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Ovaj diplomski rad bavi se problematikom održivog razvoja i održivog turizma te njegove primjene, odnosno provedivosti u Nacionalnom parku Paklenica i Nacionalnom parku Krka. Riječ je o iznizmno atraktivnim hrvatskim turističkim destinacijama, koje se mogu pohvaliti izuzetno bogatom bioraznolikosti, životinjskim i biljnim svijetom te brojnim drugim atrakcijama. Zbog vrlo povoljnih klimatskih uvjeta i bogate geološke i geomorfološke povijesti, Nacionalni park Paklenica i Nacionalni park Krka ističu se svojom diverzificiranošću flore i faune te posebnih oblika turizma. Porast broja posjetitelja u uvjetima turističke sezonalnosti i prostorne limitiranosti te sve veći zahvati u prostoru zbog potrebe zadovoljavanja turističke potražnje neprekidno dovode do prekoračenja kapaciteta nosivosti i stvaranja pritiska na ključne turističke atrakcije spomenutih destinacija. To ukazuje na potrebu kontinuiranog praćenja svih aspekata turističkog razvoja i njegovih utjecaja, kao preduvjeta skladnog društvenog, gospodarskog i ekološkog održivog razvoja. Zbog izrazite turističke i prirodne vrijednosti i važnosti, nužna je implementacija održivog razvoja u ovim područjima radi njihove zaštite., This master thesis is focused on the issue of sustainable development and sustainable toursim as well as its application, ie implementation in the National park Paklenica and National park Krka. These are extremely attractive Croatian tourist destinations, which boast an extremely rich biodiversity, flora and fauna and many other attractions. Due to extremely favorable climatic conditions and rich geological and geomorphological history, the Paklenica National Park and the Krka National Park stand out with their diversification of flora and fauna and special forms of tourism. The increase in the number of visitors in terms of tourist seasonality and spatial limitations and increasing interventions in space due to the need to meet tourist needs constantly lead to exceeding the carrying capacity and creating pressure on key tourist attractions of these destinations. This indicates the need for continuous monitoring of all aspects of tourism development and its impacts, as a prerequisite for appropriate social, economic and environmental sustainable development. Due to the distinct tourist and natural value and importance, it is necessary to implement sustainable development in these areas in order to protect them.

U ovome radu predstavljeni su rezultati mjerenja temperature na području NP Paklenica iz kojih se nastojalo otkriti (ne)postojanje temperaturnih inverzija na tom području. Pojava generiranih inverzija temperature dovedena je u korelaciju s tipovima vremena te su dobivene spoznaje o utjecaju tipova vremena na pojavu obrnute visinske raspodjele temperature zraka. Kanjon Velike Paklenice odabran je kao područje istraživanja zbog činjenice da istražena literatura ukazuje na veliku mogućnost pojave inverzija temperature upravo u konkavnom obliku reljefa. Mjerni uređaji (temperaturni loggeri) postavljeni su na datum 1.5.2018. godine te su mjerili vrijednosti temperature do 16.5.2019. godine. Razdoblje mjerenja u trajanju od godine dana uvelike je olakšalo usporedbu i primjećivanje zakonitosti. Republika Hrvatska površinom je razmjerno malo područje u svjetskim razmjerima, međutim, u kontekstu vremena i klime nad istim tim područjem prisutni su raznoliki tipovi vremena i složena klimatska regionalizacija. Tipovi vremena korišteni u ovom istraživanju temelje se na Pojinoj tipizaciji (1965) te su podaci o dnevnim kretanjima tipova vremena za područje Republike Hrvatske dobiveni od Državnog hidrometeorološkog zavoda. Problemi koji su se javili prilikom analize podataka ukazali su na potrebu isključivanja temperaturnog loggera JU3 iz daljnje analize budući da je logger pokazivao anomalije u odnosu na ostale loggere i to prvenstveno zbog krivo odabrane lokacije. Jedan od loggera (MM3) prestao je s bilježenjem podataka na datum 24.2.2019. zbog punjenja memorije. Rezultati pokazuju pojavu temperaturnih inverzija u velikom broju slučajeva (317 od 380 dana mjerenja). Ovo dokazuje činjenicu da je temperaturna inverzija u planinskom predjelu, poput područja NP Paklenica, češća pojava od normalne raspodjele temperature zraka s visinom. Valja naglasiti da su najniži dijelovi vertikalnog stupca zraka najpodložniji stvaranju vrlo izraženih i frekventnih pojava inverzija. Tijekom hladnog doba godine, u manjoj mjeri zabilježen je veći postotak inverzija u odnosu na topli dio godine (razlika iznosi 0,36%), a kao godišnje doba s najvećim postotkom zabilježenih inverzija temperature može se navesti ljeto 2018. te mjesec svibanj 2018. godine. S obzirom na ukupnu apsolutnu pojavnost i u vezi s time, postotak generiranih temperaturnih inverzija, radijacijska grupa tipova vremena najveći je broj dana uzrokovala inverziju temperature (87,93%). Iako u mnogo manjoj mjeri zastupljena, advekcija zraka iz JI Europe u 100% slučajeva bila je uzrok pojave temperaturnih inverzija. Problematični pojam kontinentalnosti uz veći naglasak na različitim nadmorskim visinama također ima utjecaj u pojavi inverzija. Visinski profil postavljen u izraženiju unutrašnjost Parka pokazuje frekventnije i izraženije vrijednosti negativnog vertikalnog temperaturnog gradijenta. To begin with, in this thesis, the results of temperature measurement, which took place in National Park Paklenica, are presented. The aim was to detect the existence of temperature incersions. The emergence of temperature generated inversions is correlated with the types of weather, this then leads to the cognition which states that the weather has an influence on the emergence of the inversable altitude and distribution of air temperature. The Velika Paklenica canyon had been selected as the territory which would be researched due to the fact that the existant literature indicates the great probability of the occurence of the temperature inversions in this type of relief (which is also called dispersive relief). Measurment devices (temperature loggers) were set on the 1st of May 2018 in order to measure the value of temperature. What is more, all this took place until the 16th of May 2019. The one year period of measurment has made the comparison of validity much easier as well as their comprehension. The Republic of Croatia is fairly small area on global scale. Nevertheless, taking into account the weather and the climate above previously mentioned area, one can notice the presence of multiple types of weather and complex climate regionalization. The types of weather used in this research are based on Poje's tipization (1965) and the data about weather's daily movement are taken from the State's Meteorological and Hydrological Service (DHMZ). The problems which appeared during the analysis of the data indicated that temperature logger JU3 should have been shut down from the further analysis, due to the fact that this particular logger had showed anomalies in relation to other loggers. Furthermore, this happened mainly because it was wrongly located. What is more, one of the loggers (MM3) stopped recording on the 24th of February 2019 due to the memory charge. Moreover, the results show teperature inversions in most of the cases (317 out of 380 days during which the devices were measuring). Thus this proves the fact that temperature inversion in highland area, such as NP Paklenica, is much more common than the normal distribution of air temperature on the grounds of altitude. It should be emphasized that the lower parts of vertical air column are the most subjected to producing frequent emersion of inversions. Furthermore, during the colder periods of the year, greater percentage of inversions is measured in lesser extent than in warmer periods of the year (the amount of difference is 0,36%). What is more, when it comes to the whole period of the year, the one with the most temperature inversions was the summer of 2018 and the month of May 2018. On the grounds of the absolute emergence, and in correlation with it, the percentage of generated temperature inversions and the radiation group of the weather types was the one that caused temperature inversion in the largest number of days (87, 93%). Although less prevalent, advection of air from SE Europe in 100% of cases was the cause of temperature inversions. What is more, the term continentality, which is also quite a problematic one, has an effect on the emergence of inversions. However, one has to have in mind the different altitudes. Elevation profile, placed in the prominent interior of NP Paklenica, shows more frequent and prominent values of the negative vertical temperature gradient.

Kultura i turizam imaju uzajamnu vezu u kojoj jedno neminovno utječe na drugo – kultura postaje vrlo važan motiv turističkih putovanja te nezaobilazni čimbenik turističke ponude. Kulturni se turizam bavi upoznavanjem posjetitelja s različitim i zanimljivim karakteristikama određenog grada, regije ili države. U skladu s tim, film je izraz umjetnosti i kulture te on zastupa i predstavlja način života lokalnog stanovništva, njihov jezik i povijest. Upravo se zbog toga filmski turizam može nazvati granom kulturnog turizma. Filmski i književni turizam su, u većini slučajeva, međusobno isprepleteni jer se većina turistički značajnih, ali i poznatih filmova temelji upravo na istoimenim književnim djelima. Dakle, u ovom obliku turizma posjetitelje privlače mjesta u kojima se odvijala radnja filma ili sam prikaz određenog mjesta na televiziji, odnosno filmu. Nadalje, dvije bitne distinkcije ovog oblika turizma jesu filmski turizam na mjestu snimanja te filmski turizam izvan mjesta snimanja, čija se razlika očituje ponajprije u lokaciji. Odabrane studije slučaja ukazuju na spremnost destinacija u inkorporiranju filma kroz turizam te na problematiku i prednosti s kojima se susreću. Osim toga, analizom i komparacijom se utvrđuje stupanj razvijenosti filmskih destinacija. Culture and tourism affect and correlate with each other – culture becomes a very important travelling motive and an inevitable factor of the tourism offer. Cultural tourism deals with familiarizing visitors with different and interesting characteristics of a particular town, region or country. Accordingly, the film is an expression of arts and culture and it represents the local community’s way of life, language, and history. That is the way the term film tourism can be called a branch of cultural tourism. Film and literary tourism are in most cases intertwined because most of the tourism significant and popular films are based on the eponymous literary works. So, visitors are attracted to the places where the storyline or the display of a certain site for the film took place. Furthermore, two major distinctions are on-location and off-location film tourism. The difference between those two is manifested primarily in the location. The selected case studies point out the promptness of destinations to incorporate the film through tourism, and the issues and advantages they are faced with. In addition, the analysis and comparison determine the degree of development of film destinations.

Tema ovog rada je realizacija aplikacije koja za svrhu ima zamijeniti standardno anketiranje posjetitelja Nacionalnog parka Paklenica putem anketnog upitnika te učiniti cijeli postupak kontrole kvalitete pruženih usluga jednostavnijim i bržim te korisnicima pristupačnijim, korištenjem informacijsko komunikacijskih tehnologija. Na temelju anketnih pitanja dobivenih od strane Nacionalnog parka Paklenica, određen je izgled aplikacije. Aplikacija je izrađena u razvojnom programskom okruženju Android Studio, a baza za spremanje korisnikovih odgovora na anketna pitanja kreirana je pomoću Google-ove mobilne platforme Firebase. Aplikacija prikuplja odgovore korisnika na anketna pitanja, na temelju kojih je moguće napraviti analizu trenutne ponude Parka, kontrolirati kvalitetu pruženih usluga, i upravljati informacijama na dinamičniji i aktraktivniji način uz prednosti brzine, jednostavnosti i ekonomičnosti. Njena korisnost se u konačnici ogleda kvalitetnijom uslugom te kao rezultat toga, bolja posjećenost Parka. The topic of this paper is the development of an application for the purpose of replacing the survey of Paklenica National Park through a standard questionnaire and make the entire process of controlling the quality of provided services easier, faster and more accessible to users by using information communication technologies. The layout of the application was determined by the questionnaires received from the Paklenica National Park and the application was created in the Android Studio development environment; a database for saving user responses to survey questions was created using the Google Mobile Firebase platform. The application collects user feedback, based on which it is possible to analyze the current offer of the Park, control the quality of provided services, and manage information in a more dynamic and more attractive way with the advantages of speed, simplicity and cost-effectiveness. Its usefulness is ultimately reflected in better quality of the service and, as a result, more visitors.

U radu je prikazano korištenje staništa divokoza u Nacionalnom parku Paklenica ovisno o nadmorskim visinama, ekspozicijama i nagibu te botaničkom sastavu prehrane. Prikazani podaci prikupljeni su monitoringom u razdoblju od 2008. do 2016. godine. Stanište divokoza prostire se u visinskom rasponu rasponu od 175 m do 1.706 m. Zabilježena su mala premještanja po nadmorskim visinama koja uglavnom ovise o klimatskim uvjetima tokom godine te u manjoj mjeri o ljudskim aktivnostima u pojedinom djelovima staništa. U odnosu na nadmorske visine, divokoze češće mijenjaju ekspozicije ovisno o godišnjem dobu i klimatskim uvjetima. Najmanje razlike zabilježene su pri nagibu staništa, a preferirani nagibi su iznad 25o. Prikazane su i biljne vrste korištene u prehrani zabilježene izravnim opažanjima na terenu, kontrolnim uzrokovanjem i usporedbom sa podacima iz literature. Ukupan broj biljnih vrsta u prehrani iznosi 42, od čega je 18 zabilježeno izravnim opažanjima, a 24 vrste na osnovu kontrolnog uzrokovanja i usporedbe sa podacima iz literature., Chamois habitat use depending on elevation, aspect and slope, as well as botanical composition of nutrition, is presented in this thesis. The research area comprised habitats inside the Paklenica National Park. The data shown in this thesis were collected during monitoring in period from 2008- 2016. The chamois habitat comprise altitudinal range from 175 m up to 1706 m. There is a minor vertical migration recorded, which depends mainly on climatic conditions and less of human activities in particular parts of habitat. In contrast with elevation, the chamois more frequently changed habitat aspect depending on seasonal period and climatic conditions. The smallest change has been noted in use of habitat slope where prefered slope is above 25o. The research of plant species in chamois nutrition was done by direct observations in the field, control sampling and comparison with literature. There is a total of 42 plant species in chamois nutrition, of which 18 species has been recorded by direct observation and 24 by control sampling and compared with the data from literature.

Tema ovoga rada je „Biološka i krajobrazna raznolikost Nacionalnog parka Paklenica kao paradigma razvoja turizma“. Iznimna krajobrazna i biološka raznolikost NP „Paklenica“ naprosto plijeni posjetitelje svojom jedinstvenošću, svojom intrizičnom ljepotom koju se može čitati samo ako posjetite park. U ovom radu smo prikazali refleksiju posjetitelja o krajobraznoj i biološkoj baštini i njenoj valorizaciji. Naši posjetitelji koje smo anketirali upravo krajobraznu raznolikost i raznolikost flore i faune smatraju kao paradigmu razvoja posebnih oblika turizma (turizam promatranja prirode, pustolovni turizam, ekoturizam i Wildlife turizam). Nameće se zaključak da su nužni novi osmišljeni edukacijski programi koji nedostaju, nove aktivnosti, interakcije prirode i svih dionika, kao pretpostavke razvoja samog parka, njegove zaštite, očuvanja i unaprjeđenja. Odnos posjetitelja koji su u ogromnoj većini inozemni i ekološki osviješteni govori o (ne)valorizaciji baštine. Pojedine ocjene održivog stanja parka nisu baš sjajne, ali zato ponovljivost posjeta govori da je NP „Paklenica“ itekako prijemljiv sa stanovišta krajobrazne raznolikosti, raznolikosti flore i faune, kao i endemizma, kojemu je kraljica upravo mitski opjevana planina Velebit. The title is "Biological and Landscape Diversity of Paklenica as a paradigm of tourism development". Exceptional landscape and biodiversity of National Park "Paklenica" simply captivates visitors with its uniqueness, intrinsic beauty, which can be seen only if you visit the park. In this paper we presented impressions of visitors on landscape and biological heritage and its valorisation. Visitors we surveyed consider landscape diversity and variety of flora and fauna as a paradigm for the development of specific forms of tourism (nature observation tourism, adventure tourism, eco-tourism and wildlife tourism).We are coming to conclusion that is necessary to develop a new educational programs which are missing lacking, new activities, interaction between nature and all stakeholders, as a prerequisite for the development of the park, its protection, preservation and improvement. Number of visitors who are in vast majority foreign and eco-conscious speaks of heritage valorisation. Some assessments of sustainability state of Paklenica are not ideal, but repeatable visits tell that NP "Paklenica" is very receptive from the standpoint of landscape diversity, diversity of flora and fauna, as well as endemism, whose queen is praised Velebit mountain.

interactive map, hiking map, National Park Paklenica

The „Show and tell Herbarium“ was made as part of the biological camp „Paklenica 2008“ organized in the National Park Paklenica (southernmost part of Mt. Velebit, Croatia) by the Biology Students Association – „BIUS“. The abundant plant material was collected in the proximity of marked paths within 5 days of field work. In the end, 142 different plant taxa were barbarized belonging to 52 families. Herbarium is the simplest and the most concise way of introducing the local flora to visitors and plant lovers. In order for the floristical treasures of the National Park Paklenica to be available to the vast number of visitors, this „Show and tell Herbarium“ has been created as a durable and interactive one. The emphasis was on the endangered and rare taxa, but also on the interesting characteristics of the most common ones. To increase it's usage possibilities, specimens were plasticized in order to enable easier and carefree handling which allows a more interactive approach with children. Furthermore, on the very herbarium label a visitor can read the symbols of the most interesting characteristics of the taxa – if it is poisonous, medicinal, edible, protected according to The 2005 Nature Protection Act or if they are enlisted in The Red book of the vascular flora of Croatia. Moreover, there is a short information card enclosed with all specimens, providing more details on the peculiarity of the taxa, either ones of usage or of their intrinsic value that is protected.

The bird fauna of the Croatian National Park paklenica investigated from 1984 to 1996 is presented. During 297 field days 193 bird species (196 with data from other authors) were recorded in the area of National Park and its surroudings, out of which 91 are breeding ones.

Geomorphological research is getting increasingly applied in many sciences, and so in Geoecology (Landscape Ecology), as well. This paper shows on the example of geoecological relief evaluation in the National Park Paklenica a bare necessity to accomplish geomorphological research in order to obtain a comprehensive insight into the relief as of the fundamental landscape element., Geomorfološka istraživanja nalaze sve veću primjenu u mnogim znanostima, pa tako i u geoekologiji. U radu je, na primjeru geoekološkog vrednovanja reljefa NP Paklenica prikazana neopohodnost uključivanja geomorfoloških istraživanja u svrhu cjelovitog upoznavanja osobina reljefa kao temeljnog elementa krajolika.