1-deficient mice developed a reduced susceptibility to EAE, whereas NCF1-NOS2 double-deficient mice developed an enhanced EAE, as compared with NOS2-deficient mice. Flow cytometry analyses show that double deficiencies resulted in an increase of neutrophils in the spleen, accompanied with higher release of interleukin-1β in neutrophils prior to EAE onset. The additional deficiency in NCF1 had no added effect on either interleukin-17 or interferon-γ secretion of T cells during the priming phase. Conclusions These studies show that NCF1 and NOS2 interact to regulate peptide-induced EAE.

Meniscus injuries are highly prevalent, and both meniscus injury and subsequent surgery are linked to the development of post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA). Although the pathogenesis of PTOA remains poorly understood, the inflammatory cytokine IL-1 is elevated in synovial fluid following acute knee injuries and causes degradation of meniscus tissue and inhibits meniscus repair. Dynamic mechanical compression of meniscus tissue improves integrative meniscus repair in the presence of IL-1 and dynamic tensile strain modulates the response of meniscus cells to IL-1. Despite the promising observed effects of physiologic mechanical loading on suppressing inflammatory responses of meniscus cells, there is a lack of knowledge on the global effects of loading on meniscus transcriptomic profiles. In this study, we compared two established models of physiologic mechanical stimulation, dynamic compression of tissue explants and cyclic tensile stretch of isolated meniscus cells, to identify conserved responses to mechanical loading. RNA sequencing was performed on loaded and unloaded meniscus tissue or isolated cells from inner and outer zones, with and without IL-1. Overall, results from both models showed significant modulation of inflammation-related pathways with mechanical stimulation. Anti-inflammatory effects of loading were well-conserved between the tissue compression and cell stretch models for inner zone; however, the cell stretch model resulted in a larger number of differentially regulated genes. Our findings on the global transcriptomic profiles of two models of mechanical stimulation lay the groundwork for future mechanistic studies of meniscus mechanotransduction, which may lead to the discovery of novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of meniscus injuries.

When the expression of NOS2 in M1-polarized macrophages is induced, huge amounts of nitric oxide (•NO) are produced from arginine and molecular oxygen as the substrates. While anti-microbial action is the primary function of M1 macrophages, excessive activation may result in inflammation being aggravated. The reaction of •NO with superoxide produces peroxynitrite, which is highly toxic to cells. Alternatively, however, this reaction eliminates radial electrons and may occasionally alleviate subsequent radical-mediated damage. Reactions of •NO with lipid radicals terminates the radical chain reaction in lipid peroxidation, which leads to the suppression of ferroptosis. •NO is involved in the metabolic remodeling of M1 macrophages. Enzymes in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, notably aconitase 2, as well as respiratory chain enzymes, are preferential targets of •NO derivatives. Ornithine, an alternate compound produced from arginine instead of citrulline and •NO, is recruited to synthesize polyamines. Itaconate, which is produced from the remodeled TCA cycle, and polyamines function as defense systems against overresponses of M1 macrophages in a feedback manner. Herein, we overview the protective aspects of •NO against radical species and the autoregulatory systems that are enabled by metabolic remodeling in M9-polarized macrophages.

Nitric oxide (NO) reacts with superoxide to produce peroxynitrite, a potent oxidant and reportedly exerts cytotoxic action. Herein we validated the hypothesis that interaction of NO with superoxide exerts protection against superoxide toxicity using macrophages from mice with a knockout (KO) of inducible NO synthase (NOS2) and superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), either individually or both. While no difference was observed in viability between wild-type (WT) and NOS2KO macrophages, SOD1KO and SOD1-and NOS2-double knockout (DKO) macrophages were clearly vulnerable and cell death was observed within four days. A lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment induced the formation of NOS2, which resulted in NO production in WT and these levels were even higher in SOD1KO macrophages. The viability of the DKO macrophages but not SOD1KO macrophages were decreased by the LPS treatment. Supplementation of NOC18, a NO donor, improved the viability of SOD1KO and DKO macrophages both with and without the LPS treatment. The NOS2 inhibitor nitro-l-arginine methyl ester consistently decreased the viability of LPS-treated SOD1KO macrophages but not WT macrophages. Thus, in spite of the consequent production of peroxynitrite in LPS-stimulated macrophages, the coordinated elevation of NO appears to exert anti-oxidative affects by coping with superoxide cytotoxicity upon conditions of inflammatory stimuli.

This study aimed to unravel the regulatory role of noncoding RNAs (ncRNA) on the nitric oxide (NO) machinery system in triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients and to further assess the influence of NO‐modulating ncRNAs on TNBC progression, immunogenic profile, and the tumor microenvironment (TME). The results revealed miR‐939‐5p and lncRNA HEIH as novel ncRNAs modulating NO machinery in TNBC. MiR‐939‐5p, an underexpressed microRNA (miRNA) in BC patients, showed an inhibitory effect on NOS2 and NOS3 transcript levels on TNBC cells. In contrast, HEIH was found to be markedly upregulated in TNBC patients and showed a modulatory role on miR‐939‐5p/NOS2/NO axis. Functionally, miR‐939‐5p was characterized as a tumor suppressor miRNA while HEIH was categorized as a novel oncogenic lncRNA in TNBC. Finally, knocking down of HEIH resulted in improvement of immunogenic profile of TNBC cells through inducing MICA/B and suppressing the immune checkpoint inhibitor PDL1. In the same context, knockdown of HEIH resulted in the alleviation of the immune‐suppressive TME by repressing interleukin‐10 and tumor necrosis factor‐α levels. In conclusion, this study identifies miR‐939‐5p as a tumor suppressor miRNA while HEIH as an oncogenic lncRNA exhibiting its effect through miR‐939‐5p/NOS2/NO axis. Therefore, repressing BC hallmarks, improving TNBC immunogenic profile, and trimming TME. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The β-cell response to injury may be as critical for the development of diabetes as the specific insult. In the current study, we used streptozotocin (S TZ) to injure the β-cell in order to study the response with a focus on NFκB. MIN6 cells were exposed to STZ (0.5-8 mM, 0-24h) ±TNFα (100 ng/mL) and ±IκBβ siRNA to lower the threshold to NFκB activation. Cell viability was determined by trypan blue exclusion. NFκB activation was determined by the expression of the target genes Nos2 and Cxcl10, localization of the NFκB proteins p65 and p50, and expression and localization of the NFκB inhibitors, IκBβ and IκBa. There was no NFκB activation in MIN6 cell exposed to STZ (2 mM) alone. However, knocking down IκBβ expression using siRNA resulted in STZ-induced expression of NFκB target genes and increased cell death, while co-incubation with STZ and TNFα enhanced cell death compared to either exposure alone. Adult male IκBβ-/- and WT mice were exposed to STZ and monitored for diabetes. The IκBβ-/- mice developed hyperglycemia and diabetes more frequently than contr ols following STZ exposure. Based on these results we conclude that STZ exposure alone does not induce NFκB activity. However, lowering the threshold to NFκB activation by co-incubation with TNFα or lowering IκBβ levels by siRNA sensitizes the NFκB response to STZ and results in a higher likelihood of developing diabetes in vivo. Therefore, increasing the threshold to NFκB activation through stabilizing NFκB inhibitory proteins may prevent β-cell injury and the development of diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leprosy is a chronic granulomatous infectious disease caused by the pathogen, Mycobacterium leprae, and the more recently discovered, M. lepromatosis. Described in 1873, M. leprae was among the first microorganisms to be proposed as a cause of a human infectious disease. As an obligate intracellular bacterium, it has still not thus far been reproducibly cultivated in axenic medium or cell cultures. Shepard's mouse footpad assay, therefore, was truly a breakthrough in leprosy research. The generation of immunosuppressed and genetically engineered mice, along with advances in molecular and cellular techniques, has since offered more tools for the study of the M. leprae–induced granuloma. While far from perfect, these new mouse models have provided insights into the immunoregulatory mechanisms responsible for the spectrum of this complex disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are a heterogeneous population of cells that possess multilineage differentiation potential and extensive immunomodulatory properties. In mice and rats, MSCs produce nitric oxide (NO), as immunomodulatory effector molecule that exerts an antiproliferative effect on T cells, while the role of NO in differentiation was less clear. Here, we investigated the role of NO synthase 2 (NOS2) on adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation of rat MSCs. MSCs isolated from NOS2-null (NOS2–/–) and wild type (WT) Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats exhibited homogenous fibroblast-like morphology and characteristic phenotypes. However, after induction, adipogenic differentiation was found significantly promoted in NOS2–/– MSCs compared to WT MSCs, but not in osteogenic differentiation. Accordingly, qRT-PCR revealed that the adipogenesis-related genes PPAR-γ, C/EBP-α, LPL and FABP4 were markedly upregulated in NOS2–/– MSCs, but not for osteogenic transcription factors or marker genes. Further investigations revealed that the significant enhancement of adipogenic differentiation in NOS2–/– MSCs was due to overactivation of the STAT3 signaling pathway. Both AG490 and S3I-201, small molecule inhibitors that selectively inhibit STAT3 activation, reversed this adipogenic effect. Furthermore, after high-fat diet (HFD) feeding, knockout of NOS2 in rat MSCs resulted in significant obesity. In summary, NOS2 is involved in the regulation of rat MSC adipogenic differentiation via the STAT3 signaling pathway.

Desmopressin (dDAVP) is the best characterized analogue of vasopressin, the endocrine regulator of water balance endowed with potent vasoconstrictive effects. Despite the use of dDAVP in clinical practice, ranging from the treatment of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus to bleeding disorders, much remains to be understood about the impact of the drug on endothelial phenotype. The aim of this study was, thus, to evaluate the effects of desmopressin on the viability and function of human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HLMVECs). The results obtained demonstrate that the vasopressor had no cytotoxic effect on the endothelium; similarly, no sign of endothelial activation was induced by dDAVP, indicated by the lack of effect on the expression of inflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules. Conversely, the drug significantly stimulated the production of nitric oxide (NO) and the expression of the inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase, NOS2/iNOS. Since the intracellular level of cAMP also increased, we can hypothesize that NO release is consequent to the activation of the vasopressin receptor 2 (V2R)/guanylate cyclase (Gs)/cAMP axis. Given the multifaceted role of NOS2-deriving NO for many physio-pathological conditions, the meanings of these findings in HLMVECs appears intriguing and deserves to be further addressed.