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A robust structural health monitoring approach measuring the structural responses of bridges such as displacements, strains etc. helps to ensure their safety and serviceability. Static and dynamic loads from vehicles and pedestrians influence the instantaneous responses of bridges, while thermal loads from daily and seasonal temperature variations influence bridge long-term responses. Vision based monitoring (VBM) is an emerging non-contact, non-destructive monitoring approach. It utilizes cameras to capture sequential images of the structure under load and suitable image processing algorithms for target tracking. VBM has shown promising accuracy in static and dynamic response measurements of bridges, however, the evidence of its accuracy in thermal response measurements is limited. This research illustrates the results of laboratory experiments implementing VBM for thermal response measurements. Thermal responses of a laboratory truss are monitored with VBM and contact sensors such as thermocou-ples and linear variable differential transformers (LVDT). Cyclic temperature loads are applied to the truss to simulate daily temperature variations. The truss is monitored with GoPro cameras and contact sensors. Measured response trends by VBM and LVDT are comparable, indicating the accuracy of VBM to measure thermal responses. Thermal responses measured by VBM are higher than those of LVDT, signifying requirement for measurement resolution enhancement. The measurement resolution of VBM is 0.099 mm/˚C and LVDT1 is 0.041 mm/˚C respectively. This discrepancy can be attributed to non-identical targets of VBM and LVDT, resolution of the camera, efficiency of the feature tracking algorithm and robustness of LVDT output. This case study illustrates the feasibility and challenges of VBM for thermal response measurement.

Purpose The purpose of this study is, to compare laser-based additive manufacturing and subtractive methods. Laser-based manufacturing is a widely used, noncontact, advanced manufacturing technique, which can be applied to a very wide range of materials, with particular emphasis on metals. In this paper, the governing principles of both laser-based subtractive of metals (LB-SM) and laser-based powder bed fusion (LB-PBF) of metallic materials are discussed and evaluated in terms of performance and capabilities. Using the principles of both laser-based methods, some new potential hybrid additive manufacturing options are discussed. Design methodology approach Production characteristics, such as surface quality, dimensional accuracy, material range, mechanical properties and applications, are reviewed and discussed. The process parameters for both LB-PBF and LB-SM were identified, and different factors that caused defects in both processes are explored. Advantages, disadvantages and limitations are explained and analyzed to shed light on the process selection for both additive and subtractive processes. Findings The performance of subtractive and additive processes is highly related to the material properties, such as diffusivity, reflectivity, thermal conductivity as well as laser parameters. LB-PBF has more influential factors affecting the quality of produced parts and is a more complex process. Both LB-SM and LB-PBF are flexible manufacturing methods that can be applied to a wide range of materials; however, they both suffer from low energy efficiency and production rate. These may be useful when producing highly innovative parts detailed, hollow products, such as medical implants. Originality value This paper reviews the literature for both LB-PBF and LB-SM; nevertheless, the main contributions of this paper are twofold. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper is one of the first to discuss the effect of the production process (both additive and subtractive) on the quality of the produced components. Also, some options for the hybrid capability of both LB-PBF and LB-SM are suggested to produce complex components with the desired macro- and microscale features.

The availability of sensors, eye-trackers, smartwatches, Wi-Fi trackers, or other digital devices facilitates the collection of new types of data that can be used for measurement. The question is how to analyze them. Several psychometric models are available, but even though they have been applied successfully in many testing programs, they do have their limits with respect to the kind of data they can be applied to. Artificial intelligence (AI) offers many methods for dealing with these new and more complex datasets. They do have some limitations when it comes to reliable and valid measurement thought. The question arises how to apply them in the field of psychometrics. To answer this question, the field of psychometrics is introduced first. Besides, the benefits and disadvantages of artificial intelligence are illustrated in three examples. A promising development, when it comes to the application of AI in the field of psychometrics, is referred to as trustworthy AI (TAI), with principles related to fairness, explainability, and accountability. Based on the examples of the use of AI in social and health science and the lessons learned from the approaches to integrate new data types in existing psychometric models, a framework is defined with nine steps for the use of AI in psychometrics. For each of these steps, it is evaluated how TAI can be applied for reliable and valid measurement. The chapter concludes with the observation that straightforward application of AI in the field of Psychometrics might still be a step too far, but that the developments related to TAI go fast and offer new and exciting opportunities for the application of AI to psychometrics.

This paper presents a techno-economic model of two interconnected hybrid microgrids (MGs) whose electricity and thermal dispatch strategy are managed with Sequential Least Squares Programming (SLSQP) optimization technique. MGs combine multiple thermal and electric power generation, transmission, and distribution systems as a whole, to gain a tight integration of weather-dependent distributed renewable generators with multiple stochastic load profiles. Moreover MGs allow to achieve an improvement in the return of investment and better cost of energy. The first part of the work deals with a method to obtain an accurate prediction of climate variables. This method makes use of Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and polynomial regression to manipulate climate datasets issued by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The second part of the work is focused on the optimization of interconnected MGs operations through the SLSQP algorithm. The objective is to obtain the best financial performance (IRR) when clean distributed energy resources (DERs) are exchanging both thermal and electric energy. SLSQP optimizes the energy flows by balancing their contribution with their nominal Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE). The proposed algorithm is used to simulate innovative business scenarios where revenue streams are generated via sales of energy to end users, sell backs and deliveries of demand response services to the other grids. A business case dealing with two MGs providing clean thermal and electric energies to household communities nearby the city of Bremen (Germany) is examined in the last part of the work. This business case with a payback in two years, an internal rate of return (IRR) at 65% and a LCOE at 0.14 €/kWh, demonstrates how the interconnection of multiple hybrid MGs with SLSQP optimization techniques, makes renewable and DERs outcompeting and could strand investments in fossil fuel generation, shaping the future of clean energy markets.

We show that the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) based color-gradient model with a central moments formulation (CG-CM) is capable of accurately simulating the droplet-on-demand inkjetting process on a micrometer length scale by comparing it to the Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian Finite Element Method (ALE-FEM). A full jetting cycle is simulated using both CG-CM and ALE-FEM and results are quantitatively compared by measuring the ejected ink velocity, volume and contraction rate. We also show that the individual relevant physical phenomena are accurately captured by considering three test-cases; droplet oscillation, ligament contraction and capillary rise. The first two cases test accuracy for a dynamic system where surface tension is the driving force and the third case is designed to test wetting boundary conditions. For the first two cases we also compare the CG-CM and ALE-FEM results to Volume of Fluid (VOF) simulations. Comparison of the three methods shows close agreement when compared to each other and analytical solutions, where available. Finally we demonstrate that asymmetric jetting is achievable using 3D CG-CM simulations utilizing asymmetric wetting conditions inside the jet-nozzle. This allows for systematic investigation into the physics of asymmetric jetting, e.g. due to jet-nozzle manufacturing imperfections or due to other disturbances.

Tien jaar geleden startte de toenmalige staatssecretaris van het hoger onderwijs het beleidsexperiment Prestatieafspraken. Terugkijkend op het experiment (met de bril van nu) wordt vaak gesteld dat het niet heeft opgeleverd wat ervan werd verwacht. Maar is dat terecht? We staan nog eens stil bij de opzet en de uitkomsten van de prestatieafspraken, alsmede bij de reacties erop en het vervolg ervan. Dit om de vraag te beantwoorden: wat hebben we geleerd van het beleidsexperiment Prestatieafspraken en welke sporen heeft het sindsdien in het beleid achtergelaten?

De kosten van jeugdzorg blijven stijgen. Voor de hand ligt een andere inkoop- strategie te voeren. Onderzoek door Willemien Hoogenraad, Louise Knight, Niels Uenk en Frederik Vos wijst uit dat minder gecontracteerde zorgaanbieders niet per se zorgt voor lagere kosten.

In vitro thrombogenicity tests for rotary blood pumps (RBPs) could benefit from assessing coagulation kinematics, as RBP design improves. In this feasibility study, we investigated if the method of thromboelastometry (TEM) is able to assess coagulation kinematics under the in vitro conditions of RBP tests. We conducted in vitro thrombogenicity tests (n=4) by placing Deltastream® DP3 pumps into test loops that were filled with 150 mL of slightly anti-coagulated porcine blood, adjusted to an activated clotting time (ACT) well below clinically recommended levels. Blood samples were taken at certain time points during the experiment until a continuous decrease in pump flow indicated major thrombus formation. Blood samples were analyzed for ACT, platelet count (PLT), and several TEM parameters. While visible thrombus formation was observed in three pumps, ACT indicated an ongoing activation of coagulation, PLT might have indicated platelet consumption. Unexpectedly, most TEM results gave no clear indications. Nonetheless, TEM clotting time obtained by non-anticoagulated and chemically non-activated whole blood (HEPNATEM-CT) appeared to be more sensitive for the activation of coagulation in vitro than ACT, which might be of interest for future pump tests. However, more research regarding standardization of thrombogenicity pump tests is urgently required.

In the current work, sandwich structure (Ti-6Al-4V)-Ni-(Ti-6Al-4V) is printed by Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS). This sandwich structure allows the general repair of broken parts with dissimilar materials. The chief objective of this research is to propose a new method to produce a sandwich structure comprising Ti-6Al-4V and Nickel by DED, which allows the investigation of the Ti-6Al-4V/Nickel and Nickel/Ti-6Al-4V interfaces. The results shed light on the production process and makes a proper roadmap for multi-material printing. The contributions of this paper are the detailed defect characterization of (Ti-6Al-4V)-Ni-(Ti-6Al-4V) sandwich structures, considering the rheological phenomena in the meltpool and thermophysical properties of the materials. This research also identifies how the interface quality and the overall bonding quality of the sandwich structures can be improved, enabling the exploration of the limitations of production, and the knowledge of how to potentially produce a defect-free sandwich structure of Ti-Ni-Ti. Results showed that cracks, pores, partial melting, keyholes and residual particles are the main problems during a build. These results indicate that the LENS is a promising method to produce sandwich structures for various applications by selecting the appropriate process parameters in such a way as to minimize the rheological instability.

Unemployment and precarious employment have been treated as liminal states where people’s everyday lives are rendered into an “in-between” position, a place where the uncertainty of meaning and decision-making prevail. Liminality has also been applied as a way of understanding a changing social world, implying a transformation in consciousness emanating from prolonged indeterminism. To develop a clearer understanding of coping with liminal status, we used a narrative futuring approach (i.e., a reflexive practice to elicit narratives from the viewpoint of a desired future). Twenty “letters from the future” were written by unemployed and precariously employed young adults with higher education degrees living in Crete. The letters engaged the participants in the process of critical reflection, where they imagined eutopian lifeworlds by attempting to place the prevalent “crisis story” in the background, embracing or confronting liminal status. Implications focus on how the narrative future-making approach can be applied to disentangle the complexities involved in understanding liminal states and their inherent transformative potential where both personal, interpersonal, and the broader social and societal context come into awareness.

PurposeThis study investigates the effects of sustainable design on food policy, literacy, and socialisation to gauge consumers' satisfaction with the general design of food well-being (FWB).Design/methodology/approachUsing data from an online survey with 382 respondents, an empirical study applying composite-based structural equation modelling was conducted. Sustainable design for food socialisation was hypothesised to directly influence consumers' satisfaction with the general design of FWB, whereas food policy was assumed to have an emergent effect on food literacy. Gender was a control variable used to identify the heterogeneity of the effects.FindingsThe results demonstrated that sustainable design for food policy and food literacy positively influence food socialisation and affect consumers' satisfaction with the sustainable design for FWB. Additionally, women exhibited higher application of food knowledge and skills but less experience in FWB than men.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors knowledge, this study is the first to examine the emergent influence of food policy from a design perspective, with implications for industrial practitioners, policymakers, and academic research. This study also provides possible avenues for future sustainability and food product design research.

Background: Observational studies suggest that adequate dietary potassium intake (90-120 mmol/day) may be renoprotective, but the effects of increasing dietary potassium and the risk of hyperkalemia are unknown. Methods: This is a pre-specified analysis of the run-in phase of a clinical trial in which 191 patients (age 68 +/- 11 years, 74% males, 86% European ancestry, eGFR 31 +/- 9 mL/min/1.73 m(2), 83% renin-angiotensin system inhibitors, 38% diabetes) were treated with 40 mmol KCl/day for two weeks. Results: KCl supplementation significantly increased urinary potassium excretion (72 +/- 24 to 107 +/- 29 mmol/day), plasma potassium (4.3 +/- 0.5 to 4.7 +/- 0.6 mmol/L), and plasma aldosterone (281 [198-431] to 351 [241-494] ng/L), but had no significant effect on urinary sodium excretion, plasma renin, blood pressure, eGFR, or albuminuria. Furthermore, KCl supplementation increased plasma chloride (104 +/- 3 to 105 +/- 4 mmol/L), reduced plasma bicarbonate (24.5 +/- 3.4 to 23.7 +/- 3.5 mmol/L) and urine pH (all P < 0.001), but did not change urinary ammonium excretion. Twenty-one participants (11%) developed hyperkalemia (plasma potassium 5.9 +/- 0.4 mmol/L). They were older and had higher baseline plasma potassium. Conclusions: In patients with CKD stage G3b-4, increasing dietary potassium intake to recommended levels with potassium chloride supplementation raises plasma potassium by 0.4 mmol/L. This may result in hyperkalemia in older patients or those with higher baseline plasma potassium. Longer-term studies should address whether cardiorenal protection outweighs the risk of hyperkalemia.

The cerebral pressure reactivity index (PRx), through intracranial pressure (ICP) measurements, informs clinicians about the cerebral autoregulation (CA) status in adult-sedated patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Using PRx in clinical practice is currently limited by variability over shorter monitoring periods. We applied an innovative method to reduce the PRx variability by ventilator-induced slow (1/min) positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) oscillations. We hypothesized that, as seen in a previous animal model, the PRx variability would be reduced by inducing slow arterial blood pressure (ABP) and ICP oscillations without other clinically relevant physiological changes. Patients with TBI were ventilated with a static PEEP for 30 min (PRx period) followed by a 30-min period of slow [1/min (0.0167 Hz)] +5 cmH2O PEEP oscillations (induced (iPRx period). Ten patients with TBI were included. No clinical monitoring was discontinued and no additional interventions were required during the iPRx period. The PRx variability [measured as the standard deviation (SD) of PRx] decreased significantly during the iPRx period from 0.25 (0.22-0.30) to 0.14 (0.09-0.17) (P = 0.006). There was a power increase around the induced frequency (1/min) for both ABP and ICP (P = 0.002). In conclusion, 1/min PEEP-induced oscillations reduced the PRx variability in patients with TBI with ICP levels

Drawing on phenomenological and realist approaches, this book surveys the theoretical evolution of new institutional economics. For all its popularity and explanatory power, new institutional economics is not a homogenous field but encompasses a range of different theoretical approaches starting from Coase and the introduction of transaction costs. In particular, the concept of rationality is a rich source of dispute leading to a bifurcation between ‘insider’ and ‘outsider’ perspectives. The insider view refers to studying conscious human beings – the economic actor – who seek their self-interest and find themselves in their mundane situation. The self-interest of the economic actor bestows him with logic. It makes the logic of the situation the method of economics, as Karl Popper establishes. Thus, the book argues for the positioning of new institutional economics as situational logic, that is, an economic theory that formulates and studies single-exit situations that face the economic actor. Ultimately, this book presents a critical appraisal of new institutional economics theories based on a substantiated methodological perspective that effectively navigates the theorist between realism and rigor. This book will be of interest to readers of new institutional economics, economic theory, and the philosophy of economics and social sciences.

Drawing on phenomenological and realist approaches, this book surveys the theoretical evolution of new institutional economics. For all its popularity and explanatory power, new institutional economics is not a homogenous field but encompasses a range of different theoretical approaches starting from Coase and the introduction of transaction costs. In particular, the concept of rationality is a rich source of dispute leading to a bifurcation between ‘insider’ and ‘outsider’ perspectives. The insider view refers to studying conscious human beings – the economic actor – who seek their self-interest and find themselves in their mundane situation. The self-interest of the economic actor bestows him with logic. It makes the logic of the situation the method of economics, as Karl Popper establishes. Thus, the book argues for the positioning of new institutional economics as situational logic, that is, an economic theory that formulates and studies single-exit situations that face the economic actor. Ultimately, this book presents a critical appraisal of new institutional economics theories based on a substantiated methodological perspective that effectively navigates the theorist between realism and rigor. This book will be of interest to readers of new institutional economics, economic theory, and the philosophy of economics and social sciences.

Introduction Heroism in the Anthropocene epoch unfolds on the unique dramatic stage set by climate change, manifesting itself primarily in climate activism. Yet, despite the uniqueness of this contemporary stage, climate activist heroism displays similarities to other forms of heroism that have manifested themselves throughout the ages. Transgression, calamity, and heroic resistance are such recurrent themes in hero stories. Heroism typically expresses itself in the rebellion against an impending doom, which has been triggered by an initial act of transgression. The triggers for ancient and modern epics and tragedies are comparable. Injustice, lust, and lack of foresight are the typical ingredients of transgressions. The Trojan War was initiated by the misjudgment of Paris, who did not foresee that his choosing Aphrodite as the fairest would enrage Hera and Athena. According to some versions of that myth, Paris’ judgement was not impartial since Aphrodite promised to give him what his...

Introduction Heroism in the Anthropocene epoch unfolds on the unique dramatic stage set by climate change, manifesting itself primarily in climate activism. Yet, despite the uniqueness of this contemporary stage, climate activist heroism displays similarities to other forms of heroism that have manifested themselves throughout the ages. Transgression, calamity, and heroic resistance are such recurrent themes in hero stories. Heroism typically expresses itself in the rebellion against an impending doom, which has been triggered by an initial act of transgression. The triggers for ancient and modern epics and tragedies are comparable. Injustice, lust, and lack of foresight are the typical ingredients of transgressions. The Trojan War was initiated by the misjudgment of Paris, who did not foresee that his choosing Aphrodite as the fairest would enrage Hera and Athena. According to some versions of that myth, Paris’ judgement was not impartial since Aphrodite promised to give him what his...

The total generalized variation (TGV) is a popular regularizer in inverse problems and imaging combining discontinuous solutions and higher order smoothing. In particular, empirical observations suggest that its order two version strongly favors piecewise affine functions. In the present manuscript, we formalize this statement for the one-dimensional TGV-functional by characterizing the extremal points of its sublevel sets with respect to a suitable quotient space topology. These results imply that 1D TGV-regularized linear inverse problems with finite dimensional observations admit piecewise affine minimizers. As further applications of this characterization we include precise first-order necessary optimality conditions without requiring convexity of the fidelity term, and a simple solution algorithm for TGV-regularized minimization problems.

PurposeThis study proposes a framework for Earthwork Ontology (EW-Onto) to support and enhance data exchange in the project and the efficient decision-making in the planning and execution phases.Design/methodology/approachThe development of EW-Onto started from defining the concepts and building taxonomies for earthwork operations and equipment following the METHONTOLOGY approach. In addition, several rules have been extracted from safety codes and implemented as SWRL rules. The ontology has been implemented using Protégé. The consistency of EW-Onto has been checked and it has been evaluated using a survey.FindingsThe assessment of EW-Onto by experts indicates an adequate level of consensus with the framework, as an initial step for explicit knowledge exchanges within the earthwork domain.Practical implicationsThe use of an ontology within the earthwork domain can help: (1) link and identify the relationships between concepts, define earthwork semantics, and classify knowledge in a hierarchical way accepted by experts and end-users; (2) facilitate the management of earthwork operations and simplify information exchange and interoperability between currently fragmented systems; and (3) increase the stakeholders' knowledge of earthwork operations through the provision of the information, which is structured in the context of robust knowledge.Originality/valueThis paper proposes a framework for Earthwork Ontology (EW-Onto) to support and enhance data exchange in the project and the efficient decision-making in the planning and execution phases. EW-Onto represents the semantic values of the entities and the relationships, which are identified and formalized based on the basic definitions available in the literature and outlined by experts.

Facilitating practice of time-management skills in education is imperative due to its impact on short and long term academic achievement. By bringing tacit processes into students' conscious awareness via visualizations, computer-based learning environments offer unique opportunities to enhance such practice. Nonetheless, there is a dearth of knowledge on how this impacts students' learning and time-management, especially when it comes to secondary vocational education. Therefore this study explores how visualizations of performance combined with guided reflection impact students' (N = 40) time management accuracy and their knowledge acquisition. Technical vocational students who worked in a computer-based learning environment that included a visualization of estimated time accuracy combined with guided reflection, were compared to students who worked in the same environment without this support. Results indicated that higher accuracy and learning gains align, that the added support may have induced an adaptation in time-management, but that learning was not affected.

Current challenges in healthcare urge the need for more productive and efficient healthcare. Healthcare technologies are expected to address these challenges as part of the Society 5.0 (S5.0) vision. Earlier research revealed a variety of digital architectures under S5.0. However, most research is based on single case studies and no cross-case analysis has been conducted in healthcare. Therefore, this paper aims to identify and analyze health-related applications that are developed and evaluated in case studies under S5.0. More specific, this paper focuses on alignment between the research and development work of the Open Healthcare Platform 2023 (OHP2023) consortium and the S5.0 reference architecture using the Adaptive Integrated Digital Architecture Framework (AIDAF). The PRISMA2020 guidelines were used to conduct a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) regarding healthcare applications and evaluations in case studies under S5.0. The initial search included 94 documents of which 23 documents were selected for this SLR. The SLR extracted 18 applications and six case studies. Based on the SLR, the use of the AIDAF by the OHP2030 consortium is visualized and described for the development of applications under S5.0 and alignment with the S5.0 reference architecture. The main limitation of the SLR is the limited depth of the cross-case analysis. In spite of this limitation, this study contributes to creating a common ground for the OHP2030 consortium, interested healthcare scholars, and professionals, to develop applications under S5.0 and align with the S5.0 reference architecture. Future research may contribute to developing a case study protocol for in-depth and cross-case analysis.

Current challenges in healthcare urge the need for more productive and efficient healthcare. Healthcare technologies are expected to address these challenges as part of the Society 5.0 (S5.0) vision. Earlier research revealed a variety of digital architectures under S5.0. However, most research is based on single case studies and no cross-case analysis has been conducted in healthcare. Therefore, this paper aims to identify and analyze health-related applications that are developed and evaluated in case studies under S5.0. More specific, this paper focuses on alignment between the research and development work of the Open Healthcare Platform 2023 (OHP2023) consortium and the S5.0 reference architecture using the Adaptive Integrated Digital Architecture Framework (AIDAF). The PRISMA2020 guidelines were used to conduct a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) regarding healthcare applications and evaluations in case studies under S5.0. The initial search included 94 documents of which 23 documents were selected for this SLR. The SLR extracted 18 applications and six case studies. Based on the SLR, the use of the AIDAF by the OHP2030 consortium is visualized and described for the development of applications under S5.0 and alignment with the S5.0 reference architecture. The main limitation of the SLR is the limited depth of the cross-case analysis. In spite of this limitation, this study contributes to creating a common ground for the OHP2030 consortium, interested healthcare scholars, and professionals, to develop applications under S5.0 and align with the S5.0 reference architecture. Future research may contribute to developing a case study protocol for in-depth and cross-case analysis.

PurposeThe purpose of the study is to determine how students perceive groupwork and identify patterns of less successful groups in online challenge-based learning.Design/methodology/approachThis study involved 29 university students working in nine teams in an online challenge-based course. The authors applied Volet's (2001) Student Appraisal of Group Assignments (SAGA) instrument to measure students' perceptions on six constructs: Cognitive Benefits, Motivation Influence, Affect, Interpersonal, Management, and Group Assessment. Questionnaires were administered at different time points (before, during, and after the project). Focus groups were conducted to gain insights into students' experiences.FindingsFindings suggest that students reporting decreasing or stalling perception scores on the Motivation Influence, Interpersonal constructs would likely not be in high-performing groups. Additionally, challenge-based learning is less suitable for time-compressed courses.Originality/valueThe study expands the understanding of students' perceptions of online challenge-based learning, at different performance levels, and difficulties in these projects. Practical implications of this study are support for teachers in identifying struggling teams, and designing and facilitating challenge-based courses.

Most cases of cardiovascular diseases, including peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in the lower limb, could be prevented by a healthy diet and refrainment from smoking. Yet, stent placement is the primary course of treatment to alleviate advanced symptoms of stenosis in the superficial femoral artery (SFA) for people who have already developed PAD. It has been observed that normal stents, which are straight in shape, prevent the naturally-occurring swirling flow to form inside the SFA. Recently, a 3D helical stent has been developed for the SFA, with the assumption that the helical shape would induce swirling flow inside the artery. Swirling flow, in turn, could promote higher wall-shear stress and enhance the durability of the treatment. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of the helical stent on flow in an in-vitro setup, using contrast-enhanced 2D ultrasound Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) or echo-PIV. As swirling flow is a three-dimensional phenomenon with out-of-plane velocity components, the focus is on finding its signatures in the 2D ultrasound images taken from the helical stent outlet in lieu of imaging the swirling flow itself. Therefore, the regions of interest are the intel and outlet of straight and helical models, where the main analysis is done. Initial experiments and the ensuing analysis show that vector complexity and maximum vorticity are significantly higher in the outlet of the helical model, when compared to its own inlet or the outlet of the straight model. These measures serve as indicators of swirling flow in the helical stent. The implications of these results must be further investigated in patients and whether or how they may benefit them.

Given the recent re-evaluation of research funding policy as an issue central to national governments and the EU, it is imperative that underlying rationales and channels for investment in research and development are examined. A pioneering analysis of the complexity, allocation and management of public funding of research, this Handbook explores the strategies whereby research can be successfully targeted and supported to resolve problems of broad public concern.

Given the recent re-evaluation of research funding policy as an issue central to national governments and the EU, it is imperative that underlying rationales and channels for investment in research and development are examined. A pioneering analysis of the complexity, allocation and management of public funding of research, this Handbook explores the strategies whereby research can be successfully targeted and supported to resolve problems of broad public concern.

De kosten van jeugdzorg blijven stijgen. Voor de hand ligt een andere inkoop- strategie te voeren. Onderzoek door Willemien Hoogenraad, Louise Knight, Niels Uenk en Frederik Vos wijst uit dat minder gecontracteerde zorgaanbieders niet per se zorgt voor lagere kosten.

The multiple flow paths existing in urban environments lead to complex flow fields during urban flooding. Modelling these flow processes with three-dimensional numerical models may be scientifically sound; however, such numerical models are computationally demanding. To ascertain whether urban floods can be modelled with faster tools, this study investigated for the first time the capacity of the 2D shallow water equations (SWE) in modelling the flow patterns within and around urban blocks with openings, i.e., involving flow exchanges between the flows in the streets and within the urban blocks (e.g., through alleys leading to courtyards or through broken windows or doors). Laboratory experiments of idealized urban floods were simulated with two academic 2D SWE models, with their most notable difference being the parameterization of the eddy viscosity. Specifically, the first model had a turbulence closure based on flow depth and friction velocity while the second model had a depth-averaged k-ε turbulence closure. Thirteen urban layouts were considered with steady flow and five with unsteady flow. Both models simulated the flow depths accurately for the steady cases. The discharge distribution in the streets and the flow velocities were predicted with lower accuracy, particularly in layouts with large open spaces. The average deviation of the modelled discharge distribution at the outlets was 2.5% and 7.3% for the first and second model, respectively. For the unsteady cases, only the first model was tested. It predicted well the velocity pattern during the falling limb of a flood wave, while it did not reproduce all recirculation zones in the rising limb. The peak flow depths in the streets and the peak discharges at the outlets were predicted with an average deviation of 6.7% and 8.6%, respectively. Even though some aspects of the flow in an urban setup are 3D, the findings of this study support the modelling of such processes with 2D SWE models.

The design of the built environment of a healthcare setting impacts all users. As a result, it is becoming common practice to design and create healthcare environments that are inclusive of the needs of patients, staff and visitors. Trans- lating how people interact with the environment into design requires a theoretical, methodological level of understanding the dynamics within the built environment. There are a number of social science concepts, methods and frameworks that demonstrate how individuals interact with environments. The aim of this chapter is to establish human geography, with a focus on indoor mobility and the con- cept of activity space, as a theoretical concept to explore the spatial and temporal movements of users of indoor healthcare environments. This new knowledge of spatial behavior can provide valuable insights into how indoor healthcare facilities work in practice and inform future design solutions based on users’ needs.

This paper summarizes the main results from the three main activities of Shaping The Beach research project (2018-2023), and gives recommendations for further studies into swash zone sand transport. The project involved a unique and integral combination of detailed wave flume experiments with advanced measuring techniques, sophisticated intra-swash numerical modelling, and engineering, practical sand transport modeling. Shoreline retreat/advance is driven by high-/low-energy wave conditions, independent of the beach slope. Milder beach slope does decrease the shoreline retreat and support more accretion. Both effects are captured by relating beach volume change to the slope-corrected Dean number as proposed by Hattori and Kawamata (1980). Depth-resolving VoF RANS models like OpenFoam are key to unravel the vertical flow and suspended sand concentration structures within the swash zone. These models only work well if air-flow interactions and turbulence are carefully represented. Existing practical models have skill in predicting swash zone transport rates and bed level changes. However, they do not perform equally well for erosive and accretive conditions and require heavy data fitting, which makes them not fully predictive (yet). Knowledge on swash zone sand transport is essential to understand and cope with coastal erosion and sedimentation by natural processes and human interferences. This knowledge is used to assess climate change impacts on beach stability, to design cost-effective beach protection measures such as sand nourishments, and to design coastal structures.

Beach evolution is important for the protection of coastal areas and the stability of ecosystems. The swash zone affects both the subaerial and subaqueous evolution of the beach. A properly practical prediction of the swash zone beach evolution is necessary for the evaluation of beach management scenarios. In this study, two practical swash sand transport models, i.e. the Larson (2004) sand transport formula and the Van Rijn (2009) distribution approach, were assessed. Model performance is quantitatively evaluated by comparing the predicted and measured profiles from large-scale wave flume tests. The calibrated Larson model can predict the beach accretion well while it shows weak performance for the erosive conditions. The Van Rijn distribution model is capable of predicting the shoreline retreat and progradation reasonably well but does not predict the profile evolution very well. Testing results indicate that existing practical swash sand transport models require further development and improvement.

Storm surge barriers (SSBs) protect the hinterland of estuaries against flooding, while in open state the tidal dynamics are maintained to some extent. Even when tidal dynamics are maintained, tidal conditions are inevitably affected by the confinement of the flow. As a result, intertidal flats – providing important ecosystem services – face losses through erosion. In this work, we integrated research on (1) morphological consequences of the Eastern Scheldt SSB (The Netherlands, 1987) and (2) intertidal flat nourishments mitigating these negative eco-morphological consequences. Through decades of data, we show that the SSB induced persistent erosion. We have demonstrated that sand nourishments on tidal flats can effectively mitigate SSB-induced erosion and ecological consequences. We have found that net lowering of tidal flats in systems as the Eastern Scheldt will proceed, also given accelerated sea level rise. Even though tidal flat nourishments are an effective mitigation strategy, we urge to steer first on minimizing irreversible hydromorphological changes caused by future SSB projects (e.g., considered for Galveston Bay). Through monitoring data on intertidal flat sand nourishments in this system, we identify the potential of these mitigation measures and provide recommendations for future SSB deployments and mitigation.

Tidal inlets are expected to expand as sea-level rise accelerates, and, in extreme cases, might fully drown barrier islands. Here we report on field observations and model predictions of tidal inlet expansion. Field observations show that many inlets globally have expanded beyond their equilibrium width, and that inlets now occupy 16% of global barrier islands. With a numerical model (BRIE-D), we have simulated barrier island response to sea-level rise, and found that most of the inlet expansion is from barrier island sediment deficits rather than tidal prism expansion. These results aid in the validation of barrier drowning against observations.

We demonstrate the first fully on-chip electrically-pumped laser-integrated quantum photonic source, which consists of a laser cavity, an InP gain section, and a Vernier filtering stage. This sub-millimeter-sized hybrid chip generates high-quality, low-noise (CAR ~80) entangled photon states with a remarkably high pair detection rate (~620 Hz) over four resonant modes within the C-band. We confirmed the realization of high-dimensional entangled states with fidelity of ~ 0.99 and visibility of ~ 96%. This fully integrated, practical, and field-deployable quantum light source brings scalability to applications ranging from quantum processing circuits, quantum internet to quantum satellite systems.

We demonstrate the first fully on-chip electrically-pumped laser-integrated quantum photonic source, which consists of a laser cavity, an InP gain section, and a Vernier filtering stage. This sub-millimeter-sized hybrid chip generates high-quality, low-noise (CAR ~80) entangled photon states with a remarkably high pair detection rate (~620 Hz) over four resonant modes within the C-band. We confirmed the realization of high-dimensional entangled states with fidelity of ~ 0.99 and visibility of ~ 96%. This fully integrated, practical, and field-deployable quantum light source brings scalability to applications ranging from quantum processing circuits, quantum internet to quantum satellite systems.

Purpose Health care organizations’ decision-making for the future relies on anticipating changes. Reliable predictions are becoming increasingly difficult, creating anxiety and requires long-term adaptive planning to cope with unforeseen circumstances. The purpose of this study is to gain insights into the awareness of uncertainties that decision makers in healthcare have, particularly when making long-term investments. Design/methodology/approach This is a qualitative study with an explorative purpose. The data were collected through semi-structured and open interviews with board members of long-term care organizations. Findings The study revealed that respondents are most uncertain about the future financing of their real estate system. Another concern revealed is about the shortage of care professionals combined with an increasing demand for future care. Despite most decision makers do recognize uncertainties during the decision-making process, decision makers hardly address the level of these uncertainties. Although this study did find that some decision makers are aware of deep uncertainties, in terms of “unknown unknowns,” they have no actual approaches for dealing with such situations. Originality/value Decision makers at healthcare organizations are uncertain as to their ability to anticipate technological, economic, social and political developments, as well as predict future healthcare system transformations. Some decision makers are aware of deep uncertainties, in terms of “unknown unknowns” and “unidentified unknowns,” but they lack an actual approach to deal with such situations. This study examines how strategies adapt to unforeseen developments or how to deal with deep uncertainties in healthcare as complex adaptive system.

Recent epidemics have shown how global transformations facilitate the rapid and far-reaching spread of emerging infectious agents. The prediction of future epidemics, where and when they will start and how they will develop, is impossible. Web-based communication is valuable in managing outbreaks and contributing to response interventions. It offers opportunities of integrating a variety of spatial data to examine dynamics of disease patterns and dynamically changing risks over space and time. Thus, web-based communication adds value to public health risk communication.