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Uvod: Okvara hrbtenjače vpliva na vse domene kakovosti življenja. Vodi v zmanjšano ali popolno nezmožnost opravljanja vsakodnevnih življenjskih aktivnosti. Med pogostejše fizične spremembe uvrščamo okvaro dihalnega sistema. Zmanjševanje in preprečevanje zapletov pri dihanju zahteva interdisciplinarno obravnavo, ki se mora pričeti takoj po okvari in se nadaljuje v procesu oskrbe pacienta. S preprečevanjem in zmanjševanjem zapletov pri dihanju omogočimo osebi boljšo kakovost življenja ter vplivamo na boljši izid rehabilitacije. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je preučiti vlogo medicinske sestre pri poučevanju laičnih negovalcev o aktivnostih zmanjševanja in preprečevanja zapletov pri dihanju oseb z okvaro hrbtenjače. Metode: Uporabljena je deskriptivna metoda dela, in sicer je narejen tematski pregled znanstvene in strokovne, angleške in slovenske literature. Identifikacija literature je potekala preko podatkovnih sistemov (COBISS) in baz (CINAHL in MEDLINE). Pregledali smo literaturo, ki je bila objavljena v obdobju med letoma 2012 in 2022. Rezultati: Aktivnosti medicinskih sester so usmerjene v obvladanje zapletov zaradi okvare hrbtenjače ter poučevanje laičnih negovalcev in pacientov. Z izvajanjem teh aktivnosti medicinska sestra pomaga pacientu in laičnemu negovalcu pri prehodu iz bolnišničnega v domače okolje s ciljem doseganja optimalnih zdravstvenih potencialov in izboljšanja kakovosti življenja. Zdravstveni delavci morajo znati na ustrezen in prilagojen način opolnomočiti paciente in laične negovalce. Razprava in zaključek: Laični negovalci pomembno prispevajo k neformalni oskrbi in splošnemu zdravju ter dobremu počutju posameznika po okvari hrbtenjače. Oskrba pacienta v domačem okolju je učinkovitejša in uspešnejša ob aktivnem vključevanju pacienta in laičnih negovalcih v proces rehabilitacije. Introduction: Spinal cord damage leads to life changes, which decrease or disable one's ability to perform every day activities. Furthermore, it often causes physical changes, such as respiratory system malfunctions. Reducing and preventing such complications demands interdisciplinary treatment, which has to start immediately after the defect and continue throughout the patient care process. Reducing and preventing respiratory system complications can enable a person to have higher quality of life and can lead to a better rehabilitation outcome. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to study the role of a nurse in teaching lay caregivers the activities necessary to decrease and prevent respiratory complications in persons with spinal cord damage. Methods: We used a descriptive method for a theme review of scientific and professional literature, both Slovene and English. Identification of the literature was done with the help of data systems (COBISS) and bases (CINAHL through DiKUL, MEDLINE through PubMed).We reviewed the literature published between 2012 and 2022. Results: Managing the complications linked to spinal cord damage and teaching lay caregivers and patients are a task of the nurse, who provides rehabilitation medical care. With performing these tasks a patient and a lay caregiver are prepared for a higher-quality home life. Health-care workers must be able to properly convey the knowledge and information to the patient and lay caregiver so they learn as much as possible. Discussion and conclusion: Lay caregivers are an important part of informal care, general health and well-being of a person after spinal cord injury. Taking care of patients in their home environment is more effective and successful when the patient and lay caregivers are actively involved in the care process.

Objectives We develop a framework for the analysis of pathways into intergenerational caregiving to older people provided by family members using life course concepts of key turning events in life, cumulative processes, and linked lives within the family realm. Methods Using framework analysis, we analyze semistructured qualitative interviews from a sample of dyads (older cared-for adults and their main family carers comprised of children, children-in-law, and grandchildren) in Austria (N = 24) and Slovenia (N = 52). Data were collected in 2019 through purposive sampling, including dyads from a differentiated socioeconomic background and gender. Results The analysis reveals 4 nonexclusive pathways into caregiving. One pathway is associated with single turning events occurring in family or work trajectories of carers that expanded the possibilities for caregiving later in life. A second pathway referred to cumulative processes that later influenced transitions into caregiving, such as personal biographies marked by weak labor market attachment. Another cumulative pathway, exclusive to caregiving, is characterized by continued and sustained exchanges of support within families that cement reciprocal ties that underpin caregiving at later stages. In the fourth pathway, life trajectories of siblings, but also family relationships and conflicts, constrained carers into their role. Discussion Decisions regarding caregiving within families can be best understood as processes, linked to developments in other trajectories in carers’ lives, as much as to internal family dynamics and relationships. Becoming a carer may be itself the result of intertwined accumulated vulnerabilities, as well as cumulative exchanges within families.

For a couple of years, Europe has been observing changes in the structure of the age of its population, which include a growing participation of elderly people and a decreasing percentage of people at productive age. The demand for care services is increasing, which results not only from the ageing society, but also from the large number of disabled people at post-productive age. The GivingCare project - Empowering caregivers and personal assistants by developing technical, soft, and digital skills - has taken place from the year 2020 to 2023 within the Erasmus+ programme, funded by the European Commission. The participants comprise 7 institutions from 5 European countries, namely Portugal, Spain, Slovenia, Poland, and Belgium. The leader of the project is the Santa Maria Health School in Portugal. The tasks realised within the GivingCare project are of international dimension. The area of the studies are target-chosen institutions from the participating countries, including healthcare facilities and universities. The main goal of the project was to strengthen the position of formal and informal caregivers for care-dependent people as well other healthcare workers by developing technical, soft, and digital skills. The project fulfils the deficiency of higher education programmes by creating and implementing innovative training programmes, as well as developing materials/resources, based on independent modules. The results and methodology of the GivingCare project aim at promotion of a holistic approach and popularisation of influence in particular target groups, i.e. the group of formal and informal caregivers.

The COVID-19 pandemic has created and exacerbated emotional, financial, and technical challenges for informal caregivers of older people. The aim of this study was to explore the caregiving situation and subjective burden of informal caregivers of older family members during COVID-19, and to investigate how a caregiving situation’s characteristics predict the subjective burden of care in times of COVID-19. The study was conducted in April and May 2021 via an online access panel. The sample (n = 612) was determined using a screening test that enabled us to focus on a Slovenian population of informal caregivers aged 40+ caring for a person aged 65+ for at least four hours/week on average. Our findings reveal that the subjective burden of care was high among informal caregivers during COVID-19. Multiple regression analysis showed that the provision of activities of daily living, care duration, average hours of care per week, formal care status, and recipients’ health problems related to dementia or other memory problems significantly predicted the subjective burden of caregivers. These findings call for better recognition of the role of informal caregivers. The time and effort devoted to informal care should be supported by legislation and social security. Nasl. z nasl. zaslona. Opis vira z dne 7. 11. 2022. Article no. 14496. Bibliografija: str. 16-21. Abstract.

Staranje je proces, na katerega nimamo vpliva, saj je naraven in ga moramo na splošno sprejeti. Vedno več starostnikov pa po dosegu določenih let ne zmore več skrbeti sama zase, ker so ali hudo bolni ali nepokretni, ali pa samo potrebujejo pomoč negovalcev za normalno življenje. Tako se odločijo skupaj s svojci, da bodo preostanek svojega življenja preživeli v domu upokojencev. Ker je to njihov novi dom, za njih ne sme predstavljati »hiralnice« pred smrtjo, temveč prostor, kjer živijo v miru, udobju in jim je nudena pomoč ter možnost aktivnega življenja in zadovoljstva. Seveda na življenje v domu vplivata dva dejavnika, kar je tudi osrčje diplomske naloge. Obravnavata se psihološki in finančni problem. Znotraj njiju diplomska naloga v več smereh razišče problematike, vsakega izmed njih pa predstavi na primeru dveh domov, javnega doma starostnikov Ljubljana – Šiška in zasebnega doma DEOS Trnovo. Aging is a process that cannot be influenced by us because it is natural and has to be generally accepted. An increasing number of the elderly can no longer take care of themselves after reaching a certain age either because they are either very ill or immobile or they simply need the help of their carers to lead a normal life. This is how, together with their loved ones, they reach a decision to spend the rest of their lives in a retirement home. Since this is their home, it must not represent a “withering institution” before death but a space where they can live in peace and comfort while also being offered help and the possibility of an active lifestyle and satisfaction. Life inside a retirement home is of course influenced by two factors that are at the core of this graduation thesis. The tesis investigates the psychological and the financial problem. Within those, the graduation thesis explores the problems in various directions and presents both on the case of two retirement homes, the public Retirement Home Ljubljana – Šiška and the private retirement home DEOS Trnovo.

Assistive telecare systems (ATSs) have great potential to be beneficial for informal carers (ICs) providing long-term care to older people (OP). However, little is known about ATS acceptance among ICs. This scoping study aims to investigate various factors that influence the ICs' acceptance of ATSs over time in the pre- and post-implementation phases. A five-stage scoping study was conducted. A systematic search of five bibliographic databases (Science Direct, Scopus, CINAHL, PubMED and Proquest Social Sciences Database) was conducted in September 2020, supplemented by a round of grey literature searches. Using the established selection criteria, 37 publications published between 2000 and September 2020 were included. The data were analysed with Atlas.ti 8 using content-based analysis and a combination of deductive and inductive approaches. The results show that work on understanding acceptance of ATS only gained wider attention after 2010. Seven key factors of ATS acceptance were identified: benefits and concerns about ATS, care situation, the influence of the OP, carer characteristics, perceived need to use and social influence. Several subfactors were also found. The post-intervention acceptance factors were found to be more nuanced than the pre-implementation factors, indicating that first-hand experience with ATSs enabled study participants to provide a more tangible, extensive and in-depth overview of the various ATS acceptance factors. This scoping review is useful for ATS developers, providers, health and social care scholars and practitioners, policy makers and commissioners, all of whom seek to improve and facilitate the provision of long-term care in the community.

For the first time, this article will provide a cross-national profile of adolescents who provide unpaid care to their ill or disabled family members in six European countries with varied levels of awareness, policy and service provision regarding adolescent young carers. Utilising an online survey, 2,099 adolescent young carers were identified in Italy, the Netherlands, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland and the UK. This article focuses on the impact of unpaid care on their mental health, well-being, physical health and education. Their preferences for informal and formal support were also examined.These groundbreaking findings help promote a ‘rights’ approach to adolescent young carers, which can serve as a critical driver for supportive policy creation on both a country-specific and pan-European level. Bibliografija: str. 29-32. Abstract.

Assistive telecare systems (ATSs) have great potential to be beneficial for informal carers (ICs) providing long-term care to older people (OP). However, little is known about ATS acceptance among ICs. This scoping study aims to investigate various factors that influence the ICs' acceptance of ATSs over time in the pre- and post-implementation phases. A five-stage scoping study was conducted. A systematic search of five bibliographic databases (Science Direct, Scopus, CINAHL, PubMED and Proquest Social Sciences Database) was conducted in September 2020, supplemented by a round of grey literature searches. Using the established selection criteria, 37 publications published between 2000 and September 2020 were included. The data were analysed with Atlas.ti 8 using content-based analysis and a combination of deductive and inductive approaches. The results show that work on understanding acceptance of ATS only gained wider attention after 2010. Seven key factors of ATS acceptance were identified: benefits and concerns about ATS, care situation, the influence of the OP, carer characteristics, perceived need to use and social influence. Several subfactors were also found. The post-intervention acceptance factors were found to be more nuanced than the pre-implementation factors, indicating that first-hand experience with ATSs enabled study participants to provide a more tangible, extensive and in-depth overview of the various ATS acceptance factors. This scoping review is useful for ATS developers, providers, health and social care scholars and practitioners, policy makers and commissioners, all of whom seek to improve and facilitate the provision of long-term care in the community. Bibliografija: str. e1501-e1504. Abstract.

Background: Unmet care needs are usually defined in terms of receiving sufficient help in instrumental activities and activities of daily living. Research on unmet needs is mostly based on quantitative data. Older persons’ and informal carers’ views and experiences have received less attention. Methods: In this paper, we rely on a definition of unmet needs which includes both unmet needs due to insufficient care and those situations where informal carers experience undue strain. Using theory-driven content analysis, we examine community-dwelling older adults’ and their informal carers’ experiences of unmet needs: what kind of unmet needs they have, why and in which ways these needs are left unmet and what would they want to do to improve the situation. The data consists of interviews gathered in Austria, Finland and Slovenia. Results: Results of the analysis reveal that unmet needs are largely psychosocial in nature. The predominating task-oriented care systems often do not consider these as care needs. Using methods of qualitative content analysis, we conclude that care users’ unmet psychosocial needs are related to lacking a personal relationship with care workers; means to maintain or develop social contacts and pursue activities and interests; and adequate home care services or respite care. Excessive responsibilities are put on informal carers as they top up and fill in the insufficient care. Conclusions: This study contributes to a broader understanding of unmet care needs: the relational aspects of care and the universal nature of psychosocial care needs should be addressed in care services. Nasl. z nasl. zaslona. Opis vira z dne 10. 3. 2022. Članek št. 104672. Bibliografija: str. 7-8. Abstract.

In countries with prevalent family care and less developed care services, it is important to understand the ways families cope with the care needs of their frail family members as part of policy learning to make care systems more sustainable. Filial care is a vital element of family care, yet is significantly restrained by the involvement of carers in the labour market unequal gender distribution of the care burden and insufficient recognition of, and policy support, for family care. This article considered the issue of the sustainability of elderly care in a familialist country, Slovenia, by identifying the coping strategies families adopt for the provision of care. To this end, in-depth qualitative databased on a purposeful sample of 55 community-resident users of social home care services and their 55 family carers were used. We identified five external coping strategies: use of formal care services, use of extended family network, use of wider community network, cohabitation, and home adjustments. Among internal strategies, we detected work-related adjustments abandoning leisure activities abandoning vacations establishing new routines accepting and finding satisfaction in care increased psychological distress, such as worries and overburdening and some unmet care recipient needs. Very few strategies may be described as supported by policy actions, despite such support being essential for increasing the sustainability of the family-based care model.

One major challenge during the COVID-19 pandemic was the limited accessibility to healthcare facilities, especially for the older population. The aim of the current study was the exploration of the extent to which the healthcare systems responded to the healthcare needs of the older people with or without cognitive impairment and their caregivers in the Adrion/Ionian region. Data were collected through e-questionnaires regarding the adequacy of the healthcare system and were anonymously administered to older individuals and stakeholder providers in the following countries: Slovenia, Italy (Calabria), Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Greece, Montenegro, and Serbia. Overall, 722 older people and 267 healthcare stakeholders participated in the study. During the COVID-19 pandemic, both healthcare stakeholders and the older population claimed that the healthcare needs of the older people and their caregivers increased dramatically in all countries, especially in Italy (Calabria), Croatia and BiH. According to our results, countries from the Adrion/Ionian regions faced significant challenges to adjust to the special needs of the older people during the COVID-19 pandemic, which was possibly due to limited accessibility opportunities to healthcare facilities. These results highlight the need for the development of alternative ways of providing medical assistance and supervision when in-person care is not possible.