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Among different types of Non-Conventional Energy Sources, Solar Power has become highly prominent with exhausting suitable to innovation in Power Electronic Systems. The primary intention of the advised performance must limit the number of switches to enhance the output waveforms with a preferred harmonic profile. This topology moderates the estimate about switches, isolated DC origin, expenditure, and intensity of the circuit substantially as correlated to other topologies. The proposed method uses the MPPT approach to exploit the maximum energy from solar photovoltaic to load entirely. The Proposed method provides almost sinusoidal output waveforms by developing a few power switches. The SPV arrangement was simulated and constitution through SPV arrays, a DC-DC buck converter, and a sliding mode MPPT regulation. Based on the cascaded H-Bridge multilevel converters, The strong constraint enforced confined DC voltage sources considering separately Cascaded H-Bridge. This constitution converter worth along with diminishing the constancy based on the system. The system gives boosting voltages with improves the harmonic profile. Performance of the arrangement demonstrated in MATLAB SIMULINK as well as PROTEUS.

Among different types of Non-Conventional Energy Sources, Solar Power has become highly prominent with exhausting suitable to innovation in Power Electronic Systems. The primary intention of the advised performance must limit the number of switches to enhance the output waveforms with a preferred harmonic profile. This topology moderates the estimate about switches, isolated DC origin, expenditure, and intensity of the circuit substantially as correlated to other topologies. The proposed method uses the MPPT approach to exploit the maximum energy from solar photovoltaic to load entirely. The Proposed method provides almost sinusoidal output waveforms by developing a few power switches. The SPV arrangement was simulated and constitution through SPV arrays, a DC-DC buck converter, and a sliding mode MPPT regulation. Based on the cascaded H-Bridge multilevel converters, The strong constraint enforced confined DC voltage sources considering separately Cascaded H-Bridge. This constitution converter worth along with diminishing the constancy based on the system. The system gives boosting voltages with improves the harmonic profile. Performance of the arrangement demonstrated in MATLAB SIMULINK as well as PROTEUS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economy runs on energy and quest for development means that more energy is needed. Statistics show that the majority of energy comes from burning fossil fuels, and they pollute our environment. This work is aimed at producing a mechanical speed breaker electricity generator that operates on two actuating strokes. It converts the linear motion of the rack gear that is depressed by the vehicular movement to rotary motion of the pinion gear keyed on the shaft and alternator. The machine gets actuated by compression and release of the springs, thus increasing the output of the machine. It consists of a stable frame, dome-shaped top, rack and pinion mechanism, chain and sprocket mechanism, freewheels, springs, flywheel, shafts, an alternator and a deep cycle battery. The design was carried out using engineering principles with due consideration to cost, serviceability, ease of operation, durability and performance. It is designed to be actuated by vehicles weighing 1,600kg (400kg per wheel) and a prototype rated 100kg was built. Tests were performed to determine the performance of the machine and the results showed that the speed breaker could produce a rotary speed of 1500 rpm at the alternator, thereby generating 204W of electrical power per cycle. The machine conversion efficiency was about 88.7%.

Today's world energy demand is more then generation and therefore huge "energy crisis" probles are exist.. To meet the future "energy demands", the use of nonconventional energy as an alternate solution . In order to meet the food requirements of growing population, modernization of agriculture has become a necessity. In agriculture, spraying of pesticides is an important task to protect the crops from insects for obtaining high yield. However, farmers have been mainly using traditional conventional techniques like hand operated and fuel operated spray pump system for spraying pesticides.The Existing sprayer has the difficulties as follows, The conventional sprayer needs lot of effort to push the liver up and down in order to create the pressure to spray. Another difficulty of petrol sprayer is to need to purchase the fuel which increases the running cost of the sprayer. In order to overcome these difficulties Solar power sprayer has great importance in agiculture field because of elimination of engine fuel, vibrations and noise. The elimination of fuel will make our spraying system eco-friendly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduction of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Big Data applications have garnered a massive amount of digital data. Processing and analysing these data demand vast computing resources, proportionately. The major downside of producing and using computing resources in such volumes is the deterioration of the Earth's environment. The production process of the electronic devices involves hazardous and toxic substances which not only harm human and other living beings health but also contaminate the water and soil. The production and operations of these computers in largescale also results in massive energy consumption and greenhouse gas generation. Moreover, the low use cycle of these devices produces a huge amount of not-easy-todecompose e-waste. In this outlook, instead of buying new devices, it is advisable to use the existing resources to their fullest, which will minimize the environmental penalties of production and e-waste. This paper advocates for using smartphones and smartphone crowd computing (SCC) to ease off the use of PCs/laptops and centralized high-performance computers (HPCs) such as data centres and supercomputers. The paper aims to establish SCC as the most feasible computing system solution for sustainable computing. Detailed comparisons, in terms of environmental effects (e.g., energy consumption, greenhouse gas generation, etc.), between SCC and supercomputers and other green computing initiatives such as Grid and Cloud Computing, are presented. The key enablers of SCC are identified and discussed. One of them is today's computationally powerful smartphones. A comprehensive statistical survey of the various commercial CPUs, GPUs, SoCs for smartphones is presented confirming the capability of the SCC as an alternative to HPC. The challenges involved in realizing SCC are also considered. One of the major challenges is handling the issue of limited battery in smartphones. The reasons for battery drain are recognized with probable measures. An exhaustive survey is presented on the present and optimistic future of the continuous improvement and research on different aspects of smartphone battery and other alternative power sources which will allow users to use their smartphones for SCC without worrying about the battery running out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper propose the design, calculation and feasibility study of a reversible hydroelectric plant located in the island of Gran Canaria, with the support of a solar power plant to cover a part of the energy demand of the pumping of water from a lower reservoir to a higher one. This work is motivated in order that the island of Gran Canaria has the first hydroelectric power station in its history, and has energy storage to cover peak hours of demand between 18 and 22 hours. At the same time, it is intend to increase the installed capacity of renewable sources to the detriment of fossil fuels. Finally, this paper conclude with an economic study where a budget and its corresponding prefeasibility study are estimated, considering a construction period of 4 years and a useful life of the installation of 25 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose directional complex-valued coherence attributes through a simple calculation of the cross-correlation between neighboring complex seismic traces normalized by their corresponding envelope within a local time window along a certain spatial direction. For 3D seismic data with varying directional geological edges, the complex-valued coherence attributes along different spatial directions are distinct, and the coherence along a certain direction can highlight discontinuities at (or near) the perpendicular direction. These separate directional coherence attributes can assist in interpreting the dominant direction(s) of fault development, which is vital in determining sweet spots and locating hydrocarbon wells, and can facilitate the detection of weak or hidden geological edges. In addition, we obtain the minimum complex-valued coherence attribute by comparing all directional coherence volumes to describe the entire lineament and spatial extension direction of geological abnormalities (e.g., channels). In essence, the minimum coherence attribute can be regarded as the result of implementing multi-trace complex-valued coherence calculation along the direction perpendicular to the structural trend. An example of 3D synthetic data with a fault system and channel complex is employed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the directional and minimum complex-valued coherence attributes. The application on a real 3D seismic data of tight sandstone reservoir with faults, flexures and fractures, illustrates that the directional and minimum complex-valued coherence attributes can highlight subtle structures and the directional details of geological abnormalities, which are favorably consistent with the manually interpreted results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A clear analysis of the electricity production and consumption sector in the EU 28 offers firstly the possibility of knowing the final energy consumption for each segment (industry, households, trade, services and transports). The final energy consumption for the industrial sector decreased during the2001-2012 period, from 330872/1000 tons of oil equivalent to 282316/1000 tons of oil equivalent, while, if the transport sector is considered, an increase can be observed in consumption over the same period, from 348636/1000 tons of oil equivalent to 351080/1000 tons of oil equivalent. Although greenhouse gas emissions from energy used decreased during the analyzed period from 98.8 tons CO2e to 91.4 tons CO2e, a special attention must be paid to the energy production from unconventional sources. As regards the primary production of energy from renewable sources between 2001 and 2012, an increase was observed in solar power, from 16.4/1000 tons of oil equivalent to 5781/1000 tons of oil equivalent, and in wind energy, from 2296/1000 tons of oil equivalent to 17692/1000 tons of oil equivalent.

A clear analysis of the electricity production and consumption sector in the EU 28 offers firstly the possibility of knowing the final energy consumption for each segment (industry, households, trade, services and transports). The final energy consumption for the industrial sector decreased during the2001-2012 period, from 330872/1000 tons of oil equivalent to 282316/1000 tons of oil equivalent, while, if the transport sector is considered, an increase can be observed in consumption over the same period, from 348636/1000 tons of oil equivalent to 351080/1000 tons of oil equivalent. Although greenhouse gas emissions from energy used decreased during the analyzed period from 98.8 tons CO2e to 91.4 tons CO2e, a special attention must be paid to the energy production from unconventional sources. As regards the primary production of energy from renewable sources between 2001 and 2012, an increase was observed in solar power, from 16.4/1000 tons of oil equivalent to 5781/1000 tons of oil equivalent, and in wind energy, from 2296/1000 tons of oil equivalent to 17692/1000 tons of oil equivalent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper concerned with the theoretical and experimental research on using nonconventional energy sources for hybrid vehicles. The combustion cells could be future alternative solutions taking into account their high levels of efficiency compared with those of the well-known energy types. Considering that the combustion cell transforms directly the combustible in electrical current, it could be used for the electric-hybrid vehicles. In order to carry out the experimental research, it has been used a vehicle model with a photovoltaic cell, a reversible protonic membrane cell (PEM) and two tanks, one for the hydrogen and the other one for oxygen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to present the new pattern of modular agriculture, as evolution of agri-food production in the coming decades as well as to highlight the direct relation between this pattern and the massive energy support it requires. The paper basically deals with reactions to climate change, reductions of carbon emission, in addition to high quality and safety requirements for food production. The author envisages the PAC measures called for in order to ensure a sustainable development of agriculture, water, energetic plants and organic agriculture. The modular agriculture pattern describes a totally different vision on agriculture, environmental perspectives and exploitation, water usage and saving, with a focus on reducing costs of renewable energy and on a better utilization of resources to create green energy Addressing the non-conventional energy resources (solar, wind, biofuel, biomass), the systems and equipment needed to optimize conventional energies as well as the systems and equipment to reduce pollution, the author analyses the ways to implement the new energy sources. The author is attempting to find new and emerging solutions to reduce energy costs, to manage domestic energy systems by means of modular agriculture and vertical farms. Modular agriculture is supported by revolutionary technologies in the field (underfloor electric heating systems, microhydroaggregates, photovoltaic panels, wind turbines, solar panels, geothermal heating systems, solar thermal energy accumulators, condensing boilers with low exhaust emissions, production of rapeseed-based biofuels; expansion strategies for the use of biomass taking into account that wood production in concentrated in the Carpathians and Sub-Carpathians area, while related agricultural products are found in the South and Moldova etc.). The agri-food and energy are central to current and future challenges. In other words, the paper highlights the solution of a new agricultural production and food pattern in controlled space and environment in relation to energy support, aiming to address the food industry, environment and energy - related challenges, which represents the CHALLENGES FACED BY HUMANITY. These reasons are enough to guarantee the future of agriculture, food quality and well-being, including the MODULAR AGRICULTURE pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy can represent a solution to a series of issues including the scarcity of fossil resources, their growing cost, their impact on the environment in terms of greenhouse emissions and climate change. Renewable energy, in particular, could represent an aid to face the problems of isolation and resulting economic and social disadvantages in rural and remote areas of developed but, over all, developing countries, where their use can be a solution to provide electricity and services to resident populations in a sustainable way (both from an economic and environmental point of view) and so could contribute to improve the standards and quality of life in these areas. Wind energy, in particular, has confirmed its worldwide success story as the most dynamically growing energy source. This makes interesting a deepening of benefits but also of criticalities which characterise this kind of energy resource, having in mind that recent studies have foreseen that wind energy would conquer a 50% market share of new power plant installations worldwide by 2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a simple method to obtain lagging power requirement of a single-phase cage induction machine as a self-excited induction generator (SEIG) in stand-alone mode. A static capacitor bank is considered to self excite the machine and to maintain its terminal voltage constant. Performance characteristics are then evaluated using the simple method and considering an approximate steady state equivalent circuit of the machine. The effects of speed and load variation on excitation requirement of the machine and on generated frequency have also been studied for different types of load. Experimental results are included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although energy is the key element for improving the quality of life, ever increasing use of fossil fuels cannot be the basis for sustainable development. These have unexpected environmental consequences in local and global scale. The need to increase energy supply in a developing country like India is unquestionable. To meet the proposed energy needs, India must produce nearly double the quantity of coal (550 Mt/y) by 2010 AD, as it is mining at present. Rapid growth of the energy sector has made environmental protection a highly complex and more difficult task. There is a pressing need for alternate sustainable supplies of energy. This article examines the energy resources and some of the key environmental issues in these sectors. The focus is on the options available for the supply of energy. Geothermal energy, its potential, recovery, present scenario of utilization and its utility as a cleaner source have been discussed. The development of non-conventional energy in Indian context has been described. This article concludes by identifying geothermal energy as one of the potential sources of energy for maintaining a clean environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Completely damaged wheat grains, unfit for human consumption, were fermented to H by Bacillus licheniformis strain JK1. Batch-culture fermentation of wheat slurries [6% (w/v) total solids and 5.8% (w/v) organic solids (OS)] evolved 225, 205 and 203 l of biogas-H, a mixture of H, CO and HS, per kg OS at pH 6, 7 and 8, respectively. H constituted 25% to 41% of the total biogas-H evolved. In single-stage continuous culture, H generated/kg OS reduced was 70 l at pH 6 and 74 l at pH 7 and 8. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economy runs on energy and quest for development means that more energy is needed. Statistics show that the majority of energy comes from burning fossil fuels, and they pollute our environment. This work is aimed at producing a mechanical speed breaker electricity generator that operates on two actuating strokes. It converts the linear motion of the rack gear that is depressed by the vehicular movement to rotary motion of the pinion gear keyed on the shaft and alternator. The machine gets actuated by compression and release of the springs, thus increasing the output of the machine. It consists of a stable frame, dome-shaped top, rack and pinion mechanism, chain and sprocket mechanism, freewheels, springs, flywheel, shafts, an alternator and a deep cycle battery. The design was carried out using engineering principles with due consideration to cost, serviceability, ease of operation, durability and performance. It is designed to be actuated by vehicles weighing 1,600kg (400kg per wheel) and a prototype rated 100kg was built. Tests were performed to determine the performance of the machine and the results showed that the speed breaker could produce a rotary speed of 1500 rpm at the alternator, thereby generating 204W of electrical power per cycle. The machine conversion efficiency was about 88.7%., (© 2020 The Authors.)

When rice or wheat straw was added to cattle dung slurry and digested anaerobically, daily gas production increased from 176 to 331 l/kg total solids with 100% rice straw and to 194 l/kg total solids with 40% wheat straw. Not only was methane production enhanced by adding chopped crop residues but a greater biodegradability of organic matter in the straws was achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]