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Inorganic–organic hybrid biomaterials have recently attracted much attention because of their widespread use. Silkworm cocoon filaments resulting from sericulture as prospective nanobiomaterials need to be improved, and their properties need to be used for broader purposes. This study was aimed at investigating methods for siliconization of silkworm cocoon filaments and characterizing their cocoon filament properties in terms of their yarn quality, natural dyeing, and antibacterial properties. Three methods of hybridization processes were used in this experiment, namely, in situ natural dyeing of silk yarns while silk filaments were spined, feed engineering through spraying the mulberry leaves with natural dyes and silica–phosphate–M (M = Cu, Fe, or Al) nano pastes, and a combination of both methods. The resulting cocoon filaments were characterized by their siliconization of filament fibers by using FTIR, XRD, and SEM-EDS methods. The yarn tensile strength, color quality, color fastness properties affected by the siliconization of silk filament fibers, and antibacterial properties were also investigated. Results showed that the combination method produced better siliconization of silk fibers, and, consequently, the better siliconization of silk fibers produced better natural dyeing as well as antibacterial properties of their resulting silk yarns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the natural dyeing properties of hemp fabrics using a mixed mordant consisting of aluminum potassium sulfate (10 and 20 g/L) and tannic acid (5 and 10 g/L). The natural dye was derived from jackfruit wood (Artocarpus heterophyllus) and then processed into a powder via spray drying. The fabrics were dyed using 10% owf dye, at a pH of 5, temperature of 80 °C, for 50 min, with a liquor ratio (L:R) of 1:30. Prior to dyeing, mordanting was applied to improve dye uptake. The mordanting process compared three distinct heating techniques: infrared heating (IRH), ultrasonic heating (USH), and microwave heating (MWH). The X-ray diffraction results showed that MWH was the only heating technique that maintained the crystallinity index ( CI ) of the fibers. However, it produced slightly lower color strength ( K / S of 1.01 ± 0.01) compared to IRH ( K / S of 1.36 ± 0.04) and USH ( K / S of 1.32 ± 0.04). IRH exhibited the most significant reduction in the CI , followed by USH. The sample treated with IRH had the highest aluminum content (0.88 ± 0.02%), whereas the MWH-treated sample had the lowest (0.75 ± 0.02%), which is consistent with the results concerning CI and K / S . The ratings for color fastness to washing, light, and rubbing were generally favorable. Mordanting enhanced both the color fastness and the color strength of the fabric, but it did not affect the tensile properties of the fabrics. Mordanting and dyeing slightly enhanced the ultraviolet protection efficiency of the fabrics. However, all samples, including the pristine hemp fabric, provided excellent protection against ultraviolet radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Dyeing plays a vital role in the textile industry, however, associated health and environmental issues have raised significant concerns regarding the types of dyes used. Among these, natural dyes, particularly those derived from plants, exhibit superior safety and environmental performance, making them a more sustainable alternative. Moreover, fabrics dyed with plant dyes can acquire diverse functional properties, including antimicrobial characteristics, attributed to various active ingredients present in plants during the dyeing process. With increasing environmental consciousness and the rising demand for functional fabrics, natural plant dyes have garnered growing attention. In our research, a systemic review of the antimicrobial properties of plant dyes in the textile field was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses method. A literature search was executed through the PubMed and Web of Science databases, from which 132 articles were selected. The results indicate that the overall number of publications in this field is on the rise, especially showing a significant increase in the past 7 years, demonstrating substantial research value and potential. Furthermore, this study conducted an analysis of the content included in the literature, summarizing the different standards and characteristics of antimicrobial testing, with a focus on revealing the antimicrobial mechanisms of plant dyes. It also discussed the mordants and other treatment methods that can effectively enhance the antimicrobial properties of plant dyeing. Building on this foundation, this review discusses the advantages, application potential, and future research directions of antimicrobial natural dyes derived from plants. Through this review, relevant researchers can gain a clearer understanding of the current state and development trends of plant-based natural dyes in terms of antimicrobial properties, thereby promoting further exploration in this field.

Introduction Natural dyes are a group of dyes with high fastness with plant and animal sources which play effective roles in traditional dyeing. Eco-friendly nature, beautiful and attractive colors, and economic issues have resulted in the significance of using natural dyes, in spite of the production of various chemical dyes. One of the most important problems in using natural dyes instead of harmful chemical dyes is the huelimitation and sometimes the high cost of dyeing plants. Rosa damascene mill residue is a waste material that is produced and disposed of in a large volume during rose gleaning operations, which costs significantly for the rose gleaning industry of Kashan. Furthermore, the surface of textiles with natural fibers, including handwoven carpets, in the presence of moisture and heat, is exposed to the growth and proliferation of bacteria, and this leads to problems in the durability, appearance and hygiene of the goods. In this research, in addition to evaluating the color characteristics and light fastness of wool dyed with aqueous and alcoholic extract of the rose water residue, the comparison of their antibacterial effects on two Grampositive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Escherichia coli bacteria has also been investigated. Materials and Methods Rosa damascene mill residue, obtained from Kashan damask rose essential water extraction, was used as a dye. In addition, Iranian woolen yarn with a 4.5 metric number and 65 twists per meter were applied. Considering that the extraction of the effective substance in plants depends on the type of solvent used, three different solvents--water, ethanol, and methanol--were used to prepare rose petal extract; the aforementioned fibers were dyed with the extracted dyes using the simultaneous mordant method with the Aluminum and potassium double sulfate. Aqueous and alcoholic extracts were prepared by percolation and return methods in Soxhlet apparatus, respectively. For this purpose, dyeing bath with L: R=1:50 containing natural fibers, 3% oxalic acid, 5% dentate and 30% dye was used. The dyeing processes for both baths continued for 90 minutes in Bain Marie device. Color parameters (a*, b*, L*), color strength (K/S), the reflectance spectrum (R) were performed by spectro-photometric method, and the antibacterial property of each dyed fiber was evaluated with aqueous, ethanolic, and methanolic dye extracts. On the other hand, the lightingfastness of the dyed fibers was measured according to the 2010 ISO 105-B01 standard by the blue standard. To measure the antibacterial property, 0.03 grams of each of fibers dyed with the desired dyes were soaked in 1500 microliters of serum containing Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria for 24 hours. Then, by dilution method in plates, Nutrient agar was cultured and colonies were counted. Quantification of the active substance of rosa damascene mill residue (cyaniding diglucoside) in the extracts was done using HPLC analysis. Results and Findings The reflective spectro-photometric evaluations of the samples showed that the woolen yarn dyed with the aqueous and alcoholic extracts of the rose petals, obtained from rose extract, had positive a* and b* levels, which indicated the red and yellow undertones of the dyed samples. Among these, the reddest tone belonged to the sample dyed with the methanolic extract of the mentioned dye. The numerical results agree with the visual qualitative evaluations in the optical cabinet. The evaluation of the color strength of wool dyed with aqueous and alcoholic extracts of primary petals and the rose petals residue showed that the methanol extract of the dye could create the highest color strength on the wool fibers, which indicated the high percentage of the dye in this extract. In addition, the comparison of the color strength of the primary petal and the residue of the rose flower showed that the rose flower residue obtained from rose essential water extraction had the same color strength as the primary petal. Therefore, using it as a dye was more economical than the first flower petal. The evaluation of lighting fastness showed that the samples dyed with the ethanolic extract of the mentioned dyes had less paleness and more lighting fastness after light irradiation than the aqueous and methanolic extracts. However, in general, all four samples had acceptable lighting fastness. Antibacterial properties of aqueous, ethanolic and methanolic extracts of rose flower residue were measured by measuring the average diameter of the no-growth halo for two types of bacteria, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The results showed that the alcoholic extracts of rose petals, especially its ethanolic extract, showed more antibacterial power, which indicated the presence of higher amounts of effective phenolic and phenolic compounds in this extract. In addition, the calculation of the inhibition percentage of the growth of bacteria on the dyed fibers showed that although all the extracts used provided good antibacterial properties to the woolen yarn, the wool dyed with the ethanolic extract showed a significant inhibition percentage for both types of bacteria, because of the higher anthocyanin content of this extract. HPLC analysis showed a total number of four different anthocyanins: cyanidin 2-glucoside, anthocyanin delphinidin 3-glucoside, pelargoidin and malvinidin in rose petals, which were responsible for the red color and antibacterial properties of rose petals, which are in good agreement with scientific reports. Conclusion In this article, the comparison of the color characteristics and antibacterial properties of woolen yarn dyed with aqueous and alcoholic extracts of rosehip waste, obtained from rose water, was discussed. Spectro-photometric evaluations of the samples dyed with the waste extracts of the rose flower and the primary petal confirmed the red and yellow tones created. Also, the color strength of these two dyes did not show significant difference. Although anthocyanin dyes generally do not show high fastness, the light fastness of dyed samples with dye extracts was acceptable. The findings of this study suggest the use of the dye extracted from the waste of rose water as a suitable antibacterial dye on natural fibers, which can be effective in preventing and treating infectious diseases caused by Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The reason for this is the presence of significant amounts of cyanidin diglucoside and phenolic compounds, flavonoids and tannins, which were proven by the phytochemical analyses carried out in this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jute fabric samples have been dyed with aqueous solution of annatto (A) seeds along with three other natural dyes, viz. onion (O) skin, pomegranate (P) rind and marigold (M) flower petals. Varying proportions of binary mixture of these dyes have been used to dye jute fabrics which are mordanted with myrobolan and natural alum before dyeing. The dyeing performance is evaluated by measuring the colour strength and other related parameters along with the fastness properties of the dyed jute fabrics. The dyed samples are further treated with chitosan and n-cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) to improve wash fastness. The treatments improve the wash fastness by 1 grade. The treatment of dyed jute fabrics with benzotriazole improves the light fastness by 1 grade. The compatibility of annatto dye with respect to other three dyes has also been assessed by plotting two different curves, viz. ΔC* vs ΔL* and K/S vs ΔL* for progressive depth of shade for each set of binary mixtures. These results are compared with a new parameter called Colour Difference Index (CDI). The results of CDI are in tandem with the results found from the plots, implying that the three binary pairs of natural dyes are comparable in different degrees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the natural dyeing process has achieved great importance in the textile wet processing industry due to its clean dyeing, eco-friendliness, and nontoxicity in nature. In the above research project, a unique natural dye extracted from dragon fruit was applied to wool fabric using various mordanting agents to encourage the use of natural dyes and lessen the negative environmental effects caused by synthetic dyeing. The color characteristics (K/S), fastness properties, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), absorption spectra, and thermal and ultraviolet (UV) resistance of the extracted dye and dyed wool samples were tested and characterized. The K/S values of the dyed wool fabrics were between 5.75 and 13.29. The color fastness ratings obtained from the dyed wool fabric were found to be between good and excellent. Hence, the overall results proved that the novel natural dye obtained from dragon fruit can be utilized for dyeing wool material for the production of eco-friendly and sustainable antimicrobial textiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the effect of herbal extract, mordant and mordanting process on antibacterial activity, color fastness, and durable and comfort properties of the cotton fabric. In the current research, 100% gray cotton fabric, rind of pomegranate, manjistha, and moduga are used. The selected herbals were aqueous extracted and tested for phytochemical screening to find the presence of active ingredients. The cotton fabric is processed, and herbal extracts were applied with standard methods. The dyed materials were tested for antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli and color fastness, durable, and comfort properties. The rind of pomegranate has high antibacterial property, biomass reduction, and excellent color fastness. All the dyed samples showed useful, sustainable, and comfort features. Furthermore, a garment (salwar cum churidar), designed and developed, was analyzed for wear study by 50 students, and they reported that it has excellent comfort and fit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, natural dyeing studies were conducted using indigo, and dyeability was compared using sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, and calcium carbonate as bases. As a reducing agent, sodium hydrosulfite and glucose were compared. For a more environmentally friendly method, 3D-printed thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) materials were dyed with natural indigo using glucose as the reducing agent and calcium hydroxide as the alkali. The dyeability of TPU materials was investigated under various conditions. The color fastness to light, rubbing, and washing of dyed 3D-printed TPU materials were investigated. At a 15 g/l glucose concentration and a 10 g/l calcium hydroxide concentration, the K/S value increased significantly, showing the color of the PB series. The K/S value tended to increase as dyeing temperature, dyeing time, and indigo dye concentration increased. However, the effect of indigo dye concentration was not significant, and there was no significant increase after the dyeing temperature was 90 °C and the dyeing time was 60 min. The color fastness to light was poor, but for washing and rubbing the fastness was good. Therefore, it was confirmed that more environmentally friendly 3D-printed TPU material dyeing is possible by indigo dyeing using glucose by replacing sodium hydrosulfite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, to evaluate color emotions and color preferences of cotton fabric having two different colored portions with contrast tones by dyeing with persimmon and indigo, respectively, six different stimuli were prepared with variations of contrasting tone types and color area ratios and they were subjectively assessed by inviting female college students in fashion and textiles. The factor analysis results showed four different factors including 'Light', 'Gentle', 'Traditional', and 'Dynamic' and they were revealed as effected by contrasting tone types such as 'pale-dull' and 'light-dull' and by color area ratios such as 1:1, 2:1, and 1:2 as well as objective colorimetric combination variables. Precisely the type of 'pale-dull' contributed to stronger feeling of factor 'Light' and 'Gentle' and the ratio of 2:1 evoked more perception of 'Light'. Color preference was more highly rated for 'pale-dull' and as Δ a p ∗ as a colorimetric combination variable was higher. Finally color emotion factor such as 'Light' and 'Traditional' and color preference were quantitatively described by modeling each of them with some of objective colorimetric combination variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this study is to present an environmentally benign route for cotton fabric and investigate the effect of different pretreatments in natural dyeing. In this context, conventional alkaline scouring, conventional hydrogen peroxide bleaching, low-temperature one-step biopreparation processes, namely enzymatic scouring (alkaline pectinase and alkaline pectinase-neutral cellulase combination) at 55 °C and enzyme-bleaching agent (hydrogen peroxide/sodium percarbonate/sodium perborate)-activator agent (TAED) combinations at 65 °C were applied to 100% cotton knitted fabric. The use of agricultural waste and eco-friendly mordants was preferred in natural dyeing. For this purpose, pretreated fabrics were dyed with the outer green shell of almond fruit extracts and a low amount of 0.4 g/L metal mordants (alum and iron(II) sulfate) in accordance with the simultaneous mordanting method. The dyeing properties of bio- and conventionally prepared cotton fabrics were examined in terms of colorimetric data (K/S, CIELa*b*C*h°) and wash fastness compared with water absorbency, whiteness, weight loss, pectin removal, and type of mordant. Excellent wash fastness values were achieved regardless of the type of pretreatment. Low-temperature one-step biopreparation can be a good substitute for conventional scouring and bleaching processes. Since different results can be achieved, it is essential to determine and evaluate all bioprocess conditions depending on the end-use characteristics of the textile (e.g. whether it will be white or dyed/printed, its color and lightness/darkness) at the laboratory and industrial scale applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the sustainable utilization of Quinoa plant components, particularly its leaves, as a waste agricultural material for natural dyeing applications. Two distinct Quinoa genotypes, Titicaca and Giza, were selected for their natural dyeing properties. UV-VIS absorption spectra of Quinoa colorant extracts provided insights into their chemical composition, revealing distinctive peaks indicative of betalains (400–450 nm), chlorophyll (600–650 nm), carotenoids (400–500 nm), and aromatic amino acids (250–280 nm). Wool samples dyed with different plant parts such as flowers, leaves, and stalks exhibited distinct yellow hue, with leaves demonstrating the highest color strength. Metal mordants such as iron (II) sulphate, copper sulphate, and tin (II) chloride influenced color outcomes, highlighting their role in tailoring final appearance. Fastness properties of dyed wool samples were evaluated, with leaves showing moderate staining resistance and good light fastness. Additionally, antibacterial properties of leaves of Giza Quinoa variety were assessed, showing promising activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The antibacterial properties of fabrics dyed with the leaf extract by mordanting method with different metal salt mordants, particularly Fe, Cr, and Cu, exhibited significant enhancement. These results highlight the multifaceted benefits of Quinoa plant components in sustainable natural dyeing and textile applications, emphasizing their potential for eco-friendly practices in the textile industry.

Mastering a colour—as such, its ‘domestication’—involves a weft of technological and symbolic relationships encompassed in the human ability to reproduce a visible colour using the techniques of textile dyeing. The Regimento dos panos or Regimento dos trapeiros (‘regulation of fabrics’ or ‘regulation of drapers’), published in 1573 and expanded in 1690, is a document made up of 107 chapters aiming to standardise the various stages of the production chain of woollen goods in Portugal. In the sections relating to the finishing of fabrics, the regulation carefully details the dyeing of the colour black. The main aim of this text is to discuss the four recipes presented in that document. The system presupposed a phase exogenous to the rules, since the fabrics had to be previously dyed blue (‘celestial blues’) by means of successive immersions of the cloth in a vat with indigo. The dyeing itself was achieved by mixing mordants and auxiliaries (alum, tartar, iron sulphate, and tannins) with a red dye (madder). The main conclusion is that the formulae presented do not constitute, in their general principles, a characteristic Portuguese methodology. In addition, the article includes an inventory of the raw materials used for dyeing in the Early Modern Age, produced, through a qualitative method, through cross-reference with other manuscript and printed sources, as well as an interpretation of their social and economic importance, and a systematisation of the types of Portuguese wools.

Inorganic–organic hybrid biomaterials have recently attracted much attention because of their widespread use. Silkworm cocoon filaments resulting from sericulture as prospective nanobiomaterials need to be improved, and their properties need to be used for broader purposes. This study was aimed at investigating methods for siliconization of silkworm cocoon filaments and characterizing their cocoon filament properties in terms of their yarn quality, natural dyeing, and antibacterial properties. Three methods of hybridization processes were used in this experiment, namely, in situ natural dyeing of silk yarns while silk filaments were spined, feed engineering through spraying the mulberry leaves with natural dyes and silica–phosphate–M (M = Cu, Fe, or Al) nano pastes, and a combination of both methods. The resulting cocoon filaments were characterized by their siliconization of filament fibers by using FTIR, XRD, and SEM-EDS methods. The yarn tensile strength, color quality, color fastness properties affected by the siliconization of silk filament fibers, and antibacterial properties were also investigated. Results showed that the combination method produced better siliconization of silk fibers, and, consequently, the better siliconization of silk fibers produced better natural dyeing as well as antibacterial properties of their resulting silk yarns.

Due to the increasing pressure on environmentally friendly approaches and sustainable production processes, the textile dyeing industry has focused on natural colorants. Thus, the use of bio-mordants, which are biological materials, has become widespread as an alternative to metal salts, most of which are non-ecological, used in the application processes of natural colorants. In natural dyeing, dyers want to use mordant substances in the dyeing processes in order to both expand the color spectrum and improve the fastness properties. Conventional metal salts used in natural dyeing are made up of metallic ions, which, when released into the environment as wastewater effluent at the end of the dyeing process, cause major damage to the ecosystem. Many researchers have thought about using mordants derived from natural sources to address the environmental problem. This article is a review of the investigation of natural mordants used instead of metallic mordants in the process of coloring various textile materials with natural dyestuff sources. It has been determined that many substances, most of them herbal materials, are used as mordants. In this review, mordants, except for conventional metal salts, are examined under three main groups for a better understanding. These groups are as follows: (i) natural or bio-mordants, (ii) oil mordants, and (iii) new-generation and non-vegetable-based mordants. Here, researchers will find an overview of the most recent developments in green mordants as well as application techniques for a variety of mordants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mastering a colour—as such, its 'domestication'—involves a weft of technological and symbolic relationships encompassed in the human ability to reproduce a visible colour using the techniques of textile dyeing. The Regimento dos panos or Regimento dos trapeiros ('regulation of fabrics' or 'regulation of drapers'), published in 1573 and expanded in 1690, is a document made up of 107 chapters aiming to standardise the various stages of the production chain of woollen goods in Portugal. In the sections relating to the finishing of fabrics, the regulation carefully details the dyeing of the colour black. The main aim of this text is to discuss the four recipes presented in that document. The system presupposed a phase exogenous to the rules, since the fabrics had to be previously dyed blue ('celestial blues') by means of successive immersions of the cloth in a vat with indigo. The dyeing itself was achieved by mixing mordants and auxiliaries (alum, tartar, iron sulphate, and tannins) with a red dye (madder). The main conclusion is that the formulae presented do not constitute, in their general principles, a characteristic Portuguese methodology. In addition, the article includes an inventory of the raw materials used for dyeing in the Early Modern Age, produced, through a qualitative method, through cross-reference with other manuscript and printed sources, as well as an interpretation of their social and economic importance, and a systematisation of the types of Portuguese wools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Handicrafts, seen as a reflection of cultural values, have played important roles in the lifestyles and understanding of art of societies for centuries. The art of plant dyeing and weaving, which has an important place in Turkish culture and tradition, contains a very rich heritage. Plant dyeing is a dyeing process using dyes of various plants obtained from nature. Natural dyeing is the process of applying methods and recipes that have been used traditionally from past periods to the present. In many regions of Anatolia, which is considered one of the richest regions in the world in terms of plant diversity, natural dyestuffs have been produced for centuries and used especially in the textile field. These dyestuffs, which are a part of the weaving culture in traditional Turkish handicrafts, are of great importance in terms of restoration and conservation applications, especially in historical textiles. In relevant studies, the applications of dyestuffs that give yellow color to the analyzed works of 16th and 19th century Turkish weaving art have been determined. Especially in recent years, with the return to nature, plant natural dyes and natural dyeing have come to the fore. In this context, dyeing applications with traditional methods and recipes are aimed, using various yellow coloring plant dyes. In this study, Buckthorn (Rhamnus Petiolaris), Barberry Root (Berberis Vulgaris), Locust (Inula Viscosa L. Aition), Chamomile (Anthemis Chia), Lovewort (Reseda luteola L.), Painter's Sumac (Cotinus coggygria Scop) Applications were made to 100% wool threads using Natural dyeing processes and processes from plant dyes are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Butterfly pea flower Clitoria ternatea L. belongs to family Fabaceae. The plant has many applications in various industries. The most important usage is in medicine and as a food dye. In Europe, it is almost unknown as a textile dye, unlike in Asian countries. Objective: The aim of the study was to assess the dyeing properties of textile materials made from protein fibres (sheep wool and natural silk) by water extract of Butterfly pea. Methods: Knitted fabric made from sheep wool and silk fabric were selected for testing. The colors of both textile materials using six dyeing methods were compared. Results: The colour palettes obtained from protein fibres - wool knitted fabric and silk fabric are totally different. The colours of wool knitted fabrics are warm beige, shades of olive, heather and yellow tones. The colours of silk fabric are shades of heather and lavender. Conclusions: The dyestuff obtained from Clitoria ternatea L. flowers is suitable for dyeing protein fibres. Naturally dyed fabrics and knitted fabrics made of protein fibres increase the attractiveness of products made of these materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThere are on-going investigations on the utilization of pineapple leaf fibre (PALF) as a cheap, safe, and eco-friendly natural fibre. The present work aimed to improve PALF preparation using ultrasonication, investigate the adsorption kinetic and thermodynamic aspects of PALF dyed with berberine dye, and to assess their associated molecular interactions. It was found that concomitant PALF exposure to NaOH solution (5% w/v) plus ultrasonication for 20 min successfully removed non-cellulosic substances from the fibre surface in a very much shorter time compared with the traditional non-ultrasound assisted method (24 h). An adsorption isotherm study of dyeing, the treated fibre with the natural yellow dye berberine revealed a strong adsorption dependence on the pH of the berberine solution with optimal uptake occurring at pH 9–10. A deeper assessment of the mode of dye binding was undertaken by DFT − based calculations on a model cellulose unit and berberine. It revealed that the interaction between berberine and cellulose (PALF) at pH 9.00 was likely to be substantially stronger than at lower pH. From the adsorption kinetic results, a higher affinity and more dye uptake were observed before equilibrium was reached. The adsorption isotherm data could be represented by the Langmuir isotherm (R2 > 0.99). The enthalpy change (ΔH°) and entropy change (ΔS°) values of dyeing were found to be −17.0 kJ mol−1 and −19.4 J mol−1 K−1 respectively, which pointed to the dye adsorption being an exothermic process. The negative standard affinity (Δµo) values at the different temperatures of 30, 60, and 80 °C were −11.2, −10.6, and −10.2 kJ mol−1, respectively. It affirmed the dye adsorption process as a spontaneous one. Higher temperatures resulted in a lower affinity and reduced dye uptake compatible with the process being exothermic. Berberine is a potentially useful natural dye for PALF without the need for additives.

This investigation reported a mixture of natural dyes by employing the D5 solvent as a green penetration dyeing system for wool fiber. The ideal dyeing conditions were determined by conducting an in-depth analysis of the following variables: AEO-3 concentration, aqueous pick-up rate, solution pH, dyeing time, temperature, dye mass, and dye fixation percentage. Tensile strength and elongation were measured to learn more about the mechanical characteristics of the wool yarn after it was dyed in D5 solvent and water. The suggested dyeing parameters for wool yarn are 2% of AEO-3, 400% of the wool aqueous pick-up rate at pH 3, 90 °C temperature, and 90-min duration. This was determined by calculating the K/S value and the dye fixing rate. A washfastness of 4–5 on the fading scale and a stainfastness of 5 across the board were acquired. MR and GB dyes obtained a high dye fixation rate within 90–100%; however, GY dye achieved about 50% dye fixation rate. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) verified that the original and dyed wool fiber showed no change in interplanar distance in crystallinity and stable thermal tendency due to the dyeing process. The morphology of the wool's surface was not altered throughout the dyeing process, and the colors were spread uniformly over the fiber in SEM pictures and cross-sections. Finally, natural dyes in a D5 solvent media may be used to produce a ternary color, laying the groundwork for natural dyes to be further industrialized.

Under-utilized orange peel waste contains natural colorants that might be used for textile dyeing. Research into orange peel waste as natural colorants provides benefits for both the agricultural and fashion industry with a creative and sustainable solution. This research performed the extraction of colorants from the orange peel as plant dyes and investigated their potential dyeing capability of silk fabrics. With full factorial analysis, we determined the optimal extraction conditions by comparing 100 % ethanol, 70 % ethanol, and water, aiming to achieve the highest absorbance for the extracted solution. Conditions obtained with the best performance include an extraction temperature of 60 °C, an extraction time of 120 min, and a material-to-liquor ratio of 1:20 (wt/vol) for both 100 % and 0 % ethanol. To attain the highest K/S values on textiles with orthogonal experimental design, the optimal dyeing profiles of silk fabrics with water solution were found to be 100 °C, 60 min, pH 3, and Liquid Ratio of 1:15. Colorfastness results of crocking, washing, and sunlight are in favor of the usage of orange peel color extracts for textile application.

There are on-going investigations on the utilization of pineapple leaf fibre (PALF) as a cheap, safe, and eco-friendly natural fibre. The present work aimed to improve PALF preparation using ultrasonication, investigate the adsorption kinetic and thermodynamic aspects of PALF dyed with berberine dye, and to assess their associated molecular interactions. It was found that concomitant PALF exposure to NaOH solution (5% w/v) plus ultrasonication for 20 min successfully removed non-cellulosic substances from the fibre surface in a very much shorter time compared with the traditional non-ultrasound assisted method (24 h). An adsorption isotherm study of dyeing, the treated fibre with the natural yellow dye berberine revealed a strong adsorption dependence on the pH of the berberine solution with optimal uptake occurring at pH 9–10. A deeper assessment of the mode of dye binding was undertaken by DFT − based calculations on a model cellulose unit and berberine. It revealed that the interaction between berberine and cellulose (PALF) at pH 9.00 was likely to be substantially stronger than at lower pH. From the adsorption kinetic results, a higher affinity and more dye uptake were observed before equilibrium was reached. The adsorption isotherm data could be represented by the Langmuir isotherm (R2 > 0.99). The enthalpy change (ΔH°) and entropy change (ΔS°) values of dyeing were found to be −17.0 kJ mol−1 and −19.4 J mol−1 K−1 respectively, which pointed to the dye adsorption being an exothermic process. The negative standard affinity (Δµo) values at the different temperatures of 30, 60, and 80 °C were −11.2, −10.6, and −10.2 kJ mol−1, respectively. It affirmed the dye adsorption process as a spontaneous one. Higher temperatures resulted in a lower affinity and reduced dye uptake compatible with the process being exothermic. Berberine is a potentially useful natural dye for PALF without the need for additives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Academic Social Resources is the property of Journal of Academic Social Resources and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The research reported in this paper concerns the examination of the ability to dye cotton textiles with plant-derived colorants in the presence of various natural additives. For this purpose, cotton textile samples were dyed with commercially available plant-derived dyes, which are usually used for food application, using a cold dyeing process in acidic conditions. The natural origin additives which were applied during the dyeing process were cosmetic grade and low molecular weight chitosan, nettle extract and shellac in an ethanol solution. The dyed fabrics were analyzed using FTIR spectroscopy, and the mechanical properties were tested to study the influence of colorants and additives on cotton textile properties or the dyeing process. Furthermore, the color stability under the influence of UVC irradiation was studied, using a colorimeter. The obtained results indicated that applied plant-derived colorants may effectively dye natural fabrics, such as cotton. The application of natural additives had a beneficial influence on cotton textile properties and the dyeing process. The pretreatment of cotton with chitosan, nettle extract or shellac improves the color stability following UVC irradiation of the material. Moreover, those additives can influence the mechanical properties of cotton textiles. Further research, however, is required to develop the most favorable dyeing conditions in each case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The textile industry stands as a prominent contributor to global environmental pollution, primarily attributable to its extensive reliance on synthetic dyes, hazardous components, and solvents throughout the textile dyeing and treatment processes. Consequently, the pursuit of sustainable textile solutions becomes imperative, aimed at replacing these environmentally unfriendly constituents with biobased and bioactive pigments, antibacterial agents, and, notably, natural solvents. Achieving this goal is a formidable yet indispensable challenge. In this study, the dyeing ability of the crude gel prodigiosin, produced by non-pathogenic bacteria Serratia plymuthica, was investigated on various multifiber fabrics at different conditions (temperature and pH) and by using salts and alternative mordants (the conventional Ferrous Sulphate (FeSO4) and a new bio-mordant, L-Cysteine (L-Cys)). Additionally, a novel gel-based Choline chloride (ChCl)/Lactic acid (LA) (1:2) deep eutectic solvent (DES) dyeing medium was studied to replace the organic solvents. Nylon fabrics dyed with 3.0% over the weight of the fiber (owf) L-Cys at pH = 8.3 had improved color fastness to washing, while the gel-based ChCl/LA (1:2) DES dyebath provided a better color fastness to light. Moreover, nylon fabrics under these conditions exhibited remarkable antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). In conclusion, the utilization of the crude gel-based prodigiosin pigment demonstrates a distinct advantage in dyeing textile materials, aligning with the growing consumer demand for more eco-friendly and sustainable products. Additionally, the application of the natural reducing agent L-Cys, previously untested as a bio-mordant, in conjunction with the use of gel-based DES as a dyeing medium, has showcased improved colorimetric and antibacterial properties when applied to nylon that is dyed with the crude gel prodigiosin pigment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world in which we live is changing at a much faster and more uncontrolled rate. This situation brings with it both negative and positive changes. The textile industry is also part of this rapid change. The growth of the world's population and the alterations in consumer habits that this change has brought with it also affect the textile industry. In particular, polluting dyehouses and the synthetic dyes used in them are harming the world. This situation is unsustainable. For this reason, the use of natural dyes instead of synthetic dyes in the coloring of textile products is increasing rapidly. In this study, a blend of 80% cotton and 20% wool was dyed with cinnamon, and its fastness and mechanical performance were tested. In addition, the dyeing results were analyzed using a spectral method, FTIR, and SEM. In this study, natural fiber blends with two different chemical structures were dyed with cinnamon in one bath. The fastness values obtained as a result of the dyeing process were very good. The grey scale value of saliva fastness determined through evaluation was 5. The observed strength increase of approximately 24% in the yarn after dyeing was also remarkable. In conclusion, environmentally friendly dyeing was carried out in this study, and a contribution was made to a sustainable world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Indian madder (Rubia cordifolia L.), is an important natural dyeing plant with long history. Rubia belongs to the family Rubiaceae. It is one of the oldest dyeing plant with a source of beautiful and permanent shades of red. The compounds found in the plant’s roots are an excellent natural dye for dyeing protein fibres. The ingredients contained in the root of the plant have numerous health-promoting effects on the human body, both internal and external. In this study water extract from the plant roots was tested to obtain different colours on protein fibres. Objective: The aim of the study was to assess the dyeing properties of East Frisian sheep wool by water extract of R. cordifolia roots. Methods: In this research wool from the East Frisian sheep breed were selected and compared the colours obtained on this wool using six dyeing methods. Results: The results indicate that the type of mordants used affects the intensity and colour of the wool after dyeing. Wool samples dyed without any treatments and with various mordants show different intensity of colour in the red colour range (cinnabar red, brick red, raspberry, tomato red, Tuscan red). Conclusions: Indian Madder R. cordifolia plant is an efficient raw material that gives intense colours on wool in range of red. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, 360° video cameras have become increasingly accessible and are now being used as valuable research tools across a range of disciplines. Their wide and flexible field of vision can provide immersive and/or alternative perspectives compared to standard video. This paper will present emerging findings from using a 360° video camera to capture natural dye craft practice from an auto-ethnographic perspective and as an observer of other dyers' practice during fieldwork visits. The 360° video data forms part of my doctoral study, in which I explore the embodied interactions between people, plants and materials that connect practitioners to their surroundings, linking them to other species and ecologies. The varied nature of the actions and processes that form the craft practice (e.g. foraging, tending, harvesting, mordanting, dyeing), and the different places and spaces in which these actions occur, presented a practical and observational challenge when trying to record the practice in a video format. Using a 360° camera proved to be a flexible, data-rich and engaging method for recording the craft. The ability to 'move' around and explore different perspectives from within the video after it was recorded was especially valuable, allowing a shift in the focus of the recording and presenting the opportunity to actively centre or decentre plants, people and materials. In this paper, I will reflect on my experiences recording and working with 360° video data and discuss some of the limitations and possible benefits of using this equipment in a craft research setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aimed to dye silk satin textiles with a plant-derived colorant in the presence of additives of natural origins, such as chitosan and shellac, to investigate whether they can dye silk textiles with satisfactory results. In this study, a series of mechanical properties (Young modulus, elongation at break, and tensile strength), and colorfastness following exposure to UVC irradiation and 6 months of storage of dyed silk textiles samples were tested. Colorimetric measurements and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were performed and FTIR spectra were registered. Results indicated that the plant-derived colorant used in this research had the potential to dye silk satin textiles with satisfactory results. Colorant with the addition of chitosan and shellac dyed silk textiles more intensely, shellac covering ensured their color stability following UVC irradiation and during storage while the addition of chitosan did not particularly affect the color stability under the influence of UVC irradiation. However, pre-treatment with low molecular weight chitosan improves colorfastness during storage. Both additives influenced the mechanical properties of dyed silk textiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for natural dyes for imparting sustainable dyeing effects to textiles is increasing. Metal mordants generate an unstainable impact in the natural dyeing of textiles. In order to avoid the toxic effect due to the use of metal mordants, the present work uses enzyme for sustainable natural dyeing of wool. The current study is aimed at preparing multifunctional wool fabric using natural dye green tea (Camellia sinensis). Laccase (an enzyme) was used to polymerise the phenolic compounds of Camellia sinensisin situ on wool. The in situ colouration of wool fabric was performed at various varying dyeing conditions (temperature, time, and concentrations) using laccase. Colouration properties (colour values and strength) were examined to estimate the appearance of dyed fabrics. The evaluation of dyed fabrics for functional properties such as antibacterial, antioxidant, and UV protection was done. The efficient functional properties viz, antibacterial activity (> 75%), antioxidant property (> 90%), and excellent UV protection, were obtained. FTIR analysis of separately prepared polymeric dye and the dyed fabric was also done to confirm the laccase-assisted polymerisation. Thus, a novel approach of enzymatic functional natural dyeing of wool was explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of nano SiO2silica and nano TiO2 on the dyeing of cotton fabric with madder dye was studied. The metal nanoparticles were prepared by sol-gel method from respective precursors. Various concentrations of the nanoparticles were added during the dyeing of cotton with madder. The effect of nanoparticles on the color values, fastness, and ultraviolet protection properties was studied. The characterization of the nanoparticles and the dyed fabric was studied using various analytical techniques. The dye was characterized by FTIR and phytochemical analysis. The post dyeing results inferred that there is a considerable improvement in the dye uptake and fastness properties of the dyed fabric after introducing metal nanoparticles. The SEM and EDX analysis confirmed the presence of SiO2 and TiO2nanoparticles on the fabric surface. The physico-mechanical properties of the fabric were found intact after dyeing.

The paper presents analyses of flavonoid dyestuffs i.e., marigold (Tagetes patula L.), dyer’s broom (Genista tinctoria) and weld (Reseda luteola L.) Color analysis and potential health-promoting properties of linen fabrics dyed with extracts from the above-mentioned plants were also carried out. The study, based on many years of experience, led to carrying out dyeing with extracts of selected plants on an industrial scale and to creating a collection of naturally dyed linen apparels for adults and children. Dyeing was performed only with plant extracts. The experiments included fabric pre-treatment processes with the use of 5 mordants: alum, soda, citric acid, copper sulfate and iron sulfate. The paper discusses optimization of the dyeing process by testing the dyed fabrics spectrophotometrically and determining the colorimetric properties (L *, a *, b *) and the colors according to the Pantone (Color) Matching System (PMS). Laboratory research was implemented into industrial production line and a pilot collection of fabrics was made. These fabrics were used to make 2 collections of clothing with health-promoting properties for children and adults. Linen fabrics, with interesting, subtle colors, with antimicrobial activity showed positive effects on the skin, which was more moisturized and very well protected against UV radiation.,,

The effect of TiO2 nanoparticles on the dyeing of wool fabric with pomegranate rind was investigated. The TiO2 nanoparticles were prepared by the solgel method. Various concentrations of the nanoparticles were added during the dyeing of wool with pomegranate. The dyed fabrics were analyzed for physico-mechanical properties, color values, and Ultraviolet Protection Factor (UPF). The presence of nanoparticles on the fiber surface was confirmed by SEM, EDX, and FTIR analysis. The phytochemical analysis of aqueous pomegranate rind showed the presence of saponins, phenols, tannins, glycoside, flavonoids, and terpenoids. The particle size analysis results inferred that the solgel synthesis produced TiO2 nanoparticles of around 200 nm size. After dyeing, the color intensity and UPF of the dyed fabric increased along with the concentration of TiO2 nanoparticles. The dyeing process did not cause any significant reduction in the strength properties of the wool fabric. The rubbing and washing fastness properties of the dyed fabric were found to be good.

Natural dyeing is an element of intangible cultural heritage which is gaining new relevance today. Heritage-making as a set of purposeful activities has become an object of interest for researchers relatively recently, and this study is reflective of that. The paper aims to focus on natural dyeing as a component of cultural heritage, its documentation process, and how written texts have influenced the living tradition of natural dyeing. One of the sources for the study was ethnographic material, which provides insight into the little researched tradition of natural dyeing. To understand how the tradition was described and explained, Latvian press publications on natural dyeing were evaluated by applying qualitative and quantitative research methods. In order to study the situation today, a survey was conducted in 2016 and 2017 among dyeing workshop participants in different parts of Latvia. The results of the study indicate that the use of written sources plays an important role in practicing natural dyeing. With various activities organized by professional and amateur ethnographers, artists, handicraft teachers, etc., as well as its coverage in the press, natural dyeing has preserved its relevance. Written texts have documented the activities in the field of natural dyeing and encouraged further development of the tradition. Moreover, various sources have been used to preserve and develop dyeing skills, through both direct observation/oral tradition and written/visual materials. In addition, one’s personal experience as a significant part of the construction of identity was relevant in the past and still is today.

In this study, organic cotton knitting fabrics were dyed with yarrows (Achillea biebersteinii and Achillea millefolium L.). The fabric samples were separately dyed with flowers and leave-stems of yarrows – alum and yarrow – alum – gall oak. A reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection method was utilized for the identification of the coloring compounds of dyes in the dyed fabrics and the plant extracts. The extraction of dyes was carried out with a hydrogen chloride ⁄ methanol ⁄ water (2:1:1; v⁄v⁄v) mixture. Keampferol-O-glucoside, axillarin, luteolin-7- glucoside and patulitrin were determined in the dyed fabrics and extracts. The color coordinates and fastness values (washing, perspiration and rubbing) were investigated. Rubbing dry and wet fastnesses are excellent. Dyed organic knitting fabrics were studied calorimetrically and their color coordinates L*, a*, b*, C*, h, K/S, and ∆E* values were given. Yarrow can be used in textile dyeing for yellow dyeing.

The purpose of this study is to propose a fully sustainable dyeing process for nylon 6. In order to achieve this goal, Rhubarb flower parts were used to produce a brown hue on nylon 6 fabric. The effects of dyeing parameters such as dyeing time, temperature, dyebath pH, M:L, salt addition, dispersing agent, and dye concentration on color strength were investigated. Using 100%owf dye in an acidic medium at boil and the material to liquor ratio of 1:30 for 75 min was determined to be the optimal condition for dyeing nylon 6 with rhubarb flower. In order to achieve acceptable color fastness, four natural mordants were applied, including walnut husks, pistachio hulls, pine cones, and green coffee. Colorimetric measurements revealed that mordanting did not affect the hue of the color compared to the non-mordant sample. In addition, diverse natural mordants produced the same color (i.e., brown) with varying color strengths, of which 10%owf walnut husk generated the strongest color. Bio-mordanted samples were also found to have excellent color fastness, thereby providing an effective substitute for metal mordants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anadolu University Journal of Art & Design / Sanat & Tasarım is the property of Anadolu University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: The purpose of this study is simultaneous dyeing and mordanting of wool yarns with extracted cochineal dye and aluminum sulfate to the reduction of consuming energy, water and time. Design/methodology/approach: The dyeing process was optimized using the response surface methodology (RSM) approach. pH, dyeing duration and the presence of additives were chosen as variables and the color strength of samples as a response. The color characteristics and fastness attributes of samples dyed in the best condition were evaluated and compared to pre-mordant dyeing outcomes on wool yarns. Findings: The best conditions for deep dyeing wool with cochineal dye were as follows: pH 2.5, time 110 min and the ratio of aluminum: additives 1:0 at 100 °C. Color strength of dyed wool yarns by one-bath and pre-mordant dyeing methods were approximately the same. Wool yarns can dye to the on-bath dyeing method such that the dyed samples have similar color strength and fastness properties to pre-mordant dyeing. Social implications: Wool dyeing processes that use one-bath dyeing consume less water and produce fewer effluents. As a result, this strategy conserves water and energy for a higher quality of life. The findings of this study, in general, aid environmental protection. Originality/value: A novel one-bath process for dyeing wool with cochineal dye at heavy depths is introduced. RSM was used to optimize the procedure and determine effective parameters on the color strength of dyed wools. Using extracted cochineal dye and aluminum sulfate in a simultaneous dyeing technique, good color fastness qualities on wool fibers were achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, 360° video cameras have become increasingly accessible and are now being used as valuable research tools across a range of disciplines. Their wide and flexible field of vision can provide immersive and/or alternative perspectives compared to standard video. This paper will present emerging findings from using a 360° video camera to capture natural dye craft practice from an auto-ethnographic perspective and as an observer of other dyers’ practice during fieldwork visits. The 360° video data forms part of my doctoral study, in which I explore the embodied interactions between people, plants and materials that connect practitioners to their surroundings, linking them to other species and ecologies. The varied nature of the actions and processes that form the craft practice (e.g. foraging, tending, harvesting, mordanting, dyeing), and the different places and spaces in which these actions occur, presented a practical and observational challenge when trying to record the practice in a video format. Using a 360° camera proved to be a flexible, data-rich and engaging method for recording the craft. The ability to ‘move’ around and explore different perspectives from within the video after it was recorded was especially valuable, allowing a shift in the focus of the recording and presenting the opportunity to actively centre or decentre plants, people and materials. In this paper, I will reflect on my experiences recording and working with 360° video data and discuss some of the limitations and possible benefits of using this equipment in a craft research setting.

As a means of preventing environmental damage caused by synthetic dyes, eco-friendly textile dyeing with natural dyes is gaining popularity worldwide. This study focused on the extraction of dyes from the leaf of Dillenia indica (D. indica) tree using an ultrasonic extraction technique and applied on the organic cotton fabrics. The ultrasonic method was used for both extractions of D. indica dyes and dyeing of organic cotton fabrics. Here, the amount of D. indica powder used were 5% and 6.67% for producing light and dark shade, respectively. The investigation of the color fastness to washing, rubbing, and light for the dyed organic cotton fabrics indicated an excellent rating. The spectrophotometric analysis revealed the L* (lightness or darkness), a* (redness or greenness), b* (yellowness or blueness), C* (chroma), h* (hue), R% (reflectance), and K/S (color strength) values, which accurately represented the shade of the dyed organic cotton fabric. To understand the interaction between D. indica dye and organic cotton fabrics, different characterization including, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed. The characterization outcomes confirmed the successful deposition of D. indica dyes on the organic cotton fabrics. The other comparable testing results such as bursting strength, air permeability, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of dyed and undyed organic cotton fabrics were in the acceptable range. One of the important findings of this research was no chemicals were utilized during the extraction and dyeing of organic cotton fabrics. This process can be referred to as completely chemical-free and advantageous for the environment because no chemicals were needed during extraction or dyeing. Therefore, the natural dye extracted from D. indica is extremely promising and could be a viable option for the sustainable dyeing of cotton fabrics in the textile dyeing industry.

There is a growing literature investigating to use natural materials for dyeing textiles on account of their low toxicity, eco-friendliness, sustainability, and better biodegradability. In this way, this article presents the results of a study into the applications of tamarind hull and marzangoosh in a fully eco-friendly manner to dye cotton yarns. The effect of the main dyeing conditions (dye concentration, bath pH, time, and temperature) on the color efficiency (K/S) was investigated with a reflectance spectrophotometer. Results indicate that at optimized conditions, pre-mordanting yarns with tamarind hull as an eco-friendly mordant lead to the formation of an insoluble complex on cotton yarns followed by increased dye adsorption, which enhances the light and wash fastness properties. The SEM photographs showed that pre-mordanting cotton yarns with tamarind hull increase the surface porosity. Finally, based on our observations, it may be claimed that cotton yarns subjected to both pre-mordanting and dyeing exhibited a good antibacterial activity and the procedure proposed in this study seems to be of potential use for the production of medical textiles without adverse environmental impacts.

Nowadays according to more attention to natural products, the development of research on this issue seems necessary. Many plants are known around the world to have antibacterial, antimicrobial, and antifungal properties. By using those plant compounds, antibacterial, antimicrobial, and fungal properties can be created in textiles. Textiles are one of the unavoidable requirements that all human beings use abundantly in their lives. In the natural dyeing process, the use of some medicinal plant compounds resulted in antibacterial, antimicrobial, and antifungal properties. In this study, medicinal plants such as thyme, clove, marjoram, lavender, wormwood, and espand were studied for antibacterial and antimicrobial properties on textiles. The antibacterial property of mordanted and dyed wool & cotton yarns were tested against Escherichia coli (Gram-negative), Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive), and Candida albicans microbe for cotton. The range of colour developed on dyed materials was evaluated in terms of (L*, a*, b*) CIE LAB coordinates and the dye absorption concentration on the yarns was studied by using K/S values. Also, fastness tests on dyed samples for light and washing fastness were carried out. The experimental results showed that the examined plants, in addition to creating antimicrobial and antibacterial properties on wool and cotton yarns, can be used as a dye to produce a durable yellow shade. The dyeing fastness of applied dyes was acceptable. Aloe vera, which has a polyphenolic structure, was used to increase dyeing fastness and durability of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. The property was created to maintain its durability for several washed cycles.