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In this study, non-thermal plasma (NTP) was employed to modify the Cu/TiO 2 adsorbent to efficiently purify H 2 S in low-temperature and micro-oxygen environments. The effects of Cu loading amounts and atmospheres of NTP treatment on the adsorption-oxidation performance of the adsorbents were investigated. The NTP modification successfully boosted the H 2 S removal capacity to varying degrees, and the optimized adsorbent treated by air plasma (Cu/TiO 2 -Air) attained the best H 2 S breakthrough capacity of 113.29 mg H 2 S/g adsorbent , which was almost 5 times higher than that of the adsorbent without NTP modification. Further studies demonstrated that the superior performance of Cu/TiO 2 -Air was attributed to increased mesoporous volume, more exposure of active sites (CuO) and functional groups (amino groups and hydroxyl groups), enhanced Ti-O-Cu interaction, and the favorable ratio of active oxygen species. Additionally, the X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results indicated the main reason for the deactivation was the consumption of the active components (CuO) and the agglomeration of reaction products (CuS and SO 4 2−) occupying the active sites on the surface and the inner pores of the adsorbents. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficient and rapid removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) holds significant importance for ensuring food quality and human health, particularly within the low-temperature confined spaces in refrigerators. However, achieving effective VOCs degradation under such conditions poses challenges in terms of activating inert bonds and facilitating mass transfer. In this study, we propose a novel solution by designing a cleaner module that incorporates 1.07% single Fe atom-anchored manganese dioxide catalysts (FeSAs-MnO2). The combination of single Fe atoms and defect-rich MnO2 substrate efficiently activates molecular oxygen, leading to enhanced generation of highly reactive oxygen species (ROS). Non-thermal plasma (NTP) and circulating fan are introduced to facilitate the regeneration of catalytic activity and improve mass transfer. The FeSAs-MnO2 cleaner module demonstrates exceptional performance in trimethylamine (TMA) removal, achieving a conversion efficiency of 98.9% for 9 ppm within just 9 min. Furthermore, accelerated aging tests predict an extended service life of up to 45 years for the FeSAs-MnO2 cleaner module, surpassing the expected lifespan of refrigerators significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air pollution caused by particulate matter (PM) is a worldwide concern. PM is particularly problematic from fossil-fuel-based energy conversion devices. For PM collection, a low-pressure loss method is ideal. Although PM collection via electrostatic force is an effective method with low pressure loss for PM with a wide range of diameters, it is difficult to apply to low-resistive PM, such as diesel particulates, owing to re-entrainment on the collection electrode. A magnetic fluid filter with an AC non-thermal plasma discharge solves the problem of re-entrainment. Based on our previous study, we hypothesized that an increase in the number of magnetic fluid spikes leads to an improvement in collection efficiencies with energy conservation. In this study, experiments are performed to verify this hypothesis. By improving our previous experimental methodology, the experiments include not only collection efficiency but also pressure loss, power consumption, and ozone generation efficiency. PM collection efficiencies using diesel fine particles and the ozone generation efficiencies required for air purification are investigated under different discharge conditions. The results revealed that the PM collection and ozone generation efficiencies increase proportionally with the number of spikes of the magnetic fluid with discharge, as hypothesized. The resulting PM collection and ozone generation efficiencies are sufficiently high for air purification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a lifelong pathogen characterized by asymptomatic latent infection in the trigeminal ganglia (TG), with periodic outbreaks of cold sores caused by virus reactivation in the TG and subsequent replication in the oral mucosa. While antiviral therapies can provide relief from cold sores, they are unable to eliminate HSV-1. We provide experimental results that highlight non-thermal plasma (NTP) as a new alternative therapy for HSV-1 infection that would resolve cold sores faster and reduce the establishment of latent infection in the TG. Additionally, this study is the first to explore the use of NTP as a therapy that can both treat and prevent human viral infections. The antiviral effect of NTP was investigated using an in vitro model of HSV-1 epithelial infection that involved the application of NTP from two separate devices to cell-free HSV-1, HSV-1-infected cells, and uninfected cells. It was found that NTP reduced the infectivity of cell-free HSV-1, reduced viral replication in HSV-1-infected cells, and diminished the susceptibility of uninfected cells to HSV-1 infection. This triad of antiviral mechanisms of action suggests the potential of NTP as a therapeutic agent effective against HSV-1 infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oil drilling cuttings produced during oil exploration and extraction contain a high percentage of crude oil, ranging from 5% to 20% weight ratio (w/w) on a dry basis, and must be managed and treated properly before their release to the environment. In this study, non-thermal plasma (NTP) was investigated as an advanced oxidation process for the efficient, sustainable and cost-effective treatment of oil drilling cuttings. To this end, a plane-to-grid dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor operating at atmospheric pressure was tested under different plasma conditions. The effect of treatment time, DBD power and air flow rate on the total organic carbon (TOC) removal efficiency was assessed and the energy efficiency of the process was determined. Within 10 min of plasma treatment, a very high TOC and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) removal (∼90% and ∼99%, respectively) was achieved, while polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were degraded by ∼50% within 2 min of treatment. Depending on the experimental conditions, the energy efficiency of the process varied from 5 to 35 mg/kJ. From GC-MS analysis, several byproducts of the oxidation of oil drilling cuttings were identified, while the analysis of exhaust gases revealed that ∼85.1% of the removed organics from oil drilling cuttings was transformed to CO 2 and CO. This study provides critical information on the effectiveness of the NTP process for the treatment of heavily contaminated solid wastes and can be considered as the critical step for its application for the treatment of solid wastes from the oil industry. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synergistic effect of non-thermal plasma (NTP) induced by a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) and CH 4 addition on turbulent swirl-stabilized NH 3 /air premixed flames in a laboratory-scale gas turbine combustor is experimentally investigated by varying the mixture equivalence ratio, φ , the mixt velocity, U 0 , and the mole fraction of CH 4 in the fuel, X f , C H 4 . It is found that the streamer intensity is significantly increased by adding CH 4 to NH 3 /air flames compared with that by adding H 2. This is because positive ions generated by CH 4 addition play a critical role in generating streamers. Such streamers intensified by CH 4 addition enhance the ammonia combustion more together with CH 4 , and hence, the lean blowout (LBO) limits of NH 3 /CH 4 /air flames are significantly extended compared with those without applying NTP. The maximum streamer intensity is found to be linearly proportional to φ ⋅ X f , C H 4 ⋅ U 0 in wide ranges of φ , X f , C H 4 , and U 0. NTP is also found to significantly reduce the amount of NO x and CO emissions simultaneously. All of the results suggest that NTP can be used more effectively with CH 4 addition to stabilize turbulent premixed NH 3 /air flames and reduce NO x /CO emissions, which is attributed to their synergistic effect on the ammonia combustion. • Synergistic effects of NTP and CH 4 addition on NH 3 /air flames were investigated. • Adding CH 4 increases streamer intensity to a greater extent compared to adding H 2. • NTP with CH 4 addition effectively stabilizes NH 3 flames and reduces NO X /CO emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study deals with the surface modification of polymer films utilizing a custom designed cost- effective dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma produced in air at reduced pressure. We comprehensively examine diverse aspects of surface modification, encompassing electrical discharge characterization, optical signal analysis, contact angle measurements, and surface morphology assessment. Our observations unveiled the presence of distinctive filamentary streamer-based micro-discharges during the DBD process, with a power consumption of approximately 5.64 W and an electron density of 3.4 × 1011 cm−3. Optical emission spectroscopy identifies multiple emission peaks attributed to nitrogen emissions. Notably, plasma treatment substantially reduced the water contact angle and augmented surface energy on polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) films. Surface morphology analysis illustrated an increase in surface roughness following plasma treatment. Intriguingly, the initial rapid alterations in wettability and surface morphology attained equilibrium after approximately 30 s of treatment. This study highlights atmospheric DBD plasma's effectiveness in customizing polymer surfaces, improving wettability and roughness, offering promising applications for enhanced adhesion and wetting.

Catalytic carbon dioxide (CO2) conversion technologies can be important components in carbon capture, storage and utilization for CO2 mitigation and possible future economic activity and have gained significant attention globally in past decades. Electrified non-thermal plasma (NTP) catalysis enables CO2 hydrogenation into value-added chemicals under mild conditions. If the hybrid process is coupled with renewable energy and green hydrogen, it can be the promising solution to address the energy and carbon emission challenges. To enhance the energy efficiency of NTP-catalytic systems, bespoke catalyst design and process optimization are necessary. Here, using Ni catalysts supported on mesoporous MCM-41 and NTP-catalytic CO2 methanation as the model systems, the effects of Ni metal dispersion, argon (Ar) addition and residence time on the NTP catalysis were also studied. The findings show that (i) increased metal dispersion alone did not lead to significant enhancement in the performance of NTP catalysis (e.g., CH4 production rate: 31.4 × 10−5 mol/(s·gNi) for 42.6 % Ni dispersion vs. 26.8 × 10−5 mol/(s·gNi) for 25.1 % dispersion), (ii) Ar addition to the system led to the decreased methane production rate (e.g., CH4 selectivity decreased by ∼19 % due to the increase in Ar addition to the system from 5 to 50 mL/min), and (iii) optimization of the residence time could improve the performance of NTP-catalytic CO2 methanation (i.e., an extension of the residence time to 0.69 s resulted in the higher CO2 conversion of 72.7 % and CH4 selectivity of 95.9 % at 9.6 kV than that at 0.49 s and 11 kV).

Air pollution caused by particulate matter (PM) is a worldwide concern. PM is particularly problematic from fossil-fuel-based energy conversion devices. For PM collection, a low-pressure loss method is ideal. Although PM collection via electrostatic force is an effective method with low pressure loss for PM with a wide range of diameters, it is difficult to apply to low-resistive PM, such as diesel particulates, owing to re-entrainment on the collection electrode. A magnetic fluid filter with an AC non-thermal plasma discharge solves the problem of re-entrainment. Based on our previous study, we hypothesized that an increase in the number of magnetic fluid spikes leads to an improvement in collection efficiencies with energy conservation. In this study, experiments are performed to verify this hypothesis. By improving our previous experimental methodology, the experiments include not only collection efficiency but also pressure loss, power consumption, and ozone generation efficiency. PM collection efficiencies using diesel fine particles and the ozone generation efficiencies required for air purification are investigated under different discharge conditions. The results revealed that the PM collection and ozone generation efficiencies increase proportionally with the number of spikes of the magnetic fluid with discharge, as hypothesized. The resulting PM collection and ozone generation efficiencies are sufficiently high for air purification.

Background and aims: Numerous strategies for enhancing seed germination and growth have been employed over the decades. Despite these advancements, there continues to be a demand for more effective techniques, driven by the growing global population. Recently, various forms of non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma have garnered attention as environmentally friendly, safe, and cost-effective methods to enhance the agricultural and food sectors. This study explores the remarkable impact of non-thermal plasma (NTP) treatment on cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seed germination. Methods: A cost-effective, custom-designed power supply operating at line frequency was used for treating seeds, with exposure times ranging from 1 to 7 min. Various germination parameters, including water contact angle measurements, mass loss, water imbibition rate, and seedling length, were evaluated to assess the impact of plasma treatment on seed germination. Results: Cucumber seeds exposed to NTP treatment for 3 min and 5 min durations showed significant germination improvements, notably a 57.9 ± 4.25 % higher final germination percentage, 14.5 ± 3.75 % reduced mean germination time, and a remarkable 90.6 ± 4.64 % increase in germination index compared to the control. These results suggest that NTP treatment enhanced seed coat permeability, triggered essential biochemical processes, and expedited water absorption and nutrient assimilation, ultimately fostering faster and more synchronized germination. Conclusions: Our findings underscore the potential of NTP as an innovative approach to improving seed germination in agricultural practices.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been responsible for the initiation of the global pandemic since 2020. The virus spreads through contaminated air particles, fomite, and surface-contaminated porous (i.e., paper, wood, and masks) and non-porous (i.e., plastic, stainless steel, and glass) materials. The persistence of viruses on materials depends on porosity, adsorption, evaporation, isoelectric point, and environmental conditions, such as temperature, pH, and relative humidity. Disinfection techniques are crucial for preventing viral contamination on animated and inanimate surfaces. Currently, there are few effective methodologies for preventing SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses without any side effects. Before infection can occur, measures must be taken to prevent the persistence of the coronavirus on the surfaces of both porous and non-porous inanimate materials. This review focuses on coronavirus persistence in surface materials (inanimate) and control measures. Viruses are inactivated through chemical and physical methods; the chemical methods particularly include alcohol, chlorine, and peroxide, whereas temperature, pH, humidity, ultraviolet irradiation (UV), gamma radiation, X-rays, ozone, and non-thermal, plasma-generated reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) are physical methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigates fiber Bragg grating (FBG) temperature sensing performance in monitoring non--uniformity of non-thermal plasma (NTP) formation in a packed-bed reactor using FBG operating at atmospheric pressure. Two FBGs made from germanium doped fiber were embedded inside and outside the PBNTP reactor to allow for comparison between the temperatures inside and outside of the reactor to be made. Each FBG comes with three grating series, which allow the reactor temperatures at three different locations inside or outside the reactor to be measured and compared. Two types of plasma, namely nitrogen (N2) and argon (Ar) were generated in the reactor at a gas flow rate in the range of 2 - 7 L/min and applied voltage in the range of l - 20 kV. It was found that the PBNTP reactor temperature varies up to 20 oC at different positions inside and up to 40 oC outside of the reactor. This finding shows the non-uniformity of plasma formation and the nature of the plasma's localized thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE). The sensitivity of the FBG temperature sensor used in this study is estimated at 10.36 - 10.50 pm/oC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-thermal plasma (NTP) surface modification technology is a new method to control the surface properties of materials, which has been widely used in the field of environmental protection because of its short action time, simple process and no pollution. In this study, Cu/ACF (activated carbon fiber loaded with copper) adsorbent was modified with NTP to remove H 2 S and PH 3 simultaneously under low temperature and micro-oxygen condition. Meanwhile, the effects of different modified atmosphere (air, N 2 and NH 3), specific energy input (0–13 J/mL) and modification time (0–30 min) on the removal of H 2 S and PH 3 were investigated. Performance test results indicated that under the same reaction conditions, the adsorbent modified by NH 3 plasma with 5 J/mL for 10 min had the best removal effect on H 2 S and PH 3. CO 2 temperature-programmed desorption and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyzes showed that NH 3 plasma modification could introduce amino functional groups on the surface of the adsorbent, and increase the types and number of alkaline sites on the surface. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller and scanning electron microscopy showed that NH 3 plasma modification did not significantly change the pore size structure of the adsorbent, but more active components were evenly exposed to the surface, thus improving the adsorption performance. In addition, X-ray diffraction and XPS analysis indicated that the consumption of active components (Cu and Cu 2 O) and the accumulation of sulfate and phosphate on the surface and inner pores of the adsorbent are the main reasons for the deactivation of the adsorbent. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In people living with HIV-1 (PLWH), antiretroviral therapy (ART) eventually becomes necessary to suppress the emergence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication from latent reservoirs because HIV-1-specific immune responses in PLWH are suboptimal. Immunotherapies that enhance anti-HIV-1 immune responses for better control of virus reemergence from latent reservoirs are postulated to offer ART-free control of HIV-1. Toward the goal of developing an HIV-1-specific immunotherapy based on non-thermal plasma (NTP), the early immunological responses to NTP-exposed latently infected T lymphocytes were examined. Application of NTP to the J-Lat T-lymphocyte cell line (clones 10.6 and 15.4) stimulated monocyte recruitment and macrophage maturation, which are key steps in initiation of an immune response. In contrast, CD8+ T lymphocytes in a mixed lymphocyte reaction assay were not stimulated by the presence of NTP-exposed J-Lat cells. Furthermore, co-culture of NTP-exposed J-Lat cells with mature phagocytes did not modulate their antigen presentation to primary CD8+ T lymphocytes (cross-presentation). However, reactivation from latency was stimulated in a clone-specific manner by NTP. Overall, these studies, which demonstrated that ex vivo application of NTP to latently infected lymphocytes can stimulate key immune cell responses, advance the development of an NTP-based immunotherapy that will provide ART-free control of HIV-1 reactivation in PLWH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elemental mercury (Hg0) removal is a crucial target for mercury pollution control in flue gas. This article focuses on Hg0 removal in flue gas using corona discharge (CD) and dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) technologies, and provides a mechanistic perspective on the development and influencing factors of non-thermal plasma (NTP) technology for Hg0 removal. The influence factors include reactor configurations, power supplies, energy density, residence time, oxidation methods, gas composition, and the synergy between NTP and catalysis/adsorption, etc. This study reveals that the use of a pulsating electrical power supply significantly increases electron densities in both CD and DBD systems, thereby ensuring high energy efficiency and economic viability. Cl 2 proves to be more effective than HCl as a chlorine source for Hg0 removal. NO significantly reduces Hg0 oxidation efficiency, while the effects of SO 2 and H 2 O remain unclear. Energy density distribution is closely related to plasma devices, power supplies, and overall reactor configurations. Direct oxidation proves to be more effective than indirect oxidation for Hg0 removal. The combination of NTP with adsorption/catalysis technologies shows significantly better Hg0 removal efficiency compared to using NTP alone. This study can provide theoretical support for enhancing Hg0 removal mechanisms and optimizing process control parameters in industrial applications of NTP technology. [Display omitted] • Non-thermal plasma (NTP) can effectively remove Hg0 from flue gas. • Insights into the mechanism of flue gas Hg0 removal are offered. • NTP with chemical catalysis/adsorption shows higher Hg0 removal efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Countries are paying increasing attention to environmental issues and are moving towards the goal of energy saving and carbon reduction. This research presents a method to analyse the effects of the use of non-thermal plasma (NTP) and water injection (WI) devices on the efficiency of internal combustion engines. The devices were installed on the intake manifold to investigate the effects of additional substances produced by electrolysis on the engine performance and exhaust emissions. According to the results, the addition of the NTP and WI devices affected the power efficiency and the rate of change of the brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of the internal combustion engines. In addition, the change rate of hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the exhaust gases was affected. In conclusion, the study found that the additional substances generated by the NTP-electrolysed water mist or air influenced the fuel combustion efficiency and exhaust emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) represent a very important class of pollutants that causes serious health effects. There is an urgent requirement to establish efficient technologies that can reduce and control VOCs. Non-thermal plasma (NTP) is an emerging technology that can decompose low concentration VOCs. However, the low efficiency and high power cost are major hindrances in its commercialization. In this work, Co–Cu with TiO2 support catalysts are prepared by using the deposition precipitation method and utilized in post-plasma catalysis for the efficient degradation of toluene selected as a model VOC. The synergistic effect of Co–Cu/TiO2 with different Co/Cu molar ratios along with pure Co/TiO2 and Cu/TiO2 catalysts are studied for their catalytic activity. Results showed that the degradation efficiency of toluene for the control experiments (plasma-alone) increased from 10 to 85% with the increase in input power from 11 to 44 W. In comparison, a significant improvement in the degradation efficiency is achieved with post-plasma catalysis owing to better physicochemical properties such as particle surface area and microstructures of the Co–Cu/TiO2 catalysts. The Co50–Cu50/TiO2 exhibited highest degradation efficiency of toluene, i.e. 55% being 5.5 times higher than control at lowest input power of 11 W while 96% at the highest input power of 44 W, attributed to interaction of Co and Cu species, adsorbed oxygen content, and redox properties by exchange of pairs Co+3/Co+2 and Cu+2/Co+3. In summary, the post-plasma catalysis integrated with Co50–Cu50/TiO2 catalyst rendered optimal outcomes in terms of power consumption and degradation of VOCs, envisioning commercial viability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elemental mercury (Hg 0 ) removal is a crucial target for mercury pollution control in flue gas. This article focuses on Hg 0 removal in flue gas using corona discharge (CD) and dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) technologies, and provides a mechanistic perspective on the development and influencing factors of non-thermal plasma (NTP) technology for Hg 0 removal. The influence factors include reactor configurations, power supplies, energy density, residence time, oxidation methods, gas composition, and the synergy between NTP and catalysis/adsorption, etc. This study reveals that the use of a pulsating electrical power supply significantly increases electron densities in both CD and DBD systems, thereby ensuring high energy efficiency and economic viability. Cl 2 proves to be more effective than HCl as a chlorine source for Hg 0 removal. NO significantly reduces Hg 0 oxidation efficiency, while the effects of SO 2 and H 2 O remain unclear. Energy density distribution is closely related to plasma devices, power supplies, and overall reactor configurations. Direct oxidation proves to be more effective than indirect oxidation for Hg 0 removal. The combination of NTP with adsorption/catalysis technologies shows significantly better Hg 0 removal efficiency compared to using NTP alone. This study can provide theoretical support for enhancing Hg 0 removal mechanisms and optimizing process control parameters in industrial applications of NTP technology., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

This study presents an investigation of using Co doping strategy to improve the Ni on mesoporous SBA-15 catalyst for promoting catalytic dry reforming of methane (DRM) under non-thermal plasma (NTP) conditions. The work was conducted by following the conventional procedures including pre-/post-reaction characterisation of the relevant catalysts, comparative assessment of various scenarios under the NTP condition and longevity tests. However, we found that the performance enhancement of the NTP system was mainly due to the use of the catalytically inert SBA-15 packing, rather than the variation of metal species on it though the results suggest the possible surface reactions on the metal surfaces. Hence, under the NTP condition, the so-called DRM might be mistaken because (i) the production of H2 and CO was likely due to the electron-impact dissociation of CO2/CH4 in gas discharge and (ii) surface reactions on a DRM catalyst are rather insignificant. We then carefully analysed and reflected on the findings and proposed further research questions to be shared with the colleagues in the field of NTP catalysis.

The catalytic conversion of CO2 to CH4 and CO over nickel particles supported on layered-double hydroxide (MgAl) with different metal promoters was investigated under non-thermal plasma (NTP) conditions. It has been shown that lanthanum-promoted Ni catalysts significantly enhanced the CO2 conversion in comparison to the 10Ni/MgAl catalyst (33.4% vs. 89.3%). In comparison, for the potassium-promoted catalysts, CO2 conversion is similar to that of 10Ni/MgAl but the CO selectivity increased significantly (35.7% vs. 62.0%). The introduction of La and K to Ni catalysts increased the Ni dispersion and improved the reducibility of Ni species, thus affecting CO2 conversion and product selectivity. In situ DRIFTS showed similar reaction pathways for La- and K- promoted catalysts with Ni catalysts. However, the La and K promoters significantly improved the formation of formate species on the Ni surface, facilitating CO2 conversion to useful products.

Plasma gas injection as one of the non-thermal plasma (NTP) technologies has a free-standing gas-phase plasma reactor outside the polluted target and can efficiently degrade contaminants by injecting plasma gas containing a large number of reactive species. This approach has been utilized in various fields of pollutants treatment, because of its structural advantage of indirect contact between pollutants and electrodes and its ability to produce strong oxidizing species. This article first expounds on the principle of the plasma gas injection and then progresses to a discussion of its application for pollutants degradation, mainly focusing on the treatment effect and degradation mechanisms. It is believed that plasma gas injection is considered to be a very practical, clean, efficient, and environmentally friendly method for pollution control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Catalytic hydrogenation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) is an intriguing pathway for producing chemical building blocks, including 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)furan (BHMF), 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMF), 2,5- bis(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran (BHMTHF), and 1,2,6-hexanediol (1,2,6-HT). Among them, BHMTHF stands out as an essential substance and serves as a platform molecule to produce several materials, such as polymers, fibers, and foams. However, the conventional process for BHMTHF production has limitations due to a high hydrogen pressure/temperature requirement and a low yield of desired products. In this contribution, we illustrate the selective hydrogenation of 5-HMF to BHMTHF using Ru nanoparticles supported on hierarchical MFI under mild reaction conditions in the presence of NaBH 4 as a hydrogen source through a non-thermal plasma pretreatment (NTP) process of catalyst surfaces. By using the NTP approach for catalyst pretreatment, the metallic Ru species are easily obtained, eventually improving the catalytic performances in terms of complete conversion of 5-HMF and complete selectivity to BHMTHF. Additionally, a high BHMTHF yield across multiple catalytic cycles is maintained as long as the metallic Ru species can be preserved. This example highlights the potential of utilizing a Ru-based catalyst in conjunction with the NTP process, providing both an active catalyst and a greener approach for biomass utilization to produce high-valuable products. [Display omitted] • Non-thermal plasma pretreatment (NTP) resulted in the formation of Ru0 species in the treated Ru-Hie-MFI. • The Ru-Hie-MFI treated via NTP achieves complete BHMTHF production in 5-HMF hydrogenation. • The treated Ru-Hie-MFI catalyst retains an excellent catalytic performance for several catalytic cycles. • The NTP is emphasized as a tool instead of a conventional method for biomass valorization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasma agriculture is a growing field that combines interdisciplinary areas with the aim of researching alternative solutions for increasing food production. In this field, plasma sources are used for the treatment of different agricultural goods in pre- and post-harvest. With the big variety of possible treatment targets, studied reactors must be carefully investigated and characterized for specific goals. Therefore, in the present study, a cone-shaped corona reactor working with argon was adapted for the treatment of small seeds, and its basic properties were investigated. The treatment of rapeseed using different voltage duty cycles led to an increase in surface wettability, possibly contributing to the accelerated germination (27% for 90% duty cycle). The discharge produced by the conical reactor was able to provide an environment abundant with reactive oxygen species that makes the process suitable for seeds treatment. However, operating in direct treatment configuration, large numbers of seeds placed in the reactor start impairing the discharge homogeneity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In people living with HIV-1 (PLWH), antiretroviral therapy (ART) eventually becomes necessary to suppress the emergence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication from latent reservoirs because HIV-1-specific immune responses in PLWH are suboptimal. Immunotherapies that enhance anti-HIV-1 immune responses for better control of virus reemergence from latent reservoirs are postulated to offer ART-free control of HIV-1. Toward the goal of developing an HIV-1-specific immunotherapy based on non-thermal plasma (NTP), the early immunological responses to NTP-exposed latently infected T lymphocytes were examined. Application of NTP to the J-Lat T-lymphocyte cell line (clones 10.6 and 15.4) stimulated monocyte recruitment and macrophage maturation, which are key steps in initiation of an immune response. In contrast, CD8+ T lymphocytes in a mixed lymphocyte reaction assay were not stimulated by the presence of NTP-exposed J-Lat cells. Furthermore, co-culture of NTP-exposed J-Lat cells with mature phagocytes did not modulate their antigen presentation to primary CD8+ T lymphocytes (cross-presentation). However, reactivation from latency was stimulated in a clone-specific manner by NTP. Overall, these studies, which demonstrated that ex vivo application of NTP to latently infected lymphocytes can stimulate key immune cell responses, advance the development of an NTP-based immunotherapy that will provide ART-free control of HIV-1 reactivation in PLWH.

Countries are paying increasing attention to environmental issues and are moving towards the goal of energy saving and carbon reduction. This research presents a method to analyse the effects of the use of non-thermal plasma (NTP) and water injection (WI) devices on the efficiency of internal combustion engines. The devices were installed on the intake manifold to investigate the effects of additional substances produced by electrolysis on the engine performance and exhaust emissions. According to the results, the addition of the NTP and WI devices affected the power efficiency and the rate of change of the brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of the internal combustion engines. In addition, the change rate of hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the exhaust gases was affected. In conclusion, the study found that the additional substances generated by the NTP-electrolysed water mist or air influenced the fuel combustion efficiency and exhaust emissions.

Non-thermal plasma is generated by excitation of the electron in gas or liquid medium. This technique has been applied to many industrial fields, especially for water treatment, because of the byproducts generated electrochemically by high-voltage discharge. Simultaneous production of plasma and bubbles is one of the methods to efficiently reduce the required energy for water treatment. The flow rate of injected gas and supplied electric energy are important parameters. In this study, the characteristics of the continuously generated bubbles with non-thermal plasma discahrge were investigated by experiment. The behavior of bubbles with and without discharge was analyzed by image processing. To verify the water treatment yield of bubbles with plasma generating byproducts, the decomposition of organic dye was investigated and analyzed. Due to the reduction of the surface tension of the interface, the volume of bubble with discharge showed shorter departure time with smaller volume. Bubbles with plasma discharge have faster bubble rising velocity, due to more spherical shape, which lowers the possibility of coalescence between bubbles, and is more effective for water treatment. The higher coalescence probability caused by increased Reynolds number resulted in the reduction of water treatment yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasma agriculture is a growing field that combines interdisciplinary areas with the aim of researching alternative solutions for increasing food production. In this field, plasma sources are used for the treatment of different agricultural goods in pre- and post-harvest. With the big variety of possible treatment targets, studied reactors must be carefully investigated and characterized for specific goals. Therefore, in the present study, a cone-shaped corona reactor working with argon was adapted for the treatment of small seeds, and its basic properties were investigated. The treatment of rapeseed using different voltage duty cycles led to an increase in surface wettability, possibly contributing to the accelerated germination (27% for 90% duty cycle). The discharge produced by the conical reactor was able to provide an environment abundant with reactive oxygen species that makes the process suitable for seeds treatment. However, operating in direct treatment configuration, large numbers of seeds placed in the reactor start impairing the discharge homogeneity.

This study investigates experimentally the effects of non-thermal plasma (NTP) induced by a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor on the characteristics of swirl-stabilized turbulent lean-premixed methane/air flames in a laboratory scale combustor by systematically varying the applied AC voltage, V AC , and frequency, f AC. Especially, it is elucidated how the NTP influences the lean blowout (LBO) limits and the characteristics of CO/NO x emissions depending on flame configuration. Without applying the NTP as the mixture equivalence ratio, ϕ , decreases from the stoichiometry to an LBO limit, the flame configuration changes from an M-flame (Regime I) to a conical flame (Regime II) and to a columnar flame (Regime III) for the whole range of the mixture nozzle exit velocity, U 0 , (4–10 m/s). With the NTP, however, it exhibits only Regimes I and II at relatively-low U 0 range (4–6 m/s), while all three regimes at relatively-high U 0 range (7–10 m/s). For both velocity ranges, the LBO limits are significantly extended by the NTP enhancing the flame stability. Under the relatively-low U 0 range, streamers induced by the DBD reactor play a critical role in stabilizing the flames such that the degree of extension of the LBO limit depends linearly on V AC and f AC. Under the relatively-high U 0 range, however, ozone generated by the DBD reactor in Regime III is found to be a major reason in extending the LBO limit, which is substantiated by another flame regime diagram with ozone addition only, and hence, the extension of LBO limit minimally depends on f AC. Simultaneously, the NTP considerably reduces CO emission, while slightly increases NO x emission near the LBO limits due to the enhanced combustion by ozone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• MgAl layered double hydroxide (LDH) for plasma-assisted NH 3 synthesis. • Surface oxygen vacancy (O V) on LDH promotes NH 3 formation in plasma. • Metal sites and O V on LDH have synergy for improving NH 3 formation in plasma. • Generic mechanisms for plasma-assisted NH 3 synthesis systems using metal on LDH catalysts were proposed. Here, the MgAl layered double hydroxide (LDH) supports and relevant metal on LDH catalysts (i.e., Ni, Co, and Ru) were prepared and investigated under non thermal plasma (NTP) conditions to probe the role of surface oxygen vacancy (O V) in NTP-assisted ammonia (NH 3) synthesis. The findings show that O V on the LDH carrier is highly beneficial to NH 3 formation under NTP conditions, and concentration of O V on the LDH can be regulated by the post-synthesis calcination and hydrogen plasma etching. Additionally, loading of active metal species on the LDH could promote the NH 3 synthesis further due to presence of multiple reaction pathways and the synergy between the surface O V and metal sites in such NTP-catalytic systems. As the result, the catalysts developed by this work showed high ammonia synthesis rates of 4.42−4.52 mmol g−1 h−1 and energy efficiencies of 1.67−1.71 g NH3 kWh−1, respectively. The findings of the work pave the way for the rational design and optimization of highly efficient catalysts with dual active sites for intensifying the NTP-catalytic ammonia synthesis. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-thermal plasma (NTP) has been widely applied in the food and agricultural industries. It is still unknown whether natural bioactive compounds in seeds are affected by NTP treatment. Our goal was to examine whether the bioactive compounds in djulis (Chenopodium formosanum Koidz.) seed are changed after NTP treatment. The betacyanin, anthocyanin, total phenolic content (TPCs), total flavonoids (TFs), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging effects (DPPH), gallic acid, and rutin were compared in NTP-treated seed and an untreated control. Levels of betacyanin, anthocyanin, and TPCs in the seed were found to be significantly increased after the nitrogen (N2)-NTP treatment compared with the control (p < 0.001). Inversely, the air-NTP treatment significantly weakened the performance of these bioactive compounds in the seed as compared to the control. Levels of TFs in both the air- and N2-NTP treated seed were significantly lower than those in the control (p < 0.001). After the NTP treatment, DPPH was still at high levels, similar to those in the control. The djulis seed extract had antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects on THP-1 (human-monocyte-cell line) cells. N2-NTP generated nitrogen reactive species that activated the bioactive compounds in the seed. In contrast, air-NTP produced oxygen and nitrogen reactive species inhibited the expression of these bioactive compounds.

This paper reports and discusses the beneficial effects on the quality of electrospun polycaprolactone nanofibers brought about by pretreatment of the solvent with non-thermal plasma. Chloroform/dimethylformamide 9:1 (CHCl3:DMF 9:1) and pure chloroform were pretreated by a few minute exposure to the plasma generated by an atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ). Interestingly, when pure chloroform was used, the advantages of plasma pretreatment of the solvent were way less pronounced than found with the CHCl3:DMF 9:1 mixture. The chemical modifications induced by the plasma in the solvents were investigated by means of complementary analytical techniques. GC-MS revealed the formation of solvent-derived volatile products, notably tetrachloroethylene (C2Cl4), 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (C2H2Cl4), pentachloroethane (C2HCl5), hexachloroethane (C2Cl6) and, in the case of the mixed solvent, also N-methylformamide (C2H5NO). The chlorinated volatile products are attributed to reactions of ·Cl and Cl-containing methyl radicals and carbenes formed in the plasma-treated solvents. ·Cl and ·CCl3 radicals were detected and identified by EPR spectroscopy analyses. Ion chromatography revealed the presence of Cl−, NO3-, and HCOO− (the latter only in the presence of DMF) in the plasma-treated solvents, thus accounting for the observed increased conductivity and acidification of the solvent after plasma treatment. Mechanisms for the formation of these solvent derived products induced by plasma are proposed and discussed. The major role of radicals and ions in the plasma chemistry of chloroform and of the chloroform/dimethylformamide mixture is highlighted. The results provide insight into the interaction of plasma with organic solvents, a field so far little explored but holding promise for interesting applications.

This study investigates the effects of non-thermal plasma (NTP) treatment on the germination characteristics of coriander seeds ( Coriandrum sativum L.). Different germination factors, water imbibition rate and changes in mass, were analyzed. The results indicate that a suitable duration of NTP treatment (180 s and 300 s) enhances seed germination characteristics, whereas prolonged exposure (420 s) leads to adverse effects. Furthermore, shorter NTP exposures (180 s) improved water absorption and surface properties of seeds, while longer exposures (420 s) caused mass loss and compromised seed vigor. Overall, the findings demonstrate the significance of optimizing NTP treatment conditions for enhancing seed germination characteristics., Competing Interests: The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: RAJESH PRAKASH GURAGAIN reports financial support and equipment, drugs, or supplies were provided by the Kathmandu University-Integrated Rural Development Program/Nepal Technology Innovation Center (KU-IRDP/NTIC) grant funded by the Korea International Cooperation Agency (KOICA). RAJESH PRAKASH GURAGAIN reports a relationship with Korea International Cooperation Agency that includes: funding grants. The corresponding author has no conflicts of interest to disclose., (© 2024 The Authors.)

• An in-plasma catalytic DBD reactor was employed for single stage MPOM process. • γ-Al 2 O 3 supported Cu catalysts modified with different promoters (ZnO, ZrO 2 and MgO). • The plasma-catalyst synergy strongly improves the efficiency of the reactor system. Partial oxidation of methane to methanol is one of the best routes for liquid oxygenates preparation. The present study describes the application of a non-thermal plasma reactor operated under dielectric barrier discharge mode with/without catalyst addition for a single stage methane conversion to methanol. Air has been chosen as the oxidant for methane partial oxidation. It is found that both the reactant conversion and product distribution are strongly dependent on the reactor configuration, feed gases composition and also catalyst addition. A series of γ-Al 2 O 3 supported Cu catalyst with metal oxide promoters (ZnO, ZrO 2 and MgO) were integrated with plasma zone as to obtain in-plasma catalytic reactor. Typical results show that the synergistic effect due to plasma activation and catalytic action, significantly improves both CH 4 conversion and CH 3 OH selectivity. The best methanol selectivity of ∼28% is achieved over the CuZrAl catalyst with a CH 4 conversion of ∼11%, while plasma reactor provides only ∼18% CH 3 OH selectivity. The possible reaction mechanism of methanol formation inside the plasma reactor has been discussed, which highlights that the catalyst facilitates the adsorption of plasma excited species and improves the performance of the reactor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Abstract A dielectric barrier discharge reactor was used to convert toluene (tar analogue) into methane (>90%). This study showed that wall temperature and plasma power played key roles on the product distribution. At ambient conditions, solid formation was observed inside the reactor at all tested powers (50–85 W). The maximum selectivity to lower hydrocarbon (C 1 -C 6) was 63% at 85 W. However, complete conversion of the toluene to lower hydrocarbons was seen at power (75 W), when the surrounding temperature raised to 200 °C. Significant increase in selectivity also observed at 50 W, where selectivity increased from 35% to 84%, at 200 °C. The selectivity to various lower hydrocarbons was strongly dependent upon power. Methane showed maximum selectivity >90% at 85 W and 200 °C, whereas at 50 W the other hydrocarbons >C 1 were >40% along with methane. The selectivity of C 2 -C 6 started to decrease when increasing power due to increased cracking into methane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent development in electronics has enabled the use of non-thermal plasma (NTP) to strictly direct oxidative stress in a defined location at near-physiological temperature. In preclinical studies or human clinical trials, NTP promotes blood coagulation, wound healing with disinfection, and selective killing of cancer cells. Although these biological effects of NTP have been widely explored, the stoichiometric quantitation of free radicals in liquid phase has not been performed in the presence of biocompatible reducing agents, which may modify the final biological effects of NTP. Here we quantitated hydroxyl radicals, a major reactive oxygen species generated after NTP exposure, by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy using two distinct spin-trapping probes, 5,5 -dimethyl- 1 -pyrroline- N -oxide (DMPO) and 3,3,5,5 -tetramethyl- 1 -pyrroline- N -oxide (M4PO), in the presence of thiols or antioxidants. l -Ascorbic acid (AsA) at 25–50 μM concentrations (physiological concentration in the serum) significantly scavenged these hydroxyl radicals, whereas dithiothreitol (DTT), reduced glutathione (GSH), and N -acetyl-cysteine (NAC) as thiols were required in millimolar concentrations to perform scavenging activities. l -Dehydroascorbic acid (DHA), an oxidized form of AsA, necessitated the presence of 25–50 μM DTT or sub-millimolar concentrations of GSH and NAC for the scavenging of hydroxyl radicals and failed to scavenge hydroxyl radicals by itself. These results suggest that the redox cycling of AsA/DHA via thiols and cellular AsA metabolism are important processes to be considered while applying NTP to cells and tissues. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the interaction between other reactive species generated by NTP and biomolecules to promote biological and medical applications of NTP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various perovskite-type catalysts including La2CoMnO6, LaCoO3, and LaMnO3 are first evaluated for the activities toward C7H8 removal. Experimental results indicate that double-type La2CoMnO6 shows better activity if compared with single perovskites due to high lattice oxygen content and good reducibility. Subsequently, perovskite catalysts are combined with plasma (NTP) to form in-plasma catalysis (IPC) and post-plasma catalysis (PPC) systems. The results indicate that IPC systems have better higher performance than that of NTP-alone and PPC. Especially, high C7H8 conversion (100%) and mineralization efficiency (96.8%) can be achieved with the applied voltage of 18 kV and temperature of 120 °C when La2CoMnO6 is integrated with NTP to form IPC system. Also, it owns the highest energy efficiency (0.14 g/kWh). It is concluded that IPC performance for C7H8 removal is closely related with the properties of catalyst surface. In addition, the kinetics of IPC systems are investigated by a simplified model, and the result indicates that IPC with La2CoMnO6 as catalyst has a higher overall energy constant. This study reveals that double-type La2CoMnO6 is of higher activity than single perovskites for C7H8 removal, and demonstrates that double-type La2CoMnO6 is of high potential to form plasma catalysis system for VOCs removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, global warming is the main environmental problems all over the world. The air pollutants mainly from the burning of fossil fuels and coal in power plants, transportation, and automobiles. There are release major point emission of the atmosphere. The nitrogen oxides are the most relevant for air pollution that contribute to the formation of photochemical smog and acid rain. Numerous methods have been studied to eliminate the nitrogen oxides such as the use low-nitrogen fuels technology, the selective catalytic reduction (SCR), wet scrubbing. The aim of this research is investigated non-thermal plasma (NTP) techniques offer an innovation to eliminate both nitrogen oxide (NOx) and soot emissions from combustion. This study is used to selectively transfer input electrical energy to electrons without expending this in heating the entire gas flow which creates free radicals in the flue gases. The simulated flue gas from combustion process is applied to the system. The results showed that the prototype of nonthermal plasma system is shown the highly efficient of NOx removal was achieved. However, the optimised of NTP operating conditions are required to enhance the NOx reduction activities.

The water gas shift (WGS) reaction is important for many industrial processes such as ammonia synthesis, oil refining and fuel cells. WGS reaction is exothermic and limited by kinetics and chemical equilibrium, and under conventional thermocatalytic conditions, the desired thermodynamic equilibrium conversion and sufficiently fast kinetics can rarely be achieved simultaneously. To address such limitations, non-thermal plasma (NTP) processes have been recently proposed to enhance the kinetics at low temperatures (via gas phase activation), and realising favourable thermodynamic conversion. Here, a critical review of the relevant state-of-the-art regarding NTP-assisted WGS reactions (including both catalytic and non-catalytic systems) is presented. In addition, it also evaluates the concept of reaction-separation integration using novel membrane reactors to improve WGS reaction by shifting reaction equilibrium to favour hydrogen production. Finally, the prospect regarding future research avenues in advancing the NTP-assisted WGS processes is shared. [Display omitted] • Critical review on plasma-assisted water gas shift (WGS) reactions. • Separation-enhanced WGS under plasma conditions is proposed. • Relevant membrane technologies for separation-enhanced WGS are reviewed. • Rational catalyst design for plasma-assisted WGS is suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Plasma effectively removed multiple DBPs without producing secondary pollutants. • Mechanism for terminal removal of HBQs was first proposed. • Degradation rates of DBPs by plasma were faster than conventional techniques. • Plasma treatment reduced tap water toxicity, securing it as a post-treatment option. Disinfection by-products (DBPs) with significant teratogenic and carcinogenic properties have become a growing concern among the public. As an efficient and environmentally friendly technology, non-thermal plasma offers potential for removing emerging micro-pollutants. In this study, the degradation performance of bubbling corona discharge was evaluated on 24 halogenated alicyclic and aliphatic DBPs present in drinking water at concentrations ranging from ng/L to μg/L. The degradation of DBPs followed pseudo-first-order kinetics with rate constants (k obs) in the descending order of halonitromethanes (HNMs), halogenated benzoquinones (HBQs), haloacetonitriles, trihalomethanes (THMs), haloketones, halogenated aldehydes, and haloacetic acids (HAAs). THMs, HNMs, and HBQs were effectively removed within 5 min under a discharge power of 28 W. Degradation rates achieved by plasma treatment surpass those of other conventional treatment technologies. The required energy consumption was in the range of 5–30 kW·h/m3/order. Furthermore, the study investigated the effects of discharge power, initial concentration, and economic analysis on the degradation of four selected DBPs as representatives of mono-, di- and multi-carbon-containing DBPs, namely chloroform (TCM) and bromoform (TBM), tribromoacetic acid (TBAA), and 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone (TetraC-BQ). Reactive radicals in the plasma system were investigated using electron paramagnetic resonance, optical emission spectroscopy, fluorimetry, and radical scavengers. Hydrated electrons and hydroxyl radicals played an important role in the removal of DBPs. The intermediates generated during the degradation of TCM, TBM, TBAA, and TetraC-BQ were identified, and the possible degradation pathways for mono- and binary C-DBPs and HBQs were deduced. The breakdown of HBQs did not produce secondary contamination with aliphatic DBPs. The carbon in DBPs was primarily converted to formic acid, acetic acid, and oxalic acid, and the halogens were mainly converted to halogen ions. Additionally, luminescent bacteria toxicity testing confirmed that plasma treatment could reduce the acute toxicity of water samples. These findings demonstrate the potential of plasma treatment as a post-treatment device at the household level. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industries’ air pollution causes serious challenges to modern society, among them exhaust gases from internal combustion engines, which are currently one of the main sources. This study proposes a non-thermal plasma (NTP) system for placement in the exhaust system of internal combustion engines to reduce the toxic contaminants (HC, CO, and NOx) of exhaust gases. This NTP system generates a high-voltage discharge that not only responds to the ion chemical reaction to eliminate NOx and CO, but that also generates a combustion reaction at the local high temperature of plasma to reduce HC. The NTP system was designed on both the front and rear of the exhaust pipe to analyze the difference of different exhaust flow rates under the specified frequency. The results indicate that the NTP system can greatly reduce toxic contaminants. The NTP reactor placed in the front of exhaust pipe gave HC and CO removal efficiency of about 34.5% and 16.0%, respectively, while the NTP reactor placed in the rear of exhaust pipe gave NOx removal efficiency of about 41.3%. In addition, the voltage and material directly affect the exhaust gases obviously. In conclusion, the proposed NTP system installed in the exhaust system can significantly reduce air pollutants. These results suggest that applying NTP to the combustion engine should be a useful tool to simultaneously reduce both emissions of NOx and CO.

Background and Aims: Numerous strategies for enhancing seed germination and growth have been employed over the decades. Despite these advancements, there continues to be a demand for more effective techniques, driven by the growing global population. Recently, various forms of non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma have garnered attention as environmentally friendly, safe, and cost-effective methods to enhance the agricultural and food sectors. This study explores the remarkable impact of non-thermal plasma (NTP) treatment on cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seed germination., Methods: A cost-effective, custom-designed power supply operating at line frequency was used for treating seeds, with exposure times ranging from 1 to 7 min. Various germination parameters, including water contact angle measurements, mass loss, water imbibition rate, and seedling length, were evaluated to assess the impact of plasma treatment on seed germination., Results: Cucumber seeds exposed to NTP treatment for 3 min and 5 min durations showed significant germination improvements, notably a 57.9 ± 4.25 % higher final germination percentage, 14.5 ± 3.75 % reduced mean germination time, and a remarkable 90.6 ± 4.64 % increase in germination index compared to the control. These results suggest that NTP treatment enhanced seed coat permeability, triggered essential biochemical processes, and expedited water absorption and nutrient assimilation, ultimately fostering faster and more synchronized germination., Conclusions: Our findings underscore the potential of NTP as an innovative approach to improving seed germination in agricultural practices., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 The Author(s).)

Treatment with a non-thermal plasma (NTP) is a new and effective technology applied recently for conversion of gases for air pollution control. This research was initiated to optimize the efficient application of the NTP process in benzene, toluene, ethyl-benzene, and xylene (BTEX) removal. The effects of four variables including temperature, initial BTEX concentration, voltage, and flow rate on the BTEX elimination efficiency were investigated using response surface methodology (RSM). The constructed model was evaluated by analysis of variance (ANOVA). The model goodness-of-fit and statistical significance was assessed using determination coefficients ( R and R ) and the F-test. The results revealed that the R proportion was greater than 0.96 for BTEX removal efficiency. The statistical analysis demonstrated that the BTEX removal efficiency was significantly correlated with the temperature, BTEX concentration, voltage, and flow rate. Voltage was the most influential variable affecting the dependent variable as it exerted a significant effect ( p < 0.0001) on the response variable. According to the achieved results, NTP can be applied as a progressive, cost-effective, and practical process for treatment of airstreams polluted with BTEX in conditions of low residence time and high concentrations of pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non thermal plasma catalysis (NTP-catalysis) has shown the unique characteristics to enable many challenging chemical conversions under mild conditions. However, to date catalyst design with carefully consideration of the features of NTP activation was less achieved. In this reflective review, we revisited our previous research critically to comment on the rational and irrational aspects of these studies regarding catalyst design for selected NTP-catalytic systems, that is, CO 2 methanation, dry reforming of methane with CO 2 , and NH 3 synthesis. Additionally, comments on catalyst design in relation to relevant literature on the NTP-catalytic systems above, especially CO 2 methanation, were also made. Based on that we devised relevant suggestion and prospect on rational design of bespoke catalysts for NTP-catalysis, which can be beneficial to advance NTP-catalysis technologies. [Display omitted] • Critical reflection on catalyst development for non thermal plasma (NTP) catalysis. • Generic aspects of gas phase NTP catalysis are summarized. • Rational catalyst design for NTP catalysis is suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simultaneous removal of multi-pollutants from coal-fired power plants has drawn worldwide attention in recent years. Non-thermal plasma (NTP) flue gas cleaning technologies show good performance on SO 2 , NO X , and Hg 0 removal and extensive studies have been carried out. This paper reviews the research progress of pollutants removal from coal-fired flue gas using non-thermal plasma. The pollutants removal mechanisms of NTP are briefly described at first. The structure features and parameter characteristics of various NTP reactors are also summarized in this paper. The experimental results of different NTP technologies such as electron beam (EB) irradiation, corona discharge, dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) are reviewed systematically and the effects of flue gas components (O 2 , H 2 O, HCl, NH 3 , SO 2 , NO, Hg 0 , etc) and oxidation approach on the removal of SO 2 , NO X , and Hg 0 are discussed comprehensively and systematically. Moreover, the NTP-chemical absorption/catalyst hybrid systems for pollutants removal are involved in this paper as well. The pilot/large-scale demonstration projects of NTP technologies around the world are also summarized in this paper and the development of NTP flue gas cleaning technologies in the future are discussed as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trickle-bed DBD reactor with ceramic foam packing to enable the liquid film degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride. [Display omitted] • Trickle-bed plasma reactor was developed for degrading tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH). • High degradation efficiency was obtained in system with ceramic foam packing. • Liquid film promotes plasma discharge and mass transfer of active species. • Active species (especially O 2 ·−) play the major role in TCH degradation. Non thermal plasma (NTP) is a promising technology for degrading organic pollutants in water/wastewater, in which the transfer of energetic species at the interface between gas discharge and liquid phase is key to improve degradation efficiency. Herein, this work shows the development of an integrated system of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma and open-cell ceramic foam (CF) for the degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH, a model antibiotic) in liquid film. Specifically, a bespoke trickle-bed DBD reactor with liquid distributor was developed to enable the formation of uniform liquid film on the surface of the hydrophilic CF strut. Due to the improved mass transfer across the thin liquid film, the trickle-bed DBD reactor with the hydrophilic CF exhibited the comparatively highest TCH removal efficiency (>80%) and energy efficiency (viz., EE TCH removal of ∼0.6 g kWh−1) among the systems under investigation such as the glass bead packed DBD. The findings showed that the presence of liquid film was beneficial to the propagation of homogeneous plasma discharge in the CF bed and promoted the mass transfer of active species from plasma discharge to liquid, and thus improved the TCH degradation efficiency. Results from quenching experiments suggested that the electron induced active species (especially O 2 −) played the important role in degrading TCH rather than electrons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In dye decolorization tests a non-thermal plasma (NTP) corona discharge generated by a high voltage pin-to-ground plate displayed 82% color removal within 11 min. Total color removal was accomplished after 28 min. Different salts such as KCl, NaCl, CaCl2 and AlCl3 were utilized to check the influence of conductivity changes on the dye decolorization process. Higher dye solution conductivity improved the color removal efficiency. The discharge energy and degradation efficiency were computed for diverse concentrations for NaCl, KCl, CaCl2 and AlCl3, whereby it was noticed that the salts generally have a small impact on the level of dye decolorization using corona discharge. In addition, the essential reactive species involved in the oxidation of organic dye compounds such as ozone (O3) generated in treated water and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were investigated and the energetic species that produced the non-thermal plasma at the optimum operation time were determined. Energy yields for decolorization and Electrical Energy per Order (EE/O) were calculated for different concentrations of NaCl, KCl, CaCl2 and AlCl3. This work may help in designing plasma systems appropriate for treatment of industrial wastewaters polluted by dyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-thermal plasma (NTP) is a recently developed technology that elicits a variety of biological effects. This includes cancer cell-specific cytotoxicity, which is mainly attributed to the regional generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). We studied the effects of NTP on malignant mesothelioma (MM) and its modulation by l-ascorbate. l-ascorbate is a major water-soluble anti-oxidant in vivo, but its pro-oxidant activity in vitro has been well recognized. Thus, the effects of ascorbate on the efficacy of NTP is important to examine. NTP exposure dose-dependently killed MM cells, whereas MM cells tolerated 1 mM l-ascorbate. However, brief pre-treatment with a pharmacological dose (250-750 µM) of l-ascorbate immediately prior to NTP exposure significantly increased its cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner, which was inhibited by the iron chelator, deferoxamine. However, paradoxically, this potentiating effect of l-ascorbate was completely abolished by a prolonged 4 h pre-incubation with l-ascorbate (500 µM). MM cytotoxicity induced by NTP was associated with immediate oxidative stress evaluated by 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorecein diacetate, which was followed by an increase in the expression of the autophagosome marker, LC3B-II. In conclusion, MM can be a target for NTP treatment and l-ascorbate can increase or decrease its efficacy depending on the length of the pre-incubation period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]