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'Vertical drinking' is a longstanding concept in alcohol licencing decision-making and the literature on night-time leisure. As the term implies, it concerns drinking alcohol standing up. The proposition is simple: establishments where people stand to drink are associated with less desirable clientele, more drunkenness and a greater likelihood of crime and disorder. Existing research has explored how the concept of 'Vertical drinking' – known historically as 'perpendicular drinking' – can form part of heavily classed distinctions between 'civilised' and 'uncivilised' drinking practices. By examining 40 licencing hearings in England under the Licencing Act 2003, this paper demonstrates how vertical drinking serves as a: (i) proxy for 'uncivilised' drinking establishments, (ii) a proxy for problematic (working class) drinking bodies, and (iii) how the legal tool of the licence targets problematic drinkers by shaping the establishment in which they drink. Assumptions about problematic drinking bodies – this 'vertical drinker' – inform the regulatory distinction between 'civilised' and 'uncivilised' establishments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the regeneration proposals for two town centres in medium-sized towns in the north of England through the lens of urban design and nocturnal activities. Drawing from the field of night studies, it questions whether the hours of darkness have been included in the proposals and compares the extent to which findings and practical guidance from this emergent cross-disciplinary area of interest have been interpreted and incorporated. The paper argues that towns would benefit from addressing the specific characters and qualities of night time activities, including nightlife, in their policies and masterplans for revitalizing town centres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Night-time economies have traditionally clustered in city centres and nightlife districts. Yet, due to regulation, urban regeneration and gentrification, nightlife activities and spaces, including nightclubs and club nights, are increasingly located across cities. However, the significance and spatial dynamics of this diffusion and the relationships between different nocturnal spaces and scales remain poorly understood. This paper examines the intra-urban dispersal of nightclubs in Amsterdam and the ways in which nightclub promoters attune their curatorial practices to urban processes through genre-based commercial and cultural imperatives. Drawing on interviews with 36 nightclub promoters, 111 hours of participant observation at clubs and document-based analysis, it demonstrates how these reflexive actors respond and contribute to intra-urban dispersal by (1) spatialising music genres, (2) staging affective atmospheres at different scales and (3) spatialising audiences. The paper contributes to studies which focus on nocturnal spaces, actors and activities and the evolving urban geography within cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Night cultural and tourism consumption areas (NCTCAs) have become an important carrier to light up the city's night-time economic (NTE). Improving the consumption experience of NCTCAs is an effective way to promote the high-quality development of NCTCAs and release their economic potential. Based on the review data of NCTCAs and Ctrip travel platform above the provincial level, this paper analyzes the spatial distribution characteristics of NCTCAs and their Internet word-of-mouth (IWOM) by combining nearest neighbor index and kernel density estimation methods, and further discusses the influencing factors of IWOM of NCTCAs based on Geodetector. It is found as follows. ➀ The NCTCAs in China are mainly distributed in the southeast of Hu Line, and the different types of NCTCAs have spatial differences. ➁ The IWOM of the NCTCAs is generally good and presents a spatial pattern of two poles and multiple cores. The high-value areas of IWOM are basically distributed in the diamond arrangement area in east of Hu Line, while the core areas and sub-core areas are mostly located in the T-shaped development axis zone in China. ➂ Socio-economic factors such as urban consumption power, tertiary industry and population have a strong influence on IWOM of NCTCAs. Among them, total retail sales of consumer goods are the dominant factor, which together with the Baidu search index constitute the leading interactive factors of IWOM for various NCTCAs. Therefore, in the process of construction and development of NCTCAs, we should reasonably cultivate and lay out the economic growth poles at night, improve consumer satisfaction and promote the formation of high-quality NCTCAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing proportion of night consumption in the total daily consumption means the night economy has become an indispensable part of national economic development. However, early social science research on alcohol in the night economy and social science research on the night leisure industry dominated our understanding of the night city. Few researchers have built effective mathematical statistical models to explore the spatio-temporal distribution and regional interactions of the night economy. This paper presents a method to analyze the spatial and temporal distribution pattern of the night economy based on multi-source data. Firstly, K-Means++ and DBSCAN were used to cluster OD points to identify the gathering areas of night activities. Then, the local L-function in "flow space" was used to extract the aggregated flow of each aggregation area and analyze the regional interactions. Finally, the correlation between night activity and night service facilities was calculated by using geographic detector, and night activity and lighting were coupled by the profit and loss value. The research shows that this method can identify the main areas of night activity, dig out the interrelationships at the community level, and find the new night activity gathering points and night economic growth areas in the future. This study extends the current situation that the night economy is limited to theoretical research and research in central urban areas, provides the temporal and spatial distribution of night activities and night lighting supplies from the perspective of big data, and provides a basis for future night economy research, urban planning, and relevant policy issuance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The night‐time economy (NTE) provides many opportunities for crime as there is an abundance of potential victims who are often intoxicated and clustered in a small geographical area. Previous research on NTE violence has primarily focused on assault. However, other offences are also common, such as robbery. This study focused on NTE‐related robbery using police recorded crime data relating to 1624 personal robberies (including attempts) from West Midlands Police, UK. The data was binary coded to identify and compare offence characteristics. Robbery offences in the NTE showed unique characteristics compared to robberies unrelated to this context. In particular, there were differences in alcohol, use of violence, injuries, approach style and crime locations. The findings of the current research align with theoretical frameworks from environmental criminology (e.g. crime generators and attractors), have implications for crime prevention and investigations and can feed into developing policing strategies that take into account the background context for offending. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Safe Spaces are a harm reduction approach commonly utilised in nightlife and festival settings to address alcohol and other drug-related harms. Despite increasing use, there has been little independent evaluation of safe space programs. This study aimed to explore (1) program user satisfaction with and use of a safe space program implemented in Sydney, Australia (The Take Kare Safe Space (TKSS)), and (2) the strengths and weaknesses of TKSS from the perspective of key stakeholders. Methods Semi-structured, in-depth, interviews lasting between 30 min to 1 h were conducted with 38 key program stakeholders, including staff from police (n = 4), ambulance (n = 4), a local hospital accident and emergency room (n = 4), local council (n = 2), city ‘rangers’ (n = 2), the TKSS program (n = 4), licensed venues and other nightlife service providers (n = 4), and program users (n = 14). Purposive sampling was used to identify key stakeholders to participate in interviews. Results Stakeholders stated that the TKSS program had a number of core benefits, including that it filled a service gap in nightlife settings; improved the efficiency and effectiveness of emergency services and other stakeholders operating in nightlife precincts; provided welfare services through proactive and non-judgmental interventions; and facilitated a means to de-escalate conflict without engaging police. Perceived weaknesses of the program included a lack of public awareness about the program; staff and volunteer levels; and misunderstandings regarding the scope and function of the TKSS program by some stakeholders. Conclusion This study demonstrates the complex relationships that exist around the delivery of harm reduction in nightlife settings. In particular, it highlights the relative lack of servicing of public nightlife settings and the value of safe spaces/peer-to-peer safety ambassador programs in linking up care and filling this service gap. Further, it documents the extended benefit across key stakeholder groups of delivering proactive and non-judgemental harm reduction services and, in doing so, provides critical evidence around their efficacy in reducing AOD-related harms in the night-time economy.

Background: Safe Spaces are a harm reduction approach commonly utilised in nightlife and festival settings to address alcohol and other drug-related harms. Despite increasing use, there has been little independent evaluation of safe space programs. This study aimed to explore (1) program user satisfaction with and use of a safe space program implemented in Sydney, Australia (The Take Kare Safe Space (TKSS)), and (2) the strengths and weaknesses of TKSS from the perspective of key stakeholders. Methods: Semi-structured, in-depth, interviews lasting between 30 min to 1 h were conducted with 38 key program stakeholders, including staff from police (n = 4), ambulance (n = 4), a local hospital accident and emergency room (n = 4), local council (n = 2), city 'rangers' (n = 2), the TKSS program (n = 4), licensed venues and other nightlife service providers (n = 4), and program users (n = 14). Purposive sampling was used to identify key stakeholders to participate in interviews. Results: Stakeholders stated that the TKSS program had a number of core benefits, including that it filled a service gap in nightlife settings; improved the efficiency and effectiveness of emergency services and other stakeholders operating in nightlife precincts; provided welfare services through proactive and non-judgmental interventions; and facilitated a means to de-escalate conflict without engaging police. Perceived weaknesses of the program included a lack of public awareness about the program; staff and volunteer levels; and misunderstandings regarding the scope and function of the TKSS program by some stakeholders. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the complex relationships that exist around the delivery of harm reduction in nightlife settings. In particular, it highlights the relative lack of servicing of public nightlife settings and the value of safe spaces/peer-to-peer safety ambassador programs in linking up care and filling this service gap. Further, it documents the extended benefit across key stakeholder groups of delivering proactive and non-judgemental harm reduction services and, in doing so, provides critical evidence around their efficacy in reducing AOD-related harms in the night-time economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores how women bar workers manage violence at work. Women bar workers in our study described that the capacity to recognize, intervene, and defuse potentially violent situations was a pragmatic response to the problem of men's violence in the night‐time economy. We analyze the gendered norms and expectations at play in how violence in bar work is managed by staff and locate this as a form of "femininity work" extending from the modes of attentive, emotionally‐attuned femininity that labor feminist labor studies theorists have described. In a context where hospitality labor already makes complex and often unexamined demands on young workers, the positioning of women bar staff as being more adept at managing violent situations suggests a particularly important demand made of women bar workers, central for understanding the enduring gendered power relations in contemporary interactive service labor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sexual harassment is pervasive and often hidden, occurring on a continuum of violence against women, domestic abuse, and sexual violence (VAWDASV), and often underpinned by problematic attitudes and beliefs. Bystander interventions have been shown to illicit positive outcomes in VAWDASV prevention. Therefore, the Wales Violence Prevention Unit created the #SafeToSay campaign, to encourage prosocial bystander responses against sexual harassment. The campaign was delivered in two phases. Phase One was delivered in Cardiff and Swansea, calling everyone to action. Phase Two was delivered in Swansea and specifically engaged men. Both phases received a process and outcomes evaluation using social media and website analytics, and a public perception survey. The surveys showed that members of the public felt that #SafeToSay had drawn people’s attention to an important issue and had provided them with some of the information and skills needed to take prosocial bystander action against sexual harassment. However, men had particularly negative responses to some of the social media advertisements in Phase Two. Possible explanations for this have been explored. When considering future iterations of #SafeToSay, more work is needed to understand what works in engaging men and boys in violence prevention campaigns through research, focused engagement, consultation and coproduction with this group. Similarly, refining the target audience, including exploring options for targeting other socio-demographics, should be considered. This could be achieved through behavioural insights work, such as surveys, interviews, and focus groups. This would support the development of messaging to make the campaign more relatable to the desired target audience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article seeks to provide a detailed account of emotional labour adopted by female bartenders when faced with unwanted sexual attention at work. In the field, I implemented an ethnographic research design and maximised opportunities for data collection through the use of interviews with eight participants and participant observations while employed at the same venue. Drawing on previous theoretical thought, the data gathered will outline the learnt, and most common, forms of display rules barstaff demonstrate while engaging with unwanted interactions, and, from the viewpoint of the female barstaff, the expected display rules envisioned by some male customers. I also detail the collapse of display rules during some unwanted scenarios (e.g. infrequent) and the inevitable impact of implementing emotional labour under the duress of unwanted encounters–emotional dissonance and burnout. I conclude with a suggestion that there is a potential for a multitude of display rules that are adopted by barstaff dependent on the customer interaction (e.g. aggressive, sickness due to intoxication) in a public house. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sexual harassment is pervasive and often hidden, occurring on a continuum of violence against women, domestic abuse, and sexual violence (VAWDASV), and often underpinned by problematic attitudes and beliefs. Bystander interventions have been shown to illicit positive outcomes in VAWDASV prevention. Therefore, the Wales Violence Prevention Unit created the #SafeToSay campaign, to encourage prosocial bystander responses against sexual harassment. The campaign was delivered in two phases. Phase One was delivered in Cardiff and Swansea, calling everyone to action. Phase Two was delivered in Swansea and specifically engaged men. Both phases received a process and outcomes evaluation using social media and website analytics, and a public perception survey. The surveys showed that members of the public felt that #SafeToSay had drawn people’s attention to an important issue and had provided them with some of the information and skills needed to take prosocial bystander action against sexual harassment. However, men had particularly negative responses to some of the social media advertisements in Phase Two. Possible explanations for this have been explored. When considering future iterations of #SafeToSay, more work is needed to understand what works in engaging men and boys in violence prevention campaigns through research, focused engagement, consultation and coproduction with this group. Similarly, refining the target audience, including exploring options for targeting other socio-demographics, should be considered. This could be achieved through behavioural insights work, such as surveys, interviews, and focus groups. This would support the development of messaging to make the campaign more relatable to the desired target audience.

Prior studies on night market tourism have mainly investigated by governments and scholars on the current situation products and development strategies with descriptive research. There are no empirical studies that have explored the perceptions of tourists in the development of night market tourism. More importantly, because of the COVID-19 pandemic, issues of night market products and services, and tourists’ opinions about night markets have become a challenge. This study aims to examine the relationships between attitude, subjective norm (SN), perceived behavioural control (PBC), perceived without travel risk, and visit intention towards night markets aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. A quantitative approach was used using an online survey method involving 387 respondents followed by subsequent empirical testing of the proposed hypotheses, which was performed using SPSS and AMOS. The results indicate that attitude, SN, PBC, and perceived without travel risk positively influence intention. Furthermore, SN also displayed a significant positive influence on attitude, PBC, and perceived without travel risk. Finally, the theoretical and practical implications, as well as limitations were discussed.

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This research examines the factors that influence the behavior of young Vietnamese participants in the nighttime economy (NTE). The established factors were based on the results of a questionnaire distributed among 405 young individuals living, learning, and working in Hanoi, Da Nang, and Ho Chi Minh City. The data obtained confirm the predictive power of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) model to describe the NTE participants’ behavior. The study showed that perceived benefits have a direct influence on NTE participation behavior and an indirect influence through attitudes and the intention to participate; risk perception has only a direct effect on NTE participation behavior. One of the most significant factors in shaping behavioral intentions is financial readiness for consumption, which emphasizes the pragmatism and rationalism of NTE participants in spending their own money. In addition to being pragmatic and rational, the NTE participants’ behavior is influenced by cultural opportunities and the development of nightlife facilities.

The increasing proportion of night consumption in the total daily consumption means the night economy has become an indispensable part of national economic development. However, early social science research on alcohol in the night economy and social science research on the night leisure industry dominated our understanding of the night city. Few researchers have built effective mathematical statistical models to explore the spatio-temporal distribution and regional interactions of the night economy. This paper presents a method to analyze the spatial and temporal distribution pattern of the night economy based on multi-source data. Firstly, K-Means++ and DBSCAN were used to cluster OD points to identify the gathering areas of night activities. Then, the local L-function in “flow space” was used to extract the aggregated flow of each aggregation area and analyze the regional interactions. Finally, the correlation between night activity and night service facilities was calculated by using geographic detector, and night activity and lighting were coupled by the profit and loss value. The research shows that this method can identify the main areas of night activity, dig out the interrelationships at the community level, and find the new night activity gathering points and night economic growth areas in the future. This study extends the current situation that the night economy is limited to theoretical research and research in central urban areas, provides the temporal and spatial distribution of night activities and night lighting supplies from the perspective of big data, and provides a basis for future night economy research, urban planning, and relevant policy issuance.

As a new mode of economic development, night-time economy has gradually become the new power of urban economic development. Based on the panel data of 26 cities in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration from 2012 to 2019, this paper first discussed the temporal and spatial evolution characteristics of the night-time economic development level of the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration by using the kernel density estimation method and spatial autocorrelation analysis, and then constructed a spatial panel model to conduct an empirical study on the influencing factors of the night-time economic development level. The results show that the night-time economic development level of most cities is still in the middle and low stage, but the overall development level is constantly improving and the polarization trend is decreasing year by year. It presents a spatial distribution pattern centered on Shanghai and gradually decreasing towards inland and periphery, with strong positive spatial correlation, and the spatial correlation features are mainly “high-high” and “low-low” aggregation types. Per capita disposable income, urbanization level, industrial structure and government capital investment all significantly promote the nighttime economic development in this region. There are spatial spillover effects in urbanization level, industrial structure and transportation level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of modern cities takes place not only in terms of spatial (territorial) enlargement but also in terms of time stretch. More and more economic activities in the city are open until late in the evening and at night. Today’s cities have a rhythm similar to the daytime at night. This applies to services included in the economy of free time. The night-time economy is treated in the development plans of cities, especially large cities, as an innovative development direction. Many cities have adopted the support of night-time tourist attractions as their direction of development. The night-time economy, unfortunately, does not always bring only positive benefits. The question of sustainable city night and city night policy as a tool for its implementation seems to be very current. This article aims to present the problem of managing the night-time economy in a historic city on the example of Krakow in Poland. The author will indicate the main factors that determine the development of night tourism and urban recreation at night in this city, identify the main groups of recipients and the problems related to them, and discuss the assumptions of urban policy in relation to sustainable tourism, where night management has also become an issue. This article is a case study based on various sources of information. Planning materials, reports and other studies devoted to this phenomenon were used, and interviews were conducted with representatives of city authorities and entrepreneurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

City nightlife supports a significant part of our social interactions, enhancing social wellbeing and community-building dynamics. COVID-19 impact on nightlife has been particularly dramatic and expanded over time. Few studies have analyzed this impact, and nightlife recovery remains even less explored. This study examines the post-COVID-19 recovery of nightlife using mobile phone data in Kyoto (Japan) and Madrid (Spain), two cities with different culture and whose urban nightlife was heavily impacted. A detailed spatiotemporal analysis of the nightlife activity in both cities is conducted. The methodology is based on the estimation of the hourly presence of people over the course of the day, with a particular focus on evening and night hours. Kyoto, heavily dependent on tourism, faced a more pronounced and lasting impact, experiencing a decrease in the average presence of people in tourist areas by 51.9 % during COVID-19 and by 19.8 % after COVID-19. Despite fewer constraints, revitalizing nightlife in Kyoto proves challenging compared to other sectors. Madrid reveals a shift in urban dynamics following the pandemic, influencing the utilization of different areas within the city, increasing the average presence of people by 15.5 % in the weekend activity area, from Monday to Thursday. • Nightlife resilience comparison: Kyoto(JPN) vs Madrid(SPA) - distinct cities, unique cultures, different COVID-19 policies. • Detailed spatial and temporal analysis of nightlife urban resilience using mobile phone data. • Compared to Madrid, Kyoto experienced larger and longer-lasting COVID-19 impacts despite softer restrictions. • Areas popular at weekends shifted to being also utilized during weekdays in Madrid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pleasure is at the heart of ‘nights out’, yet research on the UK’s night-time economy has consistently focussed instead on the risks and harms experienced by particular groups. Where this body of work has met research on young women, the emphasis on the problems of the night-time economy has been especially evident. This paper extends understandings of this subject by making an analysis of young women’s pleasure central. It uses qualitative data to argue that young women’s pleasure in the night-time economy is related to a deep sense of mutuality and, going further, introduces the term ‘opened-out subjectivity’ to characterise this sense of connection. Finally, it shows how this subjectivity helps constitute the appeal of nights out, a new direction in night-time economy research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to propose a repositioning toolkit, this research addresses the essence of the daytime tourism milieu of the Hungarian capital Budapest's nightly party zone and formulates the following two research questions: (1) What are the available elements of the daytime tourism milieu of Budapest's party zone? and (2) How can this milieu enhance tourist experience for leveraging a sense of place in a future post-Covid-19 era? The data for this research were collected with the help of 85 undergraduates, who were given the task of taking 3 photos, as if they were tourists, aiming to capture the best reflection of the daytime tourism milieu of Budapest's party zone. A database of 255 photos was analysed through visual content analysis. Additionally, each image was assigned a location of the photo, five hashtags and a short description. The descriptions of the photos were analysed by Python programming and calculations. The findings show the most important research outcomes concerning Budapest's party zone, focusing on the daytime values of the district. The research identified the "creative milieu"', "Jewish heritage milieu" and "gastronomic milieu" as the most important daytime profiles of the party zone. Based on the findings, the authors propose a repositioning toolkit and a strategy which, on the one hand, will develop a stronger sense of place in the case of the tourism milieu of Budapest's party zone and, on the other hand, will position the party zone not only as a place of nightlife but also as a venue of daytime tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consuming alcohol in night-time entertainment (NTE) precincts is a common practice for young adults in urban environments. Public health research often emphasises the 'harms' associated with drinking in NTE precincts and views these as being a product of the widespread availability of alcohol. However, this obscures more complex accounts of the various elements at play in young adults' drinking on a night out. Employing assemblage thinking and a meta-ethnography of published qualitative research in Australia, we analyse and assemble the socio-cultural and material elements that may coalesce in young adults drinking on a night out. We identify a broad range of elements in assemblages of young adults drinking, including norms, settings and places, social elements, and desirable effects. We suggest that public health researchers pay closer attention to the diverse range of socio-cultural and material elements in which young adults' drinking is entangled. We argue that assemblage thinking opens up new possibilities for maximising the social connection and pleasure that engaging in NTE precincts affords young adults while also minimising undesirable experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores attitudes to and experiences of patron banning policy (which prohibits an individual from entering a nightlife area or venue after engaging in anti-social behaviour) in Queensland, Australia. Key informant interviews were conducted with 66 participants from health, justice, industry, and government sectors across the state. Interviews were semi-structured, and transcripts were examined using thematic analysis. Overall, key informants reported that patron banning provisions helped to keep out customers who cause problems in venues and that ID scanners helped to enforce bans. There was some concern about displacement of banned patrons to other nightlife areas, the discretionary nature of venue bans, the potential for banning notices to be misused, and a general perception that police-imposed bans should be longer than the current 10 days. The majority of interviewees were supportive of patron banning and felt that it could (positively) affect patron behaviours. A number of recommendations were suggested to refine the framing and operation of Queensland's banning policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the factors associated with alcohol-facilitated sexual violence among young women in the Spanish night-time economy, through the analysis of twenty-six qualitative interviews with eleven young women and fifteen young men who frequent these spaces. Our results show how this type of violence originates, both from the perspective of the young women and the young men. The young women warn of the risk of sexual victimization associated with the abuse of alcohol. The young men, for their part, describe the tactics used to gain non-consensual sexual contact. These data contribute to showing how important it is for the legislation on these matters to have a gender perspective. They also add to the complex debate on the penal reform that is ongoing in Spain, in particular on sexual crimes facilitated by alcohol abuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing from a yearlong ethnography alongside police officers, door staff, and venue managers, this article explores my research participants' conceptions, and governance of, "urban nights" in "Greenshire, UK." My research participants used the term "urban nights" to refer to nighttime events where traditionally Black music is played, such as drill, grime, and R & B. In doing this, I reveal how institutional racism is embedded within policing cultures and everyday policing practices used to govern nightlife. In exploring how nightlife is governed in a white provincial context in Southern England, I uncover how the public and private police work together to produce nightlife as an "acceptably white space." The article outlines the impact this has on the governance of "urban nights" and the management, access, and experiences of Black nighttime participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Pre‐drinking behaviour has grown in prevalence and generates harm for pre‐drinkers and others. In this article, we answer three research questions: (i) Where and when do pre‐drinkers obtain their alcohol?; (ii) What is the difference in the level of intoxication of pre‐drinkers versus non‐pre‐drinkers, and how does this difference vary over the course of a night?; and (iii) Is the level of intoxication of pre‐drinkers related to where and when they obtain their alcohol? Methods: We obtained data from 469 respondents using a street‐intercept survey conducted in Hamilton, New Zealand in 2019. Data were analysed by cross‐tabulation, linear regression and plotting the average intoxication level in the night‐time economy over time. Results: The majority of pre‐drinkers purchase their alcohol for pre‐drinking on the day of consumption. Half of the same‐day purchasers purchase before 6 pm. The average level of intoxication increases over the course of the night, and is unambiguously higher for pre‐drinkers than non‐pre‐drinkers. The level of intoxication does not differ based on the source or timing of pre‐drinking purchases. The main motivation for pre‐drinking was price, especially among women. Discussion and Conclusions: Pre‐drinking is a contributor to intoxication in the night‐time economy, but most drinkers purchase their alcohol for pre‐drinking before 7 pm. Further research is required to understand whether trading hours restrictions for off‐premises alcohol suppliers will affect the most harmful drinking patterns. Price interventions to reduce the price differential between on‐licenced and off‐licence alcohol outlets offer the greatest potential to reduce pre‐drinking and associated harm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to develop a multi-dimensional night-time economy vitality index (NTEVI) to measure the vitality of night-time economic (NTE) activities in Zhejiang Province, China, covering its 11 cities and 90 counties. Comprising 44 supply and demand indicators of the NTE, the index was composed of an overall index and six major sub-indices that measured the vitality of six typical NTE subsectors, including catering, shopping, recreation, accommodation, touring, and fitness. The NTEVI was calculated using a unique multi-source dataset based on hourly online transaction data from a leading Chinese online-to-offline service platform, monthly night-time electricity consumption data, and official statistics from 2019 to 2020. Robustness and sensitivity analyses were conducted to ensure high credibility of the index results. The findings of this study suggested that the NTEVI was highly and significantly correlated with night light indices, economic indicators, and tourism demand measures. By identifying regional and temporal differences across several service sectors over time at the county, city, and provincial levels, the NTEVI serves as a powerful numerical and visual tool: it offers key information to guide policy formulation, resource allocation, and policy evaluation. In the context of COVID-19, the index analyses also reflect the NTE recovery process in Zhejiang Province. Our findings indicate that it is important for the Chinese government, regional authorities, and enterprises to encourage the NTE as a main driver of economic revitalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As China is promoting the "dual circulation" development pattern, a pattern that takes domestic development as the mainstay, with domestic and international development reinforcing each other, the priority of the upcoming work is to establish a systematic and perfect domestic demand system so that consumption will become the driving force of economic growth. As one of modern urban informal economies, night-time economy has played an important role in promoting household consumption, its structural upgrading and simulating the comprehensive economic recovery. However, very few empirical studies have been conducted to investigate the impact of night-time economy on household consumption and its structural upgrading. Moreover, research on heterogeneity and mechanism test is particularly insufficient. Based on the calibrated data of night light and China Household Finance Survey (CHFS), the present empirical study aims to reveal the impact of night-time economy on household consumption and its structural upgrading. The results show that night-time economy has a significantly positive impact on the total consumption, the development and enjoyment consumption and upgrading of consumption structure, while it has no significant impact on survival consumption. It's indicated by the heterogeneity test that the positive effect of night-time economy on the total consumption and the upgrading of consumption structure is more significant among higher education group, high-income group and employed group. According to the results of mechanism test, total income significantly strengthens the impact of night-time economy on household consumption and its structural upgrading; household debt significantly weakens the impact of night-time economy on the upgrading of household consumption structure; financial asset status significantly strengthens the impact of night-time economy on the total household consumption. This paper contributes to the existing literature from two perspectives. Firstly, we discuss in this paper the theoretical mechanism of night-time economy' s impact on household consumption and its structural upgrading, which will expand the literature on night-time economy and household consumption from a new perspective. Secondly, different from previous studies which attempted to clarify the impact of night-time economy on household consumption, we categorized household consumption into survival consumption, development and enjoyment consumption. Meanwhile, the upgrading of household consumption structure was defined as the proportion increase of development and enjoyment consumption in the total consumption. The impact of night-time economy on total household consumption, development and enjoyment consumption and the upgrading of consumption structure was investigated. As for the impact of other factors such as education, income and job types, we conducted heterogeneity analysis to explore the differences between different consumption groups the impact of night-time economy on household consumption and its structural upgrading. We further explored the regulatory role of household income, household debt and financial assets in the impact of night-time economy on household consumption and its structural upgrading. This paper reveals the underlying relationship between night-time economy and Chinese household consumption, which will provide insights for governments' policy-making to promote household consumption under the "dual circulation" development strategy. It will also help policy-makers to design differentiated support policies for different consumer groups so as to give full play to the role of night-time economy in promoting household consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban night has undergone a significant transformation over recent decades, shifting from being a peripheral and liminal space-time to becoming both a new market for implementing processes of urban regeneration, and a problematic contest that needs to be regulated by developing new strategies of surveillance and control. Building on Henri Lefebvre's "critique of everyday life," we develop a "critique of everyday life of the night," since a common thread links the flatness and monotony of everyday life to the changes that have affected nightlife. Taking the city of Turin (Italy) as a case study, the impact economicist and securitarian urban policies on its nightlife is analyzed, in what is described as a process of 'eveningification.' Nevertheless, Lefebvre's permanent dialectic between flatness and extraordinariness of existence led us to carry out a rhythmanalysis of Turin's most problematic square in order to understand various practices and spatial dynamics in an 'eveningificated' neighborhood. • Nightlife is shaped by the flatness and extraordinariness of existence dialectic. • The diurnalization of Turin's nightlife has taken the form of an eveningification. • Evening avenues offer spectacularized forms of the experience. • Analysis must consider not only symbolic control but also material resistance. • Drawing on Henri Lefebvre's perspective, we develop a "critique of everyday life of the night". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although pre-drinking has attracted considerable research interest, side-loading (any drinking occurring outside of licensed premises during a night out, and excluding drinking at home) is comparatively under-studied. In this paper, we investigate the prevalence of side-loading behaviour and intoxication in the night-time economy of Hamilton, New Zealand’s fourth-largest city. Using a street-intercept survey conducted over six nights (n = 469) in March and April 2019, we found that 17.5% of research participants (82/469), and 19.9% of drinkers (82/413), had engaged in side-loading. Of those engaging in side-loading, the majority did so in a car (61.0%), with smaller proportions engaging in side-loading in the street (17.1%), a carpark (12.2%), or somewhere else (13.4%). Men were significantly more likely than women to engage in side-loading behaviour (p = 0.001). In linear models controlling for time of the night, day of the week, and demographic variables, side-loading was not statistically significantly associated with breath alcohol content. This contrasts with pre-drinking, which was associated with statistically significantly higher breath alcohol content. Our results suggest that side-loading might not be used as a method for drinkers to enhance intoxication, but instead as a means of sustaining a target level of intoxication during an evening.

Despite a surge of attention to gender-based violence (GBV), research about the night-time economy (NTE) as a site of gendered violence is limited. Even less research examines women's emotional responses to “unwanted sexual intrusions” (USI) in the NTE. Analyzing women's emotional responses can generate deeper understanding of social phenomena, power and its operation, and is in keeping with feminist theorizing that uses a victim-survivor-centered approach. Analysis of qualitative data, from a survey we conducted in the United Kingdom, reveals women experience USI in the NTE as a frightening, shameful injustice. The article discusses these emotions in light of the changing “emotional climate” about GBV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2020 the New South Wales Liquor Act was amended to allow the Independent Liquor and Gaming Authority (ILGA) to approve new liquor authorisations in parts of the Sydney CBD otherwise subject to a freeze. The vehicle for this was called Cumulative Impact Assessment (CIA). The Amendment added promotion of business vitality to an established list of considerations previously set out by ILGA in its Guideline (6) on social impact assessment. The strategy set out in a new Guideline (18) appears to use an impartial and objective methodology while advocating reliance on intangible criteria and selective use of data in order to increase applicant chances of success against a rebuttable presumption against approval. While CIA is an established method in other professional areas, its use in the amendment influenced by the industry risks exacerbating alcohol-related harm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Literature on unwanted sexual attention in the night-time economy has focused predominantly on patrons and ignores those who are employed in it. This paper draws on participant observations of, and interviews with, 10 current, and 5 former, bartenders' engagement with unwanted behaviors at a public house. Data gathered will outline the common and infrequent forms of unwanted sexual attention and who the perpetrators are. I also remold the concept of 'feisty femininity' to reflect female bartenders' combative strategies against male customers. I end with a suggestion for the implementation of specific training strategies for all employed in licensed venues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'Alcohol-related violence', especially among young people participating in the night-time economy (NTE), has been the subject of intense public and policy debate in Australia. Previous sociological work has highlighted the relationship between men, masculinities and violence, but this relationship has received little attention in the research that tends to garner policy attention. In this article, we focus on the treatment of gender in Australian quantitative research on alcohol and violence in the NTE. We identify four 'gendering practices' through which such research genders alcohol and violence: de-gendering alcohol and violence through obscuring gender differences; displacing men and masculinities via a focus on environmental, geographical and temporal factors; rendering gender invisible via methodological considerations; and addressing gender in limited ways. We argue that these research practices and the policy recommendations that flow from them reproduce normative understandings of alcohol effects and lend support to gendered forms of power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and Aims: Networked identification (ID) scanner technology is a novel approach to collecting licensed venue attendance data, and potentially reducing alcohol‐related violence by detecting banned patrons. Using ID scanner data from three Queensland entertainment precincts (Safe Night Precincts; SNPs), we aim to: (i) examine patterns in patron attendance to licensed venues; and (ii) examine patterns in the detection of banned patrons. Design and Methods: We conducted descriptive analyses of licensed venue patron entries between 1 October 2017 and 30 June 2019. Scans during high alcohol hours (Friday and Saturday, 20:00–06:00) were stratified by patron sex and key age groups. We described scans associated with a detected banning notice issued by venues, courts or police across all Queensland SNPs and three key SNPs. Results: ID scanner data showed similar attendance trends across SNPs. The peak licensed venue entry hour was 23:00–23:59, with Saturday being the peak day. Approximately two‐thirds of scanned patrons were male, and patrons had a mean age of 25.8 years (SD = 8.80). Scanners detected 48 657 attempted entries by banned patrons, with the majority of attempts made by males (85%) aged 18–24 years (61%). Discussion and Conclusions: This study adds to the limited evidence on the use of ID scanners in the night‐time economy and highlights the feasibility of ID scanner use in this setting. Results demonstrate the value of scanners to passively collect data on patrons, identify banned patrons and assist in the enforcement of bans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article extends our understanding of how university students make sense of, and respond to, sexual violence in the night-time economy (NTE). Based on semi-structured interviews with 26 students in a city in England, we examine students' constructions of their experiences of sexual violence within the NTE, exploring their negotiations with, and resistance to, this violence. Building upon theories of postfeminism, we interrogate the possibilities for resistance within the gendered spaces of the NTE and propose a disaggregated conceptualization of agency to understand responses to sexual violence, thereby offering useful insights for challenging sexual violence in the NTE and in universities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The daily rhythms of the city, the ebb and flow of people undertaking routines activities, inform the spatial and temporal patterning of crime. Being able to capture citizen mobility and delineate a crime-specific population denominator is a vital prerequisite of the endeavour to both explain and address crime. This paper introduces the concept of an exposed population-at-risk, defined as the mix of residents and non-residents who may play an active role as an offender, victim or guardian in a specific crime type, present in a spatial unit at a given time. This definition is deployed to determine the exposed population-at-risk for violent crime, associated with the night-time economy, in public spaces. Through integrating census data with mobile phone data and utilising fine-grained temporal and spatial violent crime data, the paper demonstrates the value of deploying an exposed (over an ambient) population-at-risk denominator to determine violent crime in public space hotspots on Saturday nights in Greater Manchester (UK). In doing so, the paper illuminates that as violent crime in public space rises, over the course of a Saturday evening, the exposed population-at-risk falls, implying a shifting propensity of the exposed population-at-risk to perform active roles as offenders, victims and/or guardians. The paper concludes with a discussion of the theoretical and policy relevance of these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]