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Investigations into pecuniary and inbound innovation types has advanced rapidly. The relationships between these types of OI and innovation performance are now well understood. Non-pecuniary outbound OI has received less attention, perhaps because it is contrary to the expectation of capturing rents from innovation. Yet, there are many well-known large companies embracing non-pecuniary outbound open innovation in practice because non-pecuniary outbound OI involving knowledge sharing is critical to innovation and future value capture. In this article, we address this gap by establishing a mathematical model to investigate the relationship between non-pecuniary outbound OI and profit in large firms. Our findings indicate that when the fixed cost of resources is low, the degree of openness is negatively related to profit. When the fixed cost of resources is high, the relationship between the degree of openness and profit is inverted U-shaped. Our work thus suggests boundary conditions to the non-pecuniary outbound OI in large firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Open innovation (OI) refers to the inbound and outbound flows of knowledge beyond the boundary of the organization, which can be in the form of pecuniary or non-pecuniary exchanges. Investigation into pecuniary and inbound innovation types has advanced rapidly, but non-pecuniary outbound OI (free revealing) has received less attention. Presenting a scale developed through a systematic literature review, expert testing and exploratory factor analysis, we show that revealing is reflected by five motivational factors, namely seeking complementary capabilities, product diffusion, strategic spillovers, product enhancement, and co-creation with firms. Regression models show that these factors influence the variety of innovation types and shareholder expectations of value capture through future returns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was designed to examine teacher turnover among secondary choral and band programs (N = 124) in a large, urban school district in the USA during a 10-year period (1999- 2000 through 2009-2010). Also, this study investigated correlations between teacher turnover and specific non-pecuniary school attributes, including total school enrollment, total number of minority students enrolled in the school, total number of students classified as low-poverty, total number of suspension incidents, and total number of expulsion incidents. Overall, secondary music teacher turnover in this urban district negatively correlated with enrollment, minority, and suspension incidents. Specifically, middle school choral teacher turnover was negatively correlated with enrollment and minority, middle school band teacher turnover was negatively correlated with enrollment, minority, and suspension incidents and high school choral teacher turnover was negatively correlated with enrollment, minority, and suspension incidents. Interestingly, high school band teacher turnover was not correlated with any of the non-pecuniary school characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Embedded in a systemic and chronic process, corruption in education is a pervasive element that exacerbates developing countries’ efforts to educate their citizens. Understanding the cumulative impact rests upon exposing key features of educational corruption and bringing to light the varied forms in which corruption emerges within institutions of higher education. Classifying educational corruption may be elusive in the developing settings due to the acceptability and prevalence of the phenomenon; yet, it is imperative that more attention is focused on this area. Based on the empirical research conducted in Bosnia and Herzegovina’s higher education, this paper broadens current understanding of typologies of educational corruption by incorporating the novel forms emerging in the post-war and developing environment of Bosnia and Herzegovina. In particular, the study surprisingly finds that elites gravitate towards and benefit from non-pecuniary corruption while the poor tend to bribe. The study places the onus on the lack of accountability of elite power maneuvers and aims to aid in creating further awareness to combat corruption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Gene editing (GE) can improve livestock production in animal health and welfare. • Dairy farmers are hesitant in intending to adopt GE genetics to reduce disease risk. • Farmers have heterogeneous preferences over GE genetics. • Profit is a necessary but not sufficient condition for GE adoption. • Policy could help ease introduction of GE to market by protecting from discounts. The complexities of the decision to adopt gene-editing technology at the farm gate are likely to be greater than a simple matter of profitability. We investigate ex ante technology adoption intentions to address how non-pecuniary motivations influence a dairy producer's decision to adopt gene-editing (GE) technology with animal health and welfare-improving benefits. Experimental vignette methodology and a correlated random parameters ordered logit modeling approach are employed to investigate U.S. dairy farmer intent to adopt GE genetics that confer resistance to Johne's disease (M. avium ssp. paratuberculosis), a disease that costs the U.S. dairy industry close to $200 million per year. Findings point to a general resistance among dairy farmers towards GE genetics, even with an animal health and welfare-improving application. We find that profitability is a necessary, but not sufficient condition for adoption. Farmers can, however, become more amenable to the prospect of adopting GE genetics through situational influences. Our results indicate that the successful uptake of GE technologies may be influenced by policies which protect adopters from adverse market impacts but also consider the complexities of the producer's decision-making process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water scarcity and stress are not new phenomena for many regions around the world. Problems are exacerbated by growing populations, changing weather patterns and reduced water supplies, associated with longer run climatic change. To help mitigate the problems, consumer conservation programs, including education programs directed at outdoor water use, have been created. We analyze the impact of one such program - the "WaterSmart" workshop offered by the largest water utility in New Mexico located in the southwestern United States. The utility's objective was for residential customers to water to their landscape needs. We find the program's impact varied by time, weather, and customer type. The program reduced average household water use, with impacts decaying quickly up to a two-month lag. Further, while water use declined under mild drought conditions, it increased during extreme drought. Finally, water use always increased for low-usage households. These findings suggest that the program increased residential outdoor water use efficiency, while the conservation impact depended on weather conditions and household characteristics. This suggests that water shortages in the short run could be ameliorated or exacerbated, depending on conditions, as the trade-offs between efficient maintenance of urban vegetation and water saving are considered. • Education classes has lagged negative effects on household water consumption. • This impact decays quickly with effects only up to a two-month lag. • The effects are highly varied based on weather and household characteristics. • Education classes shift residential water demand both directly and indirectly. • Education classes reduce vegetation mortality in times of severe drought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]