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Purpose: Considering the dynamic influence of environmental, social, economic, and political factors in the emergence and growth of the BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) over the years and pre-existing differences, the adverse effects of air pollution on the health and well-being of the people have remained major areas of academic inquiry and policy interventions. The present study examines the global trend of deaths and Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) attributable to air pollution with particular reference to the BRICS countries for the period 1990 to 2019. Methods: This study has used the global burden of disease estimates by using different rounds of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study report published by the Institute of Health Metrics Evaluation. This study has calculated the cause of death and DALYs due to environmental risk factors (i.e. Air pollution). Data analysis has been done by using the standard formula for the calculation of death (mortality) rate and DALYs rate. Similarly, we calculated the age and gender-wise death and DALYs rate by using the appropriate numerator and denominator. Results: The study discovered a significant shift in disease patterns over this period, as communicable diseases like respiratory infections and tuberculosis were replaced by non-communicable diseases such as ischemic heart disease (17.2 million), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (14.59 million), and stroke (17.02 million) as the primary causes of air pollution-related deaths in 2019 at the global level. Additionally, the study identified a worrying increase in deaths linked to neonatal disorders and respiratory infections caused by ambient particulate matter pollution in South Africa, India, and Brazil. The impact of air pollution on public health is evident across different age groups and genders, with people aged 50-69 years, those aged 70 and above, and children under 5 years being more vulnerable. Furthermore, the male population is disproportionately affected by communicable and noncommunicable diseases caused by air pollution. Conclusion: The study highlights the need for policymakers to implement evidence-based interventions to tackle this global health problem. The interventions should aim to reduce the emerging crisis of non-communicable diseases related to air pollution, particularly among vulnerable age groups and the male population, ultimately improving public health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lifestyle counselling is an effective, non- invasive way to manage weight, glycemic control, blood pressure and to reduce the risk of fatal complications in hypertensives and diabetics. Objective: To assess the effectiveness of lifestyle counselling in management of hypertension and diabetes in an urban community of Manipur, India. Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted among 51 cases each in intervention and control groups. Study population was known cases of hypertension and/or diabetes. One-on-one lifestyle counselling was done on the four risk behaviors (unhealthy diet, insufficient physical activity, tobacco and alcohol use). Effectiveness was assessed by a modified version of WHO STEPS questionnaire and physical and biochemical measurements collected at baseline and 6 months post-intervention. Chi-square test, independent t-test and paired t-test were used. Results: There was no significant difference at baseline and post-intervention blood pressure, BMI and waist-hip ratio and random blood sugar between intervention and control group. Within group comparison showed a significant decrease in random blood sugar in the control group (p=0.044). Conclusion: Our results found no effect of the intervention among people with hypertension and diabetes. More intensive intervention sessions might be required to see a significant change in the control of hypertension and diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by high blood sugar levels and can lead to various serious complications. To this day, DM remains one of the highest noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in Indonesia, including in Papua, particularly in Sumberker District, Biak Numfor Regency. Identifying the factors influencing the incidence of DM is crucial for the prevention and management of this disease. This study aims to analyze the risk and protective factors influencing the incidence of DM using a multiple linear regression analysis model. In this research, data were collected from a population of patients diagnosed with DM and a healthy control population in Sumberker District, with 35 cases and 35 controls selected from each population. The dependent variable in this study is DM, while the independent variables consist of 2 risk factors (stress level; packaged drinks) and 2 protective factors (vegetable consumption; fruit consumption). Multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine the factors contributing to the incidence of DM, both as risk and protective factors in unit measurement. The study found that stress level contributes 1.99 units (P Value= 0.025); packaged drinks 7.47 units (P Value =0.000); vegetable consumption -5.71 units (P Value= 0.03); and fruit consumption -4.90 units (P Value=0.004). The conclusion indicates that stress level and packaged drinks are statistically significant risk factors for DM, while regular consumption of vegetables and fruits has the potential to be statistically significant protective factors against DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tobacco smoking, a significant public health concern globally, is associated with a rise in noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and preventable deaths, with pronounced impacts in conflict zones like Gaza. A cross-sectional study, conducted in 2020, in Gaza focused on individuals over 40 years of age, aiming to identify predictors of tobacco use and its links to diseases like coronary artery disease (CAD), chronic lung disease (CLD), and stroke using regression analysis. The research, based on the Gaza NCD study data with 4576 participants and a 96.6% response rate, found an overall tobacco smoking prevalence of 19.4%, with higher rates among men. After adjusting for various factors, the study identified significant associations between cigarette smoking in men and adverse health outcomes, such as CAD and CLD, with adjusted odds ratios (OR) of 1.67, 95% CI (1.22–2.29) and 1.68, 95% CI (1.21–2.33) respectively. However, after adjusting for independent variables, shisha smoking in men showed no association with these health outcomes. The findings of this study could assist other researchers in designing interventions aimed at reducing smoking prevalence by utilizing the associated factors identified in our analysis, such as age, education level, physical activity, and body mass index among men in Gaza. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thin Nyein Nyein Aung,1,2 Ei Thinzar Khin,3 Saiyud Moolphate,4 Chaisiri Angkurawaranon,1,2 Motoyuki Yuasa,5,6 Myo Nyein Aung5– 7 1Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; 2Global Health and Chronic Conditions Research Group, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; 3Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan; 4Department of Public Health, Faculty of Science and Technology, Chiang Mai Rajabhat University, Chiang Mai, 50300, Thailand; 5Department of Global Health Research, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan; 6Faculty of International Liberal Arts, Juntendo University, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan; 7Advanced Research Institute for Health Sciences, Juntendo University, Tokyo, 113-8421, JapanCorrespondence: Myo Nyein Aung, Email myo@juntendo.ac.jpBackground: Non-communicable diseases, including type 2 diabetes (T2DM), are the number one cause of death in Thailand. With its well-known social networking and strong kinship, evidence of social support may be a potential of low-cost approach for T2DM self- management. Social support is quite important for T2DM prevention and control but such evidence in Thai setting is still limited. Therefore, we aimed to study social support and associated determinants for T2DM patients compared to non-diabetes people.Methods: An observational study with a case–control study design was conducted in Chiang Mai, Thailand, in 2019– 2020. Using inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 300 participants: 150 cases, 150 controls were recruited. Participants were selected based on outcome status of having “T2DM”. Cases were defined as newly diagnosed (diagnosis of T2DM within 6 months) adult Thai residents and community controls were non-diabetes participants from the same residential area of cases. Data were analyzed by STATA 17. Descriptive analysis compared the characteristics between case and control group. The relation between social support and T2DM was investigated using multivariable Robust regression analysis.Results: About 96.7% of T2DM patients had good social support. T2DM had a significant association with social support in all models defined by potential confounders. Social support was significantly positively associated with having family mealtimes in model 2 and model 3 and increasing age in model 2. BMI and T2DM family history had significant negative association in model 2 and model 3.Conclusion: Social support of Thai T2DM patients is higher than control group. It can either be originated from a newly acquired peer groups network or from the positive social support by family. Future research should focus on behavioral intervention including family and peers to help them understand their role in life-style modification and management of such a prevalent chronic disease.Keywords: diabetes, family, global health, NCDs, social support, Thailand

Abstract Tobacco smoking, a significant public health concern globally, is associated with a rise in noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and preventable deaths, with pronounced impacts in conflict zones like Gaza. A cross-sectional study, conducted in 2020, in Gaza focused on individuals over 40 years of age, aiming to identify predictors of tobacco use and its links to diseases like coronary artery disease (CAD), chronic lung disease (CLD), and stroke using regression analysis. The research, based on the Gaza NCD study data with 4576 participants and a 96.6% response rate, found an overall tobacco smoking prevalence of 19.4%, with higher rates among men. After adjusting for various factors, the study identified significant associations between cigarette smoking in men and adverse health outcomes, such as CAD and CLD, with adjusted odds ratios (OR) of 1.67, 95% CI (1.22–2.29) and 1.68, 95% CI (1.21–2.33) respectively. However, after adjusting for independent variables, shisha smoking in men showed no association with these health outcomes. The findings of this study could assist other researchers in designing interventions aimed at reducing smoking prevalence by utilizing the associated factors identified in our analysis, such as age, education level, physical activity, and body mass index among men in Gaza.

Basically, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are lifestyle diseases. They cannot be transmitted from one person to another person. Instead, our lifestyle, genetics, and environment influence our susceptibility to various diseases. In India, non-communicable illnesses and injuries are responsible for 52% of fatalities. The burden of non-communicable diseases and the resultant mortality are predicted to increase if the government does not take significant steps to prevent and control NCDs and related risk factors. According to the currently available research, the top causes of illness, disability, and death in India include hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, lung disease, chronic renal disease, trauma, stroke, and chronic obstructive and mental disorders. Since 1980s, the Government of India has assisted the states through several vertical programs to prevent and control NCDs. However, efforts to prevent and control NCDs significantly increased under the 11th plan. New programs were launched on a small scale in a select few districts. The financial burden of NCDs has mostly stayed the same, though based on past experiences, reducing exposure to risk factors requires focusing on health promotion and preventative actions. The public healthcare system must have the tools and talents needed for effective management, early diagnosis, and screening. Effective monitoring systems, integrated management, and public awareness campaigns are required to successfully implement the program and make services available to all national citizens.

Pédrö Pallangyo,1,2 Makrina Sotel Komba,1 Zabella Seif Mkojera,1 Loveness Mfanga,1 Janeth Elidaima Mmari,1,2 Neema Victor Kailembo,1 Smita Bhalia,2 Mohamed Aloyce,2 Genofeva Gerald Matemu,3 Husna Yasin Faraji,2 Jasmine Said Keria,4 Tatizo Waane,2 Peter R Kisenge2 1Department Research and Training, Jakaya Kikwete Cardiac Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; 2Department of Cardiology, Jakaya Kikwete Cardiac Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; 3Department of Public Relations, Jakaya Kikwete Cardiac Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; 4Department of Clinical Support Services, Jakaya Kikwete Cardiac Institute, Dar es Salaam, TanzaniaCorrespondence: Pédrö Pallangyo, Jakaya Kikwete Cardiac Institute, P.O. Box 65141, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Tel +255 755 351 165, Email pedro.pallangyo@gmail.comBackground: In Tanzania, where over a third of the society is impoverished, the burden of NCDs which account for about two-fifths of all disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and one-third of premature deaths has doubled in the past two decades. However, notwithstanding a wider realization of the escalating burden of NCDs across Tanzania, the link between NCD awareness and lifestyle practices at the population level is not well characterized. We aimed to establish the gap between NCD knowledge and healthy behaviors.Methods: This multi-regional community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in 5 regions of Tanzania between September 2022 and June 2023. A 22-item standardized tool evaluating various NCD risk behaviors was used in knowledge assessment and a cut-off of ≥ 70% was used to denote good knowledge. Bivariate analyses were performed to compare knowledge of NCD risk factors across various NCD risk subgroups. All tests were two tailed, and the significance was set at p< 0.05.Results: A total of 5121 individuals were consecutively enrolled. The mean age was 47.2 years and females comprised over three-fifths (60.8%) of the participants. With regard to behavioral NCD risks, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, smoking and alcohol consumption were present in 79.0%, 70.2%, 2.1% and 17.6% of participants, respectively. Moreover, biological risk factors, ie, excess body weight, hypertension, and diabetes were present in 68.4%, 55.8% and 13.0% of participants, respectively. The mean knowledge score was 77.1% and 70.3% of participants demonstrated good knowledge of NCD risk factors. Except for smoking, individuals who showed awareness of various NCD risk factors were found to have significant rates of risky behaviors.Conclusion: Despite sufficient NCD risk knowledge, incongruent lifestyle practices persist, highlighting a crucial concern. This suggests that awareness of NCDs and their risks may influence motivation for change but may not necessarily result in lifestyle modification.Keywords: noncommunicable diseases, NCDs, lifestyle practices, behavioral change, modifiable risk factors, knowledge of NCDs

Background Physical activity plays a crucial role in the health and well-being of older adults, positively influencing various aspects of their quality of life. This study aims to explore the relationship between physical activity and body segments, as well as the risk indices of non-communicable chronic diseases in healthy elderly individuals. Methods The analyzed variables include weekly physical activity, the Postural Correction Index (PCI), measured using the system developed by Portland State University (PSU), and predictors of non-communicable chronic diseases assessed through body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio. Results The results reveal a moderate positive relationship between physical activity and the PCI ( r=0.45; p≤0.05), with significant correlations in specific components of the PCI, such as thoracic depression ( r=0.51; pr=0.51; pr=0.53; p Conclusions It is concluded that physical activity has a significant positive impact on the posture of older adults, particularly in the trunk, contributing 40% to the improvement of PCI components. The PCI values obtained, exceeding 82.67 in men and 84.67 in women according to the PSU evaluation, underscore the effectiveness of physical activity in postural correction and the prevention of issues associated with chronic diseases.

Basically, non‑communicable diseases (NCDs) are lifestyle diseases. They cannot be transmitted from one person to another person. Instead, our lifestyle, genetics, and environment influence our susceptibility to various diseases. In India, non‑communicable illnesses and injuries are responsible for 52% of fatalities. The burden of non‑communicable diseases and the resultant mortality are predicted to increase if the government does not take significant steps to prevent and control NCDs and related risk factors. According to the currently available research, the top causes of illness, disability, and death in India include hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, lung disease, chronic renal disease, trauma, stroke, and chronic obstructive and mental disorders. Since 1980s, the Government of India has assisted the states through several vertical programs to prevent and control NCDs. However, efforts to prevent and control NCDs significantly increased under the 11th plan. New programs were launched on a small scale in a select few districts. The financial burden of NCDs has mostly stayed the same, though based on past experiences, reducing exposure to risk factors requires focusing on health promotion and preventative actions. The public healthcare system must have the tools and talents needed for effective management, early diagnosis, and screening. Effective monitoring systems, integrated management, and public awareness campaigns are required to successfully implement the program and make services available to all national citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the lifestyles of people of all ages, conditions and occupations. Social distance, remote working, changes in diet and a lack of physical activity have directly and indirectly affected many aspects of mental and physical health, particularly in patients with many comorbidities and non-communicable diseases (NCDs). In our paper, we analyzed COVID-19 hospitalized and non-hospitalized cases according to comorbidities to assess the average monthly percentage change (AMPC) and monthly percentage change (MPC) using open access data from the Chilean Ministry of Science, Technology, Knowledge and Innovation. As expected, the infection mainly affected patients with comorbidities, including cardiovascular risk factors. The hospitalized cases with obesity and chronic lung disease increased throughout the period of June 2020–August 2021 (AMPC = ↑20.8 and ↑19.4%, respectively, p < 0.05), as did all the non-hospitalized cases with comorbidities throughout the period (AMPC = ↑15.6 to ↑30.3 [p < 0.05]). The increases in hospitalizations and non-hospitalizations with comorbidities may be associated with physical inactivity. A healthy lifestyle with regular physical activity may have had a protective effect on the COVID-19 severity and related events in the post-pandemic period, especially for the NCD population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tobacco use is one of the main risk factors for non-communicable diseases. Avoiding youth initiation and treating addiction are fundamental public health issues to ensure better health. Among tobacco control policies, increasing tobacco price is the single most effective intervention. It reduces tobacco consumption, especially among youths, while representing a government financing source. This study aimed to assess the agreement with the proposal of a one-euro increase in tobacco price earmarked to health issues among students at Sapienza University. Two convenience samples were surveyed, five years apart, on World No Tobacco Days. Smoking habits, agreement with the proposal and reasons for it were collected. Results from the 208 questionnaires (107 in 2014, 101 in 2019) showed 46.6% of agreement with the proposal (53.3% in 2014, 39.2% in 2019, p = 0.044). Main predictive factor for agreement was being a non-smoker (OR = 6.33 p < 0.001), main reason (64.8%) was it could trigger smokers to quit or reduce consumption. Several factors might have influenced this finding, including the introduction of novel tobacco products and their increased advertisement on social media. In 2024, European Union is planning to update the Tobacco Taxation Directive which could greatly contribute to the reduction of non-communicable diseases and premature deaths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

East Java has a prevalence of NCD exceeding the national average. Limited information on the disease clustering makes less optimal policy-making for preventing and controlling. This study aims to cluster areas and identify NCD risk factors. The study used secondary data from Basic Health Research in 2018. The data was analyzed using FCM. There were 3 clusters resulting from this research. In Cluster 1, the average proportion of all NCD's and 33.33% of the NCD's risk factors exceeds the average proportion of the province. In Cluster 2, the average proportion of 1 NCD and 77.78% of the NCD's risk factors exceeds the average proportion of the province. In Cluster 3, all NCD's have an average proportion less than the average proportion in the province and 22.22% of the NCD's risk factors have an average proportion exceeding the average proportion in the province. Cluster 1 is the cluster with the average proportion of NCD's exceeding the average proportion of NCD's in the province and the highest among the other clusters. Cluster 2 is a cluster with an area with risk factors for NCD's with the highest average proportion of the different clusters. Keywords: NCDs, analysis cluster, fuzzy c-means

Abstract Background Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the world’s growing cause of preventable illness, disability, morbidity, and mortality which account for 71% of deaths. The aim of this study was to determine the factors associated with mortality from NCDs among persons aged 15 years and above in Zambia. Methodology The study used data from Sample Vital Registration with Verbal Autopsy (SAVVY) 2015/16 (Zambia). A total of 3529 Verbal Autopsy were completed in the study, with only 2599 of death where among people aged 15 years and above. Three-level data analysis was applied; univariate analysis, bivariate analysis, and multivariate analysis (binary logistic regression). Findings The overall number of deaths from NCDs was 28.81%. Stratified analysis by gender showed that deaths from NCDs were higher among women (32.60%) as compared to men (26.25%). Among all persons, dying from NCDs was associated with tobacco use, age, and education. Tobacco use was negatively associated with mortality from NCDs (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.68; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.48–0.98). Age was positively associated with the odds of dying from NCDs among persons aged 45–59 years (aOR = 3.87, 95% CI: 2.13–7.01), 60–74 years (aOR = 12.05, 95% CI: 6.44–22.55), and 75 + years (aOR = 15.16, 95% CI: 7.93–28.97). The likelihood of dying from NCDs was higher among persons with secondary education as compared to those with no education (aOR = 1.93, 95% CI: 1.11–3.33). Conclusion The findings from this study suggest that public health interventions targeting NCDs need to consider behavioural factors, especially tobacco use which exposes people to second-hand smoke. We also recommend large-scale national-level studies to further examine the contribution of each factor leading to mortality from NCDs.

Abstract Adolescence is a crucial period for noncommunicable disease (NCD) risk factors, and interventions to reduce the NCD burden must target this age group. This study aimed to evaluate the NCD behavioural risk factors in adolescents attending state secondary schools in an urban setting in Cameroon. We conducted a cross-sectional survey using adapted structured questionnaires to assess the prevalence and correlates of NCD behavioural risk factors among adolescents attending selected urban state secondary schools in Douala IV, one of the six subdivisions in Douala, Cameroon. Of the 645 students who completed the study questionnaires, half of them did not have adequate knowledge about NCDs and their risk factors. Only 20% met recommended physical activity levels, nearly half lived sedentary lifestyles, and only 7% ate a healthy diet. Almost half of all participants reported drinking alcohol during the month, while 3% reported cigarette smoking. Participants with inadequate knowledge of NCDs were more likely to have elevated blood pressure values, and males had increased odds of high blood pressure. Contrarily, being male appeared to be protective against overweight and obesity. The odds of being sedentary decreased with age, and the odds of alcohol drinking seemed to grow with a higher maternal level of education. Our survey shows inadequate knowledge about NCDs and a high prevalence of NCD behavioural risk factors in adolescents in urban state secondary schools in Cameroon. These findings predict a higher NCD burden in future adults in the country, reinforcing the need for urgent public health interventions, especially regarding knowledge and sedentary living. Further research is needed to establish the transition of adolescent risk factors to adult disease through life course approaches in these settings.

Indigenous taro is a notable carbohydrate-rich food ingredient with significant dietary fiber. However, its natural itchiness has limited its widespread use. A new non-itchy variant, Febi521, was developed through in-vitro soma-clonal induction. This study aimed to create a high-fiber snack, specifically egg-roll cookies, using non-itchy taro (Colocasia esculenta var. Febi521). The cookies underwent comprehensive evaluation for their physical, chemical, and nutritional characteristics, including polyphenol content, glycemic index (GI), and glycemic load (GL). By fully substituting taro Febi521 flour in the recipe, we produced egg-roll cookies that were sensorially preferred, high in fiber (19.2 % wet basis), and had a low GI (39) and low GL (3). This formulation also met nutritional requirements for claims related to total fat, saturated fat, sodium, and cholesterol. Substituting taro flour increased fiber content threefold compared to wheat flour-based egg-roll cookies. This research highlights the potential of indigenous taro for diverse product development aimed at enhancing fiber intake among the population.

BACKGROUND: Visual analogue scale (VAS) is one of the simplest to measure medication adherence. It has neither been widely used for Non communicable diseases (NCD) nor validated for in the Indian setting. We examined the validity of self-reported medication adherence measures in relation to HbA1C in a rural population with diabetes mellitus (DM). METHODS: Participants with DM was administered VAS, Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire (DMSQ) and assessed for missed pills. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis were done. RESULTS: We recruited 1347 participants and 84% of them reported being 100% adherent as per VAS and 83.8% stated that they did not miss any pills. However, 58.2% of participants who reported having 100% adherence had poor glycaemic control, as did 58.1% of those who did not miss any pills. None of the diabetic self-care measures was significantly associated with glycaemic control. CONCLUSION: We found a lack of association between self-reported adherence measures and glycaemic control in participants with DM suggesting that self-reported adherence scales may not be valid in this population.

Foods high in fat, sugar or salt are important contributors to the rising burden of non-communicable diseases globally and in India. Health taxes (HTs) have been used by over 70 countries as an effective tool for reducing consumption of sugar sweetened beverages (SSBs). However, the potential impacts of HTs on consumption and on revenues have not been estimated in India. This paper aims to estimate the potential impact of health taxes on the demand for sugar, SSBs and foods high in fat, sugar or salt (HFSS) in India while exploring its impact on tax revenues. PE of sugar was estimated using Private Final Consumption Expenditure and Consumer Price Index data while price elasticities for SSBs and HFSS were obtained from literature. The reduction in demand was estimated for an additional 10–30% HT added to the current goods and services tax, for varying levels of price elasticities. The results show that for manufacturers of sweets and confectionaries who buy sugar in bulk and assuming a higher price elasticity of −0.70, 20% additional HT (total tax 48%) would result in 13–18% decrease in the demand for sugar used for confectionaries and sweets. For SSBs, HT of 10–30% would result in 7–30% decline in the demand of SSBs. For HFSS food products, 10–30% HT would result in 5–24% decline in the demand for HFSS products. These additional taxes would increase tax revenues for the government by 12–200% across different scenarios. Taxing unhealthy foods is likely to reduce demand, while increasing government revenues for reinvestment back into public health programmes and policies that may reduce obesity and the incidence of non-communicable diseases in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the world's growing cause of preventable illness, disability, morbidity, and mortality which account for 71% of deaths. The aim of this study was to determine the factors associated with mortality from NCDs among persons aged 15 years and above in Zambia. Methodology: The study used data from Sample Vital Registration with Verbal Autopsy (SAVVY) 2015/16 (Zambia). A total of 3529 Verbal Autopsy were completed in the study, with only 2599 of death where among people aged 15 years and above. Three-level data analysis was applied; univariate analysis, bivariate analysis, and multivariate analysis (binary logistic regression). Findings: The overall number of deaths from NCDs was 28.81%. Stratified analysis by gender showed that deaths from NCDs were higher among women (32.60%) as compared to men (26.25%). Among all persons, dying from NCDs was associated with tobacco use, age, and education. Tobacco use was negatively associated with mortality from NCDs (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.68; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.48–0.98). Age was positively associated with the odds of dying from NCDs among persons aged 45–59 years (aOR = 3.87, 95% CI: 2.13–7.01), 60–74 years (aOR = 12.05, 95% CI: 6.44–22.55), and 75 + years (aOR = 15.16, 95% CI: 7.93–28.97). The likelihood of dying from NCDs was higher among persons with secondary education as compared to those with no education (aOR = 1.93, 95% CI: 1.11–3.33). Conclusion: The findings from this study suggest that public health interventions targeting NCDs need to consider behavioural factors, especially tobacco use which exposes people to second-hand smoke. We also recommend large-scale national-level studies to further examine the contribution of each factor leading to mortality from NCDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Providing individual‐ and population‐level data on children's physical fitness (PF) is a crucial public health and education priority. However, few national fitness monitoring or surveillance systems are currently in practice internationally. We aim to summarize the current European PF monitoring and surveillance systems for school‐aged children and to provide experience‐based guidelines on how to design such systems. Methods: The FitBack network consists of experts from diverse backgrounds with the common interest to improve the accessibility of PF monitoring for young people globally. Through FitBack network, we identified and compared the national or regional PF monitoring and surveillance systems currently in operation across Europe. We formulated a 10‐step approach for designing and establishing one's own system, based on analysis of experienced strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats to monitoring childhood fitness. Results: We identified a total of eight PF monitoring systems in Finland, France, Galicia of Spain, Hungary, Lithuania, Portugal, Serbia, and Slovenia. The FitBack network recommends the following steps for designing and establishing one's own system: (1) set up mission statements and aims, (2) involve stakeholders, (3) utilize scientific background, (4) governance structure, (5) ensure sufficient funding, (6) data management planning, (7) provide meaningful feedback, (8) conduct pilot testing, (9) plan implementation process, and (10) invest in communication with stakeholders. Conclusions: This study provides an updated overview of the best practices for school‐aged children's fitness monitoring and surveillance in Europe. Additionally, it offers a 10‐step approach to assist in the creation of similar systems in Europe or globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The displacement of individuals due to armed conflicts and natural calamities has emerged as a significant global concern, giving rise to complex challenges, particularly in relation to the domains of health and overall welfare. The objective of this study is to evaluate the overall health condition of internally displaced individuals (IDPs) residing in the Ameriyat Al-Samoud District, located in the Al-Anbar Governorate. Utilising a mixed-methods methodology, this study employs surveys, interviews, and physical examinations as data collection tools in order to comprehensively comprehend the health challenges encountered by internally displaced persons (IDPs). Quantitative surveys are utilised to gather data pertaining to health indicators, healthcare access, and sociodemographic characteristics. On the other hand, qualitative interviews are employed to delve into the experiences, perspectives, and challenges encountered by internally displaced persons (IDPs). The primary objective of this research is to elucidate noteworthy discoveries pertaining to the health challenges encountered by internally displaced persons (IDPs), thereby enhancing comprehension of their distinct healthcare requirements. The results will additionally offer valuable perspectives on the psychosocial determinants impacting the wellbeing of internally displaced persons (IDPs). The overarching objective is to provide suggestions for effectively tackling identified health concerns and enhancing healthcare provisions for internally displaced persons (IDPs). By taking into consideration the unique requirements and obstacles faced by policymakers, healthcare providers, and stakeholders, it is possible to formulate focused interventions and policies that will effectively improve the general health and well-being of internally displaced persons (IDPs) residing in the Ameriyat Al-Samoud District. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dementia has been the leading cause of death in the UK since 2015. Increasing evidence supports an association between socioeconomic position (SEP) and dementia onset in later life. However, limited studies have examined how life-course SEP influences the development of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), an intermediate state potentially preceding dementia. Therefore, the present study aims to examine the relationship between life-course SEP and MCI amongst adults aged 50 years in Great Britain. Methods: We employed data from the National Child Development Study (NCDS), also known as the 1958 British Birth Cohort, to determine the associations between SEP and MCI in 6590 participants. We categorised life-course measures of SEP as stable high/low or moving upward/downward over the life course. We assessed MCI at age 50 using one standard deviation below the averaged combined scores from all cognitive tests available. We then used binary logistic regression to estimate the longitudinal associations between life-course SEP and MCI. Results: Relative to those of a high SEP across the life course, participants who moved upward, downward, or remained at a low SEP were significantly associated with 25% (95% CI 1.02–1.54, p = 0.035), 70% (95% CI 1.27–2.27, p < 0.001), and 85% (95% CI 1.50–2.29, p < 0.001), respectively, higher odds of MCI, independent of all selected covariates. Conclusions: Lower life-course SEP was associated with significantly higher odds of MCI onset in middle life within the NCDS cohort. Public health policies targeting cognitive impairment should encompass a life-course approach to reduce socioeconomic inequalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Dementia has been the leading cause of death in the UK since 2015. Increasing evidence supports an association between socioeconomic position (SEP) and dementia onset in later life. However, limited studies have examined how life-course SEP influences the development of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), an intermediate state potentially preceding dementia. Therefore, the present study aims to examine the relationship between life-course SEP and MCI amongst adults aged 50 years in Great Britain. Methods We employed data from the National Child Development Study (NCDS), also known as the 1958 British Birth Cohort, to determine the associations between SEP and MCI in 6590 participants. We categorised life-course measures of SEP as stable high/low or moving upward/downward over the life course. We assessed MCI at age 50 using one standard deviation below the averaged combined scores from all cognitive tests available. We then used binary logistic regression to estimate the longitudinal associations between life-course SEP and MCI. Results Relative to those of a high SEP across the life course, participants who moved upward, downward, or remained at a low SEP were significantly associated with 25% (95% CI 1.02–1.54, p = 0.035), 70% (95% CI 1.27–2.27, p

Objectives: With limited social security and health protection in Ghana, intergenerational support is needed by those living with NCDs, who incur recurrent costs when seeking NCD care. We measured the level of informal support received by NCD patients and identified factors that influence support provision. Methods: We surveyed 339 NCD patients from three hospitals in Ghana, who listed their social ties and answered questions about their relationship and support frequency. We analyzed the relationship between social support, demographic and health information, characteristics of social ties, and network characteristics. Results: Participants described 1,371 social ties. Nearly 60% of respondents reported difficulties in their usual work or household duties due to chronic illness, which was also the strongest predictor of support. Patients with higher wellbeing reported less social support, while older age and having co-habitant supporters were negatively associated with support, indicating caregiver burnout. Conclusion: Ghanaian NCD patients receive support from various caregivers who may not be able to handle the increasing healthcare and social needs of an aging population. Policies should therefore enhance resource pooling and inclusiveness for old age security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Good nutrition optimizes benefits of ART (Antiretroviral therapy) and increases treatment adherence, both prolongs lives of PLHIV (NASCOP, 2014), without proper care and management it exposes them to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Key objective; to determine the effect of food-based nutrition intervention on the management of NCDs among PLHIV in Busia. The design was experimental using randomized control trial approach. The control group had 30 subjects who were fed on Plumpy'nut while treatment group had 30 subjects who were fed on Power Porridge (PROLCARMIV), for 60 days. Subjects were purposively selected from the Comprehensive Care Clinic (CCC) in Busia County referral hospital-Kenya, further study subjects were randomly selected using simple random sampling, assigned equally to each group. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire analyzed using Social Package for Statistical Sciences version 26. Prevalence of NCDS; 75.5% hypertension; 15.6% diabetes and 8.9% heart disease; post-intervention BMI for intervention group increased; laboratory analyses; Hb post-intervention results; mean levels were higher in intervention group (M=13.62, SD=2.69) p-value = 0.487 compared to control group (12.69, SD=1.24), p value= 0.471. Random Blood Sugar (RBS) were higher in control group (5.96, SD=1.70), with p value= <0.001, intervention group (M=5.79, SD=1.02), with p-value = <0.001. Post-intervention liver function test; TB, AST, and ALT showed higher SD indicating variability. Lipid profile; showed TC mean (4.39 (0.95) for control group; a mean of 3.78(0.94) for the intervention group: p=0.017; HDL for the control group with a mean of 1.58(0.57): mean of 1.14 (0.53) for the intervention group with p=0.036: TG for the control group, mean of 1.50 (0.50): for the intervention group with p= 0.017: mean of 1.14: (0.46): LDL for control group with a mean of 2.26 (0.66): mean of 1.43 (0.42): for the intervention group with p= 0.041: TC, HDL, TG, and LDL all exhibited significant decreases. Kidney function tests; no significant differences between the two groups. Conclusion; Compliance for PROLCARMIV; 82.5%, attracting uptake of CCC services. PROLCARMIV can manage NCDs among PLHIV, answering the alternative hypothesis, this would inform policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The healthy eating plate concept has been introduced in many countries, including Malaysia, as a visual guide for the public to eat healthily. The relationship between Malaysian Healthy Plate (MHP) and adequate fruit and vegetable (FV) intake among morbid Malaysian adults is unknown. Hence, we investigated the relationship between awareness of the MHP and FV intake among morbid Malaysian adults. National survey data on 9760 morbid Malaysian adults aged 18 years and above were analyzed. The relationship between awareness of MHP and FV intake among Malaysian adults with obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia were determined using multivariable logistic regression controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and lifestyle risk factors. Our data demonstrated that MHP awareness is associated with adequate FV intake among the Malaysian adults with abdominal obesity (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 1.86, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.05–3.29), diabetes mellitus (aOR: 4.88, 95% CI: 2.13–22.18), hypertension (aOR: 4.39, 95% CI: 1.96–9.83), and hypercholesterolemia (aOR: 4.16, 95% CI: 1.48–11.72). Our findings indicated the necessity for ongoing efforts by policymakers, healthcare professionals, and nutrition educators to promote the concept of MHP and ensure that morbid Malaysian adults consume a sufficient intake of FV or adopt a healthy eating pattern to achieve and maintain optimal health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many studies have shown that having noncommunicable chronic diseases (NCDs) is strongly associated with depressive symptoms in elderly people; however, the mechanisms of this association are not fully understood. This study aims to investigate whether perceived social support (PSS) mediates the effect of NCDs on depressive symptoms and whether these relationships differ depending on where middle-aged and elderly people live. The study population was from the psychology and behavior investigation of Chinese residents (PBICR). A total of 8732 people aged 45 and older were included in the hypothetical modulated model. Perceived Social Support Scale (PSSS) and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) were used to evaluate PSS and depressive symptoms. NCDs were positively related to depressive symptoms (β = 0.81, p < 0.01) and indirectly mediated through PSS (β = 0.08). Residency moderated the relationship between NCDs and PSS (β = −0.16, p < 0.01) and between NCDs and depressive symptoms (β = 0.29, p < 0.01). Specifically, the effect of NCDs on PSS and depressive symptoms was greater in rural middle-aged and older adults. NCDs raise the risk of depressive symptoms in middle-aged and older Chinese, with PSS playing a partially protective role. In addition, the area of residence moderated the connection between the number of NCDs and PSS, NCDs, and depressive symptoms in middle-aged and older adults. • Noncommunicable diseases amount to depressive symptoms via perceived social support. • Rural-urban moderated a relation between NCDs' amount, PSS, and depressive symptoms. • NCDs' amount had more role in PSS and depressive symptoms of 45 or older in rural. • The study aims to improve elder mental health and prevent depressive symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the quality consumers expect from functional food. This study investigated the quality dimensions and indicators female consumers expect in functional food. Design/methodology/approach: This study used a quantitative approach. Data were collected through a survey using a self-administered questionnaire from 149 women aged 17 years and over in the Greater Jakarta area. Data analysis consists of three stages: exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis-structural equation modeling (CFA-SEM) and consumer expectation value analysis. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and Lisrel software were used to assist the analysis. Findings: The analysis results showed that women expect functional food products to fulfill the aspects of product presentation, product assurance, convenience, health benefits and safety and sensory characteristics. These five aspects are referred to as the expected quality dimensions. Twenty-one indicators can be used to measure the quality of functional food expected by women. Research limitations/implications: Other researchers can use this study to understand functional food female consumers' behavior. Furthermore, functional food companies can utilize it to measure consumers' expectations of their products' quality and performance. Originality/value: This research is believed to be the first study to identify the dimensions of functional food quality expected by female consumers. Most existing research on the perceived quality of functional food measures functional food quality based on performance and ignored the differences in expectations between men and women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background With the double burden of rising chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and persistent infectious diseases facing sub-Saharan Africa, integrated health service delivery strategies among resource-poor countries are needed. Our study explored the post-trial sustainability of a health system intervention to improve NCD care, introduced during a cluster randomised trial between 2013 and 2016 in Uganda, focusing on hypertension (HT) and type-2 diabetes mellitus (DM) services. In 2020, 19 of 38 primary care health facilities (HFs) that constituted the trial’s original intervention arm until 2016 and 3 of 6 referral HFs that also received the intervention then, were evaluated on i) their facility performance (FPS) through health worker knowledge, and service availability and readiness (SAR), and ii) the quality-of-patient-care-and-experience (QoCE) received. Methods Cross-sectional data from the original trial (2016) and our study (2020) were compared. FPS included a clinical knowledge test with 222 health workers: 131 (2016) and 91 (2020) and a five-element SAR assessment of all 22 HFs. QoCE assessment was performed among 420 patients: 88 (2016) and 332 (2020). Using a pair-matched approach, FPS and QoCE summary scores were compared. Linear and random effects Tobit regression models were also analysed. Results The mean aggregate facility performance (FPS) in 2020 was lower than in 2016: 70.2 (95%CI = 66.0–74.5) vs. 74.8 (95%CI = 71.3–78.3) respectively, with no significant difference (p = 0.18). Mean scores declined in 4 of 5 SAR elements. Overall FPS was negatively affected by rural or urban HF location relative to peri-urban HFs (p < 0.01). FPS was not independently predicted but patient club functionality showed weak association (p = 0.09). QoCE declined slightly to 8.7 (95%CI = 8.4–91) in 2020 vs 9.5 (95%CI = 9.1–9.9) in 2016 (p = 0.02) while the proportion of patients receiving adequate quality care also declined slightly to 88.2% from 98.5% respectively, with no statistical difference (p = 0.20). Only the parent district weakly predicted QoCE (p = 0.05). Conclusions Four years after the end of research-related support, overall facility performance had declined as expected because of the interrupted supplies and a decline in regular supervision. However, both service availability and readiness and quality of HT/DM care were surprisingly well preserved. Sustainability of an NCD intervention in similar settings may remain achievable despite the funding instability following a trial’s end but organisational measures to prepare for the post-trial phase should be taken early on in the intervention process.

Abstract Background Interventions for non-communicable diseases are increasingly implemented and evaluated in sub-Saharan Africa, but little is known about their medium- to long-term sustainability beyond the end of research funding. A cluster randomised trial conducted between 2013 and 2016 in Uganda and Tanzania showed that an intervention package to improve hypertension (HT) and type-2 diabetes mellitus (DM) care was highly effective in increasing service readiness and quality of care. The present study assesses the sustainability of the intervention 4 years after the trial in Uganda. Methods The study was conducted in 2020 in 22 primary care health facilities (HFs) (3 referrals and 19 lower-level units) that had received the intervention package until trial end (2016), to assess their current capacity and practice to sustain ongoing intervention activities for HT and DM care. Through a cross-sectional survey, 4 pre-defined domains (i.e., cognitive participation, coherence, collective action, and reflexive monitoring) were examined with regard to health worker (HW) normalization and 8 pre-defined domains for intervention sustainability (i.e., organisational capacity, local environment, funding stability, partnerships, communication, evaluation, adaptation, and strategic planning), using the normalisation tool and the program sustainability tool (PSAT). Summary scores were assessed by domains and facility level. Results Overall normalization strength was adequate at 4.0 (IQR: 3.8, 4.2) of a possible 5 with no evidence of association with HF level (p = 0.40); cognitive participation (buy-in) and reflexive monitoring (appraisal) were strongest at > 4 across all HF levels. All HF levels were weak (

Abstract Background Multiple lifestyle risk factors exhibit a stronger association with non-communicable diseases (NCDs) compared to a single factor, emphasizing the necessity of considering them collectively. By integrating these major lifestyle risk factors, we can identify individuals with an overall unhealthy lifestyle, which facilitates the provision of targeted interventions for those at significant risk of NCDs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the socio-demographic correlates of unhealthy lifestyles among adolescents and adults in Ethiopia. Methods A national cross-sectional survey, based on the World Health Organization's NCD STEPS instruments, was conducted in Ethiopia. The survey, carried out in 2015, involved a total of 9,800 participants aged between 15 and 69 years. Lifestyle health scores, ranging from 0 (most healthy) to 5 (most unhealthy), were derived considering factors such as daily fruit and vegetable consumption, smoking status, prevalence of overweight/obesity, alcohol intake, and levels of physical activity. An unhealthy lifestyle was defined as the co-occurrence of three or more unhealthy behaviors. To determine the association of socio-demographic factors with unhealthy lifestyles, multivariable logistic regression models were utilized, adjusting for metabolic factors, specifically diabetes and high blood pressure. Results Approximately one in eight participants (16.7%) exhibited three or more unhealthy lifestyle behaviors, which included low fruit/vegetable consumption (98.2%), tobacco use (5.4%), excessive alcohol intake (15%), inadequate physical activity (66%), and obesity (2.3%). Factors such as male sex, urban residency, older age, being married or in a common-law relationship, and a higher income were associated with these unhealthy lifestyles. On the other hand, a higher educational status was associated with lower odds of these behaviors. Conclusion In our analysis, we observed a higher prevalence of concurrent unhealthy lifestyles. Socio-demographic characteristics, such as sex, age, marital status, residence, income, and education, were found to correlate with individuals' lifestyles. Consequently, tailored interventions are imperative to mitigate the burden of unhealthy lifestyles in Ethiopia.

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the lifestyles of people of all ages, conditions and occupations. Social distance, remote working, changes in diet and a lack of physical activity have directly and indirectly affected many aspects of mental and physical health, particularly in patients with many comorbidities and non-communicable diseases (NCDs). In our paper, we analyzed COVID-19 hospitalized and non-hospitalized cases according to comorbidities to assess the average monthly percentage change (AMPC) and monthly percentage change (MPC) using open access data from the Chilean Ministry of Science, Technology, Knowledge and Innovation. As expected, the infection mainly affected patients with comorbidities, including cardiovascular risk factors. The hospitalized cases with obesity and chronic lung disease increased throughout the period of June 2020–August 2021 (AMPC = ↑20.8 and ↑19.4%, respectively, p < 0.05), as did all the non-hospitalized cases with comorbidities throughout the period (AMPC = ↑15.6 to ↑30.3 [p < 0.05]). The increases in hospitalizations and non-hospitalizations with comorbidities may be associated with physical inactivity. A healthy lifestyle with regular physical activity may have had a protective effect on the COVID-19 severity and related events in the post-pandemic period, especially for the NCD population.

Tobacco use is one of the main risk factors for non-communicable diseases. Avoiding youth initiation and treating addiction are fundamental public health issues to ensure better health. Among tobacco control policies, increasing tobacco price is the single most effective intervention. It reduces tobacco consumption, especially among youths, while representing a government financing source. This study aimed to assess the agreement with the proposal of a one-euro increase in tobacco price earmarked to health issues among students at Sapienza University. Two convenience samples were surveyed, five years apart, on World No Tobacco Days. Smoking habits, agreement with the proposal and reasons for it were collected. Results from the 208 questionnaires (107 in 2014, 101 in 2019) showed 46.6% of agreement with the proposal (53.3% in 2014, 39.2% in 2019, p = 0.044). Main predictive factor for agreement was being a non-smoker (OR = 6.33 p < 0.001), main reason (64.8%) was it could trigger smokers to quit or reduce consumption. Several factors might have influenced this finding, including the introduction of novel tobacco products and their increased advertisement on social media. In 2024, European Union is planning to update the Tobacco Taxation Directive which could greatly contribute to the reduction of non-communicable diseases and premature deaths.

Abstract Background Early detection of diabetes and hypertension is helpful to prevent and/or delay the onset of these diseases through proper interventions. Therefore, it is a prerequisite to know the prevalence of prediabetes and prehypertension and the factors associated with these conditions but people from developing countries including Bangladesh often remain undiagnosed and unaware of these conditions. In this study we investigate the prevalence of prediabetes and prehypertension and their associated factors in Bangladesh using nationally representative data. Method We used nationally representative Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) 2017–18 survey data, which included a total sample of 14,704 adults aged 18 years and more from whom blood pressure and fasting plasma glucose were collected. Chi-square test was used to examine the differences between sociodemographic and outcome variables. The univariate and multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify the factors associated with prediabetes and prehypertension. Results Overall, the prevalence of prediabetes and prehypertension was 8.6% with 14% of the sampled population having from prediabetes and prehypertension separately. Among the prediabetic and prehypertensive participants, one-fourth of the participant were from the richest families and around one-third were overweight/obese, while more than fifty percent had normal Body Mass Index (BMI) and completed secondary and higher education. In the univariate analysis, the richest wealth status (UOR 3.3, 95% CI: 2.46 -4.35) and overweight/obesity (UOR 3.2, 95% CI: 2.62–3.85) are the highest predictors for prediabetes and prehypertension. After adjusting the other variables, overweight/obesity remains the largest predictor for prediabetes and prehypertension (AOR:2.5, 95% CI:2.05–3.05). Further, people aged 31 and above and from the richest family had around 2 times and 1.8 times higher risk of being prediabetic and prehypertensive compared to the younger age people (18–30 years) and the poorest family (respectively). Conclusion The coexistence of prediabetes and prehypertension is an early sign of a greater burden of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in the near future for Bangladesh. To reduce the higher burden of NCDs, our findings call for a multisectoral approach to identify the precondition of NCDs with particular attention to maintaining body weight.

Abstract Background and aim Understanding the characteristics of global policy actors and the political context in which they address diplomatic issues in the field of NCDs can play an important role in advancing NCD-related goals. The purpose of this study was to identify and analyze the network of global health actors in the field of NCDs in Iran. Methods This study was conducted in 2020 using a qualitative methodology and framework analysis. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with subject-matter experts from all levels of diplomacy, including global, regional, and national, who had managerial, administrative, and academic experience. Findings A total of 21 interviews were conducted with individuals who met the inclusion criteria. Following the framework of the World Health Network, the findings were divided into three general areas: the features of the network and the actors; the policy environment; and the characteristics of the issue. Conclusion A successful and sustainable program to combat NCDs requires the participation of multiple actors from governments, the private sector, and civil society at international, national, and local levels. The Global Network for Prevention and Control of NCDs should enhance the effectiveness of NCDs policies by highlighting the need to simultaneously improve the internal factors of the network, including relationships among the actors; external factors, including the policy environment; and the complex nature of NCDs.

Abstract Background Over the past 25 years, the spectrum of diseases in China has rapidly changed from infectious to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). This study aimed to identify the prevalence of chronic diseases over the past 25 years in China and estimate the trends and changes in risk factors related to NCDs. Methods We conducted a descriptive analysis based on the National Health Service Survey (NHSS) from 1993 to 2018. The survey year (in parentheses) and its respective number of respondents were (1993) 215,163; (1998) 216,101; (2003) 193,689; (2008) 177,501; (2013) 273,688; and (2018) 256,304. In each survey, approximately half the participants were male. In addition, we estimated the trends in the prevalence and risk factors of NCDs from 1993 to 2018 and described their coefficient of variation in the provisions. Results The prevalence of NCDs has risen rapidly, from 17.0% in 1993 to 34.3% 2018. Hypertension and diabetes were the two main NCDs accounting for 53.3% in 2018. Similarly, the prevalence of hypertension and diabetes have also increased rapidly, increasing 15.1 and 27.0 times respectively from 1993 to 2018. Moreover, from 1993 to 2018, the proportion of smoking decreased from 32.0% to 24.7%, and the proportion of drinking and physical activity increased from 18.4% and 8.0% to 27.6% and 49.9%, respectively. The proportion of obesity increased from 5.4% in 2013 to 9.5% in 2018. The prevalence of NCDs in rural areas (35.2%) in 2018 was slightly higher than that in urban areas (33.5%). Changes in the prevalence of NCDs in rural were larger than those in urban. However, from 2013 to 2018, the provincial gaps for these metrics narrowed, except for that of smoking (Coefficient of Variation from 0.14 to 0.16). Conclusions The prevalence of NCDs increased rapidly in China and was similar in urban and rural areas in 2018. Two key risk factors (drinking and obesity) increased in prevalence, while the other two (smoking and physical inactivity) decreased. These results indicate that China is facing considerable challenges in curbing chronic diseases to achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals or the Healthy China 2030 goals. The government should take more active measures to change unhealthy lifestyles, improve efficiency in risk factor management, and pay more attention and allocate more health resources to rural areas.

Aims: The aim of the study was to provide an articulated body of literature on assessment and consultative exercises of m-health advances in physical activity from an Indian perspective. Settings and Design: Scoping review was conducted using the Arksey and O’Malley framework (2005) and thereafter consultative exercises were performed. Subjects and methods: We searched the electronic databases and available grey literature from last 10 years. PRISMA flowchart for the study selection process was used to guide reporting. Data extraction included information on study design, authors, year of study, location and key findings on assessment of m-health advances in physical activity from an Indian context. Data were compiled and summarized narratively. Results: Total 9 studies were selected for the final review out of 24 review articles searched. Scoping review revealed that six studies measuring physical activity with an accelerometer or pedometer and three studies used Smartphone applications for physical activity promotion. Actigraph Accelerometer, was the most popular tool and pedometer was considered as feasible and effective tool for monitoring physical activity. Stakeholder consultation exercises have indicated that mobile health apps play a valuable role in enhancing accessibility to physical activity resources, promoting behavior modification, and fostering continued user engagement. However, there is a consensus among stakeholders that these apps would be even more beneficial if they provided users with constructive feedback and personalized recommendations. Conclusion: This review highlights how mobile health interventions promote physical activity. However, limited evidence calls for further research in the Indian context.

Objectives: With limited social security and health protection in Ghana, intergenerational support is needed by those living with NCDs, who incur recurrent costs when seeking NCD care. We measured the level of informal support received by NCD patients and identified factors that influence support provision.Methods: We surveyed 339 NCD patients from three hospitals in Ghana, who listed their social ties and answered questions about their relationship and support frequency. We analyzed the relationship between social support, demographic and health information, characteristics of social ties, and network characteristics.Results: Participants described 1,371 social ties. Nearly 60% of respondents reported difficulties in their usual work or household duties due to chronic illness, which was also the strongest predictor of support. Patients with higher wellbeing reported less social support, while older age and having co-habitant supporters were negatively associated with support, indicating caregiver burnout.Conclusion: Ghanaian NCD patients receive support from various caregivers who may not be able to handle the increasing healthcare and social needs of an aging population. Policies should therefore enhance resource pooling and inclusiveness for old age security.

ABSTRACTLatin America has experienced a rise in noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) which is having repercussions on the structuring of healthcare delivery and social protection for vulnerable populations. We examined catastrophic (CHE) and excessive (EHE, impoverishing and/or catastrophic) health care expenditures in Mexican households with and without elderly members (≥65 years), by gender of head of the households, during 2000–2020. We analyzed pooled cross-sectional data for 380,509 households from eleven rounds of the National Household Income and Expenditure Survey. Male- and female-headed households (MHHs and FHHs) were matched using propensity scores to control for gender bias in systematic differences regarding care-seeking (demand for healthcare) preferences. Adjusted probabilities of positive health expenditures, CHE and EHE were estimated using probit and two-stage probit models, respectively. Quintiles of EHE by state among FHHs with elderly members were also mapped. CHE and EHE were greater among FHHs than among MHHs (4.7% vs 3.9% and 5.5% vs 4.6%), and greater in FHHs with elderly members (5.8% vs 4.9% and 6.9% vs 5.8%). EHE in FHHs with elderly members varied geographically from 3.9% to 9.1%, being greater in less developed eastern, north-central and southeastern states. Compared with MHHs, FHHs face greater risks of CHE and EHE. This vulnerability is exacerbated in FHHs with elderly members, because of gender intersectional vulnerability. The present context, marked by a growing burden of NCDs and inequities amplified by COVID-19, makes key interlinkages across multiple Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) apparent, and calls for urgent measures that strengthen social protection in health.

Introduction: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are diseases that are not transmissible directly from one person to another. NCDs mainly consists of cardio vascular diseases, diabetes, stroke etc.It accounts for 68% of global deaths. The prevalence rates in India is 1.6% to 7.4% and 1% to 13.2% in rural and urban population respectively. Objective: To determine the prevalence and associated risk factors for NCDs in rural field practice areas of RDJMMCH, Turki, Muzaffarpur. Methods: A cross-sectional study done among people above 30 years of age residing in study area from March to April, 2023. Data was collected using CBRA (community based risk assessment) checklist for NCDs. Sample size of 157 was calculated assuming the prevalence of risk factor for NCDs being 30% with 95% confidence interval and absolute precision of 7.5%. Systematic random and simple random sampling was applied. Results: Mean age of participants was 47.9 years. Majority of them were females (56%) belonging to Hindu religion (98%). 41% were illiterate and major occupation practiced was farming (74%). Prevalence of risk factor for NCDs was 17.2%. On performing Chi-Square test smoking, alcohol, physical inactivity and family history of NCD's were found to be significantly associated. Conclusion: As prevalence of risk factor for NCDs is 17.2%. Thus, it is the need of hour to have timely update about the disease and motivate them for healthy lifestyle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide. NCDs also increase mortality from COVID-19 and primary health care (PHC) services are an important component in the prevention and control of long-term NCDs. The main goal of the present study was to review primary healthcare services for the NCDs patients via primary healthcare network during COVID-19 pandemic. In this scoping review, Search engines including PubMed, Scopus, and Science-direct up to 1st February 2022 were searched to identify studies regarding primary care services for NCDs patients via primary health care during COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 42 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in our analysis. 24 studies were about the status and changes of primary health services for NCDs patients in PHC settings, while 18 studies focused on adaptive strategies used during COVID-19 in different countries including United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Portugal, Georgia, South Africa, Thailand, Mexico, India, Kenya, Guatemala and Saudi Arabia. These strategies included remote monitoring, follow up, consultation, empowerment and educational services as well as home visiting Disruption of NCDs services in PHC during the COVID-19 pandemic was observed in different countries, which highlights the urgency of attention of researchers and policy-makers to development of appropriate and adaptive policies to improve PHC service coverage and its quality during the pandemics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: COVID-19 has been causing significant mental health problems and other health-related issues. Despite the fact that COVID-19 has a significant impact on chronic disease patients, there is scant research on insomnia, common mental health disorders (CMD), and their associated factors among chronic disease patients. Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of insomnia and common mental disorders (CMD) and their associated factors among patients with pre-existing chronic NCDs in Sidama, southern Ethiopia. Methods: A multicenter cross-sectional study was undertaken between June 1 and September 1, 2021. The study included 633 participants. CMD and insomnia were assessed using a 20-item Self-Reported Questionnaire (SRQ-20) and a 7--item Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) scale, respectively. To describe the various variables, descriptive statistics were used. We performed multivariable logistic regression analysis to identify independent factors associated with CMD and insomnia. A value of p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant at a 95% confidence interval. Results: The prevalence of insomnia and CMD was found to be 39.3% and 46.8%, respectively. Being merchant (A0R = 0.33; 95% CI = 0.13, 0.82), having a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus (A0R = 1.89; 95% CI = 1.04, 3.46), comorbid diagnosis (AOR = 3.96; 95% CI = 2.27, 6.89), low social support (poor (AOR = 3.37; 95% CI = 1.51, 7.57) and moderate (AOR = 3.13; 95% CI = 1.46, 6.69)), symptoms of insomnia (AOR = 12.08; 95% CI = 7.41, 19.72) and poor quality of life (QOL) (AOR = 1.67; 95% CI = 1.04, 2.72) were independent predictors of CMD. We also found out that, having cardiovascular disorders (CVDs) (AOR = 2.48; 95% CI = 1.18, 5.19), CMD (AOR = 12.09; 95% CI = 7.46, 19.61), and poor QOL (AOR = 2.04; 95% CI = 1.27, 3.26) were significantly associated with insomnia symptoms. Conclusion: Our study suggests that substantially high prevalence of CMD and insomnia. Significant association between CMD and occupation, diagnosis, comorbidity, social support, insomnia, and QOL were found. We also revealed that having CVDs, CMD, and poor QOL were significantly associated with insomnia symptoms. Therefore, dealing with the mental health problems of patients with chronic NCDs is an essential component of public health intervention during the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]