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Copyright of TSG: Tijdschrift Voor Gezondheidswetenschappen is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A new landscape map of The Netherlands: previous history and basic principles Since the late 19th century numerous Dutch geographers have made landscape typologies of The Netherlands. In 1951 the first landscape map of The Netherlands was published by Hendrik Keuning, depicting eleven landscape types and seven subtypes. Additional maps were made by Bijhouwer (1971), Visscher (1972) and the Working Group of Landscape Typology (1986). All map legends were based on soil types on the first level and cultural landscape characteristics on the second level. This paper describes a new landscape map of The Netherlands that will be published in a handbook called Landscapes of The Netherlands. Compared to former maps several landscapes have been split up into various regional landscape types, such as the sandy landscapes, marine clay landscapes, peat landscapes and river landscapes. Due to new scientific insights into the decay of peat in several regions of the Netherlands the mapping of medieval peat reclamation landscapes is more extensive on the new map. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citizens on Watch A search for and typology of the landscape remains of civilian shooting ranges in the Netherlands (1830-1940) The 19th century was an important period in the history of the Netherlands. A lot of heritage from this period is still present in the landscape but is relatively underexposed. An important example of such heritage are the civilian militias. The main traces they left behind are shooting ranges. This article focuses on where these ranges were located and how we can look at these locations with the eyes of an historical geographer. Three important factors must be considered when constructing shooting ranges: safety, accessibility and affordability. These factors resulted in a preference for specific landscape types and elements. In turn, landscape types also influenced the typology of shooting ranges. The types can be classified into 11 groups based on the landscape in which they occur. This article provides a first geographical overview and a referential frame for the future researcher. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This year the Association (vereniging) De Hollandsche Molen celebrates its centenary. The association was founded to call a halt to the large-scale demolition of wind and water mills in the decades around the turn of the century. This article sketches for the first time, for the period 1850-2020, a quantitative picture of the decline of what is considered the icon of the Netherlands. A distinction is made according to type, function and region. In the description and analysis, use is made of an extensive inventory of disappeared and existing windmills. A comparison with other sources shows that this database includes most of the windmills (approximately 85-90%) that functioned in the period after 1850. For water mills this percentage is probably substantially lower. The analysis shows that industrial mills have already largely disappeared due to the introduction of steam power. Polder windmills in the western Netherlands have also disappeared in large numbers with the use of this new power source. In the Northern Netherlands, however, things were different: here, especially after the turn of the century the use of suction gas, diesel and electric motors meant the demise of the polder mill. Mills that were used for the processing of agricultural products actually still functioned in large numbers almost everywhere until the tens or even the twenties of the 20th century. When it comes to water mills, there is a distinction between mills with an industrial application and an agricultural one: the first group suffered large losses due to the introduction of steam; the second by the introduction of fossil fuel engines. The analysis shows that between 1880 and now only one in seven mills has survived the transition to industrial power sources. In addition, it is demonstrated that the current mill stock is not a representative reflection of the stock at the height of the use of mills around 1880. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the rise of urban policing of itinerant poor in the Northern Low Countries in the late medieval period. Practices of prosecution show important variations between cities (selected cases are Deventer, Kampen, Haarlem and Gouda), both in chronology and compared to urban bylaws and other regulations, such as the 1531 edict issued by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. A combination of external factors such as war, conflict, dearth, disease and the socio-political ambitions of urban authorities were at play and could lead to regionally different outcomes. In the course of this process, we see the complex making of vagrancy as a social and legal category to negotiate the reality of a highly mobile society, with a major impact on the attitudes towards itinerant poor and on the latter’s lives. Dit artikel bestudeert het ontstaan van maatregelen rondom arme migranten in vier steden in de Noordelijke Nederlanden tijdens de Late Middeleeuwen, namelijk Deventer, Kampen, Haarlem en Gouda. Het onderzoek naar hoe deze vervolging van rondtrekkende armen in deze steden in de praktijk werd gebracht, legt belangrijke verschillen bloot wat betreft de chronologie van de maatregelen, alsook in vergelijking met de stedelijke verordeningen en andere voorschriften, zoals het edict van Keizer Karel V uit 1531. Een combinatie van externe factoren, zoals oorlog, conflict, voedselschaarste en ziekte, en interne sociaal-politieke ambities van stedelijke autoriteiten, was bepalend voor deze verschillen. De bestudeerde maatregelen demonstreren de complexe totstandkoming van landloperij als een sociale en juridische categorie, die door lokale autoriteiten werd gebruikt om controle te behouden over een zeer mobiele samenleving. Dit had grote gevolgen voor de houding tegenover rondtrekkende armen en voor het leven van deze landlopers zelf.

Copyright of Global Qualitative Nursing Research is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of TSG: Tijdschrift Voor Gezondheidswetenschappen is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

'Rabatten' are common historical relics in Dutch forests. These earth banks with ditches in between for drainage were used to grow trees in wet areas. In the recently published article Wat betekent 'rabat' en sinds wanneer leggen we bossen op rabatten? (What does 'rabat' mean and since when do we use 'rabatten' in forestry?) Mulder & Toorians (2021) provide an explanation for the origin of the word 'rabat' and its use in forestry. This originally French term has been used in Dutch garden architecture since the 17th century to indicate the outer planting beds in gardens. According to the authors the word 'rabat' subsequently was used in Dutch forestry. They conclude that the forestry meaning of 'rabat' is typically Dutch. However, a closer look at the historical German forestry literature seems to contradict this conclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'Rabatten' (singular 'rabat') are elongated and rather narrow ridges between ditches. The soil from the ditches is used to raise the 'rabat'. The method is used in forestry to obtain dry strips on which the trees are planted. The ditches are used for drainage and soil improvement seems to have played a role as well. The phenomenon occurs in many forested areas in the Netherlands, especially on the sandy soils in the South and East of the country. The earliest references to 'rabatten' in forestry date from the 18th century but early sources in which the phenomenon is explicitly mentioned are rare. In this article, we trace the history, meaning and use of the word 'rabat' as well as the history of these objects in forestry in the Netherlands. It appears that the word was first used with the meaning 'plant bed, border' in formal gardens. Dated examples of 'rabatten' in forestry which can be located date from the late 19th century but in a few rare instances it can be shown that actual 'rabatten' must date from before 1750. Thus, the phenomenon is certainly older than the use of the word with this specific meaning. It becomes clear that de semantic development of the word is exclusively Dutch and that the use of the word in forestry only took off since the second half of the 19th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Pedagogische Studien is the property of Vereniging Onderwijsresearch and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In modern societies, citizens form part of a context that is constantly and rapidly changing. Some of the issues with which one is confronted typically become manifest in the local and national surroundings of citizens, but increasingly such issues are also encountered on a trans- and international scale. It follows that citizens have to learn (how) to cope with such issues in all of these dimensions, though particularly in respect of their personal surroundings. The new challenges, many of which reveal large-scale international dimensions, can no longer be satisfactorily dealt with in traditional ways; they require fresh, creative approaches. This new way of looking at the world and at citizenship is already affecting the relations between people. People increasingly come into contact with people of different cultures, not only in the digital world but also physically as a result of migrant and refugee flows owing to improved transport and technology. People are increasingly compelled to reconsider their attitudes towards strangers and even their compatriots from different cultures, as well as their responses to issues brought about by such encounters. More often than not, the issues encountered in the modern social world transcend national borders. School teachers are expected to prepare their students (learners, pupils) to become informed and responsible citizens. Achieving such goals has become increasingly imperative in light of the rapid social changes referred to above. Social change has also given new meaning to citizenship education as a school subject (or as part of the school curriculum), in that issues such as diversity, globalisation, digitisation and environmental sustainability are nowadays all considered to be highly significant. This article reports the research findings of the ways in which the education systems of the Netherlands and South Africa, respectively, have been responding to these new challenges. The purpose of the comparison was to discover those key issues that require further attention in the context of citizenship education, not only in these two countries but also elsewhere. After analysing the respective social developments in the Netherlands and South Africa, and after an analysis of how policy regarding citizenship education in the two countries had been attempted, the following conclusions were drawn. Firstly, the comparison revealed that in terms of societal context, the Netherlands has been a constitutional monarchy for around two centuries, whereas South Africa is a constitutional republic that is only 25 years old. The former is a developed, high-income country in the Global North, equalitarian, with a low Gini coefficient; South Africa, by contrast, is a developing, upper middle-income country in the Global South, highly stratified, with one of the highest Gini coefficients in the world. It secondly transpired that the two systems could learn from each other, irrespective of geographical distance. Both the Netherlands and South Africa have posted successes and failures regarding the planning and unfolding of their education systems and of citizenship education. Education policymakers in both countries could become more informed by studying the successes and failures associated with both systems. Thirdly, in neither country does citizenship education have the status of a separate, independent school subject. In the Netherlands, it is not even part of an overarching subject, but rather woven into the fabric of other subjects. In South Africa, it forms part of the subjects Life Skills/Life Orientation and Social Studies. Fourthly, citizenship education in schools in both countries is regulated through legislation and policy statements. It would appear, however, that all the regulations and stipulations have thus far not resulted in effective citizenship education in schools in either of the two countries. An official report affirmed this limited success with respect to citizenship education in the Netherlands, and scholars voiced a similar verdict about citizenship education in South Africa. Complete textbooks, devoted to citizenship education as such and compiled by specialists, are still lacking in both systems. In the fifth place, the prevailing circumstances in both countries seem to be unfavourable for the effective teaching of citizenship education in schools. In the Netherlands, emphasis on the cognitive aspects of education diverts attention from the importance of students becoming more aware of the affective and social aspects of life. South Africa, in turn, struggles with problems such as overcrowded classrooms, a lack of a culture of teaching and learning in many schools and a shortage of teachers qualified for teaching citizenship education. Finally, neither in the Netherlands nor in South Africa does citizenship education receive the attention it deserves in the curriculum and in the schools, despite the fact that conditions in both countries seem to underscore the need for paying more attention to this aspect of the formation of future citizens. Both countries are in the throes of social change, each in its own way, on account of immigration, the influx of refugees (for both political and economic reasons) and efforts to re-align themselves in accordance with the political, social and economic demands of modern life (improved transport, permeable borders, better communication, failing economies, pandemics and so forth). Despite the limited scope of this study - a comparison of the status of citizenship education in two countries that are geographically and socio-economically widely removed from each other - it succeeded in highlighting the fact that education systems, and therefore also the manner in which citizenship education is offered, are in principle comparable. This can be ascribed to the fact that human beings remain human beings, irrespective of where they may find themselves, and that they, broadly speaking, tend to have to cope with the same or similar challenges. The current neglect of citizenship education in these two education systems may have deleterious effects with regard to their future citizenry. Citizenship education is in need of reform in both countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Health & Social Care Chaplaincy is the property of Equinox Publishing Group and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In dit recensie-artikel bespreekt Jeroen Touwen de tussen 2008 en 2015 verschenen zevendelige reeks met de titel Bedrijfsleven in Nederland in de Twintigste Eeuw, geschreven door vijftien auteurs, en de Engelstalige bundel waarin de belangrijkste conclusies worden samengevat en aangevuld met enkele nieuwe inzichten. In welke mate voldoet deze serie aan de huidige bedrijfshistorische inzichten? Wordt er een verbinding gelegd met de nationale kenmerken van het business system, alsmede met de oorsprong en ontwikkeling van economische groei, en verheft deze geschiedschrijving zich boven die van het individuele bedrijf? Dit recensie-artikel plaatst de reeks, die een brede waaier aan kleurrijke feiten en gebeurtenissen bevat, in de context van recente bedrijfshistorische literatuur. Met name de conclusies op het gebied van het vergelijkend kapitalisme worden onder de loep genomen. From Filament Bulb to Agneta Park: Dutch Capitalism in the Twentieth CenturyIn this review article, Jeroen Touwen discusses a series of seven books published between 2008 and 2015 under the title Bedrijfsleven in Nederland in de Twintigste Eeuw (Business in the Netherlands in the Twentieth Century), and the edited volume in English that contains the major conclusions and has some further reflections on the characteristics of Dutch capitalism. To which extent does the series meet recent demands of business history? Is the narrative connected with the characteristics of the national business system and the origins and development of economic growth? And does this business history transcend the microeconomic history of the individual company? This review article positions the series, with its wide and colourful range of facts and events, in the context of recent literature on business history. It particularly examines the conclusions on comparative capitalism.

In the 1970s the Netherlands (like many other western countries) was shocked by a sudden wave of heroin use. The heroin ‘epidemic’ is currently framed as a public health problem that has been solved in a commendably humane fashion. In the mean time heroin users have gained a ‘loser image’. Using memoirs written by and interviews with former heroin users, this article argues that heroin use was initially linked to cultural rebellion, self-development and social criticism. We need to take this forgotten aspect of the history of the Dutch heroin ‘epidemic’ into account when we try to explain this historical phenomenon. This article is part of the special issue 'Blurring Boundaries: Towards a Medical History of the Twentieth Century'. ‘Wij de avant-garde’. Een history from below van heroïnegebruik in Nederland in de jaren zeventigIn de jaren zeventig van de vorige eeuw werd Nederland (net als veel andere westerse landen) opgeschrikt door een plotselinge golf van heroïnegebruik. Deze ‘heroïne-epidemie’ wordt momenteel beschouwd als volksgezondheidsprobleem dat succesvol is bedwongen, op een bewonderenswaardig humane wijze. Ondertussen hebben heroïnegebruikers een ‘loser’ imago gekregen. Op basis van memoires geschreven door en interviews met voormalige heroïnegebruikers, betoogt dit artikel dat het gebruik van heroïne oorspronkelijk verbonden was met culturele rebellie, zelfontplooiing en cultuurkritiek. Dit vergeten aspect van de ‘epidemie’ is onderdeel van de verklaring voor de populariteit van opiaten destijds. Dit artikel maakt deel uit van het themanummer 'Blurring Boundaries: Towards a Medical History of the Twentieth Century'.

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Hollanda’ya da ülkemizden yapılan işçi göçü onuncu yılına yaklaştığında ortaya çıkan yeni tablo beraberinde bazı sorunları da getirmişti. Geri dönme düşüncesinde olan işçilerin pek azı hariç geri dönmemiş, üstelik yasal haklarını kullanarak Türkiye’de bulunan eş ve çocuklarını da Hollanda’ya getirmeye başlamışlardı. Bu yeni durumda ortaya çıkan uyum, eğitim, dini ihtiyaçlar gibi sorunlar hem Türkleri hem de Hollanda devletini ilgilendiriyordu. Çocukların eğitimi –bazı zorluklar çekiliyor olsa da- hemen en yakın okula kaydedilmeleriyle karşılanıyordu. Topluma uyum da uzun vadeli bir süreç olarak düşünüldüğünden, dini ihtiyaçlar en önemli sorun olarak öne çıkmaktaydı