Search

More than 75 arboviruses are indigenous to Australia, of which at least 13 are known to cause disease in humans. Alphaviruses are the most common arboviruses, notably including Ross River and Barmah Forest viruses, which contribute a significant public health and economic burden in Australia. Both can cause febrile illness with arthritic symptoms. Each circulates nationally across diverse climates and environments, and has multi-host, multi-vector dynamics. Several medically important flaviviruses also circulate in Australia. Infection with Murray Valley encephalitis or Kunjin viruses is less common but is associated with brain inflammation. Key research priorities for Australian arboviruses aim to understand clinical manifestations, develop timely diagnostics, and identify transmission cycles that permit the maintenance of arboviruses. While these can now be answered for a handful of notifiable alpha- and flaviviruses there are others for which non-human vertebrate hosts and competent arthropod invertebrate vectors are still to be identified and/or whose role in transmission is not well understood. One or more of these 'neglected' arboviruses may be the causative agent of a proportion of the many thousands of fever-related illnesses reported annually in Australia that at present remain undiagnosed. Here, what is known about enzootic cycling of viruses between arthropod vectors and mammalian and avian reservoir hosts is summarised. How and to what extent these interactions influence the epidemiology of arbovirus transmission and infection is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study investigates the outcomes of treating neglected unstable Hangman's fractures through a single-stage Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion (ACDF) procedure with tricortical iliac crest bone grafts. Methods: Five patients with neglected unstable Hangman's fractures, treated at our institution between March 2012 and March 2017, underwent C2-C3 ACDF. Functional outcomes were assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) score and Neck Disability Index (NDI), and neurological evaluation was done using the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) grading system. The radiological assessment included serial plain radiographs and a computed tomography scan at a 12-month follow-up. Results: Postoperatively, C2-C3 angulation improved significantly, decreasing from 15° to 4.4°, and sagittal translation improved from 4.2 mm to 2 mm. The VAS score improved from 6.4 to 1.4 at 24 months postsurgery. Concurrently, NDI decreased from 70.4% to 14.8%. Fusion occurred in an average of 5.6 months. Neurologically, one patient improved from ASIA grade D to grade E, while the other four retained their grade E status. Conclusions: A single-stage ACDF with autologous iliac crest bone grafts is an effective surgical option for neglected type II/IIA Hangman's fractures, yielding satisfactory functional and radiological outcomes. This technique significantly corrects anterior translation and angulation, even in neglected cases, with the aid of intraoperative skull traction and plate reduction.

More than 75 arboviruses are indigenous to Australia, of which at least 13 are known to cause disease in humans. Alphaviruses are the most common arboviruses, notably including Ross River and Barmah Forest viruses, which contribute a significant public health and economic burden in Australia. Both can cause febrile illness with arthritic symptoms. Each circulates nationally across diverse climates and environments, and has multi-host, multi-vector dynamics. Several medically important flaviviruses also circulate in Australia. Infection with Murray Valley encephalitis or Kunjin viruses is less common but is associated with brain inflammation. Key research priorities for Australian arboviruses aim to understand clinical manifestations, develop timely diagnostics, and identify transmission cycles that permit the maintenance of arboviruses. While these can now be answered for a handful of notifiable alpha- and flaviviruses there are others for which non-human vertebrate hosts and competent arthropod invertebrate vectors are still to be identified and/or whose role in transmission is not well understood. One or more of these ‘neglected’ arboviruses may be the causative agent of a proportion of the many thousands of fever-related illnesses reported annually in Australia that at present remain undiagnosed. Here, what is known about enzootic cycling of viruses between arthropod vectors and mammalian and avian reservoir hosts is summarised. How and to what extent these interactions influence the epidemiology of arbovirus transmission and infection is discussed.

To describe a single-staged procedure for the management of neglected subaxial cervical spine injuries. Between January 2012 and December 2014, 12 patients presented to us with healed cervical sub axial dislocations. The deformities could not be reduced using skull traction. Eight were operated with anterior cervical corpectomy. American spinal injury Association (ASIA) grade, Neck Disability index (NDI), and Visual analog scale (VAS) score were recorded throughout the patient course and CT was done at 12 months for assessment of fusion. Four patients improved from ASIA C to ASIA D, two patients improved from ASIA B to ASIA E, one patient improved from ASIA D to ASIA E and one patient remained static at ASIA B. All patients except one showed evidence of fusion on CT scan at 12 months. NDI improved from preoperative range (18–32, mean 25) to postoperative range (8–16 mean, 11.25), VAS from preoperative range (3–6, mean 4.25) to postoperative range (1–3, mean 1.75). Single-stage in situ fixation does not disrupt ongoing natural healing and has good clinical and radiological outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achilles tendon ruptures are fairly common injuries that are often unfortunately missed, leading to the development of chronic tendoachilles (TA) ruptures. Patients present with gait abnormalities and significant ankle plantarflexion weakness. Imaging modalities such as ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are used to confirm the diagnosis and help in surgical planning. Most chronic TA ruptures require surgical management, with non-operative management being reserved for medically unfit patients due to generally poor outcomes. A multitude of surgical reconstruction options have been described in the literature, each with its benefits and disadvantages. Ultimately, the choice of surgical technique depends on the residual gap that is present following debridement of the scar tissue that forms a bridge between the ruptures ends of the Achilles tendon, graft availability and the treating surgeon's preference. Surgery results in an improvement in patient-reported outcomes, with the majority going back to their pre-injury level activities. However, surgery is also associated with a fair number of complications, the most common being wound healing problems, infections, neurological injury and deep vein thromboses for which patients need to be appropriately counselled for. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tropical infectious diseases inflict an unacceptable burden of disease on humans living in developing countries. Although anti-pathogenic drugs have been widely used, they carry a constant threat of selecting for resistance. Vaccines offer a promising means by which to enhance the global control of tropical infectious diseases; however, these have been difficult to develop, mostly because of the complex nature of the pathogen lifecycles. Here, we present recently developed vaccine candidates for five tropical infectious diseases in the form of a catalog that have either entered clinical trials or have been licensed for use. We deliberate on recently licensed dengue vaccines, provide evidence why combination vaccination could have a synergistic impact on schistosomiasis, critically appraise the value of typhoid conjugate vaccines, and discuss the potential of vaccines in the efforts to eliminate vivax malaria and hookworms.

Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) are debilitating, chronic illnesses that have the power to prolong poverty due to their negative effects on productivity, child development, social embarrassment, and maternal problems. Insufficient resources are available to raise awareness of these illnesses or locate previously unknown cases. More than one billion people worldwide are still affected by NTDs, which have significant social and financial repercussions for developing nations. Global targets have been set by the World Health Organization to prevent, control, eliminate, or eradicate NTDs, as well as broad and interdisciplinary aims linked to the Sustainable Development Goals targets. The Kigali Declaration, in which leading organizations and countries declared fresh commitments to step up efforts to eradicate NTDs, and the London Declaration aimed to control and eradicate ten NTDs by 2020. We reviewed the epidemiology and burden of NTDs, the success and challenges of eliminating NTDs, as well as therapeutic interventions for the management of NTDs. We also opined on future directions necessary for effective and holistic eradication of NTDs in affected regions. The successful eradication of NTD will significantly increase the socioeconomic and educational levels of the affected countries, thereby increasing the productive workforce and assisting in the accomplishment of some sustainable development goals. As a result, there is a need for global commitment to funding drug research and development.

This document is an editorial from the journal Frontiers in Veterinary Science titled "Wildlife parasitology: emerging diseases and neglected parasites." The editorial highlights the importance of research in the field of wildlife parasitology and provides a summary of the articles included in the research topic. The articles cover a wide range of parasitic infections in various wildlife species from different regions of the world. The editorial emphasizes the need for One Health approaches to address these parasitic infections and acknowledges the contributions of wildlife parasitologists in advancing knowledge in this field. [Extracted from the article]

Introduction: Neglected posterior glenohumeral joint (GHJ) dislocation is a rare and challenging injury that often goes untreated for an extended period. This condition poses diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties, leading to long-term complications if left untreated. Accurate diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion and comprehensive evaluation, including radiographic imaging and additional modalities such as computed tomography (CT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The management of neglected posterior GHJ dislocation is complex, ranging from conservative measures to surgical intervention. This study aims to investigate the clinical outcomes of open reduction supplemented with modified McLaughlin’s procedure for neglected posterior GHJ dislocation and identify factors associated with successful outcomes. Methods: This prospective, single-center study included 13 patients who underwent open reduction with a modified McLaughlin’s procedure for chronic posterior shoulder dislocation with humeral head defects. The study was carried out between April 2017 and January 2022. Inclusion criteria were chronic posterior dislocation of the shoulder presenting more than 6 weeks after injury and humeral defect (reverse Hill–Sachs) 30%. Preoperative and postoperative clinical and imaging evaluations were performed, including radiographs, CT scans, and MRI. Outcome measures included range of motion, Constant Shoulder Score, and Disability of Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) score. Statistical analyses were conducted using paired t-tests and independent sample t-tests. Results: The study included 13 patients (4 females, 9 males) with a mean age of 40.69 years and a mean delay of 8.5 weeks from injury to diagnosis. The average follow-up period was 18 months. The Constant Shoulder Score significantly improved from a mean score of 51 preoperatively to a mean score of 90 at 1-year follow-up (P < 0.001). Similarly, the DASH score improved from a mean of 78 preoperatively to a mean of 15 postoperatively at 1-year follow-up (P < 0.001). Pain was mainly experienced during strenuous physical activity, and functional limitations were minimal. Strength and range of motion in the treated limbs were satisfactory, with good stability observed in all treated shoulders. Radiographic evaluation did not reveal anatomical misalignment or associated lesions. Conclusion: Open reduction supplemented with modified McLaughlin’s procedure shows favorable outcomes in patients with neglected posterior GHJ dislocation. The procedure leads to significant improvements in Constant Shoulder Scores, pain relief, functional recovery, and shoulder stability. Early diagnosis and timely surgical intervention are crucial in achieving successful outcomes for neglected shoulder dislocations. Further studies with larger sample sizes and longer follow-up periods are warranted to validate these findings and optimize treatment approaches.

Leishmaniasis, a zoonotic parasitic disease transmitted by infected sandflies, impacts nearly 1 million people yearly and is endemic in many countries across Asia, Africa, the Americas, and the Mediterranean; despite this, it remains a neglected disease with limited effective treatments, particularly in impoverished communities with limited access to healthcare. This study aims to repurpose approved drugs for an affordable leishmaniasis treatment. After the screening of potential drug candidates by reviewing databases and utilizing molecular docking analysis, delamanid was chosen to be incorporated into solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNPs). Both in cellulo and in vivo tests confirmed the successful payload release within macrophages and through the epidermis following topical application on murine skin. The evaluation of macrophages infected with L. infantum amastigotes showed that the encapsulated delamanid exhibited greater leishmanicidal activity compared with the free drug. The process of encapsulating delamanid in SLNPs, as demonstrated in this study, places a strong emphasis on employing minimal technology, ensuring energy efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and reproducibility. It enables consistent, low-cost production of nanomedicines, even on a small scale, offering a promising step toward more accessible and effective leishmaniasis treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: This case report describes our experience of surgical strategies of two patients with neglected subaxial cervical spine fracture‐dislocation that came to our center with subsequent follow‐ups. Subaxial cervical spine fracture‐dislocation must be immediately diagnosed and treated. However, it can be neglected in some cases, especially in developing health care systems and patients with low socioeconomic status. We reported two neglected subaxial cervical fracture‐dislocation with a mean age of 54 years old who presented with axial cervical pain, and decreased muscle forces. In one out of two, cervical closed traction was applied, then unsuccessful result led to circumferential decompression and fixation via anterior–posterior (AP) approach. Accordingly, we used AP approach without applying closed reduction in another patient successfully. Except one of our cases who died after 2 weeks of surgery due to aspiration pneumonia, other one found complete improvement at the end of 6‐month follow‐up. Our study emphasizes the importance of AP approach in patients with irreducible joint dislocations. The approach can minimize the surgical risks and increase the cost–benefit as compared to three or more staged approaches. Our approach is less intensive than some other AP approaches while is a safe and efficacious procedure since the posterior reduction is not performed before discectomy and decompression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is classified into five distinct genotypes, with genotypes 1 and 3 historically showing higher activity. These genotypes are the primary agents of viral encephalitis in the Asian continent. Genotypes 4 and 5 have remained silent in low-latitude tropical regions since their discovery. From 2009, the hidden genotype 5 suddenly emerged simultaneously in mosquitoes from the Tibetan region of China and those from South Korea in East Asia. The detection of genotype 5 of JEV in these mosquitoes was associated with cases of viral encephalitis in the local population. Similarly, in 2022, the long-silent genotype 4 of JEV emerged in Australia, resulting in a local outbreak of viral encephalitis that primarily affected adults and caused fatalities. The emergence and outbreaks of genotypes 4 and 5 of JEV present new challenges for the prevention and control of Japanese encephalitis (JE). This study not only analyzes the recent emergence of these new genotypes but also discusses their implications in the development of JE vaccines and laboratory tests for newly emerging JEV infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message This case report describes our experience of surgical strategies of two patients with neglected subaxial cervical spine fracture‐dislocation that came to our center with subsequent follow‐ups. Subaxial cervical spine fracture‐dislocation must be immediately diagnosed and treated. However, it can be neglected in some cases, especially in developing health care systems and patients with low socioeconomic status. We reported two neglected subaxial cervical fracture‐dislocation with a mean age of 54 years old who presented with axial cervical pain, and decreased muscle forces. In one out of two, cervical closed traction was applied, then unsuccessful result led to circumferential decompression and fixation via anterior–posterior (AP) approach. Accordingly, we used AP approach without applying closed reduction in another patient successfully. Except one of our cases who died after 2 weeks of surgery due to aspiration pneumonia, other one found complete improvement at the end of 6‐month follow‐up. Our study emphasizes the importance of AP approach in patients with irreducible joint dislocations. The approach can minimize the surgical risks and increase the cost–benefit as compared to three or more staged approaches. Our approach is less intensive than some other AP approaches while is a safe and efficacious procedure since the posterior reduction is not performed before discectomy and decompression.

Purpose: After four weeks from injury, tears of the Achilles tendon are considered chronic. Their management is challenging, and the use of a graft is suggested when the gap between proximal and distal stumps is greater than 6 cm. The present study systematically reviews the outcome of free tendon grafts in chronic ruptures of the Achilles tendon, evaluating clinical outcomes, complications and return to sport. Methods: The present study was conducted according to the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase, and Web of Science databases were accessed in February 2023. All the published clinical studies reporting clinical outcome, return to sport and complications of free tendon grafts used the treatment of chronic rupture of the midportion of the Achilles Tendon were accessed. The mean CMS (Coleman Methodology Score) of 65.7 suggested an overall good quality of the available published articles, attesting to the low risk of bias. Results: Data from 22 articles (368 patients with a mean age of 47 years) were retrieved. The average time from rupture to surgery was 25.1 week. At last follow-up, the AOFAS (American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Surgery) and ATRS (Achilles Tendon Total Rupture Score) scores improved of 33.8 (P = 0.0004), and 45.1 points (P = 0.0001) respectively. Return to activity was reported in 105 patients, and 82 (78.1%) had no activity limitations, while 19 (18.1%) had limited recreational but not daily activity limitations, and 4 (3.8%) reported limitations in daily activities. Return to sport data was reported in six studies, and 45 of 93 (48.4%) patients returned to sport at an average of 22.6 weeks. Conclusion: In chronic tears of the Achilles tendon, with a gap of at least 6 cm, free tendon grafts allow predictable return to sport and acceptable recovery function. Level of evidence: Level IV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Esophageal foreign body impaction is one of the common reasons of referral to Ear Nose Throat clinic. It is a medical emergency requiring urgent evaluation and treatment. Esophageal foreign body in a very young child can be a diagnostic challenge. Case presentation In this case, we report an unusual sharp foreign body in the upper aerodigestive tract of a 20-month-old female child. It was neglected and misdiagnosed in the initial phase and was treated as a case of upper respiratory tract infection. Chest X-ray done was suggestive of a radiopaque irregular sharp foreign body at the level of the 6th cervical vertebra. The patient underwent rigid esophagoscopy on an urgent basis, and the foreign body was removed without any complication. Conclusion Esophageal foreign body in a very young child can mimic upper respiratory tract infection due to atypical symptoms. Strong witness history along with X-rays of the neck, chest, and abdomen help in making the immediate diagnosis. Clinicians should always advise parents for supervision of their children during play.

Background: Neglected knee dislocations and knee septic arthritis are two uncommon pathologies that require prompt treatment. Case report: We report a case of a bedridden 77-year-old women that presented at the emergency room with a septic arthritis in a chronically dislocated knee. The treatment chosen was a knee arthrodesis in order to solve both conditions in the same surgery. After 1 year follow-up, there were no signs of infection or reported knee pain. Conclusion: We conclude that knee arthrodesis is a viable option as salvage procedure in complex cases of knee infection and/or chronically dislocated knees in low demand patients.

The global threat of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) constitutes a public health issue in underdeveloped countries. Zoonotic helminthiases are the most common human NTD agents in developing countries in sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and the Americas, causing a global burden of disease that exceeds that of more recognized infectious diseases such as malaria and tuberculosis. Wild canids are well-known mammals that act as natural reservoirs of zoonotic-relevant helminthiasis worldwide, thus playing a pivotal role in their epidemiology and transmission to humans. Here we evaluate the occurrence of zoonotic gastrointestinal helminths in two Neotropical wild canid species from the Amazonian and Andean regions of Colombia, i.e., the bush dog (Speothos venaticus) and the crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous). We recovered tapeworm proglottids from bush dog fecal samples and identified them molecularly as the canine-specific lineage of Dipylidium caninum by using cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1) gene sequences. Moreover, examination of a crab-eating fox during necropsy revealed the presence of non-embryonated eggs of the neglected nematode Lagochilascaris cf. minor, in addition to eggs and gravid proglottids of the cestode Spirometra mansoni. These findings represent the first report of zoonotic-relevant cestodes, i.e., D. caninum (“canine genotype”), S. mansoni, and the nematode L. cf. minor, in bush dogs and crab-eating foxes as final hosts. The occurrence of these zoonotic helminthiases in wild canid species calls for regular monitoring programs to better understand the epidemiology and transmission routes of neglected dipylidiasis, lagochilascariosis, and sparganosis in South America.

Crusted scabies is a complicated, rare, and highly contagious form of scabies. Frequently seen in malnourished, immunocompromised patients. We reported two cases of crusted scabies. In Case 1, we reported a 9-year-old girl developing crusted scabies after inappropriate treatment as atopic dermatitis and was given oral corticosteroid for a year. In Case 2, we reported a 37-year-old man who presented with loss of consciousness and dyspnea. He was diagnosed with and treated for scabies 3 months back. However, patient did not comply with the treatment course and developed crusted scabies. We want to emphasize the substantiality of proper early diagnosis and effective treatment as well as patient's compliance with the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cervical fibroids are rare neoplasms of uterine origin whose management has not been standardized. Cervical fibroids, which can be challenging in surgical management, can become a difficult problem for the surgeon when neglected or asymptomatic and reach gigantic dimensions. Suspending the aorta abdominalis or arteria illiaca communis with vascular tapes and balloting the uterus with the help of vaginal taping while searching for the correct cleavage may reduce the risk of intraoperative hemorrhage and adjacent organ injury, as well as may be guide for the steps of the operation. Management of neglected giant cervical fibroids may not be suitable for testing alternative treatment methods to surgery used in the treatment of uterine neoplasms. However, surgical management will also be challenging. For this reason, the technique we describe can help the surgeon with clues that should be considered in the surgical management of these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxoplasma gondii is the most prevalent parasite that mostly affects warm-blooded animals, including humans. According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC), this parasite infects about one-third of the world's population of people. Lack of information regarding toxoplasmosis in the population of domestic and stray dogs and cats in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa was a major factor in the decision to conduct this study. Our aim was to use serological technique to establish the seroprevalence of T. gondii in dogs and cats. In this study, 405 dogs and 405 cats, blood samples were collected from various veterinary hospitals and privates pet clinics and an ELISA test was used to determine anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibodies. Information on four risk factors age, sex, deworming of dogs and cats and, area was collected from the owners by questionnaire. Total seroprevalence in dogs, and cats was 45.18% (183/405), and 51.60% (209/405), respectively. No significant difference was documented on basis of age and gender between dogs, and cats. Dogs and cats from urban areas showed lower seroprevalence than rural areas. Dogs that had received deworming showed lower seroprevalence. This research indicates that neglected parasite Toxoplasma gondii is prevalent in dogs and cats in Pakistan, which may have great public health importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundTsetse flies (Glossina sp.) are the vectors of human and animal trypanosomiasis throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Tsetse flies are distinguished from other Diptera by unique adaptations, including lactation and the birthing of live young (obligate viviparity), a vertebrate blood-specific diet by both sexes, and obligate bacterial symbiosis. This work describes the comparative analysis of six Glossina genomes representing three sub-genera: Morsitans (G. morsitans morsitans, G. pallidipes, G. austeni), Palpalis (G. palpalis, G. fuscipes), and Fusca (G. brevipalpis) which represent different habitats, host preferences, and vectorial capacity.ResultsGenomic analyses validate established evolutionary relationships and sub-genera. Syntenic analysis of Glossina relative to Drosophila melanogaster shows reduced structural conservation across the sex-linked X chromosome. Sex-linked scaffolds show increased rates of female-specific gene expression and lower evolutionary rates relative to autosome associated genes. Tsetse-specific genes are enriched in protease, odorant-binding, and helicase activities. Lactation-associated genes are conserved across all Glossina species while male seminal proteins are rapidly evolving. Olfactory and gustatory genes are reduced across the genus relative to other insects. Vision-associated Rhodopsin genes show conservation of motion detection/tracking functions and variance in the Rhodopsin detecting colors in the blue wavelength ranges.ConclusionsExpanded genomic discoveries reveal the genetics underlying Glossina biology and provide a rich body of knowledge for basic science and disease control. They also provide insight into the evolutionary biology underlying novel adaptations and are relevant to applied aspects of vector control such as trap design and discovery of novel pest and disease control strategies.

Background: Rabies continues to be a serious threat to global public health endangering people's health and public health safety. In the People's Republic of China, multi-sectoral and comprehensive prevention and control strategies have aimed to extensively curb human rabies transmission. Here, we examine the current state of rabies infection in China, explore strategic interventions put in place in response to WHO's ambition of "Zero rabies deaths by 2030" and critically assess the constraints and feasibility of dog-mediated rabies elimination in China. Methods: This study analyzed and evaluated the process towards dog-mediated rabies elimination in China from five perspectives: namely, human, dog, policy, challenge, and prospects. Evidence-based data on progress of dog-mediated rabies elimination in China was derived from a number of sources; a literature search was undertaken using PubMed, Web of Science and CNKI databases, distribution data for human rabies cases as derived from the Data-center of the China Public Health Science and policy and document data were obtained from official websites of the relevant China ministries and commissions. Results: The incidence of human rabies cases in China have shown a downward trend year-on-year since 2007. Implementation of a government-led, multi-sectoral "One Health" approach to combating rabies has driven down the total number of rabies deaths nationwide to around 200 in 2020. The number of provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs) reporting human cases of rabies has also decreased to 21 in 2020, 13 of which reported less than 10 cases. Furthermore, the number of outpatient visits seeking rabies post-exposure prophylaxis has risen dramatically over the past two decades, with demand being 15 times higher than it was initially. There remain however, significant gaps in rabies elimination outcomes across the different regions of China. To date the target of achieving a canine rabies vaccination rate of > 75% has not been met. The challenges of rabies immunization of dogs and dog management in underdeveloped cities and rural areas need to be addressed together with more effective animal surveillance and rabies risk from and too wildlife and livestock. Conclusions: The Chinese government-led, multi-sectoral "One Health" approach to combating rabies and has made significant progress over the past decade. Development and adoption of more cost-effective One Health strategies can achieve more nationally beneficial rabies elimination outcomes. The ambitious target of "Zero rabies deaths by 2030" can be met through establishment of long-lasting herd immunity in dogs by means of dog mass vaccination campaigns, dog population management, epidemiological surveillance and the application of large-scale oral rabies vaccine to eliminate rabies in wild animals coupled with deployment of cost-effective human post-exposure prophylaxis, and community education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Economic Botany is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research highlights the treatment of an issue that researchers often object to, which is the presence of some narrators in the chains of narration neglected, such as mentioning his first name, nickname, or otherwise, with the presence of others who share his name and class, and then the researcher cannot easily know what is meant. In this research, I traced the extraction of the rules and reasons that help distinguish the neglected narrator, and identify him, and who is intended by him if he appears in this or that attribution. I presented this with a brief introduction, in which I mentioned the reasons for choosing the topic, and the most important of these are reasons that the need calls for researching this topic, as the vague is used in hadith books even in the books of the Two Sheikhs, for that we need to know this research, then I mentioned the definition of neglected, vague, and the difference between them. Then I mentioned what I reached of these reasons, using a number of terminology books, hadith explanations, men's books, and others. They numbered about ten total means and controls, and several sub-methods fall under some of them. The summary of what I mentioned is that the negligent can be distinguished by several means, one of which is: that the neglected person is known through the narrator on his behalf. For example, if he is wellknown for narrating from him, or is unique to him, or does not narrate from anyone else, and so on. One of them is that the negligent is known through his sheikh, and there are several means that fall under it. The negligent is also known by graduation, its class, its country, or other methods mentioned in detail with their evidence and examples in the folds of the research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Delayed presentation of lower cervical facet dislocations is uncommon, and there is no standardized way to approach these neglected injuries. The literature on neglected lower cervical facet dislocations is limited to case reports and few retrospective studies. This justifies the need for a comprehensive review of this condition. Our purpose was to elaborate a review on the epidemiology, clinical and radiological presentation, and treatment techniques and approach to these neglected injuries. Middle-aged adults from 30 to 50 represent 73.8% of reported cases, and most of them are males (72.0%). The most affected level is C5–C6 (43.0%). While most delays are due to missed injuries (52.1%) and ineffective non-operative treatment (36.2%), the other reason for delay is negligence in seeking medical care (11.7%). Patients present with variable degrees of neurological deficit, persistent neck pain, and neck stiffness. Reported approaches and techniques to reduce and stabilize these injuries are highly variable and depend on the surgeon’s judgment, experience, and preference. Fibrotic tissues and bony fusion around the dislocated facet joint contribute to the reduction challenge, and 77.0% of closed reduction attempts fail. Anterior and posterior approaches to the cervical spine are used selectively or in combination for surgical release, reduction, and stabilization. Despite the lack of standardized treatment guidelines and different approaches, most of the authors reported improvement in pain, balance, and neurology post-surgery. Starting with the posterior surgical approach aims to achieve reduction compared to the anterior approach which largely aims at spinal decompression. Given the existing controversies, the need for quality prospective studies to determine the best treatment approach for lower cervical facet dislocations presenting with delay is evident.

Leishmaniasis, a zoonotic parasitic disease transmitted by infected sandflies, impacts nearly 1 million people yearly and is endemic in many countries across Asia, Africa, the Americas, and the Mediterranean; despite this, it remains a neglected disease with limited effective treatments, particularly in impoverished communities with limited access to healthcare. This study aims to repurpose approved drugs for an affordable leishmaniasis treatment. After the screening of potential drug candidates by reviewing databases and utilizing molecular docking analysis, delamanid was chosen to be incorporated into solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNPs). Both in cellulo and in vivo tests confirmed the successful payload release within macrophages and through the epidermis following topical application on murine skin. The evaluation of macrophages infected with L. infantum amastigotes showed that the encapsulated delamanid exhibited greater leishmanicidal activity compared with the free drug. The process of encapsulating delamanid in SLNPs, as demonstrated in this study, places a strong emphasis on employing minimal technology, ensuring energy efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and reproducibility. It enables consistent, low-cost production of nanomedicines, even on a small scale, offering a promising step toward more accessible and effective leishmaniasis treatments.

(1) Background: Neglected hip dislocation is an uncommon condition, especially in developed countries because dislocations are considered trauma emergencies and thus are treated early. They are usually treated with methods used in commonly occurring dislocations. The aim of this study is to detail a two-stage strategy for neglected hip dislocations in adults applied in a complicated case. (2) Case presentation: We present a complicated case of neglected hip dislocation in a patient with an associated neurological condition. Two-stage open reduction was performed combined with arthrodiastasis and Ilizarov external fixators. After complications requiring a third intervention, the joint was stabilized, and the patient has presented no more episodes to date. (3) Conclusions: Arthrodiastasis has been used to treat these conditions. Comparing it with the other methods described in the literature, it seems to be a good therapeutic strategy, especially in elderly patients. Because of the limited number of studies, we cannot establish the most efficient therapeutic method, but we believe that the described strategy can be useful for patients with this condition.

Cryptosporidiosis is an important protozoan disease with serious public health implications. The contribution of Cryptosporidium to colorectal cancer is still vaguely studied, but little evidence from experimental and epidemiological studies has suggested a possible association. This review discusses the epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis and colorectal cancer and attempts to unravel the possible link between the two diseases using epidemiological, pathological, molecular, and immunological evidence. The review stressed the need to undertake more studies in this relatively neglected field.

Abstract Background The present study aimed to assess the magnitude and factors associated with neglected and non-consented care during childbirth in public health facilities in Central Tigray, Ethiopia. Methods A health facility-based cross-sectional survey supplemented by a qualitative study was conducted from April to May 2020 among women giving birth. We included 415 participants and recruited via a systematic random sampling technique. To collect the data, a pre-tested, face-to-face exit interview using an interviewer-administered structured questionnaire was used. Neglected and non-consented care and its outcomes (yes and no) were the dependent variables, and Socio-demographic data such as (age, educational level, region, and income), and other variables associated with compassionate and respective maternity care were the independent variables. We applied bivariate and multivariate logistic regression to determine predictors for non-consented and non-confidential care components of disrespect or abuse. The in-depth interviews were analyzed using content analysis. Results Among the participants, 82.4% and 78.6% had neglected care and non-consented care among women giving birth respectively. No formal education level (AOR: 0.37, 95%, CI (0.18–0.78)) and primary education level (AOR: 0.18, 95%, CI (0.05–0.57))., mode of delivery (AOR 3.79, 95% CI 1.42–10.09), sex of skilled healthcare providers (AOR: 0.56, 95%, CI (0.34–0.93)), number of deliveries in a health Centre (AOR: 1.89, 95% CI (1.03–3.47)) predicted non-consented care, and history ANC (AOR: 8.10, 95% CI (1.33–49.51)), and federal government employee (AOR: 0.24, 95% CI (0.07–0.78)) predicted neglected care during childbirth. In-depth interview result shows the mode of delivery and sex of healthcare providers were factor associated with non-consented care and women's stay at health facilities were factor associated with neglected care. Conclusion The level of neglected and non-consented care during delivery was high reflecting substantial mistreatment. Educational level, mode of delivery, sex of skilled healthcare providers, and the number of deliveries in a health Centre were associated with non-consented care, and history ANC and Federal Government employees were associated with neglected care during childbirth. These findings imply the urgent needs or intervention including strengthening of awareness of both patients and healthcare providers on patients' rights and responsibilities and training service providers in patient-centered care and interpersonal communication and relationships to minimize mistreatment.

Background: Asymmetric bilateral hip dislocations are rare, representing approximately 0.01 %–0.02 % of all joint dislocations. The treatment of neglected hip dislocations is difficult or impossible by closed reduction manoeuvres. This is a report of an unusual clinical entity of neglected simultaneous bilateral asymmetric traumatic hip dislocations in a young male, managed by closed reduction manoeuvres. Case presentation: This is the case of a 29-years-old male who presented with neglected simultaneous bilateral asymmetric traumatic hip dislocations 5 weeks post injury. His condition was managed by closed reduction manoeuvres due to financial constraints. Under spinal anaesthesia, the left hip was successfully reduced. Due to an associated posterior acetabular wall fracture, the presence of osteo-chondral fragments and labral lesions, adequate reduction of the right hip was not achieved. The functional Harris Hip Score (HHS) of the left hip improved on every subsequent follow-up visits at the clinic from 70 at day 45 to 86 at day 90. The HHS of the right hip was poor at day 45 but however increased to 90 after total hip replacement was done. Conclusions: This is an unusual case of neglected simultaneous bilateral asymmetric traumatic hip dislocations in a young male, managed by closed reduction manoeuvres. Closed reduction of such injury is difficult and seldom successful with uncertain long term functional outcome.

Objective: To determine the frequency of neglected renal calculi in patients with acute kidney injury. Material and Methods: This was a descriptive study conducted at the division of nephrology, Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar, from 26/09/2021-26/03/2022. Data was collected from 214 patients with acute kidney injury (AKI). Detailed clinical history was taken to confirm the patient did not know about the presence of previous stone disease. After confirming the acute kidney injury, bio-chemical investigations including serum urea, serum creatinine, serum calcium, urine analysis, and radiological investigation i.e. ultrasound KUB, X-ray KUB. When needed IUV and CT scan KUB was also done for the confirmation of the renal stones. Results: In this study, the mean age was 52 years ± 13.81. Sixty-seven percent of patients were male, while 33% were female. Twelve percent of patients had neglected renal calculi, while 88% of patients didn't have neglected renal calculi. Conclusion: Our study concluded that 12% of patients presented with Acute Kidney Injury at a tertiary care hospital had neglected renal stones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: There are several studies in the literature about pathological fractures but almost no information about patients whose pathological fracture caused by a malignant lesion misdiagnosed and treated as a simple fracture. The aim of this study was to investigate patient and fracture characteristics, and outcomes in cases where fractures occurred in the presence of a malign pathology but were treated as simple fractures.Patients and Methods: Cases of malign bone lesions between 2000 and 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with a final diagnosis of malign bone lesion but whose pathological fractures were treated ignoring the underlying malign bone disease were included. Demographic, clinical and outcome data were collected from patient's medical records and analyzed.Results: Six patients met the inclusion criteria. Three of the patients were female and the cohort mean age was 56.8 ± 21.8 years at the time of admission. Patient diagnoses were: renal cell carcinoma metastasis (n = 1); colon cancer metastasis (n = 1); chondrosarcoma (n = 2); osteosarcoma (n = 1); and undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma of bone (n = 1). In all cases surgical management differed from those that should have been applied if the pathological fracture had been identified. Furthermore, surgical management after definitive histological diagnosis were more aggressive compared to if the malignancy had been identified at first admission. All patients died after a mean follow-up of 16.67 ± 11.7 months and the complication rate was 100%.Conclusion: When a pathological fracture is misdiagnosed and managed as a simple bone fracture, outcomes are extremely poor. In these situations, remedial surgery is more extensive, with increased complication rates and there is poor life expectancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Due to the complexity of retrieving skin-dwelling microfilariae, filarioids of dogs presenting dermal microfilariae (e.g. Cercopithifilaria spp., Onchocerca lupi) are relatively unknown compared to Dirofilaria spp. and Acanthocheilonema spp. whose microfilariae circulate in the blood. Although Cercopithifilaria spp. and O. lupi filarioids are distributed worldwide, there is a paucity of information on their occurrence in Iran. The aim of this study was to investigate these filarioids in a large population of dogs from different regions of Iran. Methods From October 2018 to September 2020, skin biopsies were obtained from dogs housed in shelters (n = 557) and privately owned dogs (n = 26) in seven provinces of Iran (Hamedan, Kermanshah, Yazd, Mazandaran, Khuzestan, Lorestan, Esfahan), as well as from three road-killed jackals (Canis aureus) and three cats (Felis catus) in Hamedan province. The skin biopsies were first soaked in saline solution at room temperature overnight, and examined for dermal microfilariae under the microscope. Positive skin specimens and sediments were tested by PCR for a 304-bp region of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene and amplicons were sequenced. Results Microfilariae of Cercopithifilaria spp. were found in skin biopsies of 32 of the 583 (5.5%) dogs tested, with infection rates of up to 25% in Kermanshah. No microfilariae were recovered from skin biopsy samples collected from dogs in Khorramabad and Ahvaz, nor from the examined jackals and cats. None of the privately owned dogs were found to be infected. Morphologic and morphometric characteristics of the microfilariae were consistent with C. bainae. Eighteen skin samples were positive for the cox1 gene, of which 15 sequences showed a nucleotide identity of 100% and three of 93.4% with the reference sequence of C. bainae available in GenBank (haplotype I; GenBank accession number: JF461457). Conclusions The data from this study broadens current knowledge on the geographical distribution of C. bainae in dogs in Middle Eastern countries. Further studies on different wild canine species in the country (e.g. jackal, fox, wolf) could provide further information on the epidemiology of these filarioids. A particular focus should be put on zoonotic O. lupi given the reports of its presence in human patients from this country. Graphical Abstract

Abstract Background The importance of health policy implementation cannot be overemphasized in contemporary public health. Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) have negatively impacted society, affect quality of life and make the poor societies poorer. Several policies and strategies have been put in place across the world including the neglected tropical diseases programme in Ghana. Though chalked many successes, the programme continues to lag behind in the full attainment of various objectives. Several factors exist that determine how effective a programme is implemented. Identification of these factors on every programme is essential to determine where more programme resources need to be channelled. This study assessed the determinants of successful implementation of the neglected tropical diseases programme in Ghana. Methods A qualitative approach with the case study design was employed. Purposive and snowball sampling techniques were used to identify key programme officers at the national, regional and district levels of programme implementation. Eighteen (18) Key informant interviews were conducted at all the three levels of the Ghana Health Service NTDs programme. Data were thematically analysed and presented. Results Findings from the study revealed that determinants that influenced the successful implementation of the NTDs programme include donor support, education and training, partnerships, reliability of the health structure, integrative nature of the programme and management commitment. These determining factors cut across the inner settings of the implementing agency and the external environment. Conclusion Neglected tropical diseases continuously affect Ghanaians, especially the poor. It is important for both policy makers and implementers to identify the factors that ensure the success of the programme in the Ghanaian context. Though the factors are independently sufficient, they synergistically lead to improved programme implementation. Empowering all units involved (local to national level) and maximizing the enabling factors identified to would improve upon implementation and ensure sustainability.

Background: The management of neglected forms of Blount's disease is a challenge in developing countries. Both progressive and acute correction can be performed with a significant risk of compartment syndrome. Very few cases of this complication have been reported in the literature. We report a rare case of compartment syndrome after acute correction for neglected Blount's syndrome in a teenager and the lessons learned in the management of this complex case. Case description: A 16-year-old girl was admitted to our unit with a severe bilateral genu varum since childhood. The deformities were classified as Langeskiold Stage VI. Considering the complexity of the case, we treated the limbs in different operating times. We started with the left side. Under general anesthesia with a caudal block, a tibial valgization osteotomy with elevation of the tibial plateau, a fibular subtraction osteotomy and a fasciotomy were performed. Postoperative course was negative with a compartment syndrome and dry gangrene. An amputation was performed with no specific follow-up. On the right side, the same procedure was performed 45 days after the first one, this time with an initial minimal correction of the varus with a bivalved cruro pedal cast for better monitoring, and local care and we used to carry out a secondary valgization by external manipulations before obtaining the bone callus. The postoperative course was simple. Conclusion: Compartment syndrome remains a potential complication of surgical treatment of neglected forms of Blount's disease. Clinical diagnosis is difficult with signs that may be masked by locoregional anesthesia. Progressive correction, preventive fasciotomy, opening and monitoring of the cast may prevent its occurrence.

Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD) are a group of endemic diseases that cause up to one million deaths annually. Leishmaniasis and Chagas Disease are classified as NTD whose current treatments are of limited access. There is an urgent need to develop new agents to combat or alleviate the symptoms of these pathologies. The present work highlights the activities of several natural products and their derivatives which have been tested against the causative parasites of both diseases. The activities of natural products illustrate their potential to assist in the combat against NTD. Research in this area could provide an opportunity to advance medical research and to provide treatments to low- and middle-income countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malaria elimination includes neglected human malaria parasites Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale spp., and Plasmodium malariae. Biological features such as association with low-density infection and the formation of hypnozoites responsible for relapse make their elimination challenging. Studies on these parasites rely primarily on clinical samples due to the lack of long-term culture techniques. With improved methods to enrich parasite DNA from clinical samples, whole-genome sequencing of the neglected malaria parasites has gained increasing popularity. Population genomics of more than 2200 P. vivax global isolates has improved our knowledge of parasite biology and host-parasite interactions, identified vaccine targets and potential drug resistance markers, and provided a new way to track parasite migration and introduction and monitor the evolutionary response of local populations to elimination efforts. Here, we review advances in population genomics for neglected malaria parasites, discuss how the rich genomic information is being used to understand parasite biology and epidemiology, and explore opportunities for the applications of malaria genomic data in malaria elimination practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: A Monteggia fracture is an infrequent injury in children. It can be missed during an initial consultation in 20–50% of patients. Chronic radial head dislocation may lead to several complications. Thus, surgical reconstruction of chronic Monteggia injuries is justified. The aim of this study is to analyze the single tertiary center experience in the treatment of neglected Monteggia fractures. (2) Methods: A retrospective study of patients treated for missed Monteggia fractures was conducted. Hospital records, operative charts, follow-up records and a set of X-rays were analyzed for each patient. Radiographic results were graded as good, moderate or poor. The functional status of elbows was estimated using the Mayo Elbow Performance Index. (3) Results: A total of 13 patients (8 boys and 5 girls) aged 4–12 years (mean 7.15) were treated during the study period. An angulation osteotomy of the ulna was performed in ten patients and a radial shortening osteotomy in three patients. A Bell–Tawse annular ligament reconstruction was performed in five patients, and a direct repair was performed in two patients. Eight patients had radiocapitellar trans-fixation. There were nine good radiographic results, three moderate and one poor. The functional result was excellent in nine patients, good in three and poor in one. (4) Conclusions: Our work has many limitations (only 13 patients and different types of operations), and conclusions should be drawn very carefully from such a small and diverse group. The surgical reconstruction of neglected Monteggia fractures in children should be attempted in all patients. Angulation and elongation osteotomies of the ulna are suitable for most patients. If there is a marked overgrowth of the radius, gradual ulnar lengthening and radial head reduction using the Ilizarov method may be a better option. Annular ligament reconstruction is not mandatory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Finger ring entrapment could compromise the neurovascular status of the finger if not treated promptly. We aimed to report two cases of neglected finger ring entrapment following minor blunt trauma to the hand and illustrate some lessons for clinical practice. Both patients were right-hand dominant, presented 3-4 weeks after the onset of symptoms, and had circumferential ulceration of the affected fingers. The removal of both rings was performed using a wire cutter and bender. Neglected finger ring entrapment could result in multiple sequelae of the affected finger. Timely invention in finger ring entrapment is crucial to forestall neurovascular sequelae. We recommend immediate removal of all jewellery on fingers following any form of hand trauma as a primary preventive measure. We also recommend that clinicians who intend to use a ring-cutting method assess the material used to forge the ring to aid proper selection of a cutting device., Competing Interests: None declared., (Published by Oxford University Press and JSCR Publishing Ltd. © The Author(s) 2024.)

Background: Supracondylar humeral fracture (SCHF) is a common injury in children, and early treatment provides excellent results and prevents disabilities. Delayed presentation is still prevalent, mainly in developing countries, because many factors hinder the opportunity to receive appropriate treatment. Currently, there are no standard treatment protocols, and there is insufficient published literature on this topic. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and outcomes of open reduction and Kirschner wire fixation using a triceps-sparing posterior approach in neglected cases with complicated fractures., Methods: This was a prospective multicenter clinical study conducted between July 2016 and June 2021, which included 28 pediatric patients with neglected SCHF who presented to the hospital for definitive treatment five days or more after initial trauma without previous surgical intervention. All the patients underwent open reduction and K-wire fixation using a posterior triceps-sparing approach. The final functional outcome was assessed using the Mayo Elbow Performance Index (MEPI) and Flynn criteria., Results: All fractures (100%) united within 3-5.5 weeks (mean 4 ± 0.7 weeks). Excellent scores observed in 67.9% (n = 19), good in 21.4% (n = 6), fair in 7.1% (n=2), and poor in 3.6% (n = 1) patients according to MEPI. Correspondingly, Flynn's criteria showed 96.4% (n = 27) satisfactory and 3.6% (n = 1) unsatisfactory outcome., Conclusion: Open reduction and fixation using Kirschner wires through the posterior triceps-sparing approach is an effective treatment method for late-presenting SCHF in children with consequent satisfactory results., Competing Interests: The author reports no conflicts of interest in this work., (© 2024 Abdelraheem.)

Introduction: There have been osteotomy methods that corrected or overcorrected the ulna deformity as part of surgical treatment for chronic radial head dislocation., Methodology: We reported surgical technique and outcome of oblique sliding ulna osteotomy that created acute lengthening, deformity correction or both to assist open reduction of radiocapitellar joint in four patients with neglected Monteggia fracture dislocation., Result: Patients aged 3-12 years old had trauma duration of 4 weeks to 3 years. Two patients had Bado type I injury, and the other two had Bado type III. There was no acute nerve injury. During the final follow-up, all patients achieved union, with the limitation of motion range in the rotation arch being less than 20°. The radial head had no recurrent dislocation., Conclusion: This case series has shown sliding osteotomy safely, providing acute correction and lengthening of the ulna without requiring bone graft to facilitate stable reduction of the neglected Monteggia lesion., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Introduction: Traumatic hip dislocations frequently result from road traffic accidents and are prevalent in developing nations. Untreated dislocations either due to ignorance or lack of proper treatment become more challenging to manage and have an increased likelihood of developing avascular necrosis (AVN). Over time, closed methods of reduction become impractical, and if the waiting period surpasses 3 months, open reduction likewise becomes unworkable. Anterior dislocations are less common than posterior dislocations, accounting for a frequency of 7-13% of all hip dislocations. Neglected anterior hip dislocations are extremely rare, and therefore, there is a paucity of information about the management of these dislocations and associated injuries. The available treatment options for these particular situations are total hip arthroplasty (THA), Girdlestone surgery, or hip arthrodesis., Case Report: We describe the case of a 49-year-old male who presented to our hospital with a neglected anterior dislocation of the hip. The patient disclosed a history of hip trauma 8 months ago, initially receiving conservative management. However, due to persistent pain and functional limitations, he sought further medical attention. A physical examination, radiographic evaluation, and computed tomography (CT) scan confirmed the diagnosis. The patient underwent THA using dual anterior and posterior approaches, followed by a comprehensive rehabilitation program., Conclusion: Anterior dislocation of the hip is a relatively rare condition, and its neglected presentation is even rarer. This case highlights the importance of prompt diagnosis and early intervention in neglected anterior hip dislocations to minimize complications and optimize patient outcomes., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: Nil, (Copyright: © Indian Orthopaedic Research Group.)