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Književnost 19. stoletja je zaznamoval realizem. Émile Zola pa je to smer naredil znanstveno – v književnost je vtkal naravoslovje in s tem postavil temelje najbolj radikalni smeri realizma, naturalizmu. Nekaj let po škandaloznem eksperimentalnem romanu Thérèse Raquin je začelo izhajati njegovo življenjsko delo: cikel Rougon-Macquart, ki je sestavljen iz dvajsetih romanov, ki pripovedujejo zgodbo neke družine v času vladavine Napoleona III. V svoji diplomski nalogi se bom posvetila samo enemu delu te razvejane družine, družini Mouret. Preko analize romanov, v katerih se pojavljajo člani te družine, bom poskušala pokazati, na kakšen način so gensko obremenjeni in kako se determinizem odraža pri njih. 19th century literature was marked by realism, but Émile Zola made this movement more scientific - he wove natural science into literature and created the most radical movement of realism, naturalism. A few years after the scandalous experimental novel Thérèse Raquin, his magnum opus started being published: Rougon-Macquart, a cycle of twenty novels that tell the story of a family during the reign of Napoleon III. In my dissertation I will only focus on one part of this extensive family, the Mourets. By analyzing the novels in which the members of this family appear, I will try to show how they are genetically burdened and how determinism presents itself in them.

Diplomsko delo obravnava problem evgenike, in sicer na podlagi šestih primerov naturalističnih literarnih del. V prvem delu sta predstavljena zgodovinski okvir in shema, ki sem jo oblikovala v namen bolj sistematične obravnave, navedena pa so tudi literarna dela, ki so bila obravnavana. Izbrana slovenska naturalistična dela so roman V krvi Frana Govekarja, drama Pravica do življenja Zofke Kveder in drama Školjka Alojza Kraigherja. Izbrana nemška, katerih avtor je Gerhart Hauptmann, pa so novela Železniški čuvaj Thiel, drama Tkalci in drama Pred sončnim vzhodom. V drugem delu sledi umestitev literarnih likov slovenskih in potem nemškega naturalističnega pisca. V tretjem delu je podana identifikacija evgeničnih »drugih«, torej družbenih skupin osebkov, katerih dedni material naj bi bil »neprimeren« za reprodukcijo. Pri Slovencih so to: proletariat, starčki, osebe s fizičnim hendikepom in bolni ter slabotni. Pri Nemcih so to: proletarat in bolni ter slabotni. V četrtem delu so predstavljeni poskusi odvračanja od tega, da bi nekdo postal »drugi«. Slovenci odvračajo z moralo, ki jo vnaša katoliška cerkev, in z ustanovami ter praksami, namenjene ubogim. Nemci odvračajo z napredovanjem po družbeni lestvici, vojsko, odhodom v mesto, smrtjo in posegom znanstvenikov. V petem sledi še končna primerjava, ki umesti slovenske evgenične principe kot principe pozitivne evgenike, nemške pa kot negativne. The bachelor's thesis presents the problem of eugenics. It is based on a comperative analysis on six selected literary works of naturalism. The first section presents the history and the scheme that I created for the purpose of more organised analysis and what literary works I included. These are novel V krvi from Fran Govekar, drama Pravica do življenja from Zofka Kveder and drama Školjka from Alojz Kraigher. German selected works are all from Gerhart Hauptmann: novella Železniški čuvaj Thiel, drama Tkalci and drama Pred sončnim vzhodom. Second section places literal characters into the scheme. Third section presents social groups with individuals, whose genetic material was considered not appropriate for reproduction. Slovene authors suggest proletariat, the older, those born with handicap and the ill and fragile. The German author suggets proletariat, the ill and fragile. Forth section presents attempts of dissuading from becoming not appropriate for reproduction. Slovene authors suggest moral lesson from the catholic church and institutions from the poor. The German author suggests moving up the social ladder, joining the army, moving into the city, dying and science. The final comparison connects principle of Slovene eugenics with the principles of positive eugenics and principle of German eugenics with the principles of negative eugenics.

V obdobju, ko se na Slovenskem cenijo rimokatoliške vrednote in morala, ljudje pa verjamejo, da imajo moški večjo vrednost kot ženske, Ivan Cankar leta 1904 napiše roman, v katerem kot eden izmed prvih avtorjev v našem literarnem prostoru za protagonistko izbere žensko. Gospa Judit je razmišljujoča, drzna in kritična literarna oseba, ki pripoveduje o svojem življenju. Skozi lupo hrepenenja opazuje svet okrog sebe in kritično ocenjuje zlagano moralo slovenske družbe. Skozi njene oči Cankar naturalistično prikaže sliko slovenskega malomeščanstva na podoben način, kot to pol stoletja prej stori španski naturalist Leopoldo Alás v delu Gospa sodnikova , v katerem je prav tako glavni literarni lik hrepeneča ženska. V diplomskem delu bom primerjala protagonistki v Cankarjevi Gospe Judit in Clarínovi Gospe sodnikovi osredotočila se bom na tematiko hrepenenja in kritiko družbe, ki ju avtorja izrazita v literarnem delu, ter poiskala podobnosti, ki so skupne obema pomembnima protagonistkama. There is a time on Slovene grounds when Roman Catholic values and morality are highly praised while at the same time it is believed that men have more worth than women do. In this time, in 1904, Ivan Cankar is the first Slovene author to write a novel for which he chooses a female protagonist. Gospa Judit is a thoughtful, daring and critical character, recounting her life story. She is observing the world around her through the lens of longing, while critically evaluating the false morality of Slovene society. Through her eyes, Cankar displays a naturalistic picture of Slovene petty bourgeoisie – similarly to Spanish naturalist Alas. Half a century prior to Cankar, Clarín has written La Regenta, which also depicts a longing female protagonist. In my thesis, I will compare the female protagonists from Cankar's Gospa Judit and Clarín's La Regenta. I will focus on the topic of longing and social criticism that are displayed in both works, and look for characteristics shared by both female protagonists.

Evropski naturalizem je na Japonsko prišel proti koncu 19. stoletja. Branje del je najprej sprožilo poskuse posnemanja, ki jih lahko označimo za produktivno recepcijo. Posebej izrazita je bila recepcija Zolaja – zolaizem. V japonski književnosti zolaizem in produktivna recepcija drugih naturalističnih avtorjev ne spadata v shizenshugi, dobesedno »naturalizem«, kvečjemu gre za zenki shizenshugi, »zgodnji naturalizem«. Beseda shizen, s katero se prevaja angl. beseda nature, ima namreč tudi tradicionalni pomen – »takšno, kot je«. Neločevanje med pomenoma je povzročilo raznoliko, predvsem pa od evropske književnosti drugačno razumevanje naturalizma. Avtorji shizenshugija, ki so občudovali evropske naturaliste, so stremeli k popisovanju stvari takšnih, kot so v resnici, le-to pa vsak dojema drugače in na osnovi lastnih izkušenj. Roman shizenshugija se hitro začne razvijati v shishōsetsu, »jaz-roman«. Medtem ko zolaist Kosugi Tengai v »Novoletni obleki« (1900) uporablja elemente Zolajeve Nane in jih prilagaja japonskemu okolju, »Družina« (1910) Shimazakija Tōsona sicer vsebuje nekaj naturalističnih tem in delno upošteva determinanti dednosti in okolja, a je osnovana na avtorjevem življenju. »Posteljnina« (1907) Tayame Kataija velja za začetek shishōsetsuja – čeprav vsebuje nekaj naturalističnih tem in veliko navezav na evropske naturaliste, gre bolj za avtorjevo izpoved. Shizenshugi tako ni več produktivna recepcija evropskega naturalizma, temveč je že njeno nadaljevanje. European naturalism reaches Japan at the end of the 19th century. Reading the works at first resulted in attempts to imitate them, which could be labeled as productive reception. Especially distinctive was the reception of Zola’s works – zolaism. In Japanese literature, productive reception of European naturalists is not regarded as shizenshugi, “naturalism” at most, it is labeled as zenki shizenshugi, “early naturalism”. Shizen, the word used as the translation of the word nature, actually bears a traditional meaning as well, that being “as it is”. Not distinguishing between the two meanings led to many different interpretations of what naturalism actually was. Shizenshugi authors, admirers of European naturalists themselves, sought to describe things as they really are, the Reality, which turned out to be a subjective concept based on one’s own experience. Consequently, the shizenshugi novel quickly began to transform into shishōsetsu, “I-novel”. The zolaist Kosugi Tengai in “New Year’s Dress” (1900) applies the elements of Zola’s Nana and adapts them to a Japanese environment. On the other hand, Shimazaki Toson’s The Family (1910) partly incorporates the naturalistic themes and pays regard to the determinism of heredity, but is based on the author’s life. The Quilts (1907) by Tayama Katai is considered the first shishōsetsu and although it encompasses some naturalistic themes and references to European naturalism, appears as the author’s confession. Therefore, shizenshugi cannot be considered as productive reception of the European naturalism and can even be regarded as the continuation of it.

V nalogi obravnavam podobo buržuja v treh dramah Henrika Ibsena. S pomočjo zgodovinskega konteksta, avtorjevega življenjepisa in literarnega obdobja dela umestim v čas in prostor. Skozi obravnavana dela Noro, Strahove in Divjo račko poskušam poudariti glavne lastnosti novega vladajočega razreda. Razmišljam o tem, kako deluje buržuj in se osredotočim na njegovo odvisnost od ugleda in videza. Nato obravnavam odnose med pripadniki meščanstva in razmišljam o tem, kaj loči zmagovalca od poraženca. V tem kontekstu me zanima vprašanje legalnosti in legitimnosti. Ukvarjam se tudi z vprašanjem medgeneracijskih odnosov in ugotavljam, kako se kaže razumevanje vpliva okolja in dednosti. V nadaljevanju problematiziram položaj ženske v obravnavanih dramah in obravnavam glavne točke avtorjeve kritike: neenakost med zakonskima partnerjema (kot posledico ekonomske neenakosti med njima), arbitrarnost moralnih načel, vlogo cerkve pri vzdrževanju patriarhata in pomen ženske emancipacije. In this thesis, I examine the image of the bourgeoisie in three dramas of Henrik Ibsen. With the help of the historical context, the author's biography and the literary period of the work, I place it in time and space. Through the works Nora, Ghosts and Wild Duck, I try to emphasize the main features of the new ruling class. I think about how the bourgeoisie works and focus on its dependence on reputation and appearance. Then, I discuss the relations between the members of the bourgeoisie and think about what separates the winners from the losers. In this context, I am interested in the issue of legality and legitimacy. I also deal with the issue of intergenerational relations and find out how the understanding of the impact of the environment and heredity is manifested. Next, I problematize the position of women in the dramas and discuss the main points of the author's critique: inequality between spouses (as a consequence of economic inequality between them), arbitrariness of moral principles, the role of the church in maintaining patriarchy and the importance of women's emancipation.

V magistrski nalogi si bomo ogledali zgodovino filozofskega razumevanja pojma časa. V skladu z razvojem pojma skozi zgodovino filozofije bomo začrtali spremembe in partikularnosti, ki jih pojem časa poseduje v različnih filozofskih tradicijah in pri različnih mislecih. Vendar poudarek ne bo toliko na povzemanju misli, ampak bomo pomen časa v kanonu mislecev povezali z napredovanjem pojma časa skozi zgodovino in odnos, ki ga posamezna interpretacija o pomenu časa kaže do ontološke izgradnje človekovega življenjskega sveta in načina epistemološkega samorazumevanja. Pojmovno zgodovino časa bomo glede na ontološko-epistemološke značilnosti na grobo razdelili na štiri dele: »Mehanika in naturalizem«, »Čas metafizike«, »Fenomenologija časa« in »Imanenca časovno bivajočega«. Na koncu pa bomo še poskusili strniti čas v njegovi pojmovni enkratnosti. Namen magistrske naloge je v prvi vrsti raziskovanje in interpretacija pomena temporalnosti v človekovem življenju ter prikaz načina filozofske obravnave minevanja skozi zgodovino. In the master's thesis, we will look at the history of philosophical understanding of the notion of time. In accordance with the development of the term throughout the history of philosophy, we will outline the changes and particularities that the concept of time possesses in various philosophical traditions and how it is used by different thinkers. But there will not be much emphasis on the summation of thought, we will instead focus on the meaning of time in the canon of thinkers and look at the advancement of the notion of time throughout history and the relationship that an individual interpretation of the meaning of time shows in the ontological construction of the human life in the world and by the way of epistemological self-understanding. In terms of ontological and epistemological characteristics, the conceptual history of time will be roughly divided into four parts: »Mechanics and naturalism«, »Time of metaphysics«, »Phenomenology of time« and »Immanence of temporal being«. In the end, we will try to summarize the time in its conceptual uniqueness. The purpose of the master's thesis is primarily in researching and interpreting the importance of temporality in human life, as well as the presentation of the way humans have treated the passing of time throughout history.

Diplomsko delo se skozi obravnavo Zolajevega romana Beznica - sedmega v ciklusu 20 romanov Rougon-Macquartovi - ukvarja s položajem žensk v Franciji v 19. stoletju. Natančno osvetlimo njihov slabši položaj in težave, s katerimi so se morale spopadati med tem obdobjem. Njihov položaj v takratni družbi je bil podrejen in manjvreden - ženske niso imele enakih pravic kot moški. Tekom romana spremljamo življenjsko zgodbo glavne junakinje Gervaise Macquart - perice iz najnižjega sloja - do njenega neizogibnega in žalostnega konca. Njen propad je neposredna posledica njenih okoliščin in je pogojen z okoljem in s podedovanimi lastnostmi, predvsem pijančevanjem in duševno neuravnovešenostjo. Tarejo jo številne tegobe in na koncu jo uniči preplet sil, ki jih ne more ne razumeti ne nadzirati. Skozi njeno zgodbo spremljamo stisko in trpljenje prebivalcev najnižjega sloja v času vladavine Napoleona III v Drugem francoskem cesarstvu. Življenje v Franciji v 19. stoletju je delavskemu razredu povzročalo zelo velike težave - tako moškim kot ženkam. Vendar so bile težave žensk zaradi spolne neenakosti še veliko težje od težav moških, saj so imele za njihovo reševanje manj sredstev in moči. Pogubnost pijančevanja je eden ključnih motivov v romanu. Z vdajanjem pijači ti preprosti, zapostavljeni in prikrajšani ljudje drsijo v moralno in fizično uničenje. Roman upravičeno uvrščamo v obdobje Naturalizma, ki si prizadeva prepoznati osnovne razloge za posameznikova dejanja ali prepričanja. Poglavitna ideja del, ki nastajajo v tem obdobju, je, da človeka določajo dejavniki, kot so dednost, okolje in zgodovinski trenutek (oziroma če uporabimo Tainove izraze - race, moment in milieu). Skozi obravnavo teh treh determinant smo opazovali, v kolikšni meri le-te vplivajo na Gervaise in ugotovili, da je bila kot žrtev omenjenih vplivov nezmožna uiti lastni usodi in popolnemu uničenju, ker so bili edini formativni vidiki njenega obstoja že predhodno določeni. Ker je Beznica tudi roman z zgodovinskim pomenom, je bil namen zgodovinskega prereza obdobja, v katerega je roman umeščen, osvetliti prizadevanja in borbe francoskih delavk v 19. stoletju. To so bili zelo burni časi, še zlasti zaradi industrijske revolucije. Zelo močno pa je to obdobje zaznamovala tudi spolna neenakost - od žensk se je pričakovalo podrejanje v odnosu do moškega boriti so se morale za svoje družbene, ekonomske in politične pravice. Preko različnih ključnih dogodkov v Gervaisinem življenju smo obravnavali njen propad in potrdili vpliv treh determinant. Zola želi s fizičnim in moralnim propadom glavne junakinje izraziti svoj kritični odnos do družbene ureditve v Drugem cesarstvu, kjer je bilo ljudstvo pogosto spregledano in zapostavljeno. Through the analysis of Zola's novel L'Assommoir - the seventh in the series of the twenty Rougon-Macquart novels -, this BA Dissertation deals with the status of women in nineteenth-century France. We highlight the full extent of the disadvantage and hardships they had to suffer during that period. Their standing within the society of the day was inferior, i.e. women did not enjoy the same rights as men. In L'Assommoir, we follow the story of Gervaise Macquart - a lower-class washerwoman - to its inevitable and sad conclusion. Gervaise's decline is the direct result of her circumstances, and it is shown to be conditioned by environment and inherited characteristics, chiefly drunkenness and mental instability. She is beset upon, and finally crushed, by a combination of forces she can neither understand nor control. Through her story, we get an insight into great hardships that the lowest-class citizens experienced during the period of Napoleon III's reign in the Second Empire. Life in nineteenth-century France certainly posed many difficulties for its working class population - both men and women. Women however, due to gender inequality, faced many more difficulties than men, and had fewer resources with which to deal with them. The evils of drinking are one of the major themes of the novel. By sliding into heavy alcoholism, these poor and disadvantaged people are destined for moral and physical degeneration. L'Assommoir rightly belongs in the literary movement of Naturalism, which seeks to identify the underlying causes for a person's actions or beliefs. The thinking was that certain factors, such as heredity, environment and social conditions (or race, moment, and milieu, to use Taine's terms) were unavoidable determinants in one's life. By making observations on the influence of these three determinants on Gervaise, we establish that she could not escape her life of poverty and her final tragic decline because her preconditions were the only formative aspects in her existence that mattered. As L'Assommoir is also a novel of historical importance, the purpose of a historical overview of the period, within which the novel is set, was to shed some light on the struggles of nineteenth-century French working women. The nineteenth century was a turbulent period, particularly due to the processes of The Industrial Revolution. It was also a period characterized by gender inequality - women were expected to remain subservient to their fathers and husbands and had to fight for their social, economic or political rights. By analysing and making detailed observations on various key events in Gervaise's life, we managed to highlight her tragic decline and thus confirmed the influence of the three determinants on the "heroine". Through the narrative of Gervaise's physical and moral decline and fall, Zola criticized and publicly displayed social inequalities in the Second Empire, when the underclass, i.e. the most disadvantaged people, was often side-lined and neglected.

V magistrskem delu raziskujem odnos med dvema pogledoma na človekovo duševnost: znanstvenim pogledom, skozi katerega duševnost opisujejo in razlagajo discipline kognitivne znanosti, in življenjskim pogledom, skozi katerega duševnost doživljamo in razumemo v kontekstu vsakdanjega življenja. Pri orisu teh dveh navidezno nasprotujočih si perspektiv izhajam iz dveh vplivnih filozofskih analiz: iz razprave o utemeljenosti konceptov objektivističnega sveta znanosti v t. i. “življenjskem svetu” vsakdanjega izkustva Edmunda Husserla (1970) ter iz razlikovanja med t. i. manifestno in znanstveno podobo človeka v svetu Wilfrida Sellarsa (1963). Predstavitev in primerjava Husserlove in Sellarsove pozicije odpreta prostor za razpravo o prepletenosti znanstvene in življenjske perspektive, obenem pa predstavljata izhodišče za kritiko naturalizma v raziskovanju duševnosti. Kot pokaže Husserl, naturalistična drža izvira iz pozabe, da je objektivistični svet znanosti zgolj od življenjskega sveta abstrahirana idealizacija, ki jo življenjski svet vseskozi navdaja s pomenom. Husserlovo kritiko naturalizma skozi pregled klasičnega konceptualnega prostora filozofije duha razširim v preizpraševanje osnovnih naturalističnih predpostavk o znanosti in svetu. Pokažem, da je naturalistična drža še posebej protislovna v preučevanju človeških spoznavnih procesov, kjer mora, da bi utemeljila svoje zaupanje v znanost, paradoksalno predpostaviti natanko tiste vidike sveta, ki naj bi jih preiskovala. V sklepu, da se kognitivna znanost ne more zanašati na absolutne metafizične ali epistemološke temelje, predlagam, da mora znanstveno preučevanje duševnosti pripoznati pomen izkustveno-življenjskega pogleda biti duševnost. Ob pregledu večplastne prepletenosti obeh perspektiv se izkaže, da je znanstveni pogled na duševnost utemeljen v življenjskem svetu, obenem pa ga na najrazličnejše načine spreminja in sooblikuje. V opori na udejanjeni pristop h kognitivni znanosti (Varela et al. 1991) in teorijo zankanja človeških vrst Iana Hackinga (1995) konceptualiziram dve dimenziji soodvisnosti znanstvenega in življenjskega pogleda na duševnost. Zaključim s predlogom, da je dosledna kognitivna znanost, ki upošteva nezmožnost ločitve spoznavnega subjekta od spoznanega sveta, primorana nenehoma dopuščati možnost predrugačenja lastnih predpostavk. Raziskovanje duševnosti je tako poklicano k refleksivnosti do svoje teorije in prakse, ki bi pripoznala zgodovinsko, doživljanjsko in družbeno-politično situiranost lastnih konceptov, obenem pa tudi vlogo in odgovornost kognitivne znanosti v oblikovanju družbenih koncepcij duševnosti ter povezanih načinov, na katere je duševnost razumljena, doživljana in živeta v kontekstu vsakdana. The thesis puts forward an exploration of the relationship between two perspectives on the mind: the scientific perspective, through which the mind is described and explained by the disciplines of cognitive science, and the lived perspective, through which the mind is experienced and understood in the context of everyday life. In articulating this apparent duality of views I draw upon two influential philosophical accounts: Edmund Husserl’s (1970) investigation of the life-world and the world of science and Wilfrid Sellars’ (1963) analysis of the manifest and the scientific image of the human being in relation to the world. The presentation and juxtaposition of the two analyses opens a way to an exploration of the interdependence of science and the life-world. It also sets the stage for a critique of naturalism in mind sciences. Following Husserl, I show that the naturalistic attitude stems from forgetting that the idea of the objective scientific reality is but an abstraction from the concrete life-world of experience, value, and meaning. Surveying the conceptual space of philosophy of mind, I further challenge the naturalistic attitude by demonstrating the untenability of its metaphysical and epistemological assumptions. As I argue, naturalism amounts to a particularly inconsistent stance in studying human epistemic processes, where it must paradoxically presuppose the very aspects of the world that it set out to disclose. Concluding that cognitive science lacks absolute metaphysical or epistemological foundations, I suggest that studying the mind needs to recognize the importance of the lived perspective of being a mind. I explore the multifaceted ways in which the scientific perspective on the mind is both rooted in the life-world and shapes it in turn. I conceptualize two dimensions of this interrelatedness through the presentation of Varela et al.’s (1991) enactive approach to cognitive science and Ian Hacking’s (1995) theory of the looping of human kinds. I conclude by proposing that consistent study of mind which acknowledges the impossibility of separating the cognizing subject from her cognized world is bound to remain open to revision of its own foundations. Cognitive science is thus imbued with a demand for reflexivity towards its own theory and practice which would recognize the historical, experiential and socio-political embeddedness of its concepts as well as the role which cognitive science itself plays in shaping societal conceptions of the mind and the way in which the mind is concretely understood, experienced, lived, and acted upon in the context of everyday life.

V diplomski nalogi sta predstavljeni temeljni teoriji o kreacionizmu in evoluciji, ki vsaka po svoje obravnavata vprašanje nastanka človeka. Namen diplomske naloge je predstaviti različne znanstvene hipoteze o tem, kako je prišlo do nastanka človeške vrste. Primerjali bomo argumente za nastanek človeka po božji podobi na eni strani in argumente za razvoj človeka skozi proces evolucije na drugi. Zanimivo je, kako si je možno osnovno eksistencialno vprašanje o pojavnosti našega obstoja postaviti na tako veliko različnih načinov. Nič čudnega ni, da smo prišli do zelo različnih predpostavk o tem, kako, kje in kdaj smo se ljudje pojavili na Zemlji. To temeljno vprašanje naše eksistence se je pojavilo že zelo zgodaj v človeški zgodovini in še danes ni povsem jasno, kakšna je dejanska resnica. Zdi se, da se je z razvojem znanosti razmerje moči nekoliko prevesilo na stran privržencev evolucionizma, ki trdijo, da se je človek razvil zaradi spleta dolgotrajnih razvojnih procesov, od enostavnejših organizmov do kompleksnejših in vse bolj dovršenih, kar vodi v nastanek novih vrst. Vendar je kljub temu še veliko ljudi po vsem svetu, ki verjamejo v delovanje nadčloveških sil in ostajajo mnenja, da znanost ne more razložiti vsega, zato bodo nekatera vprašanja na ta način za vedno ostala nepojasnjena. Pripadniki kreacionizma v osnovi zagovarjajo stališče, da je Bog ustvaril človeka po svoji podobi in ga postavil kot svojega predstavnika na Zemlji, kjer naj vlada preostalim živim bitjem. V diplomskem delu bomo raziskali, kako smo se tega pomembnega vprašanja o nastanku človeka in življenja nasploh ljudje lotevali skozi zgodovino in kako to še vedno počnemo danes. Omenjena bodo dognanja, tako teističnih zagovornikov, kot so Jonathan Wells, William A. Dembski in Alvin Plantinga, kot predstavnikov ideje o evoluciji, to so Charles Darwin, Richard Dawkins, Daniel Dennett … Predstavljene bodo njihove najpomembnejše ugotovitve, s pomočjo katerih bo bralec domnevno pridobil dovolj informacij za sprejetje ali ovržbo ene od temeljnih teorij o pojasnitvi nastanka eksistence človeške vrste. Two fundamental theories about creation and evolution are presented in this diploma thesis, where each of them adresses the issues of human origin in their own way. The aim of the thesis is to present various scientific hypotheses about the origin of the human race. We are going to compare arguments for human emergence in the image of God on one side and arguments for human development through processes of evolution on the other side. It is interesting how the basic existential question about our own existence can be formed in many different ways. It is not surprising that we have come up with various assumptions on how, where and when people appeared on Earth. This fundamental question of our own existence appeared very early in human history and still today we do not have a clear fact of the actual truth. It seems that with the development of science, the balance of power shifted somewhat to the side of evolutionism followers. They are of the opinion that man evolved due to a combination of long-term development processes, from simple to more complex organisms where they have become more and more perfective which led to the emergence of new species. Despite this, there are numerous people all over the world who believe in supernatural powers and are of the opinion that science cannot explain everything and therefore some question will always stay unanswered. The followers of creationism defend the idea that God created man in his own image and made him his own representative on Earth where the man should rule all other beings. In this diploma thesis, we are going to research how this important question of human origin and life in general was tackled throughout the history and how the debate is still continuing today. We are going to mention theistic supporters, such as Jonathan Wells, William A. Dembski and Alvin Plantinga, as well as representatives of the idea of evolution, including Charles Darwin, Richard Dawkins and Daniel Dennett ... We are going to represent their most important findings with which the reader will surely gain enough information to accept or discharge one of the fundamental theories about the origin of human race.

Osrednji cilj in tudi namen diplomskega dela z naslovom Odnos do progresivne pedagoške misli na Slovenskem v odvisnosti od družbeno-političnih okoliščin je bil nazorno in celostno predstaviti fenomen reformsko-pedagoškega gibanja in koncepta reformske pedagogike v okviru pedagoškega in tudi širšega družbenega diskurza. Najprej smo želeli dokazati, da so spremembe, pobude oz. reforme na področju vzgoje in izobraževanja vedno pogojene z družbenimi spremembami oz. s specifičnim družbeno-političnim ozadjem. Ravno zaradi tega smo naprej proučili specifično družbeno-politično ozadje, ki je spodbudilo k nastanku reformsko-pedagoškega gibanja, ki se je navezovalo predvsem na: birokratizacijo življenjskih razmer in s tem tudi šolstva, vpliv gospodarske politike liberalnega kapitalizma na povečanje razslojenosti in revščine prebivalstva, kasneje pa tudi posledice prve svetovne vojne in oblikovanje novih nacionalnih držav in gibanj ter gospodarska kriza v 30. letih prejšnjega stoletja. Podrobneje smo opisali skupno vizijo reformsko-pedagoškega gibanja, ki je, kljub številnim različnim smerem in konceptualnim modelom, vključevala: željo po »novi« vzgoji in »novi« humanejši družbi, šolo po meri otroka, zavzemanje za humanizacijo vzgojno-izobraževalnega procesa in odnosa med učitelji in učenci, prepričanje v otrokovo dobro naravo, spodbujanje otrokove aktivnosti, samoiniciativnosti in svobode, upoštevanje faz otrokovega razvoja, zavračanje rigidnih učnih metod in načrtov itd. Opozorili smo tudi na nekatere druge pomembne, a pogostokrat zamolčane značilnosti reformsko-pedagoških konceptov, in sicer na: njihovo heteronomnost pojavnih oblik, njihovo paradoksalnost v zvezi s formulacijo »moderno – konservativno«, njihovo specifično navezanost na določen družbeno-zgodovinski in tudi politični kontekst oz. razmere, na njihova razhajanja v teoriji in praksi, na njihove probleme s prožnostjo in neenotnostjo vsebine. Osrednjo pozornost smo namenili proučevanju pojava reformsko-pedagoškega gibanja med obema vojnama na Slovenskem in v zvezi s tem želeli opozorili na ključen doprinos le-tega v okviru izoblikovanja slovenske znanstvene pedagogike. Nazadnje pa smo se posvetili tudi problemom, ki ga je znotraj pedagoške vzgojne paradigme povzročila kritika avtoritete in uveljavljanje koncepta permisivne vzgoje v 50. in 60. letih prejšnjega stoletja v ZDA, konec 80. in v 90. letih pa tudi v Sloveniji. Posledice, ki so nastale v zvezi z razumevanjem vzgojne paradigme neodvisno od avtoritete in pod okriljem permisivne vzgoje, pa so v neposredni pedagoški praksi povzročile: pomankanje učiteljske avtoritete, porast medvrstniškega nasilja in težave učencev pri spoštovanju šolskih pravil. Podali smo tudi nekatere rešitve v zvezi z razumevanjem vzgojne paradigme v okviru spreminjanja forme avtoritete v prihodnosti. The main objective and purpose of the thesis entitled »Attitude toward the progressive pedagogical thinking in Slovenia depending of the socio-political circumstances« was to present – clearly and comprehensively - the phenomenon of a reformist-pedagogical movement and the concept of reformist pedagogy in the context of teaching and broader social discourse. First, we wanted to demonstrate that changes, suggestions ie. reforms in the field of education are always conditioned by social changes or by a specific socio-political background. Precisely, we have investigated the specific socio-political context, which acted as an incentive to the formation of a reformist pedagogical movement that related mostly to: the bureaucratization of living conditions, and on the education, to the impact of the economic policy of liberal capitalism to increase stratification and impoverishment of the population and later, to the consequences of the first world war and the formation of new nation member states and movements, and to the economic crisis in the 1930s of the last century. Furthermore, we have gone into deep with a description of a common vision of the a reform-pedagogical movement that, despite the many courses and a conceptual model, included: both, a desire for a »new« type of education and for a »new« more human society, a child-custom school, the commitment to the humanization of the educational process and the relationship between teachers and students, the belief in the child's good nature, promotion of children's activity, initiative and freedom, consideration of the phases of child development and the rejection of rigid teaching methods and plans, etc. Some other important but often withheld features of reformist pedagogical concepts have been recalled, namely: their heteronormativity of forms, their paradoxicality in relation to the formulation of »modern – conservative«, their specific attachment to a particular socio-historical and political context and/or conditions, their differences in theory and practice, their problems with flexibility and lack of uniformity of content. The main focus has been placed to the study of the occurrence of a reformist pedagogical movement between the two world wars on the Slovenian territory. Within such context we wanted to draw attention to the important contribution that the movement had in the formation of the Slovenian scientific pedagogy. Finally, we also focused on the problem that has led, within the pedagogical educational paradigm, to criticism of authority and enforcement of the concept of permissive education in the 50s and in the 60s of the last century in the United States, as well as in Slovenia at the end of the 80s and in the 90s. Consequences that have arisen in connection with understanding of educational paradigm and independently of the authority and under the auspices of a permissive upbringing have caused within teaching practice the following shortfalls: lack of teacher’s authority, increase in bullying and pupils problems in terms of the respect of school rules. Some solutions with regard to the understanding of education paradigm have been given, especially in the context of how to change authority patterns in the future.

Diplomsko delo se osredotoča na analizo lika terorista v romanu Germinal avtorja Émila Zolaja in na primerjavo likov teroristov v svetovni književnosti 19. stoletja. Émile Zola je francoski naturalistični pisatelj, oče naturalizma. Snov v njegovih romanih je bila za družbo 19. stoletja včasih popolnoma nesprejemljiva, zato je vedno znova razburil javnost. Bralci pa so navkljub temu iz radovednosti njegove knjige kupovali in se zgražali ob opisih v njih. Njegovo najpomembnejše in hkrati najobsežnejše delo je cikel dvajsetih romanov o rodbini Rougon-Macquartovih. Cikel, v katerega sodi tudi roman Germinal, na osnovni dednostne teorije prikazuje razvoj in razkroj številne družine in zgodovino takratne vladajoče družbe. Namen diplomske naloge je bil, da v romanu Germinal potrdim tezo, da je Émile Zola liku terorista v romanu dodal novo dimenzijo, ki je spremenila odnos sveta do njega. Iz podrobne analize lika terorista je razvidno, da je dal pisatelj liku terorista pozitivno oznako, kar je v nasprotnem pričakovanju z današnjo oznako tega tipa osebnosti. Vse teorije o teroristih namreč poudarjajo njihove negativne značilnosti in lastnosti. Z analizo in primerjavo likov teroristov svetovne književnosti v 19. stoletju je bilo ugotovljeno, da ne obstaja enotna stereotipna podoba terorista, temveč je ta odvisna predvsem od osebnih stališč, mnenj in poimenovanj pisateljev. Roman Germinal poleg pojava lika terorista prikazuje vse tri determinante naturalizma. Iz analize jezika in karakterizacije oseb je bilo ugotovljeno, da je v ospredju romana kolektivizem in ne individualizem. Je eksperimentalni roman, ki prikazuje fizično in fiziološko življenje rudarjev. V romanu prevladuje pripoved o zavesti lika, saj v romanu nastopa vsevedni pripovedovalec, ki včasih prehaja v personalnega. In my diploma thesis I analysed the character of a terrorist in Émile Zola's novel Germinal and I also compared some terrorist characters in the 19th century world literature. Émile Zola was a French author, the best-known practitioner of the literary school of naturalism. As the subject of his novels was often completely unacceptable for the 19th century society, he frequently shocked the public. However, the readership continued buying his books and frowning upon the descriptions in them. Germinal is a novel in his most significant and lengthy, twenty-volume series about the Rougon-Macquart family. The novels portray the development and disintegration of a large family and the history of the then governing society on the basis of Zola’s genetic theories. My aim was to support the thesis that in Germinal, Émile Zola added a new dimension to a terrorist character, which changed the world’s attitude towards it. A detailed analysis of the terrorist character has revealed that the author labelled it as positive, which differs greatly from today’s opinion. Nowadays, all the theories of terrorists emphasize their negative characteristics and qualities. The analysis and comparison of terrorists in the 19th century world literature have shown that there is no unified stereotypical image of the terrorist, which obviously depends on the author’s personal opinion and conception. The novel Germinal portrays not only the terrorist character, but it also shows all three characteristics of naturalism. The analyses of language and characters have revealed that collectivism and not individualism is predominant. It is an experimental novel, portraying physical and physiological life of coal miners. Throughout the novel the stream of the character’s consciousness prevails, as the narrator is omniscient, occasionally becoming a first-person narrator.

Diplomsko delo z vidika naturalizma analizira roman Zemlja francoskega pisatelja Émila Zolaja. Zola velja za idejnega vodjo ter očeta naturalizma. S svojimi deli je vedno znova razburil javnost, vendar so bralci vseeno z radovednostjo kupovali njegova dela, jih prebirali in se ob tem zgražali. Težnje naturalistične teorije je izdelal zelo natančno in se jih poskušal v svojih delih tudi držati. Izdal je cikel dvajsetih romanov o družini Rougon-Macquartovih, kjer je na osnovi dednostne teorije prikazan razvoj in razkroj družine ter zgodovino takratne vladajoče družbe. Izdelal je načrt, kamor si je zapisoval svoja opažanja, junakom dodeljeval lastnosti, dedne povezave, načrte posameznih del od poglavja do poglavja. Zemlja tako ni le pomemben del cikla Rougon-Macquatovih, ampak tudi pomemben roman o kmetu, njegovi ljubezni do zemlje ter kmetovanju. V Zemlji je prvič upodobljen kmet, ki se z naravnimi silami bori za čim večji pridelek in preživetje. Prikazana so vsakodnevna kmečka opravila v danih letnih časih ter odnosi med ljudmi. V delu se prepletajo vidiki naturalistične teorije ter eksperimentalnega romana, ki se kažejo že pri izbiri snovi in načinu opisovanja. Vsa dejstva Zola jemlje iz narave, kjer raziskuje njihove mehanizme in jih s spreminjanjem okoliščin pripelje do uresničitve ideje, pri tem pa se ne oddaljuje od zakonov narave. Opisi kmečkih opravil, dogodkov in glavnih junakov so zapisani v grobem in natančnem naturalističnem tonu. Prav tako se nam naturalizem kaže v funkciji romana, saj naturalisti kot edino pomembno priznavajo spoznavno funkcijo. Tako je tema o kmetu in njegovem boju prikazana izjemno nazorno, opisane so zlasti temne strani življenja, od krvoskrunska pa vse do uboja. Prikazano je tudi delovanje vseh treh determinant naturalizma – dednosti, okolja in časa – kar je bila temeljna ideja celotnega cikla o Rougon-Macquartovih. Zemlja je tako študija o kmetu, njegovi ljubezni do zemlje ter pohlepu. This diploma paper analyses the novel of French writer Émile Zola The Earth (La Terre) from the perspective of naturalism. Zola is considered as a mastermind and father of naturalism. His works repeatedly upset the public, nevertheless readers still bought them with enthusiasm, read them and be appalled at the same time. He carefully observed his theory of naturalism also in his own works. He published a cycle of twenty Rougon-Macquart novels which depict the development and disintegration of a family as well as history of then governing society and are based on the theory of heritability. He wrote down his observations, allocated personalities to his heroes, relations, plans of individual works from chapter to chapter. The Earth is not only an important part of the Rougon-Macquart cycle but also an important novel about an agricultural worker, his love towards earth and agriculture. The Earth depicts for the first time an agriculture worker, fighting with the forces of nature to maximize harvest and survival. It also depicts daily farm chores in given seasons and relations between people. The novel combines aspects of naturalistic theory and experimental novel which are already shown in the choice of themes and the manner of describing. Zola took all facts from the nature, where he explores their mechanisms. By changing conditions he realizes their ideas, while not distancing from the laws of nature. Farm chores, events and main characters are described in broadly and accurate naturalistic tone. The naturalism is also seen in the function of the novel, as naturalists recognize the cognitive function as the only important. The theme of the agricultural worker and his struggle is seen extremely explicit. Described are also darker sides of life, from incest and all the way to manslaughter, as well as all three determinants of naturalism – heredity, environment and time – the basic idea of the entire Rougon-Macquart cycle. The Earth is therefore a study about an agriculture worker, his love towards earth and greed.

Diplomsko delo je osredotočeno na primerjavo estetskega prepričanja resnične umetnice iz 19. stoletja Marie Bashkirtseff, in fikcijske umetnice Lily Briscoe, katero je ustvarila Virginia Woolf leta 1927. V nalogi najprej podrobneje preučimo umetniški razvoj Bashkirtseffove, kar pa storimo z vpeljavo naturalizma in impresionizma, smeri, za kateri predpostavljamo, da se izražata v njenem delu. S pomočjo Dnevnika pridobimo vpogled v njeno željo po prepoznavnosti v moško dominiranem svetu umetnosti in, kako izraža dojemanje realnosti v pisanju in slikanju. V drugem delu diplomske naloge primerjamo Bashkirtseffovo s fikcijsko umetnico Lily Briscoe, katere življenje in misli so predstavljene skozi pisateljico Virginio Woolf v romanu K svetilniku. Predpostavimo, da na dojemanje realnosti Briscoeve vpliva formalistična teorija, katera natančneje trdi, da ima slikarstvo umetniški status le če prikaže značilno formo, ki vzbudi estetski učinek. The Diploma paper presents the comparison of the aesthetic creed of a real-life 19th – century artist Marie Bashkirtseff with the fictional artist Lily Briscoe created by Virginia Woolf in 1927. We start by having a closer look at Bashkirtseff’s artistic development introducing Naturalism and Impressionism which we assume are reflected in her work. With the help of her Journal we gain insight into her quest for recognition in the male dominated world of art and how she applies reality to text and paint. In the second part we compare Bashkirtseff to the fictional artist Lily Briscoe whose life and thoughts are presented by the writer Virginia Woolf in the novel To The Lighthouse. We suggest that Briscoe’s capturing of reality is influenced by formalist theory, which claims that painting can be considered a work of art only when displaying significant form provoked by aesthetic emotion. Through Briscoe and Bashkirtseff I try to show how written and verbal art influence each other.

The central question of Churchland’s book Braintrust1 is where do moral values come from? She answers it in terms of the latest research in neuroscience, evolutionary biology, experimental psychology, and genetics. By explaining and understanding our social practices via scientific research Churchland tries to provide a neurobiological platform for morality and thus illuminates the usually neglected account that moral properties are in some sense natural properties. She puts the results of the latest empirical experiments into the philosophical framework in such a way that it forms a foundation for our moral behaviour. The book is therefore about the biological approach to human morality. However, in what sense moral properties are (via social properties) natural (neurobiological) properties, as the naturalistic approach to the origins of human morality suggests, remains murky. To blame is presumably the resently limited powers of neurobiological explanations of social, and consequently, moral behaviour since the complex neural mechanisms of our brains are still not clear enough.

The author in the article analyzes three main levels of Govekar's affirmation of Émile Zola among Slovenes, i.e., literary, translation, and political during the Dreyfus scandal. Avtor v svoji raziskavi preučuje tri ravni Govekarjeve afirmacije Émila Zolaja na Slovenskem: literarno in prevajalsko ter politično v času afere Dreyfus.