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Türkiye with its multifaceted soft power, it aspires to strengthen its influence throughout the surrounding countries of the Arabian Gulf. Türkiye is applying the maximum prominent cultural and educational diplomatic strategies for boosting knowledge and cooperation to preserve its impact inside the Gulf location. By establishing the Yunus Emre Institutes (YEE), the implementation of cultural and educational activities, the ties between Türkiye and the member states of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) has been reinforced. As a result of the world's rapid change soft power has become essential in the international arena. This article significantly assesses Türkiye's soft power tasks in the GCC area and its implication on the Arabian Gulf regional dynamics. It examines Türkiye's public diplomacy initiatives in the GCC through cultural and educational diplomacies on domestic and regional attitudes.

In both the educational and business environments, two trends may be inarguable. The difference between the demand of technology positions as compared to the number of people majoring or interested in technology-based careers. Secondly, the education environment is radically changing in several aspects including a high number of undecided majors entering undergraduate institutions as well as the ability of skills development by higher education students entering the marketplace. The recent and historic attention in artificial intelligence and machine learning technology may have an impact on both a change in the demand for total positions and interest in technology-based careers. This research study will investigate the attitudes and perceptions of first-year college students over four academic years to determine changes. Six of the factors studied were found to have significant differences between the research period: attitude, job availability, personal image, social image, subjective norm and intent to major. The intent to major has remained consistently low for three of the four years. The implications from this research will provide insight to both business organizations for recruiting as well as all educational institutions.

Educational disparities are one of the most essential issues surrounding education and equity. Previous research includes many empirical studies which have been conducted to eliminate educational disparities. However, the normative question "Why do educational disparities matter?" has not been carefully examined in empirical studies on educational disparities. This question can be answered based on the value of fairness. But what is fairness? Is it enough if a fair educational system is realized? Based on the above concerns, this paper examines the value of fairness, which is a normative assumption of studies on educational disparities. The paper confirms that the value of fairness behind the argument "educational disparities should be corrected" can be clarified and justified by luck egalitarianism, and clarifies the problems associated with pursuing fairness by examining Elizabeth Anderson's critique of luck egalitarianism. Specifically, the paper focuses on the harshness objection and the humiliation objection. It shows that, even if fairness in education is achieved, it may not result in an ideal education for all, because it may leave some children in a harsh situation and humiliate them in the process of providing compensation through redistribution. The paper then discusses three values that should be added to fairness: fresh start, sufficiency, and respect. After that, it discusses why these values are important and what issues should be considered in future empirical research on educational disparities. The paper also presents suggestions toward examining the problems of meritocracy.

In China, the prevalence of academic dishonesty has attracted considerable negative attention. One explanation for observed differences is found in cultural norms around the acceptability of individual unethical academic behaviors. The establishment of international cooperative universities in China presents a unique challenge for educators and administrators due to cultural differences in practices around academic integrity. This is especially relevant in the context of Sino-American universities due to increased tolerance and decreased training concerning plagiarism in Chinese education relative to the USA. The unique academic experience of bilingual Chinese students enrolled in Sino-American universities presents an opportunity to investigate whether academic experience in English influences attitudes and behaviors around academic integrity. Drawing from research on the foreign language effect, the present study tested the hypothesis that knowledge, and by extension behavior, associated with academic integrity is bound to the English language. Mandarin-English bilingual university students (n = 106) completed both objective and self-report assessments of language experience and responded to two dilemmas designed to mirror commonly experienced academic scenarios presented in either Mandarin or English. We identified a modulatory role of English proficiency with higher levels associated with a lower likelihood of academically dishonest behavior. Additional findings support that separable dimensions of English experience interact to modulate responses to academic dilemmas. Findings suggest that higher levels of English proficiency may reflect higher access to Western norms around academic integrity.

It is widely acknowledged that there is an awarding gap in higher education, with proportionally more White students achieving a good honours degree compared to their minoritized ethnic counterparts. Furthermore, the gap is largest between Black and White students, hence necessitating initiatives to understand the perspectives of Black students on perceived reasons for the awarding gap. Thus, the present study aimed to explore the perspectives of Black undergraduate Psychology students through the use of qualitative methodology. Sixteen participants took part in two focus groups, which were transcribed verbatim, and thematic analysis was employed to analyse the data. Self-determination theory provided a framework for contextualising the findings. Three main themes emerged, with participants describing being exposed to signals of unbelonging such as negative racial stereotypes and microaggressions. Within this theme, they discussed their responses to these signals of unbelonging, such as conforming to perceived White norms in an effort to belong and feel 'normal'. Participants also highlighted the role played by parental influence and relationships on their academic experience. They also discussed experiences with university tutors that were deemed unfavourable. Together, the racialised experiences identified threatened the fulfilment of their needs for competence, autonomy and relatedness. It is thus imperative that higher education institutions actively engage their Black and minoritized ethnic students in order to understand their experiences and foster a sense of belonging at university. Furthermore, the findings regarding parental influence provide an opportunity for structural redress through widening participation efforts and adequate pastoral support.

The importance of entrepreneurship in socio-economic development is increasingly present, not only in the papers of researchers but also in the minds of policymakers. In fact, entrepreneurship education has received a lot of attention because of the role it can play in stimulating entrepreneurial intention among students. Given that the tourism and hospitality industry is the economic sector most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, this paper examines the relationship between entrepreneurship education and tourism entrepreneurial intention and reveals the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the entrepreneurial intention of students in tourism. Survey data was collected from 502 Moroccan students studying hospitality and tourism and analyzed using SEM-PLS. Our findings show a non-significant effect of entrepreneurial education on tourism entrepreneurial intention in the COVID-19 era. The results also reveal a significant negative effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the entrepreneurial intentions of students in tourism.

This study investigated novice mathematics teachers participating in an online teacher education course focused on covariational reasoning and understanding the behavior of functions. The analysis centered on documenting the emergence of participants' sociomathematical norms for engaging in online asynchronous discussions. In this paper, we characterized participants' initial mathematical discourse and documented two emergent sociomathematical norms, namely "explaining why" and "emergent shape discourse." When participants "explained why," they used specific quantities or symbolic representations of functions to justify why function graphs have particular visual features. When participants engaged in "emergent shape discourse," they coordinated change between covarying quantities to justify why function graphs behave in certain ways. This study provides evidence that online settings can provide context for mathematics teachers engaging in legitimate collaborative mathematical activity and that activity can be enhanced by participation in discourse featuring specific sociomathematical norms. We discuss conjectures regarding the potential of reflective discussion activities paired with the Notice and Wonder Framework to support the emergence of generative sociomathematical norms. We also discuss potential relationships between characteristics of participants' mathematical discourse and their membership with the core and periphery of a social network.

The concept of identity has been used to interrogate a wide range of topics about children's learning in the content areas, including learning in literacy, math, and science. Despite this, there is a paucity of attention to how the construct of identities is conceptualized across content areas. This systematic integrative review aims to develop an empirically grounded view of how identities are conceptualized in childhood across content areas and to consider the feasibility of a shared conception of content area identities. To do this, the review examines 66 articles on content area identities in early childhood and childhood (birth through Grade 5). Findings show diverse theories are used to examine content area identities in children and at the same time significant consensus in the underlying assumptions about what content area identities are and how they develop. These findings suggest that researchers move away from the current siloed approach to content area identity research and toward a more connected field of study.

Research communities across disciplines recognize the need to diversify and decolonize knowledge. While artificial intelligence-supported large language models (LLMs) can help with access to knowledge generated in the Global North and demystify publication practices, they are still biased toward dominant norms and knowledge paradigms. LLMs lack agency, metacognition, knowledge of the local context, and understanding of how the human language works. These limitations raise doubts regarding their ability to develop the kind of rhetorical flexibility that is necessary for adapting writing to ever-changing contexts and demands. Thus, LLMs are likely to drive both language use and knowledge construction towards homogeneity and uniformity, reproducing already existing biases and structural inequalities. Since their output is based on shallow statistical associations, what these models are unable to achieve to the same extent as humans is linguistic creativity, particularly across languages, registers, and styles. This is the area where key stakeholders in academic publishing--authors, reviewers, and editors--have the upper hand, as our applied linguistics community strives to increase multilingual practices in knowledge production.

Instructors manage several tensions as they engage students in defining, conjecturing, and proving, including building on students' contributions while maintaining the integrity of certain mathematical norms. This paper presents a case study of a teacher-researcher who was particularly skilled in balancing these tensions in a laboratory setting. We introduce sociomathematical scaffolding, which refers to the scaffolding of normative aspects for mathematical discourse. We found that the teacher-researcher's sociomathematical scaffolding entailed inquiring into the students' intended meaning of their draft and then supporting students in revising their draft to adhere to mathematical norms. We illustrate this pattern in three episodes in which the teacher-researcher supported a pair of students to revise their drafted (1) definition of unbounded above sequences, (2) conjecture of the Archimedean Property, and (3) proof by contraction of the Archimedean Property.

Educational change efforts that prioritize equity for multilingual learners (MLs) require attention to several interconnected components of the education system. We build on prior literature and our collective research to clarify the concept of "shared responsibility" for ML students and to operationalize the concept at the school, district, and state levels. Drawing on institutional theory and a racialized organizations lens, we argue that shared responsibility is embedded in the mindsets, norms, and structures that shape education systems. We also attend to the complexities of fostering shared responsibility in practice, such as grappling with pervasive educator burnout and developing innovative strategies that span levels of the system. We conclude with directions for future research, including studies examining effective approaches for shifting the mindsets, norms, and routines comprising shared responsibility, and recommendations for researchers to play a more active role in shaping shared responsibility for ML students.

The modern apprenticeship system is an essential strategy for human resources development in China. It is the institutional carrier for training high-level technical and skilled talents. Based on the perspective of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), a survey of 495 first-year college students' willingness and behavior to participate in modern apprenticeship in N vocational college in Jiangsu Province found that perceived benefits, prescriptive norms, exemplary norms, external conditions, and self-efficacy have significant positive effects on college students' willingness to participate in modern apprenticeship. Behavioral willingness and external conditions have a significant positive impact on college students' participation in modern apprenticeship. Situational factors have a significant positive moderating effect on college students' willingness and behavior to participate in modern apprenticeship. For this reason, the article proposes the following actions to push on modern apprenticeship. We should establish a high-quality employment security mechanism to enhance the inherent attraction of modern apprenticeship, attach importance to career planning education to improve students' self-cognition, pay attention to career cognition education to enhance students' career development awareness, improve the modern apprenticeship "1+X" certificate system to enhance college students' sense of academic achievement.

Background: A well-developed proprioceptive system is essential for motor control, muscle tone and voluntary movements. Sound proprioceptive development of young children can positively influence their motor abilities, while adequate movement abilities consequently form a strong foundation for young children entering the formal school setting. Aim: This study aimed to establish normal ranges for proprioceptive tasks in 6-year-old children. Setting: This study was conducted in the Mangaung, Motheo district, including 10 schools from five different quintiles. Methods: One hundred and ninety-three, 6-year-old participants (mean: 6.46, SD 0.27 years) were included in the study, of which 97 (50.3%) were boys and 96 (49.7%) were girls. Five field-appropriate tasks were identified to establish participants' proprioceptive abilities. Statistical analysis was largely descriptive of nature, and normal ranges were established based on the interquintile range of each task, which represented the middle 50% of data (between the 25th and 75th percentiles). Results: Normal ranges were identified as follows: 6-10 successful repetitions for the Angels-in-the-snow task; 22-30 s for the Rhomberg task; two to three successful repetitions per arm for the finger-to-nose task; two to four successful repetitions for the shoulder-level-arm raise (both arms and preferred arm), one to four successful repetitions for the shoulder-level-arm raise (non-preferred arm) and correct identification during the force perception task. Conclusion: Most tasks had a ceiling effect, and thus it is necessary for practitioners to use these established normal ranges of proprioceptive tasks for 6-year-olds to identify children with proprioceptive difficulties. Contribution: Proprioceptive difficulties of 6-year-olds can be identified using the normal ranges established.

Low-income college students face costly moral choices between pursuing their personal academic success and fulfilling their family responsibilities. They almost certainly face these choices more frequently and at greater personal cost than their faculty recognize. This article explores the sources and nature of that professorial lacuna; the article argues that this moral oversight results from the fact that middle-class people and low-income people often practice family in subtly but significantly different ways. They tend to emphasize different moral norms (independence vs. mutual aid) which shape the qualitative nature of college students' obligations within their families. They also tend to utilize different family structures (nuclear vs. complex and extended) which create quantitative differences in the number of people to whom family responsibilities can attach. The paper ends with a practical implications section that discusses ways to address this lacuna so instructors can gain insight about their students' familial obligations.

With the study reported on here we aimed to determine what learners perceived as normative in the mathematics classroom. For this reason, we focused on negotiation of the problem solutions and we attempted to determine the sociomathematical norms perceived by learners (SNPS). Audio recordings of dialogues among learners, individual reports, and interviews were used as data collection instruments. The research participants were learners in the seventh grade. The study was conducted over a period of 10 weeks covering the second semester of the academic year. Three SNPS (functionality, inclusiveness, connectivity) regarding the legitimacy of the solutions were determined. The determined norms contributed to the understanding of learners' mathematical preferences, thus bringing more inclusive and complementary understanding about the norms perceived by the learners to the literature. It has been observed that learning opportunities emerging through the negotiation of norms contribute to collective mathematics learning by shaping the interaction among class members. In this context, it was deemed necessary to continue research on norms perceived by learners to create general ideas of mathematics learning and teaching.

Objective: The Theory of Planned Behavior has been applied to COVID-19 protective behaviors, but evidence suggests this theory may be less predictive over time and less valid in individualistic societies. The current study applied this theory among American college students as vaccines became available and added perceived risk. Participants: 242 undergraduate students at two universities. Methods: Participants completed an online survey and analyses were conducted using PROCESS. Results: Perceived risk was indirectly related to protective behavior via intentions which were significantly impacted by positive attitudes, descriptive norms, and perceived behavioral control. Conclusions: Even within an individualistic culture and when vaccines were becoming available, the Theory of Planned Behavior predicts protective behaviors. Including risk perception also furthers understanding of this theory by identifying one factor related to norms and perceived behavioral control. These results may inform the design of interventions designed to increase compliance with pandemic-related policies and other positive behaviors.

Focusing on Indonesia's case, this research discusses how booming internet use impacts students' faith, functioning as both threat and opportunity concerning students' religious inherency and sustainable religious education (RE). This qualitative study analyses six public junior high schools and 48 interviewed participants. To reveal various religions' views, the participants belong to six recognised religions in Indonesia: Islam, Christianity (Protestant), Catholicism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confucianism. According to thematic analysis, the findings show that teachers and students face challenges in the early shift to online RE, such as technical problems and learning ineffectiveness. These challenges impede student understanding, study preparation and learning motivation, resulting in decreased social skills, lack of communication, declining faith, and weak religious inherency. However, the internet fostered RE continuity during the pandemic, especially contributing to the time efficiency of RE. Therefore, this research formulates the concept of tri-centred religious education, which integrates the roles of family, school, and society to create the students' self-control. Religious values and social norms should be connected to strengthen students' religious inherency.

Understanding what constitutes learning across working life and how negotiating worklife transitions can be best supported has never been more important for working age adults, their workplaces and communities. The kinds and frequencies of changes in occupational and workplace requirements have consequences for personal goals, workplace viability and communities' economic and social wellbeing. Hence, for both individual and societal purposes we need to elaborate the goals for and processes of that learning and what constitutes educative worklife experiences. Drawing on a three-phase investigation of adults' worklife learning the kinds and qualities of the educative experiences directly or indirectly guiding, supporting and extending individuals' learning and development are elaborated. This includes pathways of experiences across working life: personal curriculums. The paper reports and discusses the data from: (i) worklife narratives and follow-up interviews, and (ii) 18-month monitoring of work and learning of a cohort of workers. It furthers the case for viewing lifelong learning and lifelong education as being distinct and sperate phenomena, the interdependence among the contributions of adults, their educational experiences and those provided by their communities, leading to the explanatory concepts of personal curriculum and educative experiences to illuminate and elaborate learning and development across working life.

In this theoretical paper, I bring together work on structural, racial, and affective gaslighting to turn attention to 'affective injustice' as a distinct kind of injustice suffered by victims of racial gaslighting in educational settings. Under this conceptual framework, it is possible to explore how education spaces facilitate racial gaslighting as a form of affective injustice -- from the intentional prejudices of individuals (students and educators) to the unconscious biases and insidious norms that allow the production of racialized practices and pathologize students and educators of color for their resistance against white supremacy. I argue that a social and political theory of racial gaslighting in education offers an opportunity to identify and analyze how gaslighting mobilizes racialized stereotypes and structural inequalities to perpetuate affective injustice against marginalized educators and students. The paper concludes with a discussion of the theoretical and pedagogical implications of examining racial gaslighting in education.

Objective: Among two-year college students, alcohol and marijuana use, related consequences, and risk factors for use are not well understood. We examined differences between two- and four-year students in alcohol and marijuana use, consequences, and perceived descriptive norms, and explored whether two-year status moderated associations between norms and use. Participants: Data were drawn from a cross-sectional subsample of two- and four-year students aged 18-23 (n = 517) participating in a longitudinal study on alcohol use. Results: Four-year students reported greater alcohol use and consequences than two-year students; two-year students reported greater marijuana use than four-year students. Perceived alcohol and marijuana norms were positively related with use; two-year status did not moderate these associations. Conclusions: Perceived alcohol and marijuana norms function similarly for two- and four-year students in terms of associations to actual use. Adapting normative interventions for two-year students may be an effective strategy for reducing high-risk use among this underserved population.

While technological advances have led to digital transformation in many higher education institutions (HEIs), digital divide, especially among students in developing nations, is becoming a growing concern. This study aims to investigate the use of digital technology among B40 students (students from the lower socioeconomic backgrounds) in Malaysian HEIs. Specifically, this study intends to investigate how perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control, as well as gratification constructs significantly affect digital usage among B40 students in Malaysian HEIs. This study used the quantitative research method with an online questionnaire which received 511 responses. SPSS was employed for demographic analysis, while Smart PLS software was used for structural model measurements. This study was based on two theories: planned behaviour theory and uses and gratification theory. The results showed that perceived usefulness and subjective norms significantly influenced the digital usage of the B40 students. In addition, all three gratification constructs indicated a positive effect on the students' digital usage.

The ethical guidelines for the American Evaluation Association and the principles of community-based participatory evaluation both state the importance of equitable stakeholder involvement. Regardless of the evaluation approach, however, evaluators are often confronted with gatekeepers, or those who control the access to stakeholders, information, or resources. Gatekeepers limit both the participation of key community members and, therefore, the exchange of relevant information related to the evaluation - a process called gatekeeping. Little research attention has been placed on studying gatekeeping, resulting in a dearth of knowledge about the influence of gatekeeping on stakeholder-engaged evaluations and social-structural dynamics that potentially perpetuate gatekeeping practices. In this article, we propose a gatekeeping influence theory grounded in the findings from 14 interviews. With a constructed theory of gatekeeping, we document the emergent social-structural and relational dynamics involved in stakeholder-engaged evaluation, with a focus on evaluations that include community partners and members.

The omnipresence of multiple crisis diagnoses in contemporary public discourse deeply affects religious education (RE). At first sight, this does not seem to be surprising, insofar as it corresponds to the pedagogical ambition to meaningfully respond to challenges in the lifeworld of learners. Yet, what happens when current phenomena are framed as crisis? Prior to asking the question how RE responds to a particular crisis, one might consider the way in which the perception of reality as crisis emerges and works. Against this background, the paper investigates the use of 'crisis' in RE discourse since 1975. We consider developments up to 2019 using an evenly distributed, diachronic random sample of 485 papers from English RE journals, and then compare this with a synchronic corpus of 31 papers around the emergence of the Covid pandemic. With reference to critical political theory, crises are interpreted as part of normative orders that structure the perception of the respective present. Methodologically, we follow the approach of a corpus-assisted critical discourse analysis. Results show how RE discourse frames its perception of the present by means of diagnosing crises. A critical examination of corresponding attributions and implications opens spaces for alternative ways of thinking and acting.

Experimental psychology is witnessing an increase in research on individual differences, which requires the development of new tasks that can reliably assess variations among participants. To do this, cognitive researchers need statistical methods that many researchers have not learned during their training. The lack of expertise can pose challenges not only in designing good, new tasks but also in evaluating tasks developed by others. To bridge the gap, this article provides an overview of test psychology applied to performance tasks, covering fundamental concepts such as standardization, reliability, norming and validity. It provides practical guidelines for developing and evaluating experimental tasks, as well as for combining tasks to better understand individual differences. To further address common misconceptions, the article lists 11 prevailing myths. The purpose of this guide is to provide experimental psychologists with the knowledge and tools needed to conduct rigorous and insightful studies of individual differences.

Cooking at home is associated with health benefits, and 10- and 11-year-old children are capable of participating in meal preparation. However, opportunities for children to cook at home have declined. This study aimed to identify determinants of the frequency and the intention to cook at home in fifth graders using the Theory of Planned Behavior as a framework with quantitative methodology. A total of 241 participants across five elementary schools of the Chaudière-Appalaches region (Quebec, Canada) took part in this correlational study. Data were collected via a self-administered questionnaire based on the Theory of Planned Behavior. Regression analyses led to the identification of determinants of frequency and intention to cook at home. More than two-thirds of participants (69%) declared having cooked at home in the past 7 days. Intention was the only significant variable explaining 18% of the variance for frequency. Intention was determined by perceived behavioral control, attitude, descriptive norms, subjective norms, perceived barriers, being a girl, and normative beliefs, which explain 74% of the variance. Whereas other studies aiming at better understanding children's involvement in meal preparation at home focused on self-efficacy for cooking, this study highlights other behavioral determinants. For example, support from parents appears to be crucial to promote this behavior in this age group. Future research and interventions should be oriented toward determinants such as subjective norms and normative beliefs, and focus on children's autonomy.

The experience of family members of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is not uniform. This study focused on mothers of a child with ASD (Study 1) and typically developing siblings (TDSs) during their emerging adulthood (Study 2). Similarities and differences were explored regarding a proposed model examining the paths of perceived social support (PSS) and normalization (a coping strategy) with subjective well-being: satisfaction with life (SWL) and positive affect (PA). Similarities were found in the paths between PSS, normalization, and SWL, in mothers and TDSs, but differences emerged regarding PA. These findings highlight the importance of PSS as a resource that contributes to normalization and SWL. Professional awareness of family members' PSS and their engagement in normalization is needed.

This study aimed to explore the association between prestige norms of moral disengagement and ethnic bullying among Italian early adolescents. Prestige norms of moral disengagement were also examined as possible moderator of the association between individual prejudice and ethnic bullying. Participants were 742 sixth to eighth graders attending multiethnic schools in Italy (49.7% girls), all of Italian heritage, who answered peer and self-report measures. In multilevel models, individual levels of moral disengagement were associated with ethnic bullying, and prestige norms of moral disengagement (classroom level) moderated (cross-level interaction) the association between xenophobic prejudice and ethnic bullying was significant only for high levels of prestige norms. Results highlight the importance of individual prejudices in ethnic bullying and suggest that the processes of socialization of cognitive distortions within peer groups are complex, providing useful insights for interventions.

This paper diffracts the work of Maria Lugones, Elizabeth Freeman, and Karen Barad to develop the notion of "colonialities of chrononormativity." This diffractive reading is motivated by a desire to examine the way childhoods are a colonial inheritance, producing multiplicitous configurations of children that embody various un/just distributions of agency. That is, like the coloniality of gender (Lugones, 2007), the coloniality of chrononormativity re/produces the boundaries of acceptability around how childhood ought to be performed, as part of broader colonialities of power (Quijano, 2000). This work does not suggest that these colonialities are separable, recognising the entanglement of gender, capitalism, labour, disability, race, sexuality, age, and the reproduction of inequalities. Rather than colonialities diluting one another, we demonstrate how it is this very entanglement that produces the narrow parameters of normative childhoods, fosters hegemony, and affects intelligibilities. While mapping the boundaries of colonialities of childhood is productive, insofar as it resists the naturalisation of colonial taxonomies, we are more concerned with how tracing these entanglements allows us to attend to the im/possibilities of doing 'childhood' differently, affording different responses to what it means to become child.

In this critical case study, we examined the ways civic culture developed at an action civics summer camp and provided implications for civics teaching and learning. Findings highlight how the camp context produced and simultaneously failed to yield a culturally participatory inclusive civic culture. Specifically, we found the emphasis on dialogue, inquiry, and attention to place during the camp experience supported actors in developing positive civic culture exchanges. However, the civic culture that emerged at the camp also included white hetero-normative cultural practices and ideologies which discouraged participation among some students with non-dominant identities. Further, students of all identities did little to engage in civic experiences beyond the camp. We suggest that these shortcomings might be overcome by intentionally designing learning experiences to address these concerns, supporting counselors to understand how to mediate sensitive projects, and demonstrating to students how to perpetually engage with civic concerns.

In 2022, China's Educational Ministry, for the first time, released an industry standard for teachers' digital literacy. This standard provides a holistic framework for teachers' digital literacy (TDL) in five dimensions. Since few studies have investigated EFL teachers' digital literacy, the relationships among the five dimensions proposed for EFL teachers' digital literacy remain unknown. Therefore, this research applied a quantitative method using a five-point Likert questionnaire designed based on TDL. Ninety-two EFL teachers from two universities and one higher vocational college in China participated in this questionnaire research. Partial least squares structural equation modeling was used to assess the relationships between these five dimensions. The relationships between the five TDL dimensions were highlighted by the findings, which supported the proposed model. In addition, implications for enhancing EFL teachers' future digital literacy have been provided to facilitate and favor EFL teachers' digital literacy development.

The evidence-based decision-making movement often assumes that once evidence is available (e.g., via the What Works Clearinghouse), decision-makers will integrate it into their practice. Research-practice partnership studies have shown this is not always true. In this paper, we argue that instead of assuming research will be useful and used, we should directly study strategies for disseminating evidence and mobilizing knowledge. We present a framework for organizing knowledge mobilization research into three facets: (1) examining "norms" embedded in evidence we communicate, (2) "descriptively" understanding how decision-makers reason about this evidence as well as their varied decision-making needs, and (3) "prescriptively" developing and evaluating communication strategies that facilitate better use of evidence by decision-makers. We delineate this three-faceted framework--"normative," "descriptive," "prescriptive"--and demonstrate how it considers the perspectives and priorities of both researchers and decision-makers. Focusing on a case study--of how statistical evidence is conveyed by clearinghouses--we point to existing evidence in education and other fields such as data visualization and cognitive psychology that should inform our communication practices and identify areas where further knowledge mobilization research is needed.

This study focuses on the linguistic phenomenon of code-switching (CS) in the bilingual Ethnic-Adyghe community in the Black Sea region of Turkey. Specifically, this paper aims to analyze the types of CS and the factors that influence CS in different situational conversations, with a focus on Ethnic Adyghe individuals. The study utilizes a qualitative research design, using a purposive sample type of 10 Ethnic Adyghe individuals living in Samsun, Turkey. This study favors the use of informal settings to gather data from various linguistic contexts and analyze the frequency of CS. The findings indicate that participants used intra-sentential CS the most (59.9%). One major reason for that was the lack of vocabulary in Adyghe, leading participants to switch to Turkish to fill the lexical gap and effectively communicate their thoughts. Moreover, a total of 14 factors were identified. These factors encompassed aspects such as proficiency, social norms, cultural identity, vocabulary limitations, and communication effectiveness. The identification of these factors contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the complex dynamics of code-switching within the bilingual Ethnic-Adyghe community.

This qualitative study employs a Bourdieusian framework to explore how urban middle-class parents in Pakistan support their daughters' education while transmitting cultural capital. Parents emphasize "talim-o-tarbiyat," referring to education and nurturing. I argue that, owing to the availability of educational resources and the recognition of the cultural capital conferred by Western qualifications, middle-class, educated urban parents choose Western education as "talim." Additionally, "Tarbiyat" motivates their aspirations for their daughter's education with specific cognitive references, notably "Ashraaf" values. Through boundary work and concerted cultivation, they reproduce cultural capital, influencing career choices and networks. Nevertheless, educated working women, experiencing a transformation of their habitus, foster new cognitive and social structures for themselves and their daughters. The study identifies desirable cultural capital, suggesting future research on exploring the conversion strategies of educated women's capital by considering diverse sociocultural factors that intersect with gender dynamics within both private and public spheres.

This study presents findings from a survey of 2298 university students from three countries (South Korea, Turkey, United States) focused on their use of and beliefs about webcams to support synchronous learning, including behaviors such as turning cameras on and multitasking. Additionally, it explores differences due to national culture, school achievement, and classroom seating preferences. As expected, findings show synchronous learning use increased during the pandemic. Student preferences for passive viewing behaviors are strong, along with preferences for keeping cameras off. Differences based on classroom seating preferences suggest that students who sit at the front are more likely than their peers to make decisions about webcam use based on involvement, attention, and preparedness. Cultural differences suggest different pedagogical expectations. Multitasking proved to be a complex behavior and is not always linked to poor achievement outcomes. This study has implications both for future research directions on synchronous learning, student webcam practices, and achievement and for how instructors design synchronous classes.

The use of technologies at home directly influences how children perceive them for their learning at school. Numerous studies have focused on the different ways in which digital technologies are used at home and in schools. These studies attempt to explain how previous experience and knowledge can be linked to the use of technologies at school, the differences between home and school literacies, or how socio-economic status influences the availability of technology in these socio-educational institutions. All of them show that technology has become part of children's lives. Consequently, the aim of this study was to obtain information about the habits, norms and use of technology by children aged 2-6 years in their homes and the differences between genders. To this end, a validated questionnaire was created. A total of 1016 parents completed the questionnaire. The results show the most used technologies, the time of use and whom they are used with, as well as the rules imposed and their opinion about this use. Likewise, there are significant differences that lead to carry out and discuss proposals for STEAM work in Early Childhood Education classrooms in order to empower students.

The ability to think critically is a defining characteristic of humanity, setting humans apart from the rest of the animal kingdom. To perceive future consequences of an action, idea, or decision and then adjust these actions, ideas, and decisions accordingly is an integral part of existing as conscious beings in the world. Moreover, critical thinking is an essential part of living together with others and sustaining liberal democratic practices which gradually move towards a more equitable and just world. While consensus abounds around the existence of critical thinking as a human capability, an exact definition is rather elusive and veritable. Nonetheless, some considerable agreement can be found in the understanding that critical thinking entails, among other things, respect for evidence, reflective skepticism, and open-mindedness among other attitudes and dispositions cultivated during education. In this article, Timothy Barczak discusses the role of critical thinking in education. As a point of departure, Barczak examines Harvey Siegel's robust conception and belief that critical thinking is central to the educational project and flourishing human individuals. Siegel's framework provides a foundational and nuanced understanding of critical thinking upon which Barczak discusses Anthony Laden's belief that reasoning is a social project. Ultimately, Barczak argues that a complete, robust understanding of critical thinking involves the recognition of these theories as compatible with one another other. Barczak concludes by noting some important ways that critical thinking as a social endeavor, and not one done in isolation, is important for education in democratic societies.

The first days of school are critical for many teachers across the country. They are often set aside to establish routines, expectations, the tone of the class, and begin developing the learning space for the year. As a result of high stakes accountability culture, many teachers revert to top-down management methods for establishing normative behaviors in their classes. This case study examines two mathematics teachers in an urban high school who approach their first days of school through alternative, democratic methods and learning spaces. Their examples include sharing ownership of their physical space, co-creating norms and building positive relationships with students, and providing students with opportunities to learn in ways that work best for them.

This study aims to investigate the behavioural dimensions that influence college students' intention to implement computational thinking in compiling financial statements using spreadsheets. This study used a non-experimental type of quantitative research with a cross-sectional research design. The sample of this study was 148 college students who will take part in learning spreadsheets on the topic of preparing financial statements at a university located in the central part of Java, Indonesia. This research instrument used questioner refers to the structure of Decomposed Theory of Planned Behaviour' Taylor & Tod (1995). Data validity is tested with convergent validity and discriminant validity, while data reliability is tested with composite reliability and Cronbach's alpha. PLS-SEM analysis with the help of Warp-PLS 7.0. The results show that attitudes (p-value < 0.01), subjective norms (p-value = 0.03), and perceived behavioural control (p-value < 0.01). Thus, attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control were significant predictors of the college students' intention to implement computational thinking. This study provides empirical evidence that attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control influence college students' intention to implement computational thinking in spreadsheets learning. This research makes a practical contribution to educational practitioners in designing and evaluating the Theory Planned of Behaviour-based interventions.

Within the last two decades, research on entrepreneurship has received increasing attention throughout the world. However, most of the research in this area has been done in business and vocational fields and more research is needed in educational and non-business contexts. This study took the initiative to explore the connections among entrepreneurship intention (EI), entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE), entrepreneurial identity aspirations (EIA), entrepreneurial outcome expectations (EOE), and subjective norms (SN) in an English language teaching (ELT) context. To this end, 382 Iranian ELT students were conveniently chosen and requested to complete a questionnaire survey. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was run. The findings of SEM analysis revealed that ESE and EIA directly predicted EI. Further, SN proved to be a significant predictor of ESE, EIA, and EOE. The results also showed that ESE could significantly predict EOE and EIA. EOE also significantly predicted EIA. In addition, ESE, SN, and EOE could indirectly affect EI through the mediation of EIA. Altogether, this study can help enhance the realization of the stated entrepreneurial concepts, and guide potential entrepreneurship education programs in the ELT context.

The objective of this article is to determine which are the international standards and norms of usability that are used in educational technology applied to the teaching of mathematics at secondary and higher education levels, focused on two scenarios: (1) digital educational resources and virtual learning environments (VLEs), and (2) game-based learning. The PRISMA protocol was used and the Scopus and IEEE Xplorer databases, the Springer publishing House and the ACM Digital Library were used for the search strategy. Forty-seven primary studies were selected, emphasizing the use of the ISO/IEC 9241-11 standard. However, the isolated use of criteria to usability assessment without achieving engineering integration is reflected. Primary studies in the teaching of mathematics mainly use the ISO 9241-11:2018 and ISO/IEC 9126-1:2004 standards. Game-based learning scenario uses ISO 9241-11:2018 standards and procedures that guarantee, at least, the integration between efficiency, effectiveness, and ease of use. Digital educational resources and VLEs scenario uses ISO/IEC 9126-1:2004 and ISO/IEC 9241-11:2018 standards, and procedures that guarantee at least the integration between efficiency and ease of use; effectiveness and ease of use; ease of use and accessibility; and effectiveness, ease of use, accessibility, and efficiency.

The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the experiences of China recruiters during the pandemic, particularly with their job stress and sense of job security. The study also explored the new norms of Chinese students' recruitment following the post-pandemic crisis. Using qualitative analysis, we found that China recruiters experienced different stressors during the pandemic regardless of their working location. The participants recognized the importance of communication and seeking institutional support to help overcome their stress during the pandemic. They suggested that higher education administrators should be sensitive to the needs of their international recruiters. The participants also suggested several new norms for future recruitment, such as using the hybrid recruitment model, promoting university collaboration, initiating joint programs between US and Chinese institutions, and hiring domestic recruiters. Implications for practice are discussed. [Note: The page range (104-120) shown on the PDF is incorrect. The correct page range is 104-121.]

Racial-ethnic and low-income youth have differential access to key educational resources that promote learning and college readiness. College readiness programs provide activities, resources, and experiences that support learning. Yet little is known about the influence of adults and peers in shaping students' beliefs and expectations as learners. This study examined the extent to which GEAR UP adolescent self-regulated learning was influenced by perceptions of adult and peer behavioral expectations. Among the 118 adolescent participants, perceived behavioral expectations of a parent or guardian was found to be the strongest determinant of self-regulated learning. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.

This study proposed a dynamic model of organizational technology adoption within a school institute culture. We described an implementation of a nonhomogeneous hidden Markov model based on a downscaling scheme that can project the cultural factors of the institute onto a teacher's implementation behavior. To reveal the dynamics of cultural evolution, we modeled the interactions within the institute's organization by incorporating extra dependencies and downscaling variables into the underlying process of cultural change. We applied an analysis scheme to the nine-semester e-textbook usage of a primary school and gain insight into teachers' technology adoption from a cultural perspective. We identified three states that represented the collective adoption contexts to examine how exogenous variables influence both the organization-scale context dynamics and the individual-scale implementation changes. The results showed that the effect of exogenous variables, especially external factors, varied between contexts and scales. The school's norm was shown to affect organizational adoption culture. Teachers were sensitive to the adopted context, as they are inclined to adjust their usage to meet preexisting norms. Interventions such as seminars initiated by the teachers' community were observed to cause a more long-term effect on the movement of the culture to an active context. Moreover, our research provided evidence that an organization can achieve more efficacy from teachers' involvement in a high degree of cooperation in in-class experiences.

This study investigates social, mathematical, and sociomathematical norms perceived by college students in an engineering mathematics course and examines the students' sense of mathematics as signals of individual merit. Data sources include a survey and one-on-one interviews with 38 students. The findings help illustrate student perceptions of academic social norms in a large-lecture course represented by the acquisition model of learning in college, detached from communal and collaborative disciplinary practices. Findings provide insights into the local educational context of an East Asian country as a case study when exam-oriented mathematics is institutionalized as normalcy.

The article combines later Wittgenstein's fictitious language games, along with the forms of life associated with them, with the concept of otherness and places them both within the philosophy of education. The account of otherness overlaps with the view of fictional language games in that the latter deviates from our ordinary, extant uses of language and our "Lebensform," and thus can be perceived as extraordinary, unusual, strange, and sometimes nonsensical. The advantages of dealing with such construed preposterousness rely, first, on its leading to a better understanding of our own "form of life"; second, on its opening a window on the changing of our form of life; third, on its acquainting us with the other. The educational roles of it are presented, first, as being needed at the very beginning of a child's language learning, when the learner probes the limits of sense and thus enters the domain of otherness; second, as freeing children from the tyranny of adults' norms and showing the norms that adults accept as absurd; thirdly, as puzzlement that gives an impulse to our thought development, which occurs in contact with the other. Therefore, it is claimed that Wittgenstein's later philosophy opens perspectives on educational thinking not only in terms of teacher training ("Abrichtung") of the learner to follow the rules of existing practices, but also in terms of imagination and critical attitude towards the existing forms of life.

By deepening students' discussion skills, schools can play a key role in bridging communication divides in our society. As the nation has become increasingly politically polarized, how can educators teach constructive dialogue in the classroom? The authors--education experts and researchers--offer seven strategies for helping students engage in civic discourse, even and especially when their views are widely opposed.