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Triboplasma should be one of the main causes of the tribochemical reactions. In this report the distributions and intensities of the neutral and charged radicals produced in the triboplasma generated in the rear gap of the sliding contact has been analyzed using the PIC/MCC simulation method for the tribosystem of a diamond pin with a tip radius of 300 μm sliding on a sapphire disk in ambient air. Side distribution images of three kinds of neutral radicals of N, O and O1D and an anion radical O− were analyzed. They coincided well the experimentally observed side image of the triboplasma. Further, the maximum densities and the total numbers of the intermediate particles were calculated for the neutral radicals of N, O and O1D and the charged particles of e−, O−, N2+ and O2+. They showed that both the maximum densities and the total numbers of the neutral particles of N, O and O1D are much higher than those of the charged particles of e−, N2+, O2+ and O−. The latter intensities of the charged particles were even negligibly small compared to those of neutral particles. This means that most of the particles exist in the triboplasma are neutral radicals such as N, O and O1D. This concludes that the tribochemical reactions due to triboplasma are caused mainly through the active intermediates of the neutral radicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We compare various formalisms for neutral particles. It is found that they contain unexplained contradictions. Next, we investigate the spin‐1/2 and spin‐1 cases in different bases. Next, we look for relations with the Majorana‐like field operator. We show explicit incompatibility of the Majorana ansatzen with the Dirac‐like field operators in both the original Majorana theory and its generalizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Jovian system is very intriguing with extremely different particle sources. As the dominant source of particles to Jupiter's magnetosphere, Io is of particular importance. The JAXA Hisaki (SPRINT‐A) mission is providing insightful observations with regard to Io. In particular, its UV neutral oxygen line of sight observations provide the best glimpse so far of Jovian neutral particle populations. This is exciting in that for the first time, the neutral tori can be directly observed on time scales that constrain satellite sources. This data also sheds unprecedented insight into neutral torus distributions, which could subsequently provide essential information about the sources and mechanisms from Io. However, 3‐D modeling is also required to interpret the complex and dynamic observational geometries. Here, we present the first 3‐D distribution of the Io‐generated neutral oxygen torus using JAXA Hisaki neutral oxygen observations as modeling constraints to provide characterization of the Io magnetospheric source and the resulting neutral tori. Major findings of our research include: (a) the effective total original SO2 source rate from Io during a low activity period is ∼800 kg/s; (b) Io has two separate exospheric sources: O at ∼200 kg/s and SO2 at ∼400 kg/s; (c) particles escape from Io preferentially on the Jupiter upstream facing hemisphere; (d) the oxygen neutral torus populates the entire orbit and significantly dominates over the SO2, SO, and S neutral toroidal clouds; and (e) large ionization and dissociation rates limit the significant expansion of Io‐genic neutral particles in Jupiter's magnetosphere beyond ∼2 Rj from Io's orbit. Plain Language Summary: The Jovian system is very intriguing with extremely different particle sources. As the dominant source of particles to Jupiter's magnetosphere, Io is of particular importance. The JAXA Hisaki (SPRINT‐A) mission is providing insightful observations with regard to Io. This is exciting in that for the first time, the extended neutral particle distribution can be directly observed on time scales that constrain satellite sources. This data also sheds unprecedented insight into neutral particle distributions in Jupiter's magnetosphere, which could subsequently provide essential information about the sources and mechanisms from Io. However, 3‐D modeling is also required to interpret the complex and dynamic observational geometries. Here, we present the first 3‐D distribution of the Io‐generated neutral oxygen torus using JAXA Hisaki neutral oxygen observations as modeling constraints to provide characterization of the Io magnetospheric source and the resulting neutral tori. Major findings of our research include: Io has two separate exospheric sources: O at ∼200 kg/s and SO2 at ∼400 kg/s; particles escape from Io preferentially on the Jupiter upstream facing hemisphere; the oxygen neutral torus populates the entire orbit and significantly dominates over the SO2, SO, and S; and neutral particles from Io remain close to its orbit. Key Points: The first 3‐D distribution of the Io‐generated neutral oxygen torus using JAXA Hisaki neutral oxygen observations as modeling constraintsIo has two separate exospheric sources (preferentially escaping on the Jupiter facing hemisphere): O at ∼200 kg/s and SO2 at ∼400 kg/sThe oxygen neutral torus populates the entire orbit and significantly dominates over the SO2, SO, and S neutral toroidal clouds [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The correlation between the radon influx into the atmosphere and the formation of ions has been studied from the data of observations at the Fonovaya Observatory of Institute of Atmospheric Optics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences. This correlation is shown to be stable in the period from October to January. In the other months, the correlation is disturbed. However, if the events of nucleation and lightning discharges are removed from the data set, then the correlation is kept throughout the year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interactions of high-energy cosmic neutral particles with substance of double-sided nuclear emulsion films, recorded in X-ray emulsion chambers (REC) RUNJOB-3В, XI-A, and В exposed in the stratosphere at a level of ~10 g/cm2 for 6–7 days in the RUNJOB Russian–Japanese balloon experiment are considered. The probability of these interactions is discussed based on calculations performed using the MC0 and QGSJET (CORSIKA, version 5.20) models of nucleon—nucleus and nucleus—nucleus interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By exploring the hypothesis of magnetic monopoles, we consider the existence of electric fields produced by magnetic current densities. Then, we consider a uniformly rotating frame with the purpose of searching for effects of rotation on the interaction of axial electric fields with the magnetic quadrupole moment of a neutral particle. Our analysis is made through the WKB (Wentzel, Kramers and Brillouin) approximation. Therefore, by applying the WKB approximation, we search for bound state solutions to the Schrödinger equation in two particular cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]