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Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo de cães atendidos no Serviço de Neurologia (SN) do Hospital Veterinário Universitário (HVU) da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), de 2006 a 2013, com o objetivo de identificar e caracterizar a idade, a raça, o sexo e as doenças neurológicas e classificá-las de acordo com a região anatômica e o acrônimo DINAMIT-V. Foram avaliadas 1.277 fichas neurológicas de cães e obtidas as informações para inclusão no estudo em 1.184 delas, sendo o diagnóstico confirmado em 525 cães (44,4%) e presuntivo em 659 (55,6%). A raça mais frequente foi Dachshund (28,7%), seguida dos cães sem raça definida. Os locais mais afetados foram medula espinhal entre T3-L3 (40,9%) e tálamo-córtex (17,5%). A maioria dos cães foi diagnosticada com doença degenerativa (49%), sendo a doença do disco intervertebral a mais observada, seguida das doenças inflamatórias/infecciosas (16,6%). Pode se concluir que a maior prevalência das doenças neurológicas de cães envolve a medula espinhal e o tálamo-córtex, sendo as degenerativas as mais frequentes e os dados obtidos podem auxiliar em futuros estudos sobre a frequência e a distribuição das principais doenças neurológicas em cães. A retrospective study including dogs with neurological disease was conducted at the Service of Neurology (SN) of the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM) from 2006 to 2013, with the objective to identify and characterize age, breed, sex and to neurological diseases, and classify them accordingly to the anatomical region and DINAMIT-V acronym. There were evaluated 1,277 neurological records of dogs and obtained the information for inclusion in the study in 1,184 of them being the diagnosis confirmed in 525 (44.4%) and presumptive in 659 dogs (55.6%). The most common breed was Dachshund (28.7%), followed by mixed breed. The most affected sites were the spinal cord between T3-L3 (40.9%) and thalamus-cortex (17.5%). Most dogs were diagnosed with degenerative disorders (49%), being intervertebral disk disease the most observed, followed by inflammatory/infectious diseases (16.6%). It can be concluded that the higher prevalence of neurological disorders in dogs involve the spinal cord and thalamus-cortex, with the most frequent being degenerative and the data obtained may assist future studies associated with frequency and distribution of the main neurological diseases in dogs.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico A retrospective study including dogs with neurological disease was conducted at the Service of Neurology (SN) of the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM) between 2006 and 2013, with the objective to identify and characterize the age, breed and sex, neurological diseases and classify them according to the anatomical region and DINAMIT-V acronym. Were evaluated 1.277 neurological records of dogs and obtained the information for inclusion in the study in 1.184 of them being the etiological diagnosis in 525 (44,4%) and presumptive in 659 dogs (55,6%). The most common breeds were dachshunds (27,5%), followed by mixed breed. The most common sites were the spinal cord between T3-L3 (40,9%) and thalamus-cortex (17,5%). Most dogs were diagnosed with degenerative disorders (49%), being disc disease intervertebral more observed, followed inflammatory/infectious disease (16,6%). It can be concluded that the higher prevalence of neurological disorders in dogs involve the spinal cord and thalamus-cortex, with the most frequent being degenerative and the data obtained may assist future studies associated with frequency and distribution of the main neurological diseases in dogs. Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo de cães atendidos no Serviço de Neurologia (SN) do Hospital Veterinário Universitário (HVU) da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), entre 2006 e 2013, com o objetivo de identificar e caracterizar a idade, raça e sexo, as doenças neurológicas e classificá-las de acordo com a região anatômica e acrônimo DINAMIT-V. Foram avaliadas 1.277 fichas neurológicas de cães e obtidas as informações para inclusão no estudo em 1.184 delas, sendo o diagnóstico etiológico confirmado em 525 cães (44,4%) e presuntivo em 659 (55,6%). As raças mais frequentes foram dachshunds (29,2%), seguido das sem raça definida. Os locais mais comuns foram a medula espinhal entre T3-L3 (40,9%) e tálamo-córtex (17,5%). A maioria dos cães foram diagnosticados com doenças degenerativas (49%) , sendo a doença do disco intervertebral a mais observada, seguido das doenças inflamatórias/infecciosas (16,6%). Pode-se concluir que a maior prevalência das doenças neurológicas de cães envolvem a medula espinhal e tálamo-cortex, sendo as degenerativas as mais frequentes e os dados obtidos poderão auxiliar em futuros estudos sobre a frequência e distribuição das principais doenças neurológicas em cães.

Los estudios de localización del D4R han resultado complicados debido a la falta de radioligandos suficientemente específicos y la baja abundancia de su ARNm para su detección por autoradiografía e hibridación in situ, respectivamente. Los numerosos anticuerpos generados aportaron resultados no coincidentes entre distintos laboratorios. Aquí, mediante la utilización de un ratón transgénico portador de un BAC recombinante que expresa la proteína EGFP bajo el control transcripcional del gen completo del receptor D4 de ratón (Drd4), determinamos que el Drd4 se expresa principalmente en la corteza prefrontal. También se vió señal positiva en el pálido ventral, el núcleo parabraquial lateral y el núcleo olfatorio anterior. Este resultado demuestra que el gen Drd4 se expresa en un número de áreas más restringido que los reportados hasta el momento. En la segunda parte, generamos ratones mutantes condicionales en donde el exón 2 de Drd2 fue flanqueado por sitios loxP (ratones Drd2flox/+). Utilizando ensayos neuroquímicos, farmacológicos y conductuales demostramos que los ratones Drd2flox/+ son indistinguibles de sus hermanos control. La cruza de ratones mutantes condicionales con ratones transgénicos que expresan la recombinasa Cre bajo el control transcripcional del promotor del gen de nestina permitió inactivar la expresión de Drd2 exclusivamente en neuronas del sistema nervioso, manteniendo intacta la expresión de Drd2 hipofisaria (ratones denominados cD2KO). Los ratones cD2KO presentaron curvas de crecimiento disminuídas como consecuencia de un descenso en la expresión hipotalámica de GHRH y de los niveles hipofisarios de GH y, en consecuencia, se observó una reducción en los niveles plasmáticos de IGF-I así como también un patrón feminizado de proteínas mayoritarias de la orina. Así, la alteración del eje hipotalámico-hipofisario-somático modificó el comportamiento social entre machos evidenciado a través de tres paradigmas experimentales de interacción social como el test de agresión Intruso vs. Residente y los tests de interacción social y territorial del tubo de doble entrada y de marcación territorial con orina. Studying the expression pattern of Drd4 has been elusive. Binding autoradiography has been hampered by the lack of sufficiently selective radioligands whereas in situ hybridization experiments have mostly failed probably because of the very low abundance of D4R mRNA. Several antibodies have been raised against peptide sequences of D4R but the overall immunohistological results do not match across all published studies. We have explored an alternative genetic approach by studying bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) transgenic mice that express Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein (EGFP) under the transcriptional control of the Drd4 locus. In the study presented here, we report that D4R expressing neurons are present in multiple regions of the developing mouse brain to later restrict its expression to the prefrontal cortex (PFCx) and discrete groups of neurons of the anterior olfactory nucleus, ventral pallidum and lateral parabrachial nucleus. In this way, the expression pattern described here is more restricted than previously described in the literature. In the second part, we generated a conditional knock out mouse in which exon 2 of Drd2 is flanked by loxP sites (Drd2flox/+ mice). Using neurochemical, pharmacological and behavioral experiments we demonstrated that Drd2flox/+ mice are indistinguishable from their wild type siblings. The mating of the conditional mutants and transgenic mice expressing the recombinase Cre under the transcriptional control of the nestin promoter, allowed us to inactivate Drd2 expression only at SNC level, keeping intact the pituitary expression (cD2KO mice). The cD2KO mice showed diminished growth curves as a consequence of decreased GHRH hypothalamic expression and GH pituitary level. We observed also a reduction in the IGF-I level and a feminized pattern of Major Urinary Proteins (MUPs). The alteration of the hypothalamic-pituitary-somatic axis modified social behavior between males evidenced in three experimental approachs of social interaction as the Intruder vs. Resident aggression test, the tube test and the territorial scent marking test. Fil: Noaín, Daniela María Clara. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina.

RESUMO: Foi realizado um estudo epidemiológico retrospectivo de gatos com doenças neurológicas atendidos em um Hospital Veterinário Universitário entre 2001 e 2014. O objetivo foi identificar e caracterizar a idade, o sexo, a raça, as doenças neurológicas e classificá-las de acordo com a região anatômica e o acrônimo DINAMIT-V. Foram observados 155 gatos com doenças neurológicas em 13 anos, sendo o diagnóstico confirmado em 112 gatos (72,2%) e presuntivo em 43 (27,8%). Gatos sem raça definida (77,9%) foram os mais comuns, seguido de gatos da raça persa e siamesa. Os locais mais afetados foram medula espinhal entre T3-L3 (28,4%) e tálamo-córtex (24,5%). A maioria dos gatos (43,9%) foi diagnosticada com doença traumática, principalmente trauma de medula espinhal, seguida de doença inflamatória/infecciosa (33,5%). Pode se concluir que a maior prevalência das doenças neurológicas de gatos envolve a medula espinhal e o tálamo-córtex, sendo as traumáticas as mais frequentes. Os dados obtidos podem auxiliar em futuros estudos sobre a frequência e a distribuição das principais doenças neurológicas em gatos. ABSTRACT: A retrospective epidemiological study on neurological disease of cats was performed using data from cats admitted to a Veterinary Teaching Hospital from 2001 to 2014. The aim the study was to determine the age, sex race, and type of neurological disease affecting cats and identify these diseases according to the anatomical region and disease classes, specified under the acronym DINAMIT-V. One hundred and fifty five cats with neurological disease were observed during 13 years; the diagnosis was confirmed in 112 (72.2%) and was presumptive in 43 (27.8%). Mixed breed cats (77.9%) were the most commonly affected, followed by Persian and Siamese cats. The most affected anatomic sites were segments T3-L3 of the spinal cord (28.4%) and thalamic-cortical area (24.5%). Most cats (43.9%), were diagnosed with trauma, mainly spinal cord trauma, followed by inflammatory/infectious disease (33.5%). It is concluded that the neurological disorders in cats have higher prevalence in the spinal cord and thalamic-cortical areas and that the most frequent class of disease is trauma. Data obtained may assist future studies regarding neurological diseases in cats.