Search

Action nominalizations are employed in business English to attain a higher degree of condensation, abstraction, and accuracy. This paper reports on a corpus-based study of the actual usage patterns of -tion nominals in business news. In contrast to previous corpus-based studies of nominalizations, we adopt a syntactic approach and focus on the realization of the argument structure of -tion nominals. The primary aim of the paper is to shed light on the formal characteristics of the action nominalization patterns in business English, as well as to identify tendencies in the usage of -tion nominals in business writing.

Copyright of Srbski Jezik is the property of University of Belgrade, Faculty of Philology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Letonica is the property of University of Latvia, Institute of Literature, Folklore & Art and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Humanities & Educational Sciences Journal is the property of Humanities & Educational Sciences Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Ecological variables may be expressed on four basic measurement scales (nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio), whereas circular variables and those combining a nominal state with other scale types are also common. However, existing methods are not suited to calculate correlations between all pairwise combinations of such variables, preventing the application of standard multivariate techniques. The essence of the new approach is to derive a so‐called difference semimatrix for all pairs of observations for each variable, and then to calculate the matrix correlation based on two such semimatrices. The advantage of this function, termed d‐correlation, is that comparisons are made on the same logical basis regardless of the measurement scale, allowing for the use of principal components analysis to visualize interrelationships among many variables simultaneously. Further advantages are that missing values in the data are tolerated and that the Gower index of dissimilarity between objects may also be computed. The use of the method is demonstrated on a small toy matrix, an artificial plant trait matrix and a large dataset summarizing ecological features of all vascular plant species of Sardinia, Italy. The source code in R and FORTRAN, and applications for three different operation systems, are provided for computations with results serving as input for other statistical software. The new computational framework will allow the comparison of any types of ecological traits in a mathematically meaningful manner. This option was not available earlier in the field of multivariate statistics, and the method is expected to receive applications in other subject areas as well in which many objects are described in terms of variables expressed on different measurement scales.

Statistical tools for data analysis differ for various data types and scales of measurements. The purpose of this review is to discuss these different types of data and measurement scales. To prepare this article, an online literature search was performed in Google and PubMed, using specific keywords. All relevant articles published in the English language between January 2010 and December 2022 were assessed for relevance. Screening of 34 articles was done and eventually 15 were included that had complete information. This review provides detailed information with examples regarding the data types and scales of measurement. Knowledge of the correct data type or scale of measurement is essential for the application of the appropriate statistical tools, and for making accurate inferences.

This paper analyses the morphosyntactic boundaries of proper names in English from the standpoint of the semantics of syntax (form-meaning relations). Typographic, morphological and syntactic properties of proper names are found to be iconically connected and lead to a renewed description of proper names as nominals – rather than simple nouns or noun phrases, as traditional descriptions would have them be. Proper nominals (proper names as syntactic nominals) integrate potentially marginal units into the nominal domain via a twofold process: 1) they showcase their formal and linguistic singularity while 2) imitating the morphosyntactic behaviour of common nouns. This analysis relies on the English common corpus, though examples from the French corpus are also used as most of the analysis remains valid in the French language.

Taşınmazlar, sahip olduğu ekonomik potansiyelden dolayı sürekli verginin konusu olmuştur. Dolayısıyla hem ülke ekonomisi hem de yerel yönetimlerin önemli bir gelir kaynağını oluşturmaktadır. Doğru ve adil bir vergi bedeli için taşınmazın güncel değerinin belirlenmesi gerekmektedir. Bu ihtiyaç duyulan değer, ancak doğru ve tarafsız bir şekilde yapılan taşınmaz değerleme süreçleriyle belirlenebilir. Literatürde taşınmaz değerleme yöntemleri "geleneksel", "modern" ve "istatistiki" yöntemler şeklinde üç gruba ayrılmıştır. Geleneksel yöntemler (ör. Gelir, emsal, maliyet yöntemleri) tekil değerleme çalışmalarında kullanılırken; modern (ör. Yapay sinir ağları, bulanık mantık, mekânsal analiz) ve istatistiki yöntemler (ör. Çoklu regresyon, nominal, hedonik yöntemler) toplu değerleme süreçlerinde kullanılmaktadır. Bu uygulamada özellikle taşınmaz yoğunluğunun fazla olduğu bölgelerde toplu değerlemeye imkân veren istatistiksel tabanlı nominal değerleme yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Bu bağlamda çalışma, Almanya'nın Berlin eyaletinde bulunan 1460 hektarlık bir alanda 12 farklı mekânsal faktör ile yürütülmüştür. Belirlenen 12 faktör Analitik Hiyerarşi Yöntemi (AHY) ile ağırlıklandırılmıştır. Ayrıca yapılan toplu değerlemenin sürdürülebilir ve güncellenebilir olması ve 3B haritalandırılması için CBS'den faydalanılmıştır. 3. boyutun çalışmaya dahil edilmesi ile, bölgede hangi değer aralığından ne kadar taşınmazın olduğu net şekilde görülebilmektedir. Bu sayede karar vericiler için daha kolay yönetilebilir bir veri sağlanırken, vatandaş için daha anlaşılır bir bilgi sunulmaktadır. Real estates have always been the subject of tax due to their economic potential. Therefore, it constitutes an important source of income for both the country's economy and local governments. For a correct and fair tax value, the current value of the real estate must be determined. This needed value can only be determined by real estate valuation processes that are carried out accurately and fairly. In the literature, real estate valuation methods are divided into three groups as "traditional", "modern", and "statistical" methods. While traditional methods (e.g., Income, Sales comparison, Cost methods) are used in singular valuation studies; modern (e.g., Neural networks, Fuzzy logic, Spatial analysis) and statistical methods (e.g., Multiple regression, Nominal, Hedonic methods) are used in mass valuation processes. In this study, a statistical-based nominal valuation method which allows mass valuation especially in regions with high real estate density was used. In this context, the study was carried out with 12 different spatial factors in an area of 1460 hectares in the state of Berlin, Germany. The determined 12 factors were weighted with the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). In addition, GIS was used to ensure that the mass valuation is sustainable and updatable and for 3D mapping. With the inclusion of the 3rd dimension in the study, it can be clearly seen how much real estate is in the region from which value range. In this way, while providing more easily manageable data for decision makers, more understandable information is provided for the citizen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Action nominalizations are employed in business English to attain a higher degree of condensation, abstraction, and accuracy. This paper reports on a corpus-based study of the actual usage patterns of -tion nominals in business news. In contrast to previous corpus-based studies of nominalizations, we adopt a syntactic approach and focus on the realization of the argument structure of -tion nominals. The primary aim of the paper is to shed light on the formal characteristics of the action nominalization patterns in business English, as well as to identify tendencies in the usage of -tion nominals in business writing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of IUG Journal of Humanitarian Research is the property of Islamic University of Gaza and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In Generative Linguistics of the past 40 years an ever increasing stress was put on the intricacies of the information load contributed by morpho-syntactic structure above the level of the root. Roots, seen as naked roots, entities without grammatical categories and arguments to be introduced into morpho-syntactic representations of clauses, contain basic encyclopaedic and phonological information. This paper seeks to show that the information coded by roots has to be more extensive; Roots representing Mental Property meanings in Polish have to apportion eventive arguments to explain diversities in the production of morpho-syntactic structures. To capture some interesting facts about the complementation of Mental Property adjectives in Polish and eventive implications of their cognate nominals, we have to resort to the representation of roots as entities responsible for apportioning arguments. Otherwise, our model would lack descriptive adequacy and it would make wrong predictions about Mental Property morpho-syntax of Polish. Extensive material of Polish Mental Property adjectival and nominal forms shows that eventiveness of some Mental Property adjectives and nominals is not a property of morpho-syntactic structures building such forms, but rather an idiosyncratic property of individual roots with Mental Property meanings. These findings may suggest that Mental Property adjectives and nominals in other languages may require a re-analyses which would take under consideration a possible non-structural, but lexical source of their eventiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecological variables may be expressed on four basic measurement scales (nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio), whereas circular variables and those combining a nominal state with other scale types are also common. However, existing methods are not suited to calculate correlations between all pairwise combinations of such variables, preventing the application of standard multivariate techniques.The essence of the new approach is to derive a so‐called difference semimatrix for all pairs of observations for each variable, and then to calculate the matrix correlation based on two such semimatrices. The advantage of this function, termed d‐correlation, is that comparisons are made on the same logical basis regardless of the measurement scale, allowing for the use of principal components analysis to visualize interrelationships among many variables simultaneously. Further advantages are that missing values in the data are tolerated and that the Gower index of dissimilarity between objects may also be computed.The use of the method is demonstrated on a small toy matrix, an artificial plant trait matrix and a large dataset summarizing ecological features of all vascular plant species of Sardinia, Italy. The source code in R and FORTRAN, and applications for three different operation systems, are provided for computations with results serving as input for other statistical software.The new computational framework will allow the comparison of any types of ecological traits in a mathematically meaningful manner. This option was not available earlier in the field of multivariate statistics, and the method is expected to receive applications in other subject areas as well in which many objects are described in terms of variables expressed on different measurement scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a descriptive, stylistic, linguistic study that addresses nominal predication from a new perspective that seeks to reveal the logical causative relationship between the nominal subject (ạl 'mubtadāủ) and the nominal predicate ) ạl 'kẖabaru ( in the nominal predication. The study is meant to identify the types of nominal structures that express causative meaning from other nominal predications. This study is unique in the sense that it follows and enumerates the structural forms of nominal subject (ạl 'mubtadāủ) and the nominal predicate (ạl 'kẖabaru) in Madni Qur'an. It is concerned with extrapolating the rich semantic meanings in them, defining the deep stylistic functions that explain the levels of structures according to the verbal and semantic context, and according to the status of the recipient and his willingness to receive the discourse with approval, doubt or denial, identifying the regular synthetic means that goes with the original rule or digresses from it by deletion, precedence and deferment and the resulting aesthetic effect and other various semantical rules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to TUIK data, the number of residential sales in İzmir in 2021 is 86722. This count corresponds to 5.8% of all residential sales in Turkey. With this ratio, İzmir became the third province in Turkey with the highest sales of residential. When all these statistics are taken into account, it is quite laborious and time-consuming to determine the value of real estates in İzmir using singular valuation methods. The aim of this study is to apply the mass real estate valuation method, which we suggest as a solution to the loss of labor and time, in the Yenifoça neighborhood of İzmir. In the study, nominal valuation method, which is one of the stochastic methods that accelerates the valuation, was used. The nominal value map of the building geometries created at the end of the application was converted into prices in Turkish Lira (TL) with the help of a model. In the model, the total pixel values and the sales prices on the web-based site of the real estates were used. The real estates for sale on the site were divided into two groups as training and test data. It has been determined that the model prices of 11 test data have a 0.67 correlation with the prices on the website. The mentioned model ran with an acceptable accuracy coefficient, although it was tested with a limited data set. As a result, the applicability of the nominal valuation method has been revealed and an important academic resource has been brought to the literature for future mass real estate valuation studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text. Individuals unaware of their HIV seropositive status continue to represent a key "driver" of the HIV epidemic. Strategies to improve initiation into the HIV treatment cascade, including among young men, are required. This study assesses the acceptability of three HIV testing options among young cisgender men living in Vancouver, British Columbia. Using a modified grounded theory approach, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 45 young cisgender men ages 18–30 years to identify the factors influencing the acceptability of diverse HIV testing approaches. Participants ascribed value to non-nominal testing as a means of providing a secure pathway to HIV-related care for those who test positive while also safeguarding privacy. Anonymous HIV testing was problematized by participants as potentially creating difficulty in accessing ongoing HIV-related care. Most participants preferred non-nominal testing. Nevertheless, based on principles of equity, we argue that anonymous access to one's serostatus should be available, especially within a criminalized context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The researcher started this article by studying the types of sentence. Then he dealt with the sentence within the framework of the poem in simplicity and detail, showing the secret of the nominal sentence's dominance over the actual, and the affirmative over the negative.Then he touched on studying the sentence between short and long, and its temporal extension from the past to the present.Then he shed light on the poetic dictionaries and their semantic dimensions in the text of the poem, indicating the benefit of lexical study in a text.Finally, he mentioned the researcher's findings during writing the article. It is as follows:Simple and compound sentence.Nominal, verbal and descriptive sentence The original and subsidiary sentence Complete and imperfect sentence In terms of general significance, the sentence is either declarative (affirming, negating, confirming), or constructive, and is either imperative (command, prohibition, interrogative, exhortation, exhortation), or emotional (wish, beg, oath, exclamation, praise or slander, scar or mayday). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé : Langue bantu du groupe C20 dont les principaux locuteurs sont situés dans la partie septentrionale de la République du Congo, précisément dans la sous-préfecture d’Owando, le koyó a des structures syntaxiques formées de plusieurs types de syntagmes, parmi lesquels figure le syntagme nominal complétif. Ce dernier présente deux structures syntagmatiques qui permettent de parler du syntagme nominal complétif direct et indirect. La première structure présente un complétant antéposé au complété ; tandis que le complétant de la seconde structure qui entretient une relation médiate avec son complété occupe une position postposée.

• Overview of types of uncertainty in relation to structural engineering. • Comparison between calculated failure probabilities and observed failure frequencies. • Discussion on the so called "true" probability of failure. • Meaning of Bayesian Decision making in Structural design and code development. The term probability is essential in the domain of structural safety and yet its interpretation is, even after more than 50 years of application, still a subject of discussion. For instance, the probability of failure of structures belonging to the same cohort for a specific period of time, is often understood in a pure frequentist way as an observable average number of failure events for that period and portfolio. By contrast, the Bayesian interpretation considers probability as a degree of belief and a reflection of the state of information to the best belief or knowledge of the decision maker. In the field of structural reliability, depending on the type of decision problem, probabilities are often referred to as nominal (or notional) measures of uncertainty to emphasize that these values are conditional on a model and available observations. Probabilistic methods then serve primarily to undertake the book-keeping required to assign probabilities to different possible outcomes or decisions in consistency with models, available observations and other relevant information. This paper discusses the background of these interpretations and the degree to which correspondence between reliability calculations and observations of failures can be expected and/or achieved. Recommendations corresponding to the JCSS line of thinking will be summarized in Section 8. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article dedicated to finding measure of compactness, and analyze dataset with using compactness. For finding measure of compactness, we search for hidden regularities from sociology database. In this way we need consider n-p full task and it will be 2n combinations. To solve this task, we use heuristic way with using binary matrix. In the article we use invariant methods which find measure of compactness of dataset. Our survey were taken from korean, uzbek peoples and we obtained a result from this dataset.

In academic English, nominalizations are used to achieve a higher level of abstraction, condensation and precision. This paper focuses on the actual usage patterns of -er nominalizations in academic writing, more precisely in the written assignments of business undergraduates. The research relies on the data collected from the British Academic Written English corpus. The main aim is to shed some light on the formal characteristics of the agent-denoting nominalization patterns in student writing and to identify trends and tendencies in the use of these nominals. The results of the research can increase student awareness of the linguistic patterns of nominalizations and improve the teaching techniques involved in developing academic writing skills.

The paper aims at presenting the types of predicates specificity in both English and Romanian. In English, a predicate consists of a verb in a personal mood either expressed or implied. The predicate classification is made according to the criterion of content and to that of structure. There are verbal predicates, nominal predicates and mixed types of predicates. In Romanian, there are verbal predicates and nominal predicates as well, and there are distinct types of predicates – adverbial and interjectional.

I investigate whether countries that use unconventional monetary policy (UMP) experience export booms. I use a popular gravity model of trade which requires neither the exogeneity of UMP, nor instrumental variables for UMP. In practice, countries that engage in UMP experience a drop in exports vis‐à‐vis countries that are not engaged in such policies, holding other things constant. Quantitative easing is associated with exports that are about 10% lower to countries not engaged in UMP; this amount is significantly different from zero and similar to the effect of negative nominal interest rates. Thus, there is no evidence that countries have gained export markets through UMP; currency wars that have been launched have also been lost. UMP is also associated with a comparable drop in imports and exchange rates, suggesting that countries engage in UMP when they are experiencing adverse macroeconomic shocks concurrent with those that eviscerate international trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Frequency data, having no underlying metric, are frequently encountered in real-life situations. The analysis of such data is usually difficult as nominal data are inherently less informative than quantitative data and decisions are taken erroneously using such results. The objective of the research was to study the significant effect of gender, faculties and interaction using categorical data in a two-way cross classification. Materials and Methods. The study applied a cross sectional study with a total sample size of 434. Multistage sampling was adopted. Categorical analysis of variance (CATANOVA) technique was used for analysis. This is suitable as it uses a two-way ANOVA with quantal responses as equivalent of a three-way contingency table in which one of the classifications is treated as responses to the other two. The study considered frequency data involving response scores of students using a scale of good, fair and poor. Results. Numerical results revealed poor level of student’s knowledge and control practices of hepatitis B virus infection. And it is significantly (p>0.05) the same in the study Universities. Moreover, gender and faculties, as well as interaction have no significant (p>0.05) effect on student’s knowledge and control practices of hepatitis B virus infection.

This paper analyses the influence of some contextual variables in the establishment of the Spanish number agreement between subject and verb in written texts by first year students of Industrial Engineering at Universidad Tecnológica Nacional, Argentina. In each case, the writing strategies and the way the student used to build a certain designated instance (the subject) in his/her own discourse were reviewed. This study is based on the notion of number proposed by Langacker (1991, § 2), according to which the speaker always recognizes in a noun phrase, either singular or plural, a unit. We conducted a qualitative analysis on cases of syntactic discordance that involved not only morphological, syntactic and semantic aspects, but also pragmatic ones; given that from the Prototypical-Cognitive Approach (Lakoff 1987, Langacker, 2008) we consider grammar as a system of tendencies, which reflects the worldview of a society. By way of closure, we hold that it is necessary that who are dedicated to the field of education can understand the functioning of certain processing mechanisms of linguistic information that lead students to use grammatical forms considered not correct. The aforementioned will allow reflections between teachers and students in order to attain better results in their written productions.

The article considers peculiarities of linguistic expression and textual realization of the category of attributive. Certain semantic regularities of attributive word combination are investigated from the point of view of the presence of the action component in the structure of meaning of substantive and factors of its actualization. The question of the fruitfulness of semantic atomization to identify the nature and success of the process of matching attributive and substantive is raised. Special attention is paid to the ways of semantic inventory of components. It is emphasized that the discourse-speech actualization of attributives undergoes various modifications, manifested in the diversity and ambiguity of semantic links of interacting words. The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that the perspective of consideration and scientific approach to the analysis of semantic relations arising between adjective and substantive word may vary. The novelty of the study is seen simultaneously in the proposed systematic approach to the interpretation of principles of actualization of semantic features of the members of the adjective-substantive phrase, and in the provision of evidence base that demonstrates and confirms the conditions of implementation of the action component. The determinism of functional-semantic diversity by factors associated with the characteristics of the component structures of the matched tokens is proved. It is concluded that it is possible to identify the relevant mechanism of actualization of actionality / non-actionality in an attributive phrase under the condition of semantic atomization not only at the level of a substantive element.

This research attempted to conduct an in-depth analysis of the text-forming elements based on the fact that cohesive devices are insufficiently treated in the Albanian language, although considerable research and publications have been made in other languages. This study aims to bring evidence in recognizing, determining, and categorizing the structures of ellipsis and substitution which perform in English and Albanian. Comparing these important elements of grammatical cohesion in two languages will bring light upon the differences and similarities between the two languages. It will also show how frequently they are used in English and Albanian. Particularly, the aim is to show how these two mechanisms enable the avoidance of repetition, either by choosing other short words, phrases, and clauses or by removal of words, phrases, and clauses. This study involved samples of fiction and non-fiction texts of English and Albanian language, consisting of two novels and two daily newspapers. The findings of the research indicate that in fiction texts, ellipsis is used more in the Albanian language rather than in English whereas substitution prevails more in English than Albanian. Ellipsis is used more in the Albanian language rather than in English in non-fiction texts too. Nevertheless, the frequency of substitution seems to be the same in both languages with a total of 4 items in English and 3 items in Albanian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Humanities & Social Sciences (2522-3380) is the property of Arab Journal of Sciences & Research Publishing (AJSRP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)