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The EU VAT Directive contains a mechanism for VAT bad debt relief. Member States may set conditions for such bad debt relief. The conditions that are being applied differ per Member State. Moreover, some Member States apply overly onerous conditions. The authors analyse the conditions to bad debt relief and call for action to simplify and harmonize so that a fairer, more balanced and more neutral system for bad debt relief can be achieved.

The number of non-payments is an indicator of delinquent behaviour in credit scoring, hence its estimation and prediction are of interest. The modelling of the number of non-payments, as count data, can be examined as a renewal process. In a renewal process, the number of events (such as non-payments) which has occurred up to a fixed time t is intimately connected with the inter-arrival times between the events. In the context of non-payments, the inter-arrival times correspond to the time between two subsequent non-payments. The probability mass function and the renewal function of the count distribution are often complicated, with terms involving factorial and gamma functions, and thus their computation may encounter numerical difficulties. In this paper, with the motivation of modelling the number of non-payments through a renewal process, a general method for computing the probabilities and the renewal function based on numerical Laplace transform inversion is discussed. This method is applied to some count distributions which are derived given the distributions of the inter-arrival times. Parameter estimation with maximum likelihood estimation is considered, with an application to a data set on number of non-payments from the literature.

The EU VAT Directive contains a mechanism for VAT bad debt relief. Member States may set conditions for such bad debt relief. The conditions that are being applied differ per Member State. Moreover, some Member States apply overly onerous conditions. The authors analyse the conditions to bad debt relief and call for action to simplify and harmonize so that a fairer, more balanced and more neutral system for bad debt relief can be achieved.

In this chapter, the author presents what has become clear from CJEU case-law, what questions have remained unanswered so far and to what extent that can lead to different applications of VAT regarding non-payments. To this end, the author firstly takes the perspective of the supplier (‘bad debt relief’) and subsequently the perspective of the customer (‘outstanding debts’).

In this chapter, the author presents what has become clear from CJEU case-law, what questions have remained unanswered so far and to what extent that can lead to different applications of VAT regarding non-payments. To this end, the author firstly takes the perspective of the supplier (‘bad debt relief’) and subsequently the perspective of the customer (‘outstanding debts’).

The collection of information on non-payments in the banking sector and their compact presentation in the matrix form in accordance with the required rules, the creation of various economic models (equities) of non-payments, elimination of different non-payment consequences and analysis are the intermediate scientific research goal of the article.

The collection of information on non-payments in the banking sector and their compact presentation in the matrix form in accordance with the required rules, the creation of various economic models (equities) of non-payments, elimination of different non-payment consequences and analysis are the intermediate scientific research goal of the article.