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Inhalant abuse is common in adolescents and young people. However, awareness about its harmful effects is low, and the potential to cause dependence remains a cause of concern. Inhalant abuse is often associated with underlying novelty-seeking traits, which can also predict propensity for other substances of abuse. Inhalants are cheap, freely available, and legal to possess and escape detection in vulnerable groups. There is a need to spread awareness about the harmful effects of inhalants and devise effective primary and relapse prevention strategies.

Long-term neurological and mental complications of COVID-19, the so-called post-COVID syndrome or long COVID, affect the quality of life. The most persistent manifestations of long COVID include fatigue, anosmia/hyposmia, insomnia, depression/anxiety, and memory/attention deficits. The physiological basis of neurological and psychiatric disorders is still poorly understood. This review summarizes the current knowledge of neurological sequelae in post-COVID patients and discusses brain demyelination as a possible mechanism of these complications with a focus on neuroimaging findings. Numerous reviews, experimental and theoretical studies consider brain demyelination as one of the mechanisms of the central neural system impairment. Several factors might cause demyelination, such as inflammation, direct effect of the virus on oligodendrocytes, and cerebrovascular disorders, inducing myelin damage. There is a contradiction between the solid fundamental basis underlying demyelination as the mechanism of the neurological injuries and relatively little published clinical evidence related to demyelination in COVID-19 patients. The reason for this probably lies in the fact that most clinical studies used conventional MRI techniques, which can detect only large, clearly visible demyelinating lesions. A very limited number of studies use specific methods for myelin quantification detected changes in the white matter tracts 3 and 10 months after the acute phase of COVID-19. Future research applying quantitative MRI assessment of myelin in combination with neurological and psychological studies will help in understanding the mechanisms of post-COVID complications associated with demyelination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has triggered a devastating effect worldwide. Objectives: This review of rehabilitation strategies and neurological consequences in patients with COVID-19 sought to consider potential neurorehabilitation strategies for managing the emerging neurological consequences of COVID-19. Methods: An exploratory review was conducted that comprised a narrative synthesis in two parts. Part I focused on neurological consequences and physiotherapy and rehabilitation approaches. Part II focused on general principles of rehabilitation interventions and precautions that should be considered. Literature on the use of neurorehabilitation approaches was also included in the review. Results: Rehabilitation should be initiated as quickly as possible. Neurorehabilitation protocols include public health training valid for the whole community and providing intensive care, pulmonary rehabilitation, mobilization, exercise and strengthening, whole-body vibration, neuromuscular electrical stimulation, telerehabilitation, and other rehabilitation interventions. Interventions should be conducted while correctly implementing personal protective equipment (PPE), hand hygiene, sterilization procedures, and other precautions to avoid the risk of contamination. Conclusions: Multidimensional assessment should be followed by development of individualized and progressive treatment and neurorehabilitation plans. These plans should focus on existing potential and recovery of mobility and function in particular. It is important for rehabilitation teams to keep gathering and reporting data on patients with COVID-19 and the neurologic complications of COVID-19 during and after the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a type of cardiac arrhythmia causing shortness of breath, lightheadedness, and palpitations. It may go unrecognized and asymptomatic among many patients. AF is not a potentially fatal arrhythmia; its hemodynamic, structural, and hemocoagulative effects have a significant impact on the standard of life, which can lead to various complications such as stroke. A stroke caused by AF leads to additional burdens on both patients and the global economy. Patients with AF can prevent strokes with oral anticoagulants; however, ensuring diligent adherence to medication is crucial for maximizing treatment efficacy. Since they have a lighter treatment load than warfarin, non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) are also recommended with better hope for medication adherence. Various anticoagulants such as warfarin and ximelagatran, among many more, are prescribed to patients who have the potential to reduce the incidence of stroke as well as alleviate their likelihood of developing other thromboembolic events that can decrease their quality of life. Economic and psychological burdens associated with diminished functionality can be prevented by anticoagulant therapy among AF patients, therefore reducing their economic and social burden. This is due to the negative association between stroke among AF patients and anticoagulation consumption., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2024, Dasari et al.)

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a common and severe neurological disorder and is associated with high rates of mortality and morbidity. ICH is associated with old age and underlying conditions such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus. The COVID-19 pandemic is associated with neurological symptoms and complications including ICH. For instance, the mechanisms by which COVID-19 may contribute to hemorrhagic stroke may include both depletion of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor and overactive immune response. In this study, we herein report three patients (0.25%) out of 1200 admissions with COVID-19 to our center between 1 May and August 4, 2020, who developed ICH. In addition, we will briefly discuss the possible pathophysiological mechanisms of COVID-19 infection in patients with ICH.

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a common and severe neurological disorder and is associated with high rates of mortality and morbidity. ICH is associated with old age and underlying conditions such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus. The COVID-19 pandemic is associated with neurological symptoms and complications including ICH. For instance, the mechanisms by which COVID-19 may contribute to hemorrhagic stroke may include both depletion of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor and overactive immune response. In this study, we herein report three patients (0.25%) out of 1200 admissions with COVID-19 to our center between 1 May and August 4, 2020, who developed ICH. In addition, we will briefly discuss the possible pathophysiological mechanisms of COVID-19 infection in patients with ICH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fetal stroke is a rare disease that occurs between 14 weeks of gestation and the onset of labor and can be caused by ischemic, thrombotic or hemorrhagic injury produced during pregnancy. One of the maternal conditions associated with fetal stroke is alloimmune thrombocytopenia. This needs to be differentiated from autoimmune thrombocytopenia, a condition in which mothers are previously affected. The neurological consequences of the fetal brain injury may be delayed neurological milestones, cognitive impairment, epilepsy and cortical blindness. Magnetic resonance represents the best diagnostic method to reveal prenatal brain injury.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected hundreds of millions of people all over the world and thus threatens human life. Clinical evidence shows that SARS-CoV-2 infection can cause several neurological consequences, but the existing antiviral drugs and vaccines have failed to stop its spread. Therefore, an understanding of the response to SARS-CoV-2 infection of hosts is vital to find a resultful therapy. Here, we employed a K18-hACE2 mouse infection model and LC-MS/MS to systematically evaluate the acetylomes of brain cortexes in the presence and absence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Using a label-free strategy, 3829 lysine acetylation (Kac) sites in 1735 histone and nonhistone proteins were identified. Bioinformatics analyses indicated that SARS-CoV-2 infection might lead to neurological consequences via acetylation or deacetylation of important proteins. According to a previous study, we found 26 SARS-CoV-2 proteins interacted with 61 differentially expressed acetylated proteins with high confidence and identified one acetylated SARS-CoV-2 protein nucleocapsid phosphoprotein. We greatly expanded the known set of acetylated proteins and provide the first report of the brain cortex acetylome in this model and thus a theoretical basis for future research on the pathological mechanisms and therapies of neurological consequences after SARS-CoV-2 infection., (© 2023 The Authors. Proteomics published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Fetal stroke is a rare disease that occurs between 14 weeks of gestation and the onset of labor and can be caused by ischemic, thrombotic or hemorrhagic injury produced during pregnancy. One of the maternal conditions associated with fetal stroke is alloimmune thrombocytopenia. This needs to be differentiated from autoimmune thrombocytopenia, a condition in which mothers are previously affected. The neurological consequences of the fetal brain injury may be delayed neurological milestones, cognitive impairment, epilepsy and cortical blindness. Magnetic resonance represents the best diagnostic method to reveal prenatal brain injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: A case report of a 23-year-old pregnant woman diagnosed with Guillain-Barré syndrome in the 31st week of pregnancy., Case Report: We present a case study of a patient in the 31st week of pregnancy hospitalized at the University Hospital in Brno for expressed bulbar syndrome, neck muscle weakness, paresthesia of the arms and medical history of diarrhea in the previous week. During hospitalization, there was a rapid progression of symptoms and respiratory failure, requiring orotracheal intubation. The diagnosis of Guillain-Barré syndrome was determined and intravenous immunoglobulin therapy was initiated. The pregnancy was terminated in the 32nd week of gestation based on the maternal indication after a completed lung maturation of the fetus., Conclusion: Guillain-Barré syndrome is a neurological disease that can rarely occur during pregnancy and puerperium. The syndrome presents a serious pregnancy complication with an uncertain prognosis and risk for both mother and fetus. If the syndrome is diagnosed in time and treated correctly, the prognosis is favorable despite the complicated course.