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The separation of ownership, contract rights, and operation rights within China's land rights system marks a pivotal juncture in the nation's agricultural and rural development. This research paper delves into the intricate dimensions of this transformation, emphasizing policy interpretations, legal aspects, and challenges in policy implementation. The study underscores the gap between policy intent and practical implementation, highlighting the complexities inherent in this separation of rights. Grounded in the principles of new institutional economics, the paper explores two central themes: the multifaceted nature of agricultural land, which serves both economic and social roles, and the historical evolution of the "disposition separately of three rights" concept aimed at optimizing land resource allocation. Normative standards rooted in new institutional economics provide a framework to evaluate the current land rights system, revealing issues in ownership, contract, and operation rights. The findings carry significant theoretical implications, shedding light on the complexities of land rights transformation and the growing importance of agricultural land's economic function. From a policy perspective, the research emphasizes the need for a balanced system that optimizes land use, supports collective and individual interests, and fosters economic growth in rural areas while protecting farmers' rights. These insights provide valuable guidance for managers and policymakers involved in crafting and implementing land reform policies in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The paper provides a detailed historical account of Douglass C. North's early intellectual contributions and analytical developments in pursuing a Grand Theory for why some countries are rich and others poor. Design/methodology/approach – The author approaches the discussion using a theoretical and historical reconstruction based on published and unpublished materials. Findings – The systematic, continuous and profound attempt to answer the Smithian social coordination problem shaped North's journey from being a young serious Marxist to becoming one of the founders of New Institutional Economics. In the process, he was converted in the early 1950s into a rigid neoclassical economist, being one of the leaders in promoting New Economic History. The success of the cliometric revolution exposed the frailties of the movement itself, namely, the limitations of neoclassical economic theory to explain economic growth and social change. Incorporating transaction costs, the institutional framework in which property rights and contracts are measured, defined and enforced assumes a prominent role in explaining economic performance. Originality/value – In the early 1970s, North adopted a naive theory of institutions and property rights still grounded in neoclassical assumptions. Institutional and organizational analysis is modeled as a social maximizing efficient equilibrium outcome. However, the increasing tension between the neoclassical theoretical apparatus and its failure to account for contrasting political and institutional structures, diverging economic paths and social change propelled the modification of its assumptions and progressive conceptual innovation. In the later 1970s and early 1980s, North abandoned the efficiency view and gradually became more critical of the objective rationality postulate. In this intellectual movement, North's avant-garde research program contributed significantly to the creation of New Institutional Economics.

"The Economy of Classical Athens: Organization, Institutions and Society" by Emmanouil, Marios, L. Economou is a book that explores the rise and prosperity of ancient Athens during the classical period of democracy. It discusses the political and economic institutions that contributed to Athens' success and argues that many institutions of modern economies emerged in an early form in ancient Athens. The book covers topics such as economic growth, property rights, contracts, banking, the state budget, and public-private partnerships. A review of the book praises its detailed information on various aspects of Athenian society and its contribution to the study of the ancient economy, while also suggesting that it could have been better organized. The review raises questions about the motivations behind Athenian institutions and the reasons for the decline of Athens, encouraging further research in the field. [Extracted from the article]

Historically and currently, federal policies governing American Indian country do not typically resemble policies that economists think would stimulate economic and cultural prosperity. This special issue employs Public Choice and New Institutional Economics to analyze the origins and consequences of these policies. This approach, which emphasizes rent seeking, government failure, and formal and informal institutions offers new insights into the understanding of persistent barriers to prosperity and sovereignty in Indian country and what changes might be necessary to break down the obstacles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Behavioral scientists have begun to research 'sludge,' excessive frictions that make it harder for people to do what they want to do. Friction is also an important concept in transaction-cost economics. Nevertheless, sludge has been discussed without explicit referral to transaction costs. Several questions arise from this observation. Is the analogy to friction used differently in both literatures? If so, what are the key differences? If not, should we develop the concept of sludge when the well-established literature on transaction costs already exists? This conceptual article shows that sludge and transaction costs are related, but distinct, concepts, and that the literature on sludge can benefit from incorporating elements from transaction-cost research. For example, we suggest defining sludge as aspects of the choice architecture that lead to the experience of costs, organize sludges using a typology inspired by the transaction-cost literature, highlight specificity, uncertainty, and frequency as important determinants of the 'sludginess' of choice architecture, and show that sludge audits can be conducted using methods developed in the transaction-cost literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Caderno de Administração is the property of Universidade Estadual de Maringa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Trust is the most important prerequisite for the emergence and effectiveness of interorganisational innovation cooperation, due to uncertainty and contract incompleteness. Nevertheless, little attention has been paid to the question of whether the trust of principals in a cooperation depends on different preconditions than that of agents. Based on a sample of 364 scientists from 100 German publicly funded interdisciplinary cooperations in medical research, we find that the trust of principals mainly depends on their partners' reputation of ability, whereas the trust of agents on their partners' reputation of benevolence. Surprisingly, culture- and personality-related factors prove to be ineffective. These results are of major relevance for the trust generation in innovation cooperation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RESUMO: Este estudo se dedica à investigação dos fundamentos sobre os quais estão assentados os pressupostos de elaboração normativo-institucional do Estado contemporâneo, no cerne das teorias hegemônicas da economia do setor público (a Public Choice Theory e a New Institutional Economics ), e problematiza criticamente o fato de tais pressupostos se encontrarem adstritos ao individualismo metodológico. A pesquisa constata que a discussão metodológica é, na realidade, uma questão de natureza ontológica, caminhando por reflexões que sugerem a noção de “totalidade concreta” como postulado de investigação. Essa percepção compreende o real como um complexo de múltiplas relações e determinações diversas, investigando a composição das estruturas públicas a partir das seletividades estratégicas inscritas na própria materialidade institucional do Estado. Com base nesse debate, a abordagem tanto do papel do Estado contemporâneo quanto da sua arquitetura institucional considera a constituição do ente público em regime de condicionamento recíproco com um modo de produção e reprodução social específicos. O estudo conclui, portanto, que a racionalidade estratégica de elaboração normativo-institucional — concebida pelo mainstream como originária apenas do interesse individual — compõe-se também de interdependência constitutiva com o chamado “interesse econômico geral”, estruturalmente inserido nos formatos organizativos dos arranjos proeminentes.

The paper presents, in the synthetic way, the issue of the rationality of the tax system and taxation principles in relation to the clearly visible fiscal crisis in the 21st century caused by, among others, COVID-19 pandemic. The analysis which is theoretical (descriptive, comparative) was carried out by using tools indicated in the area of New Institutional Economics (NIE). Attention was devoted primarily to the importance of specific institutional arrangements, broadly understood as the “rules of the game” applicable in the political and economic spheres, and related to the problems of public finances. Research has shown that the appropriate design of tax rules may contribute, to some extent, to limiting the fiscal crisis. Tax policy, and even more broadly, fiscal policy, may determine the formula in which the economic achievements regarding compliance with tax principles and fiscal rules can be implemented. What is primarily important is the legal framework (one of the most important formal institutions) within which state policy in the field of public finances should be implemented.

Agricultural biogas plants transform organic waste into a valuable source of renewable energy, necessary for the energy transition. The institutional environment of agricultural biogas plants shapes the specific operating conditions. It also influences several aspects of the operation, from ensuring the quality of the raw materials used for energy production to selling the energy produced. The main objective of this article is to present the transaction costs incurred by an exemplary agricultural biogas plant and to indicate their impact on the company’s operations. To collect primary data, a structured interview was conducted with the owner of an agricultural biogas plant located in the Lubelskie Province in July 2023. The investigated company generates electricity and heat from agricultural biogas in a cogeneration system. The study concludes that transaction costs influence the choices made within the agricultural biogas plant and translate into its operation. The relevance of the information provided and the level of trust between the different participants in the transaction is indicated. This avoids in most cases an increase in the level of transaction costs as well as negative consequences for the operation of the agricultural biogas plant. The transactions concluded indicate that agricultural biogas plants primarily operate within a region and a local community. The study is a contribution to further research into the area of transaction costs occurring in agricultural biogas plants.

This paper sets out to prove that the concept of capitalism, perceived as a natural economic system, remains a useful heuristic fiction despite the harsh criticism levelled at it over the past half-century. Capitalism is initially depicted from the neoclassical perspective of methodological monism. The next section outlines a methodological position known as the Variety of Capitalism Approach (Hall and Soskice). The author understands this to be something of an extension of the concept of a natural economic system. The North, Wallis and Weingast hypothesis, which highlights the significance of a system of violence in the evolution of capitalism, is cited. The paper is essentially the author’s reconstruction and extension of that hypothesis from the standpoint of new institutional economics. This is the perspective from which the impact of the quality of the sphere of institutional governance (North) on the scope and composition of the distributive and growth-supporting functions of the modern state are examined. The final section emphasizes that the quality of institutions is decisive in determining the direction of evolution of capitalism.

Regulatory failure is common in network industries, hence the concerted efforts to introduce reforms across the different industries in South Africa and other jurisdictions. South Africa's National Planning Commission (2012) recommended a review of economic regulations to mitigate the rising costs and tariffs in the regulated industries. A review of this nature would open an opportunity to rethink reforms beyond protecting the independence of the regulatory agencies to a broader embrace of institutional redesign and realignment to achieve specific policy outcomes. Contemporary scholarship in South Africa has continued to overemphasise the independence of the regulatory agencies with limited attention paid to a comprehensive institutional appraisal of the regulatory value chain. This chain is comprised of various actors, thereby enhancing our understanding of the complexity of regulatory policy, which is defined by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (nd) as "achieving government's objectives through the us of regulations, laws and other instruments to deliver better economic and social outcomes and thus enhance the life of citizens and business". An institutional approach can also enable reconsidering regulation beyond economics by integrating other disciplines, such as politics, sociology, and history. There is currently limited literature on integrating and using institutional theories to achieve this in South Africa. Therefore, this paper seeks to contribute towards a framework to analyse the genesis, development, and influence of institutions or rules on behaviour and performance in the network industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a vision about the priority role of behavioral economics for the development of institutional economics in the conditions of the development of economic science. Institutions can include anything from government and legal systems to cultural beliefs and shared values. It is concerned with how institutions emerge, how they evolve, and how they can be designed to promote desirable economic outcomes. Scientific studies in the New Institutional Economics explores the role of institutions in economic development, market functioning, governance, and policy-making. It examines various theoretical perspectives and empirical studies to understand how institutions influence economic behavior and shape economic systems. The purpose of scientific research is focused on understanding how institutions influence economic behavior, taking into account the insights from behavioral economics and using experimental methods to test hypotheses and observe actual behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural & Agribusiness Economists is the property of Polish Association of Agricultural & Agribusiness Economists and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper assesses how to quantitatively classify countries as conforming to the ideal of an 'open access order' in the spirit of Douglass North, John Joseph Wallis, and Barry Weingast's Violence and Social Orders. It does so by taking the harmonic mean of already existing measures of economic freedom, liberal democracy, and state capacity. Thirty-five countries out of 161 in 2020 were assessed to be open access orders. A main dataset is constructed for the years 1950 to present, and a supplementary dataset for select countries is constructed for years back to 1850. Switzerland has the highest index score for open access orders in 2020, is classified to be an open access order continuously since 1950, and is the first country to be classified as an open access order (in 1875). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis is the property of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Agronomía & Ambiente is the property of Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Agronomía & Ambiente is the property of Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

One of the nexus in the modern energy sector are bioenergy companies. To generate green electricity, economic operators trade in the market, incurring transaction costs. The main objective of the paper is to identify and describe the transaction costs using a case study of biomass combined heat and power plant (CHP). The company used for the case study was Polmos Żyrardów. A diagnostic survey with a questionnaire was carried out. It was found that information procurement and negotiation costs are the most significant in the transaction cost structure of a biomass CHP plant. The importance of access to information about biomass suppliers in the region and the company›s closest surroundings was highlighted the most. This factor significantly increases the time-consuming activities that make up the process of acquiring information about a potential business partner. The aspect of the formalisation of the contract and the building of mutual trust between the participants in the transaction were emphasised as elements to minimise the uncertainty and opportunism of the partners. It is argued that the level of transaction costs influences decision-making within the organisation, also translating into the efficiency of the entire biomass CHP area. Conscious management of energy resources and care for the environment has made Polmos Żyrardów self-sufficient in energy. In light of the challenges of the energy transition, bioenergy installations make an important contribution to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and building circular bioeconomy.

In this paper I will discuss the problem of evaluating dynamic properties of the procedural rules that govern science. I will propose a novel framework for evaluating dynamic properties of such rules. This framework is based upon an analogy from New Institutional Economics. I will argue that the concept of ‘adaptive efficiency’, as it has been developed by Douglass North, solves a problem in economics that is analogous to the problem of evaluating dynamic properties of the procedural rules that govern science. I will propose to apply the main ideas underlying this concept to Chrysostomos Mantzavinos’s theory of Explanatory Games. Based on these ideas, I will develop the concept of ‘explanatory efficiency’. This concept is meant to provide the means to evaluate the dynamic properties of Explanatory Games. I will argue that the proposed analogy also motivates more general applications of New Institutional Economics to traditional problems of philosophy of science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluates state capacity from the perspective of classical liberalism, especially the relationship of state capacity to economic freedom. It argues that a revenue-maximizing ruler is incentivized to allow for more economic freedom in the presence of more state capacity for most dimensions of economic freedom, as long as the time horizon for the ruler is non-myopic. In doing so, findings elsewhere concerning the relationship between other liberalizations (such as religious freedom and free trade) and state capacity are generalized. Expansions in state capacity are framed as facilitating efficiency-enhancing tax swaps which allow for more revenue generation and political support at the cost of the same or lower levels of deadweight loss. In the context of these issues, the classical liberal concern of a state using its capacity to repress society, rather than support markets, is also confronted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why did the countries that first benefited from access to the New World – Castile and Portugal – decline relative to their followers, especially England and the Netherlands? The dominant narrative is that worse initial institutions at the time of the opening of the Atlantic trade explain the Iberian divergence. In this paper, we build a new dataset which allows for a comparison of institutional quality over time. We consider the frequency and nature of parliamentary meetings, the frequency and intensity of extraordinary taxation and coin debasement, and real interest rates together with spreads for public debt. We find no evidence that the political institutions of Portugal and Spain were worse until the English Civil War. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Estudios Cooperativos is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Lack of economic data based on ethnicity makes the study of minority economies in linguistically or ethnically mixed regions problematic. Yet, there is much to learn from these hard cases of economic development in terms of the policies that guarantee ethnic or linguistic survival and reproduction. The present article investigates the long-term economic development of the Slovenian minority in Italy between 1954 and 2020. It does so by applying the theoretical framework by new institutional economists Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson, and James Robinson (2005), which looks at the dynamic role of political and economic institutions for the generation of economic growth. The parable of this community's economy shows that political power and economic success can be flimsy and ephemeral. Strategic, long-term economic planning and, especially, contingent planning against foreseeable risks, both of which require the systematic collection of accurate data and the coordination of representative organizations, are key to successful reproduction and sustained growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sakarya Journal of Economics / Sakarya Iktisat Dergisi is the property of Sakarya Journal of Economics / Sakarya Iktisat Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aimed to investigate the binding constraints on building a knowledge-based economy (KBE) in Qatar. The research used descriptive and qualitative approaches within the new institutional economics paradigm using data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. Taking cognizance that natural-resource-driven economic development may not be sustainable, the Qatar National Vision 2030 was launched with the expectation that educational expansion and reform would turn Qatar's carbon economy into a "knowledge economy". The Qatari government's National Development Strategy 2018–2022 has anchored the economic diversification agenda on building a knowledge-based economy. The findings demonstrated that per the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor analysis, compared with selected countries, Qatar scored relatively high across various dimensions of new institutional economics, including institution, governance, market, and culture. This shows that the knowledge-based economy in Qatar is developing. Several studies examined a variety of issues in building a knowledge-based economy in Qatar, but this is the first study to explore the binding constraints of building a knowledge-based economy in Qatar using the new institutional economics theory as a tool of analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivation: In order to protect the interests of farmers (agricultural producers) in 2015 an obligation to conclude contracts for the supply of agricultural products was introduced, and since 2017 has been in force to impose fines on buyers of agricultural products if they purchase without a contract or if the contract is defective. The National Center for Agricultural Support (KOWR) is an institution whose tasks include control of compliance with this law. Observation of transactions in agriculture allows us to believe that the established legal regulations do not solve the problem of abuse of market power by recipients and the institutional solution does not shape economic processes. Aim: The aim of this article is to present the activity of the KOWR as an institution controlling the observance of the obligation to conclude contracts for the supply of agricultural products and its evaluation. Results: Analysis of the KOWR's reports showed that between February 2017 and March 2022, a total of 465 controls were carried out, resulting in fines of PLN 6 670 428,19 for purchases of agricultural products without a contract or due to a defective contract (about 93% of this amount was imposed on purchasers in 2021). The relatively small number of checks carried out is due to the lack of complete information on the actual purchaser of agricultural products who is obliged to purchase agricultural products under contract. In the analyzed period, inspections were carried out based on notifications of suspected breach of contractual obligations and at market entities designated for inspection (mainly milk purchasers). In conclusion information asymmetries on the market for agricultural products do not only occur in "classical" forms. Incomplete information may be available to both parties, but also from the body responsible for monitoring compliance with the rules governing the conclusion of such transactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmentalists believe that the Coasean approach is economically efficient but environmentally unsustainable. While acknowledging that this approach is not always sustainable, this paper emphasises its important advantage—the presence of a criterion determining when an activity will/will not lead to an efficient/sustainable outcome. Coase formulated this criterion on what is termed in this paper "Coase's proviso"—the balance between the net benefits of an institutional change (rearrangement of entitlements) and transaction costs associated with this change. The article also defines the terms "best use", "second (or next) best use" and "best user". On this basis, the paper restates Coase's proviso and argues that there is no inherent contradiction between economic efficiency and environmental sustainability. According to the restated proviso, when the transaction costs associated with the institutional transformation establishing the best use of a resource are lower than the net benefits of this transformation, the result will be economically efficient and environmentally sustainable. However, if the transaction costs outweigh the net benefits of the best use, a second (or next) best use may be established, which will still be economically efficient, but most likely environmentally unsustainable. The paper explores a case study to check the relevance of the restated proviso. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Offer a conceptual framework based on blockchain technology to reduce transaction costs in purchasing processes of a Brazilian public organization. Design/methodology/approach: Interviews were applied with the leadership of the control and finance sector from a federal agency with relevant transactional volume. The data obtained were submitted to content analysis based on Bardin's methodology (1979). Research, Practical & Social implications: The transaction costs present in the purchasing processes were identified through the interpretation of the obtained results. A relationship map was built between public procurement processes and the triggering events. Originality/value: Public managers have sought to implement technological tools to ensure efficiency in their purchasing control. Blockchain has been seen as a high-impact disruptive technology, and related studies in public administration are recent. It's important to understand how blockchain can be used to improve public purchasing processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to determine the effects of New Institutional Economics on public institutions within the scope of New Public Management (NPM). These effects are observed in many countries that are extensively affected by the concept of NPM, especially in Anglo-Saxon countries. In this context, by making a literature review, the characteristics and scope of the aforementioned transformative effects are determined and the development stages of the emerging institutional transformation are evaluated. According to the findings, the principles and propositions of New Institutional Economics, which were effective on institutional design in the first period of NPM, are either decreased or completely removed from practice in some areas in the following years of the reform.Evaluated from macro perspective, it is seen that this situation is one of the important factors explaining the coordination-oriented withdrawal period of the Post-NPM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is widely believed that digital platforms enrich consumer choice by providing more options and information about choices. This classical understanding of informed choice is underpinned by assumptions of perfect rationality and complete information. This contribution scrutinises platforms’ effect on consumer choice and employs competing economic explanations to answer the question, “Can consumers make informed choices about their interactions with digital platforms?” First, theories from New Institutional Economics explain how platforms become unavoidable intermediaries on the micro and macro-level. Then, a Critical Political Economy lens is used to discuss why and how platform owners control consumer choice. Both approaches reveal suggestions for further research and support a call to tear down the mental barriers separating consumer and citizen mindsets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Progressives the world over cherish high hopes in the development of institutions for collective actions. Among these institutions, commons have a long history in western Europe. While a new institutional economics emerged in the 1960s, commons were not taken seriously in postwar economics before the seminal work of Elinor Ostrom in the late 1980s. How can we explain this belated integration of commons in economics? In this paper, we trace some of the origins of the neoclassical comparative institutional analysis. By advocating an institutional comparison in terms of the costs or the value of production under alternative allocations of property rights, Ronald Coase contributed to the narrow theoretical approach taken by new institutional economists. In the late 1960s, neoclassical economists who came to be interested in environmental questions dismissed commons as inefficient solutions to allocation problems. Within this narrow framework, the private enterprise system more often than not was hailed as the best alternative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing the European Union's (EU) current efforts to protect the natural environment, especially in the context of protecting agricultural soils, is one of its basic challenges. The European Commission (EC) is now ready and willing to strongly strengthen protection of the natural environment. Activities are primarily supported by the European Green Deal (EGD) strategy from 2019 and its thematic strategies, as well as the currently revised Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) for 2023–2027. Further direct support for farms from Areas facing Natural or other Specific constraints (ANCs support), compensating for them at least some of the additional costs and lost income related to the difficulties for agricultural production, will be one of the most important actions of the future CAP in the context of the protection of agricultural soils. It should be added that, in recent years, all EU Member States, including Poland (in 2019), have carried out a mandatory new delimitation of ANCs according to the same rules established by the EC Joint Research Center (EC JRC) under the CAP 2014–2020. The aim of the study is to characterize the organizational situation of Polish agriculture, to indicate the direction and strength of the changes taking place in it, as well as the main determinants of its further functioning in areas (communes) with a particularly high saturation of current ANCs, as compared to other areas, with and without ANCs. It is also important to present the economic consequences and development opportunities for farms conducting agricultural production in these areas. The results of the study show the condition of Polish agriculture and changes taking place in this sector in areas with different saturation and specificity of ANCs related to challenges for environmental protection included in the EGD strategy and the current and future CAP. The research results will also provide an important basis for policymakers in undertaking effective agricultural support in ANCs and for the scientific community to develop agricultural research that can meet the most pressing challenges faced in the areas. It should be noted that the study emphasizes the significance of the new institutional economics, the postulates of which can provide solid support for the actions taken to better protect ANCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural & Agribusiness Economists is the property of Polish Association of Agricultural & Agribusiness Economists and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)