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Soil salinity greatly impacts the planting area of cultivated peanut. It is necessary to breed salt-tolerant cultivars. However, few salt-resistant genes have been identified in peanut. Here, we reported the cloning of a peanut NAC transcription factor gene, AhNAPa, which was expressed ubiquitously and significantly upregulated after salt treatment. Furthermore, an AhNAPa-GFP fusion protein was found to be located in the nucleus, which indicated that AhNAPa might perform functions as a transcriptional activator in peanut. Under NaCl treatment, the root length of Arabidopsis plants overexpressing AhNAPa (AhNAPa-OX) were dramatically inhibited compared with the wild type (WT) lines, and the AhNAPa-OX adult plants became sensitive to salt stress. The expression levels of abiotic stress-responsive genes, SnRK2.2, NAC016, RD20, RD29B, and AREB1, significantly decreased in AhNAPa-OX plants, suggesting AhNAPa inhibited the ABA signaling pathway in response to salt stress. Taken together, these results suggest that the salt-inducible peanut transcription factor AhNAPa negatively regulated salt tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent advances allow the deployment of cluster regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated endonucleases (Cas) system for the targeted mutagenesis in the genome with accuracy and precision for trait improvement in crops. CRISPR-Cas systems have been extensively utilized to induce knockout or frameshift mutations in the targeted sequence of mostly negative regulating genes for wheat improvement. However, most of the reported work has been done in non-commercial varieties of wheat and introgression of edited alleles into breeding population comes with the penalty of unwanted linkage-drag. Wheat yield is controlled by various genes such as positive and negative regulators. The TaD27 gene is described as a negative regulator of shoot branching or tillering and involved in the biosynthesis of strigolactones. In this study, we developed Tad27 knockout mutant lines of an elite wheat cultivar that showed a twofold increase in the number of tillers and 1.8-fold increase in the number of grains per plant. Subsequently, enhancing the grain yield without any morphological penalty in the architecture of the plants. The co-transformation of regeneration enhancing growth regulator, Growth Regulating Factor 4 (GRF4) and its cofactor GRF-Interacting Factor 1 (GIF1), under single T-DNA cassette improved the regeneration efficiency up to 6% of transgenic events from mature embryos of wheat. Our results indicate that the CRISPR-mediated targeted mutagenesis confers the potential to knockout yield-related negative regulators in elite cultivars of wheat that can substantially enhance grain yield per plant and this strategy can be harnessed for the improvement of future wheat.

T cell activation is a tightly controlled process involving both positive and negative regulators. The precise mechanisms governing the negative regulators in T cell proliferation remain incompletely understood. Here, we report that homeodomainonly protein (HOPX), a homeodomain-containing protein, and its most abundant isoform HOPXb, negatively regulate activation-induced proliferation of human T cells. We found that HOPX expression progressively increased from naïve (TN) to central memory (TCM) to effector memory (TEM) cells, with a notable upregulation following in vitro stimulation. Overexpression of HOPXb leads to a reduction in TN cell proliferation while HOPX knockdown promotes proliferation of TN and TEM cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that HOPX binds to promoters and exerts repressive effects on the expression of MYC and NR4A1, two positive regulators known to promote T cell proliferation. Importantly, our findings suggest aging is associated with increased HOPX expression, and that knockdown of HOPX enhances the proliferation of CD8+ T cells in older adults. Our findings provide compelling evidence that HOPX serves as a negative regulator of T cell activation and plays a pivotal roleinTcell differentiationand in age-related-reduction in T cell proliferation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil salinity greatly impacts the planting area of cultivated peanut. It is necessary to breed salt-tolerant cultivars. However, few salt-resistant genes have been identified in peanut. Here, we reported the cloning of a peanut NAC transcription factor gene, AhNAPa, which was expressed ubiquitously and significantly upregulated after salt treatment. Furthermore, an AhNAPa-GFP fusion protein was found to be located in the nucleus, which indicated that AhNAPa might perform functions as a transcriptional activator in peanut. Under NaCl treatment, the root length of Arabidopsis plants overexpressing AhNAPa (AhNAPa-OX) were dramatically inhibited compared with the wild type (WT) lines, and the AhNAPa-OX adult plants became sensitive to salt stress. The expression levels of abiotic stress-responsive genes, SnRK2.2, NAC016, RD20, RD29B, and AREB1, significantly decreased in AhNAPa-OX plants, suggesting AhNAPa inhibited the ABA signaling pathway in response to salt stress. Taken together, these results suggest that the salt-inducible peanut transcription factor AhNAPa negatively regulated salt tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis.

T cell activation is a tightly controlled process involving both positive and negative regulators. The precise mechanisms governing the negative regulators in T cell proliferation remain incompletely understood. Here, we report that homeodomain-only protein (HOPX), a homeodomain-containing protein, and its most abundant isoform HOPXb, negatively regulate activation-induced proliferation of human T cells. We found that HOPX expression progressively increased from naïve (TN) to central memory (TCM) to effector memory (TEM) cells, with a notable upregulation following in vitro stimulation. Overexpression of HOPXb leads to a reduction in TN cell proliferation while HOPX knockdown promotes proliferation of TN and TEM cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that HOPX binds to promoters and exerts repressive effects on the expression of MYC and NR4A1, two positive regulators known to promote T cell proliferation. Importantly, our findings suggest aging is associated with increased HOPX expression, and that knockdown of HOPX enhances the proliferation of CD8+ T cells in older adults. Our findings provide compelling evidence that HOPX serves as a negative regulator of T cell activation and plays a pivotal role in T cell differentiation and in age-related-reduction in T cell proliferation.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the world's most crucial food crops, as it currently supports more than half of the world's population. However, the presence of sheath blight (SB) caused by Rhizoctonia solani has become a significant issue for rice agriculture. This disease is responsible for causing severe yield losses each year and is a threat to global food security. The breeding of SB-resistant rice varieties requires a thorough understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved and the exploration of immune genes in rice. To this end, we conducted a screening of rice cultivars for resistance to SB and compared the transcriptome based on RNA-seq between the most tolerant and susceptible cultivars. Our study revealed significant transcriptomic differences between the tolerant cultivar ZhengDao 22 (ZD) and the most susceptible cultivar XinZhi No.1 (XZ) in response to R. solani invasion. Specifically, the tolerant cultivar showed 7066 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), while the susceptible cultivar showed only 60 DEGs. In further analysis, we observed clear differences in gene category between up- and down-regulated expression of genes (uDEGs and dDEGs) based on Gene Ontology (GO) classes in response to infection in the tolerant cultivar ZD, and then identified uDEGs related to cell surface pattern recognition receptors, the Ca2+ ion signaling pathway, and the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) cascade that play a positive role against R. solani. In addition, DEGs of the jasmonic acid and ethylene signaling pathways were mainly positively regulated, whereas DEGs of the auxin signaling pathway were mainly negatively regulated. Transcription factors were involved in the immune response as either positive or negative regulators of the response to this pathogen. Furthermore, our results showed that chloroplasts play a crucial role and that reduced photosynthetic capacity is a critical feature of this response. The results of this research have important implications for better characterization of the molecular mechanism of SB resistance and for the development of resistant cultivars through molecular breeding methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reversible phosphorylation of proteins is a ubiquitous regulatory mechanism in vivo that can respond to external changes, and plays an extremely important role in cell signal transduction. Protein phosphatase 2C is the largest protein phosphatase family in higher plants. Recently, it has been found that some clade A members can negatively regulate ABA signaling pathways. However, the functions of several subgroups of Arabidopsis PP2C other than clade A have not been reported, and whether other members of the PP2C family also participate in the regulation of ABA signaling pathways remains to be studied. In this study, based on the previous screening and identification work of PP2C involved in the ABA pathway, the clade F member PIA1 encoding a gene of the PP2C family, which was down-regulated after ABA treatment during the screening, was selected as the target. Overexpression of PIA1 significantly down-regulated the expression of ABA marker gene RD29A in Arabidopsis protoplasts, and ABA-responsive elements have been found in the cis-regulatory elements of PIA1 by promoter analysis. When compared to Col-0, transgenic plants overexpressing PIA1 were less sensitive to ABA, whereas pia1 showed the opposite trait in seed germination, root growth, and stomatal opening experiments. Under drought stress, SOD, POD, CAT, and APX activities of PIA1 overexpression lines were lower than Col-0 and pia1, while the content of H2O2 was higher, leading to its lowest survival rate in test plants, which were consistent with the significant inhibition of the expression of ABA-dependent stress-responsive genes RD29B, ABI5, ABF3, and ABF4 in the PIA1 transgenic background after ABA treatment. Using yeast two-hybrid and luciferase complementation assays, PIA1 was found to interact with multiple ABA key signaling elements, including 2 RCARs and 6 SnRK2s. Our results indicate that PIA1 may reduce plant drought tolerance by functioning as a common negative regulator involved in ABA signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Kojic acid (KA) is a widely used compound in the cosmetic, medical, and food industries, and is typically produced by Aspergillus oryzae. To meet increasing market demand, it is important to optimize KA production through seeking alternatives that are more economic than current A. oryzae-based methods. Results In this study, we achieved the first successful heterologous production of KA in Aspergillus niger, an industrially important fungus that does not naturally produce KA, through the expression of the kojA gene from A. oryzae. Using the resulting KA-producing A. niger strain as a platform, we identified four genes (nrkA, nrkB, nrkC, and nrkD) that negatively regulate KA production. Knocking down nrkA or deleting any of the other three genes resulted in a significant increase in KA production in shaking flask cultivation. The highest KA titer (25.71 g/L) was achieved in a pH controlled batch bioreactor using the kojA overexpression strain with a deletion of nrkC, which showed a 26.7% improvement compared to the KA titer (20.29 g/L) that was achieved in shaking flask cultivation. Conclusion Our study demonstrates the potential of using A. niger as a platform for studying KA biosynthesis and regulation, and for the cost-effective production of KA in industrial strain development.

The homeostasis of resistance (R) proteins in plants must be tightly regulated to ensure precise activation of plant immune responses upon pathogen infection, while avoiding autoimmunity and growth defects when plants are uninfected. It is known that CPR1, an F-box protein in the SCF E3 complex, functions as a negative regulator of plant immunity through targeting the resistance (R) proteins SNC1 and RPS2 for degradation. However, whether these R proteins are also targeted by other E3 ligases is unclear. Here, we isolated Arabidopsis MUSE16 , which encodes a RING-type E3 ligase, from a forward genetic screen and suggest that it is a negative regulator of plant immunity. Unlike CPR1 , knocking out MUSE16 alone in Arabidopsis is not enough to result in defense-related dwarfism, since only RPS2 out of the tested R proteins accumulated in the muse16 mutants. Thus, our study identifies a novel E3 ligase involved in the degradation of nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat (NLR) R proteins, support the idea that ubiquitin-mediated degradation is a fine-tuned mechanism for regulating the turnover of R proteins in plants, and that the same R protein can be targeted by different E3 ligases for regulation of its homeostasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The incidence of invasive aspergillosis caused by Aspergillus fumigatus has risen steadily over the past few decades due to the limited effective treatment options and the emergence of antifungal-resistant isolates. In clinic-isolated A. fumigatus, the azole resistance mechanism is primarily caused by mutations of the drug target and/or overexpression of drug efflux pumps. However, knowledge about how drug efflux pumps are transcriptionally regulated is limited. In this study, we found that loss of a C2H2 transcription factor ZfpA (zinc finger protein) results in the marked upregulation of a series of drug efflux pump-encoding genes, especially atrF, which contributes to azole drug resistance in A. fumigatus. CrzA is a previously identified positive transcription factor for genes of drug efflux pumps, and ZfpA transcriptionally inhibits expressions of drug efflux pumps in a CrzA-dependent way. Under the treatment of azoles, both ZfpA and CrzA transfer to nuclei and coregulate the expression of multidrug transporters and then keep normal drug susceptibility in fungal cells. Findings in this study demonstrated that ZfpA is not only involved in fungal growth and virulence potential but also negatively regulates antifungal drug susceptibility. IMPORTANCE Conserved across all kingdoms of life, ABC transporters comprise one of the largest protein families. They are associated with multidrug resistance, affecting aspects such as resistance to antimicrobials or anticancer drugs. Despite the importance of ABC transporters in multidrug resistance, the understanding of their regulatory network is still limited in A. fumigatus. Here, we found that the loss of the transcription factor ZfpA induces the expression of the ABC transporter gene atrF, altering azole susceptibility in A. fumigatus. ZfpA, coordinately with CrzA, affects the azole susceptibility by regulating the expression of the ABC transporter gene atrF. These findings reveal the regulatory mechanism of the ABC transporter gene atrF in A. fumigatus.

Continued discoveries of negative regulators of inflammatory signaling provide detailed molecular insights into peripheral tolerance and anti-tumor immunity. Accumulating evidence indicates that peripheral tolerance is maintained at multiple levels of immune responses by negative regulators of proinflammatory signaling, soluble anti-inflammatory factors, inhibitory surface receptors & ligands, and regulatory cell subsets. This review provides a global overview of these regulatory machineries that work in concert to maintain peripheral tolerance at cellular and host levels, focusing on the direct and indirect regulation of T cells. The recent success of checkpoint blockade immunotherapy (CBI) has initiated a dramatic shift in the paradigm of cancer treatment. Unprecedented responses to CBI have highlighted the central role of T cells in both anti-tumor immunity and peripheral tolerance and underscored the importance of T cell exhaustion in cancer. We discuss the therapeutic implications of modulating the negative regulators of T cell function for tumor immunotherapy with an emphasis on inhibitory surface receptors & ligands-central players in T cell exhaustion and targets of checkpoint blockade immunotherapies. We then introduce a Threshold Model for Immune Activation-the concept that these regulatory mechanisms contribute to defining a set threshold of immunogenic (proinflammatory) signaling required to elicit an anti-tumor or autoimmune response. We demonstrate the value of the Threshold Model in understanding clinical responses and immune related adverse events in the context of peripheral tolerance, tumor immunity, and the era of Checkpoint Blockade Immunotherapy.

Background: Kojic acid (KA) is a widely used compound in the cosmetic, medical, and food industries, and is typically produced by Aspergillus oryzae. To meet increasing market demand, it is important to optimize KA production through seeking alternatives that are more economic than current A. oryzae-based methods. Results: In this study, we achieved the first successful heterologous production of KA in Aspergillus niger, an industrially important fungus that does not naturally produce KA, through the expression of the kojA gene from A. oryzae. Using the resulting KA-producing A. niger strain as a platform, we identified four genes (nrkA, nrkB, nrkC, and nrkD) that negatively regulate KA production. Knocking down nrkA or deleting any of the other three genes resulted in a significant increase in KA production in shaking flask cultivation. The highest KA titer (25.71 g/L) was achieved in a pH controlled batch bioreactor using the kojA overexpression strain with a deletion of nrkC, which showed a 26.7% improvement compared to the KA titer (20.29 g/L) that was achieved in shaking flask cultivation. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates the potential of using A. niger as a platform for studying KA biosynthesis and regulation, and for the cost-effective production of KA in industrial strain development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

7-Hydroxytropolone (7-HT) is a unique iron scavenger synthesized by Pseudomonas donghuensis HYS that has various biological activities in addition to functioning as a siderophore. P. donghuensis HYS is more pathogenic than P. aeruginosa toward Caenorhabditis elegans, an observation that is closely linked to the biosynthesis of 7-HT. The nonfluorescent siderophore (nfs) gene cluster is responsible for the orderly biosynthesis of 7-HT and represents a competitive advantage that contributes to the increased survival of P. donghuensis HYS; however, the regulatory mechanisms of 7-HT biosynthesis remain unclear. This study is the first to propose that the ECF σ factor has a regulatory effect on 7-HT biosynthesis. In total, 20 ECF σ factors were identified through genome-wide scanning, and their responses to extracellular ferrous ions were characterized. We found that SigW was both significantly upregulated under high-iron conditions and repressed by an adjacent anti-σ factor. RNA-Seq results suggest that the SigW/RsiW system is involved in iron metabolism and 7-HT biosynthesis. Combined with the siderophore phenotype, we also found that SigW could inhibit siderophore synthesis, and this inhibition can be relieved by RsiW. EMSA assays proved that SigW, when highly expressed, can directly bind to the promoter region of five operons of the nfs cluster to inhibit the transcription of the corresponding genes and consequently suppress 7-HT biosynthesis. In addition, SigW not only directly negatively regulates structural genes related to 7-HT synthesis but also inhibits the transcription of regulatory proteins, including of the Gac/Rsm cascade system. Taken together, our results highlight that the biosynthesis of 7-HT is negatively regulated by SigW and that the SigW/RsiW system is involved in mechanisms for the regulation of iron homeostasis in P. donghuensis HYS. As a result of this work, we identified a novel mechanism for the global negative regulation of 7-HT biosynthesis, complementing our understanding of the function of ECF σ factors in Pseudomonas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the role of the DDTFR10/A gene of the ethylene response element-binding protein (EREBP) family through the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing approach. The associated role of this gene in tomato fruit ripening was known. The involvement of ripening-regulatory proteins in plant defense has been documented; therefore, to find the involvement of the DDTFR10/A gene in host susceptibility, we introduced the mutation in DDTFR10/A gene through CRISPR/cas9 in the genome of the tomato plant. The 50% biallelic and 50% homozygous mutations were observed in the T0 generation. The CRISPR/Cas9 edited plants showed 40% reduced symptoms of Fusarium wilt compared to control plants (non-edited). The DDTFR10/A gene expression in tomato plants was evaluated against biotic (Fusarium wilt) and abiotic (salinity) stresses, and the upregulated expression of this gene was found under both challenges. However, a comparative increase in DDTFR10/A gene expression was observed in tomato plants upon inoculation with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. The phenotypic assay performed on edited tomato plants demonstrated the role of the DDTFR10/A gene in contributing toward susceptibility against Fusarium wilt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IRF4 is a master member of the interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family playing vital regulatory roles in immune system development and function. Tetrapods have a single-copy IRF4 gene, while teleosts harbor duplicated IRF4 genes. This work describes three IRF4 paralogs from yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco), designated PfIRF4A, PfIRF4B and PfIRF4B-like. These genes all contain a typical IRF structural architecture. Phylogenic and synteny analyses indicate that they should arise from the teleost-specific whole-genome duplication. PfIRF4 genes are abundantly expressed in the immune-related tissues and upregulated by PolyI:C, LPS, and Edwardsiella ictaluri. Ectopic expression of these genes inhibits the activation of fish type Ⅰ IFN promoters and downregulates the transcription levels of IFN-responsive genes, thus allowing the efficient replication of a fish rhabdovirus, spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV). PfIRF4s possess a repressive effect on MyD88-mediated activation of IFN and NF-κB. Some differences are observed between each individual paralog. PfIRF4B is the main form expressed across the tissues and the most up-regulated one after pathogen induction. It exerts a stronger inhibitory effect on IFN antiviral response than the other two paralogs. PfIRF4A and PfIRF4B-like are primarily present in the nucleus, while PfIRF4B displays colocalization and direct associations with MyD88 in the cytoplasm. Overall, the data demonstrate that three PfIRF4 paralogs show shared and individual functional properties in the negative regulation of type Ⅰ IFN response. • Three IRF4 paralog genes arose from gene duplication exist in yellow catfish. • PfIRF4s act as negative mediators of type Ⅰ IFN responses. • Three IRF4 paralogs display shared and individual properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NRL3 is essential for the growth and development of rice leaves. In this study, we found that the loss function of NRL3 also delayed heading date under natural long daylight and short daylight conditions. The yeast two-hybrid and the bimolecular fluorescence complementation proved that NRL3 interacts with OsK4, a Snf1-related kinase. OsK4 localized to the nucleus and expressed in various rice tissues. The rhythmic expression pattern of OsK4 was similar to NRL3 under long daylight and short daylight conditions. Knock-out mutants of OsK4 exhibited early heading under long daylight conditions, indicating that it acts as a negative regulator of heading date in rice. Interestingly, the OsK4 mutant under the nrl3 mutant background rescued the late heading phenotype of nrl3 under long daylight conditions, suggesting that OsK4 functions downstream of NRL3. Moreover, both NRL3 and OsK4 controlled heading date through regulating the expression of Hd3a and RFT1 genes. These findings shed light on the heading date regulation in rice and provide a sound theoretical base to improve regional adaptability of rice.

Ovate family proteins (OFPs) were firstly identified in tomato as proteins controlling the pear shape of the fruit. Subsequent studies have successively proved that OFPs are a class of negative regulators of plant development, and are involved in the regulation of complex traits in different plants. However, there has been no report about the functions of OFPs in rapeseed growth to date. Here, we identified the OFPs in rapeseed at the genomic level. As a result, a total of 67 members were obtained. We then analyzed the evolution from Arabidopsis thaliana to Brassica napus, illustrated their phylogenetic and syntenic relationships, and compared the gene structure and conserved domains between different copies. We also analyzed their expression patterns in rapeseed, and found significant differences in the expression of different members and in different tissues. Additionally, we performed a GWAS for the number of seeds per silique (NSPS) in a rapeseed population consisting of 204 natural accessions, and identified a new gene BnOFP13_2 significantly associated with NSPS, which was identified as a novel function of OFPs. Haplotype analysis revealed that the accessions with haplotype 3 had a higher NSPS than other accessions, suggesting that BnOFP13_2 is associated with NSPS. Transcript profiling during the five stages of silique development demonstrated that BnOFP13_2 negatively regulates NSPS. These findings provide evidence for functional diversity of OFP gene family and important implications for oilseed rape breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent advances allow the deployment of cluster regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated endonucleases (Cas) system for the targeted mutagenesis in the genome with accuracy and precision for trait improvement in crops. CRISPR-Cas systems have been extensively utilized to induce knockout or frameshift mutations in the targeted sequence of mostly negative regulating genes for wheat improvement. However, most of the reported work has been done in non-commercial varieties of wheat and introgression of edited alleles into breeding population comes with the penalty of unwanted linkage-drag. Wheat yield is controlled by various genes such as positive and negative regulators. The TaD27 gene is described as a negative regulator of shoot branching or tillering and involved in the biosynthesis of strigolactones. In this study, we developed Tad27 knockout mutant lines of an elite wheat cultivar that showed a twofold increase in the number of tillers and 1.8-fold increase in the number of grains per plant. Subsequently, enhancing the grain yield without any morphological penalty in the architecture of the plants. The co-transformation of regeneration enhancing growth regulator, G rowth Regulating Factor 4 ( GRF4 ) and its cofactor GRF-Interacting Factor 1 ( GIF1 ), under single T-DNA cassette improved the regeneration efficiency up to 6% of transgenic events from mature embryos of wheat. Our results indicate that the CRISPR-mediated targeted mutagenesis confers the potential to knockout yield-related negative regulators in elite cultivars of wheat that can substantially enhance grain yield per plant and this strategy can be harnessed for the improvement of future wheat., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Awan, Amin, Rasheed, Saeed and Mansoor.)

Reversible phosphorylation of proteins is a ubiquitous regulatory mechanism in vivo that can respond to external changes, and plays an extremely important role in cell signal transduction. Protein phosphatase 2C is the largest protein phosphatase family in higher plants. Recently, it has been found that some clade A members can negatively regulate ABA signaling pathways. However, the functions of several subgroups of Arabidopsis PP2C other than clade A have not been reported, and whether other members of the PP2C family also participate in the regulation of ABA signaling pathways remains to be studied. In this study, based on the previous screening and identification work of PP2C involved in the ABA pathway, the clade F member PIA1 encoding a gene of the PP2C family, which was down-regulated after ABA treatment during the screening, was selected as the target. Overexpression of PIA1 significantly down-regulated the expression of ABA marker gene RD29A in Arabidopsis protoplasts, and ABA-responsive elements have been found in the cis-regulatory elements of PIA1 by promoter analysis. When compared to Col-0, transgenic plants overexpressing PIA1 were less sensitive to ABA, whereas pia1 showed the opposite trait in seed germination, root growth, and stomatal opening experiments. Under drought stress, SOD, POD, CAT, and APX activities of PIA1 overexpression lines were lower than Col-0 and pia1, while the content of H2O2 was higher, leading to its lowest survival rate in test plants, which were consistent with the significant inhibition of the expression of ABA-dependent stress-responsive genes RD29B, ABI5, ABF3, and ABF4 in the PIA1 transgenic background after ABA treatment. Using yeast two-hybrid and luciferase complementation assays, PIA1 was found to interact with multiple ABA key signaling elements, including 2 RCARs and 6 SnRK2s. Our results indicate that PIA1 may reduce plant drought tolerance by functioning as a common negative regulator involved in ABA signaling pathway.

Jasmonate (JA) is an important hormone involved in regulating diverse responses to environmental factors as well as growth and development, and its signalling is influenced by other hormones such as ethylene (ET). However, our understanding of the regulatory relationship between the JA and ET signalling pathways is limited. In this study, we isolated an Arabidopsis JA-hypersensitive mutant, jah3 (jasmonate hypersensitive3)- 1. Map-based cloning revealed that the JAH3 gene corresponds to At4g16535. JAH3 encodes a protein of unknown function whose amino acid sequence has similarity to leukocyte receptor cluster-like protein. The mutation in jah3-1 is caused by a single nucleotide change from A to T at position 220 of 759 bp. Using CRISPR-Cas9, we generated a second allele, jah3-2, that encodes a truncated protein. Both of these loss-of-function alleles resulted in hypersensitivity to JA, ET-induced root growth inhibition, and accelerated dark-induced senescence. Double mutant analyses employing coronatine insensitive 1 (coi1) and ethylene insensitive 3 (ein3) mutants (jah3 coi1 and jah3 ein3) demonstrated that the hypersensitive phenotypes of the jah3 mutants are mediated by JA and ET signalling components COI1 and EIN3. Therefore, we propose that JAH3 is a negative regulator of both JA and ET signalling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is one of the most important food fish in the world. However, the farming industry has encountered significant challenges, such as pathogen infections. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an essential role in the initiation of the innate immune system against pathogens. Sterile alpha and TIR motif-containing protein 1 (SARM1) is one of the most evolutionarily conserved TLR adaptors, and its orthologs are present in various species from worms to humans. SARM1 plays an important role in negatively regulating TIR domain-containing adaptor proteins inducing IFNb (TRIF)- dependent TLR signaling in mammals, but its immune function remains poorly understood in fish. In this study, O. niloticus SARM1 (OnSARM1) was cloned and its evolutionary status was verified using bioinformatic analyses. mRNA expression of OnSARM1 was found at a higher level in the trunk kidney and muscle in healthy fish. The examination of its subcellular location showed that the OnSARM1 was detected only in the cytoplasm of THK cells, and colocalized with OnMyD88, OnTRIF and OnTRIF in small speckle-like condensed granules. The transcript levels of OnMyD88, OnTIRAP, OnTRIF, and downstream effectors, including interleukin (IL)-1b, IL-8, IL-12b and type I interferon (IFN)d2.13, were regulated conversely to the expression of OnSARM1 in the head kidney from Aeromonas hydrophila and Streptococcus agalactiae infected fish. Moreover, the treatment of THK cells with lysates from A. hydrophila and S. agalactiae enhanced the activity of the NF-kB promoter, but the effects were inhibited in the OnSARM1 overexpressed THK cells. Overexpression of OnSARM1 alone did not activate the NF-kB-luciferase reporter, but it suppressed OnMyD88- and OnTIRAP-mediated NF-kB promoter activity. Additionally, OnSARM1 inhibited the mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines and hepcidin in A. hydrophila lysate stimulated THK cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that OnSARM1 serves as a negative regulator by inhibiting NF-kB activity, thereby influencing the transcript level of proinflammatory cytokines and antimicrobial peptides in the antibacterial responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of the Mex3 family members, Mex3A is crucial in cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis in mammals. In this study, a novel gene homologous to mammalian Mex3A (named CiMex3A, MW368974) was cloned and identified in grass carp, which is 1,521 bp in length encoding a putative polypeptide of 506 amino acids. In CIK cells, CiMex3A is upregulated after stimulation with LPS, Z-DNA, and especially with intracellular poly(I:C). CiMex3A overexpression reduces the expressions of IFN1, ISG15, and pro-inflammatory factors IL8 and TNFa; likewise, Mex3A inhibits IRF3 phosphorylation upon treatment with poly(I:C). A screening test to identify potential targets suggested that CiMex3A interacts with RIG-I exclusively. Co-localization analysis showed that Mex3A and RIG-I are simultaneously located in the endoplasmic reticulum, while they rarely appear in the endosome, mitochondria, or lysosome after exposure to poly(I:C). However, RIG-I is mainly located in the early endosome and then transferred to the late endosome following stimulation with poly(I:C). Moreover, we investigated the molecular mechanism underlying CiMex3A-mediated suppression of RIG-I ubiquitination. The results demonstrated that Mex3A truncation mutant (deletion in the RING domain) can still interact physically with RIG-I, but fail to degrade it, suggesting that Mex3A also acts as a RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase. Taken together, this study showed that grass carp Mex3A can interact with RIG-I in the endoplasmic reticulum following poly(I:C) stimulation, and then Mex3A facilitates the ubiquitination and degradation of RIG-I to inhibit IRF3-mediated innate antiviral immune response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sucrose non-fermenting-1-related protein kinases (SnRKs) play vital roles in plant growth and stress responses. However, little is known about the SnRK functions in wheat. In this study, 149 TaSnRKs (wheat SnRKs) were identified and were divided into three subfamilies. A combination of public transcriptome data and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed the distinct expression patterns of TaSnRKs under various abiotic and biotic stresses. TaSnRK2.4-B, a member of SnRK2s, has different expression patterns under polyethylene glycol (PEG), sodium chloride (NaCl) treatment, and high concentrations of abscisic acid (ABA) application. Yeast two-hybrid assay indicated that TaSnRK2.4-B could interact with the SnRK2-interacting calcium sensor (SCS) in wheat and play a role in the ABA-dependent pathway. Moreover, TaSnRK2.4-B might be a negative regulator in wheat against pathogen infection. The present study provides valuable information for understanding the functions of the TaSnRK family and provides recommendations for future genetic improvement in wheat stress resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deciphering the genetic basis of organoleptic traits is critical for improving the quality of fruits, which greatly shapes their appeal to consumers. Here, we characterize the citrus R3-MYB transcription factor TRIPTYCHON-LIKE (CitTRL), which is closely associated with the levels of citric acid, proanthocyanidins (PAs), and anthocyanins. Overexpression of CitTRL lowered acidity levels and PA contents in citrus calli as well as anthocyanin and PA contents in Arabidopsis leaves and seeds. CitTRL interacts with the two basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) proteins CitbHLH1 and ANTHOCYANIN 1 (CitAN1) to regulate fruit quality. We show that CitTRL competes with the R2R3-MYB CitRuby1 for binding to CitbHLH1 or CitAN1, thereby repressing their activation of anthocyanin structural genes. CitTRL also competes with a second R2R3-MYB, CitPH4, for binding to CitAN1, thus altering the expression of the vacuolar proton-pump gene PH5 and Leucoanthocyanidin reductase , responsible for vacuolar acidification and proanthocyanidins biosynthesis, respectively. Moreover, CitPH4 activates CitTRL transcription, thus forming an activator–repressor loop to prevent the overaccumulation of citric acid and PAs. Overall, this study demonstrates that CitTRL acts as a repressor of the accumulation of citric acid, PAs, and anthocyanins by a cross-regulation mechanism. Our results provide an opportunity to simultaneously manipulate these key traits as a means to produce citrus fruits that are both visually and organoleptically appealing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sucrose non-fermenting-1-related protein kinases (SnRKs) play vital roles in plant growth and stress responses. However, little is known about the SnRK functions in wheat. In this study, 149 TaSnRKs (wheat SnRKs) were identified and were divided into three subfamilies. A combination of public transcriptome data and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed the distinct expression patterns of TaSnRKs under various abiotic and biotic stresses. TaSnRK2.4-B, a member of SnRK2s, has different expression patterns under polyethylene glycol (PEG), sodium chloride (NaCl) treatment, and high concentrations of abscisic acid (ABA) application. Yeast two-hybrid assay indicated that TaSnRK2.4-B could interact with the SnRK2-interacting calcium sensor (SCS) in wheat and play a role in the ABA-dependent pathway. Moreover, TaSnRK2.4-B might be a negative regulator in wheat against pathogen infection. The present study provides valuable information for understanding the functions of the TaSnRK family and provides recommendations for future genetic improvement in wheat stress resistance.

NRL3 is essential for the growth and development of rice leaves. In this study, we found that the loss function of NRL3 also delayed heading date under natural long daylight and short daylight conditions. The yeast two-hybrid and the bimolecular fluorescence complementation proved that NRL3 interacts with OsK4, a Snf1-related kinase. OsK4 localized to the nucleus and expressed in various rice tissues. The rhythmic expression pattern of OsK4 was similar to NRL3 under long daylight and short daylight conditions. Knock-out mutants of OsK4 exhibited early heading under long daylight conditions, indicating that it acts as a negative regulator of heading date in rice. Interestingly, the OsK4 mutant under the nrl3 mutant background rescued the late heading phenotype of nrl3 under long daylight conditions, suggesting that OsK4 functions downstream of NRL3. Moreover, both NRL3 and OsK4 controlled heading date through regulating the expression of Hd3a and RFT1 genes. These findings shed light on the heading date regulation in rice and provide a sound theoretical base to improve regional adaptability of rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase 1 (SHP1), encoded by the protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 6 (ptpn6) gene, belongs to the family of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) and participates in multiple signaling pathways of immune cells. However, the mechanism of SHP1 in regulating fish immunity is largely unknown. In this study, we first identified two gibel carp (Carassius gibelio) ptpn6 homeologs (Cgptpn6-A and Cgptpn6-B), each of which had three alleles with high identities. Then, relative to Cgptpn6-B , dominant expression in adult tissues and higher upregulated expression of Cgptpn6-A induced by polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), poly deoxyadenylic-deoxythymidylic (dA:dT) acid and spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) were uncovered. Finally, we demonstrated that Cg SHP1-A (encoded by the Cgptpn6-A gene) and Cg SHP1-B (encoded by the Cgptpn6-B gene) act as negative regulators of the RIG-I-like receptor (RLR)-mediated interferon (IFN) response via two mechanisms: the inhibition of Ca TBK1-induced phosphorylation of Ca MITA shared by Cg SHP1-A and Cg SHP1-B, and the autophagic degradation of Ca MITA exclusively by Cg SHP1-A. Meanwhile, the data support that Cg SHP1-A and Cg SHP1-B have sub-functionalized and that Cg SHP1-A overwhelmingly dominates Cg SHP1-B in the process of RLR-mediated IFN response. The current study not only sheds light on the regulative mechanism of SHP1 in fish immunity, but also provides a typical case of duplicated gene evolutionary fates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive bacterium causing listeriosis in animals and humans. To initiate a foodborne infection, L. monocytogenes has to pass through the host gastrointestinal tract (GIT). In this study, we evaluated survival abilities of L. monocytogenes 10403S wild type (WT) and its isogenic mutants in alternative sigma (σ) factor genes (i.e., sigB , sigC , sigH , and sigL) under simulated gastric, duodenal, and bile fluids. Within 10min of exposures, only bile fluid was able to significantly reduce survival ability of L. monocytogenes WT by 2 logs CFU/ml. Loss of sigL showed the greatest bile resistance among 16 strains tested, p <0.0001, (i.e., WT, four single alternative σ factor mutants, six double mutants, four triple mutants, and one quadruple mutant). To further investigate the role of σL in bile response, RNA-seq was conducted to compare the transcriptional profiles among L. monocytogenes 10403S ΔBCH triple mutant (lacking sigB , sigC , and sigH genes; expressing housekeeping σA and σL) and ΔBCHL quadruple mutant (lacking all alternative sigma factor genes; expressing only σA) strains under BHI and 1% bile conditions. A total of 216 and 176 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in BHI and bile, respectively. We confirmed that mpt operon was shown to be strongly activated by σL. Interestingly, more than 80% of DEGs were found to be negatively regulated in the presence of σL. This includes PrfA regulon and its mediated genes (i.e., hly , hpt , inlB , clpP , clpE , groL , and inlC) which were downregulated in response to bile in the presence of σL. This result suggests the potential negative role of σL on bile survival, and the roles of σL and σB might be in a seesaw model prior to host cell invasion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase 1 (SHP1), encoded by the protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 6 (ptpn6) gene, belongs to the family of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) and participates in multiple signaling pathways of immune cells. However, the mechanism of SHP1 in regulating fish immunity is largely unknown. In this study, we first identified two gibel carp (Carassius gibelio) ptpn6 homeologs (Cgptpn6-A and Cgptpn6-B), each of which had three alleles with high identities. Then, relative to Cgptpn6-B, dominant expression in adult tissues and higher upregulated expression of Cgptpn6-A induced by polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), poly deoxyadenylic-deoxythymidylic (dA:dT) acid and spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) were uncovered. Finally, we demonstrated that CgSHP1-A (encoded by the Cgptpn6-A gene) and CgSHP1-B (encoded by the Cgptpn6-B gene) act as negative regulators of the RIG-I-like receptor (RLR)-mediated interferon (IFN) response via two mechanisms: the inhibition of CaTBK1-induced phosphorylation of CaMITA shared by CgSHP1-A and CgSHP1-B, and the autophagic degradation of CaMITA exclusively by CgSHP1-A. Meanwhile, the data support that CgSHP1-A and CgSHP1-B have sub-functionalized and that CgSHP1-A overwhelmingly dominates CgSHP1-B in the process of RLR-mediated IFN response. The current study not only sheds light on the regulative mechanism of SHP1 in fish immunity, but also provides a typical case of duplicated gene evolutionary fates.

Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive bacterium causing listeriosis in animals and humans. To initiate a foodborne infection, L. monocytogenes has to pass through the host gastrointestinal tract (GIT). In this study, we evaluated survival abilities of L. monocytogenes 10403S wild type (WT) and its isogenic mutants in alternative sigma (σ) factor genes (i.e., sigB, sigC, sigH, and sigL) under simulated gastric, duodenal, and bile fluids. Within 10min of exposures, only bile fluid was able to significantly reduce survival ability of L. monocytogenes WT by 2 logs CFU/ml. Loss of sigL showed the greatest bile resistance among 16 strains tested, p

Genetic analysis of LIN-12/Notch signaling in C. elegans has provided many insights into human biology. Activating missense mutations in the Negative Regulatory Region (NRR) of the ectodomain of LIN-12/Notch were first described in C. elegans, and similar mutations in human Notch were later found to cause T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). The ubiquitin ligase sel-10/Fbw7 is the prototype of a conserved negative regulator of lin-12/Notch that was first defined by loss-of-function mutations that enhance lin-12 NRR-missense activity in C. elegans, and then demonstrated to regulate Notch activity in mammalian cells and to be a bona fide tumor suppressor in T-ALL. Here, we report the results of an RNAi screen of 248 C. elegans protein kinase-encoding genes with human orthologs for enhancement of a weakly activating NRR-missense mutation of lin-12 in the Vulval Precursor Cells. We identified, and validated, thirteen kinase genes whose loss led to increase lin-12 activity; eleven of these genes have never been implicated previously in regulating Notch activity in any system. Depleting the activity of five kinase genes (cdk-8, wnk-1, kin-3, hpo-11, and mig-15) also significantly enhanced the activity of a transgene in which heterologous sequences drive expression of the untethered intracellular domain of LIN-12, suggesting that they increase the activity or stability of the signal-transducing form of LIN-12/Notch. Precedents set by other regulators of lin-12/Notch defined through genetic interactions in C. elegans suggest that this new set of genes may include negative regulators that are functionally relevant to mammalian development and cancer.

Cancer is an uncontrolled and abnormal growth of cells in the body. Gene that guards the cell cycle and function as tumor suppressor is p53 (also called as the guardian of the genome) which is encoded by the TP53 gene. Various events like DNA damage, heat shock, hypoxia and oncogene over expression, results in activation of p53.Thus, it plays a major role as a regulatory protein which regulates various diverse biological responses, responsible for genetic stability by preventing genome mutation. More than 50% mutations in human cancers along with the increase in expression of murine double minute 2 gene (mdm2), has been found as one of the reason for cancer progression. Murine double minute 2 (MDM2) is the negative regulator of p53 gene forming an autoregulatory feedback loop controlling each other cellular levels. Murine double minute 2 is unique E3 ubiquitin ligase protein which is responsible for ubiquitination and degradation of p53 gene. Many drugs/compounds have been developed for reactivation of p53 gene by inhibiting MDM2 interaction with p53, using MDM2 antagonism, inhibiting E3 ubiquitination of p53. Many compounds have entered clinical trials in haematological malignancies. This review will throw some light on reactivation of p53 gene by MDM2 and its homologues.

Context: C-Cbl is an important negative regulator of the cell signaling that acts as an adaptor protein and E3 ubiquitin ligase. The role of c-Cbl in development and regulation of human cancer has aroused intensive attention. Aims: In this study, we aimed to assess the correlation between the expression of c-Cbl and clinicopathological parameters and explored the role of c-Cbl in the development and progression of GC. Settings and Design: This is a Pilot study. Methods and Materials: In total, 84 tissue samples including 44 gastric cancers (GC) and 40 matched adjacent normal tissues were collected after surgery. Then tissue microarray (TMA) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) technology were combined to detect the protein expression of c-Cbl. Statistical Analysis Used: Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 22.0 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA). Results: We have studied the correlation between c-Cbl expression and clinicopathological parameters. Our study showed that c-Cbl has a low expression in 61.4% (27/44) of GC tissues, and the incidence of cases was significantly higher than that in adjacent normal tissues (P < 0.0001). In addition, the correlation between c-Cbl expression and gastric carcinoma subtype (P = 0.027), histological type (P = 0.033), Borrmann classification (P = 0.009), histological differentiation (P = 0.0005), lymph node metastasis (P = 0.007), and intravascular tumor thrombus (P = 0.036) has also been revealed. Conclusions: Our results show that c-Cbl is down-regulated in GC tissues compared with normal gastric tissue, which may play an important role in the development and progression of GC.

Abscisic acid (ABA) plays a vital role in coordinating physiological processes during fresh fruit ripening. Binding of ABA to receptors facilitates the interaction and inhibition of type 2C phosphatase (PP2C) co-receptors. However, the exact mechanism of PP2C during fruit ripening is unclear. In this study, we determined the role of the tomato ABA co-receptor type 2C phosphatase SlPP2C3, a negative regulator of ABA signaling and fruit ripening. SlPP2C3 selectively interacted with monomeric ABA receptors and SlSnRK2.8 kinase in both yeast and tobacco epidermal cells. Expression of SlPP2C3 was ABA-inducible, which was negatively correlated with fruit ripening. Tomato plants with suppressed SlPP2C3 expression exhibited enhanced sensitivity to ABA, while plants overexpressing SlPP2C3 were less sensitive to ABA. Importantly, lack of SlPP2C3 expression accelerated the onset of fruit ripening and affected fruit glossiness by altering the outer epidermis structure. There was a significant difference in the expression of cuticle-related genes in the pericarp between wild-type and SlPP2C3 -suppressed lines based on RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that SlPP2C3 plays an important role in the regulation of fruit ripening and fruit glossiness in tomato. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NAC (NAM, AFAT1/2, and CUC2) transcription factors play important roles in plant growth and in resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses. Here, we show that the TaNAC35 gene negatively regulates leaf rust resistance in the wheat line Thatcher + Lr14b (TcLr14b) when challenged with a virulent isolate of Puccinia triticina (Pt). The TaNAC35 gene was cloned from this line, and blastp results showed that its open reading frame (ORF) was 96.16% identical to the NAC35-like sequence reported from Aegilops tauschii, and that it encoded a protein with 387 amino acids (aa) including a conserved NAM domain with 145 aa at the N-terminal alongside the transcriptional activation domain with 220 aa in the C-terminal. Yeast-one-hybrid analysis proved that the C-terminal of the TaNAC35 protein was responsible for transcriptional activation. A 250-bp fragment from the 3′-end of this target gene was introduced to a BSMV-VIGS vector and used to infect the wheat line Thatcher + Lr14b (TcLr14b). The BSMV-VIGS/TaNAC35-infected plant material showed enhanced resistance (infection type "1") to Pt pathotype THTT, which was fully virulent (infection type "4") on BSMV-VIGS only infected TcLr14b plants. Histological studies showed that inhibition of TaNAC35 reduced the formation of haustorial mother cells (HMC) and mycelial growth, implying that the TaNAC35 gene plays a negative role in the response of TcLr14b to Pt pathotype THTT. These results provide molecular insight into the interaction between Pt and its wheat host, and identify a potential target for engineering resistance in wheat to this damaging pathogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine invertebrates undergo distinct life cycles and development processes, and some undergo a metamorphic transition from pelagic larvae to benthic juvenile. Previous studies have shown that the second messenger nitric oxide (NO) plays important roles in regulating larval metamorphosis in marine invertebrates. However, this regulatory function is not conserved. Herein, we investigated the regulatory role of NO in larval metamorphosis in hard-shelled mussel (Mytilus coruscus). Pharmacological experiments revealed that after exposure to nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors, the larval metamorphosis rate was increased significantly. By contrast, exposure to NO donors significantly reduced the larval metamorphosis rate. To further investigate the function of NO in metamorphosis, we cloned the NOS cDNA sequence from M. coruscus (McNOS), analyzed amino acid sequences of McNOS from different species, and measured McNOS mRNA temporal expression alongside the molecular chaperone heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) in different larval stages. The results showed that NOS proteins share a highly conserved domain sequence in different species, even in invertebrates and vertebrates, but their classification among invertebrates and vertebrates is not the same. Except for the umbo veliger stage, McNOS mRNA was expressed at low levels in pediveliger larval and postlarvae stage, indicating a potential inhibitory function for NO in larval metamorphosis. Meanwhile, HSP90 mRNA expression was correspondingly high in the umbo veliger stage and lower in the pediveliger larval and postlarvae stage, indicating potential functional synergism. Interestingly, McNOS enzyme activity in different larval stages was inconsistent with its mRNA expression. Metamorphosis assays of pharmacological treatments combined with McNOS and HSP90 gene expression and NOS enzyme activity analyses indicated that NO acts as a suppressor to regulate metamorphosis in M. coruscus, regardless of whether NO is endogenous or exogenous.

Endocrine fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 19 has been shown to be capable of maintaining bile acid (BA) homeostasis and thus hold promise to be a potential therapeutic agent for cholestasis liver disease. However, whether paracrine FGFs possess this BA regulatory activity remains to be determined. In our study, we identified that paracrine fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) was selectively downregulated in the liver of alpha naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT)-induced intrahepatic cholestasis mice, suggesting a pathological relevance of this paracrine FGF with abnormal BA metabolism. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of engineered FGF1 mutant - FGF1ΔHBS on the metabolism of hepatic BA and found that this protein showed a more potent inhibitory effect of BA biosynthesis than FGF19 without any hepatic mitogenic activity. Moreover, the chronic administration of FGF1ΔHBS protected liver against ANIT-induced injury by reducing hepatic BA accumulation. Taken together, these data suggest that FGF1ΔHBS may function as a potent therapeutic agent for intrahepatic cholestasis liver disease.

The cation-dependent galactose-specific flocculation activity of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe null mutant of lkh1+, the gene encoding LAMMER kinase homolog, has previously been reported by our group. Here, we show that disruption of prk1+, another flocculation associated regulatory kinase encoding gene, also resulted in cation-dependent galactose-specific flocculation. Deletion of prk1 increased the flocculation phenotype of the lkh1+ null mutant and its overexpression reversed the flocculation of cells caused by lkh1 deletion. Transcript levels of prk1+ were also decreased by lkh1+ deletion. Cumulatively, these results indicate that Lkh1 is one of the negative regulators acting upstream of Prk1, regulating non-sexual flocculation in fission yeast.

Summary: Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) chaperones are highly conserved and essential proteins with diverse cellular functions, including plant abiotic stress tolerance. Hsp70 proteins have been linked with basal heat tolerance in plants. Hsp101 likewise is an important chaperone protein that plays a critical role in heat tolerance in plants. We observed that Arabidopsis hsc70‐1 mutant seedlings show elevated basal heat tolerance compared with wild‐type. Over‐expression of Hsc70‐1 resulted in increased heat sensitivity. Hsp101 transcript and protein levels were increased during non‐heat stress (HS) and post‐HS conditions in hsc70‐1 mutant seedlings. In contrast, Hsp101 was repressed in Hsc70‐1 over‐expressing plants after post‐HS conditions. Hsc70‐1 showed physical interaction with HsfA1d and HsfA1e protein in the cytosol under non‐HS conditions. In transient reporter gene analysis, HsfA1d, HsfA1e and HsfA2 showed transcriptional response on the Hsp101 promoter. HsfA1d and HsfA2 transcripts were at higher levels in hsc70‐1 mutant compared with wild‐type. We provide genetic evidence that Hsc70‐1 is a negative regulator affecting HsfA1d/A1e/A2 activators, which in turn regulate Hsp101 expression and basal thermotolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) is a highly pathogenic Vesiculovirus in the common carp. The phosphoprotein (P protein) of SVCV is a multifunctional protein that acts as a polymerase cofactor and an antagonist of cellular interferon (IFN) response. Here, we report the 1.5 Å-resolution crystal structure of the P protein central domain (PCD) of SVCV (SVCVPCD). The PCD monomer consists of two β sheets, an α helix, and another two β sheets. Two PCD monomers pack together through their hydrophobic surfaces to form a dimer. The mutations of residues on the hydrophobic surfaces of PCD disrupt the dimer formation to different degrees and affect the expression of host IFN consistently. Therefore, the oligomeric state formation of the P protein of SVCV is an important mechanism to negatively regulate host IFN response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Negative regulation of immunoreceptor signaling is required for preventing hyperimmune activation and maintaining immune homeostasis. The roles of p38IP in immunoreceptor signaling remain unclear. Here, we show that p38IP suppresses T‐cell receptor (TCR)/LPS‐activated NF‐κB and p38 by targeting TAK1 kinase and that p38IP protein levels are downregulated in human PBMCs from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, inversely correlating with the enhanced activity of NF‐κB and p38. Mechanistically, p38IP interacts with TAK1 to disassemble the TAK1‐TAB (TAK1‐binding protein) complex. p38IP overexpression decreases TCR‐induced binding of K63‐linked polyubiquitin (polyUb) chains to TAK1 but increases that to TAB2, and p38IP knockdown shows the opposite effects, indicating unanchored K63‐linked polyUb chain transfer from TAB2 to TAK1. p38IP dynamically interacts with TAK1 upon stimulation, because of the polyUb chain transfer and the higher binding affinity of TAK1 and p38IP for polyUb‐bound TAB2 and TAK1, respectively. Moreover, p38IP scaffolds the deubiquitinase USP4 to deubiquitinate TAK1 once TAK1 is activated. These findings reveal a novel role and the mechanisms of p38IP in controlling TCR/LPS signaling and suggest that p38IP might participate in RA pathogenesis. Synopsis: The p38‐interacting protein p38IP is a negative regulator of immunoreceptor signaling. p38IP inhibits TAK1 activation by disassembling the TAK1‐TAB complex, thereby scaffolding the deubiquitinase USP4 to deubiquitinate TAK1. p38IP suppresses TCR/LPS‐induced NF‐κB and p38 MAPK activation and cytokine production.p38IP competes with TAK1‐binding proteins and promotes USP4‐dependent deubiquitination of TAK1.Changes in affinity upon polyUb‐binding determine the association between p38IP and TAK1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aim: Sex determining region Y (SRY)- box 2 (SOX2) is a transcription factor essential for the maintenance of proliferation and self-renewal of cancer stem cells and is associated with breast cancer initiation. Regulation of cancer stem cell plasticity by SOX2 requires both positive and negative SOX2 transcription factors, but the negative regulator is still largely unknown. Materials and Methods: SOX2 promoter-binding proteins were identified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry, luciferase assay, and chromatin immunoprecipitation. The effects of one such transcription factor on SOX2 expression was investigated by knockdown and overexpression experiments. Results: Non-POU domain-containing octamerbinding protein (NONO) (also known as 54-kDa nuclear RNA-binding protein, P54NRB) was identified as a SOX2 promoter-binding protein and a negative regulator of SOX2 expression. Its activity was controlled by its coiled-coil domain and the C-terminal domain. Conclusion: These results suggest that NONO acts as a key regulator of SOX2 transcription through the repression of SOX2 promoter activity in breast cancer cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an ideal carotenoid producer, Blakeslea trispora has gained much attention due to its large biomass and high production of β-carotene and lycopene. However, carotenogenesis regulation in B. trispora still needs to be clarified, as few investigations have been conducted at the molecular level in B. trispora. In this study, a gene homologous to carotenogenesis regulatory gene (crgA) was cloned from the mating type (-) of B. trispora, and the deduced CrgA protein was analyzed for its primary structure and domains. To clarify the crgA-mediated regulation in B. trispora, we used the strategies of gene knockout and complementation to investigate the effect of crgA expression on the phenotype of B. trispora. In contrast to the wild-type strain, the crgA null mutant (ΔcrgA) was defective in sporulation but accumulated much more β-carotene (31.2% improvement at the end) accompanied by enhanced transcription of three structural genes (hmgR, carB, and carRA) for carotenoids throughout the culture time. When the wild-type copy of crgA was complemented into the crgA null mutant, sporulation, transcription of structural genes, and carotenoid production were restored to those of the wild-type strain. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)- based metabolomic approach and multivariate statistical analyses were performed to investigate the intracellular metabolite profiles. The reduced levels of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle components and some amino acids and enhanced levels of glycolysis intermediates and fatty acids indicate that more metabolic flux was driven into the mevalonate (MVA) pathway; thus, the increase of precursors and fat content contributes to the accumulation of carotenoids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interferon (IFN) is a vital antiviral factor in host in the early stages after the viral invasion. Meanwhile, viruses have to survive by taking advantage of the cellular machinery and complete their replication. As a result, viruses evolved several immune escape mechanisms to inhibit host IFN expression. However, the mechanisms used to escape the host's IFN system are still unclear for infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV). In this study, we report that the N protein of IHNV inhibits IFN1 production in rainbow trout by degrading the MITA. Firstly, the upregulation of IFN1 promoter activity stimulated by poly I:C was suppressed by IHNV infection. Consistent with this result, the overexpression of the N protein of IHNV blocked the IFN1 transcription that was activated by poly I:C and MITA. Secondly, MITA was remarkably decreased by the overexpression of N protein at the protein level. Further analysis demonstrated that the N protein targeted MITA and promoted the ubiquitination of MITA. Taken together, these data suggested that the production of rainbow trout IFN1 could be suppressed by the N protein of IHNV via degrading MITA. • Infection of IHNV inhibited the poly I:C-induced activation of the IFN1 promoter. • The N protein of IHNV suppressed the activation of IFN1 induced by poly I:C. • Overexpression of the N protein degraded MITA at the protein level. • The N protein degraded MITA via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Plants have evolved powerful immune systems to recognize pathogens and avoid invasions, but the genetic basis of plant susceptibility is less well‐studied, especially to oomycetes, which cause disastrous diseases in many ornamental plants and food crops. In this research, we identified a negative regulator of plant immunity to the oomycete Phytophthora parasitica, AtRTP5 (Arabidopsis thaliana Resistant to Phytophthora 5), which encodes a WD40 repeat domain‐containing protein. The AtRTP5 protein, which was tagged with green fluorescent protein (GFP), is localized in the nucleus and plasma membrane. Both the A. thaliana T‐DNA insertion rtp5 mutants and the Nicotiana benthamiana RTP5 (NbRTP5) silencing plants showed enhanced resistance to P. parasitica, while overexpression of AtRTP5 rendered plants more susceptible. The transcriptomic analysis showed that mutation of AtRTP5 suppressed the biosynthesis of endogenous jasmonic acid (JA) and JA‐dependent responses. In contrast, salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis and SA‐dependent responses were activated in the T‐DNA insertion mutant rtp5‐3. These results show that AtRTP5 acts as a conserved negative regulator of plant immunity to Phytophthora pathogens by interfering with JA and SA signalling pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endocrine fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 19 has been shown to be capable of maintaining bile acid (BA) homeostasis and thus hold promise to be a potential therapeutic agent for cholestasis liver disease. However, whether paracrine FGFs possess this BA regulatory activity remains to be determined. In our study, we identified that paracrine fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) was selectively downregulated in the liver of alpha naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT)-induced intrahepatic cholestasis mice, suggesting a pathological relevance of this paracrine FGF with abnormal BA metabolism. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of engineered FGF1 mutant - FGF1ΔHBS on the metabolism of hepatic BA and found that this protein showed a more potent inhibitory effect of BA biosynthesis than FGF19 without any hepatic mitogenic activity. Moreover, the chronic administration of FGF1ΔHBS protected liver against ANIT-induced injury by reducing hepatic BA accumulation. Taken together, these data suggest that FGF1ΔHBS may function as a potent therapeutic agent for intrahepatic cholestasis liver disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]