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The article examines the activities of the Ministry of Culture and Strategic Communications of Ukraine in the context of ensuring national interests and information security of the state. In the third year of the full-scale, combined with a hybrid component, the war of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, the issue of information sovereignty becomes a critical element of the country's overall security. Attention is focused on the role of the Ministry of Culture and Strategic Communications of Ukraine as a key body responsible for the formation and implementation of state policy in the fields of culture, information policy, and national heritage. The article analyzes the organizational and legal foundations of the Ministry of Culture and Strategic Communications of Ukraine, its functions and tasks. Special attention is paid to the legal and regulatory aspects of the functioning of the Ministry of Culture and Strategic Communications of Ukraine, its evolution, as well as interaction with other state authorities, in particular the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine, the Security Service of Ukraine, and the National Council on Television and Radio Broadcasting. Since the Constitution of Ukraine does not provide for a specific department responsible for information security, the functions of the Ministry of Culture and Strategic Communications of Ukraine are regulated by secondary legislation and specific laws, such as the Law of Ukraine "On National Security of Ukraine" and the Law of Ukraine "On Media". The study emphasizes that the Information Security Strategy of Ukraine, approved in 2021, defines key threats and tasks in the field of information sovereignty. It also lays the foundation for coordinated actions of all subjects of state policy in countering destructive informational influences. The significance of the Information Security Strategy as an important regulatory document defining the basics of protection against external and internal threats is outlined. The Ministry of Culture and Strategic Communications of Ukraine, among other tasks, forms and publishes a list of persons who pose threats to national security. The problem of separation of powers in the field of information security is analyzed. At the same time, it is emphasized that information security remains one of the key priorities of national security, particularly in the context of countering disinformation and other negative informational influences. It is emphasized that strengthening cooperation between authorities and civil society is key to ensuring a stable information space and forming a favorable environment for the protection of Ukraine's national interests. The results of the study are aimed at finding ways to increase the effectiveness of the Ministry of Culture and Strategic Communications of Ukraine in the context of countering modern threats and ensuring information sovereignty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Illiberal governance is on the rise across the globe. At the same time, China and Russia are expanding their investment and political presence in many countries. Most studies link these two trends—the rise of domestic illiberalism and China's and Russia's growing geopolitical influence—often assuming that both Beijing and Moscow are responsible for the spread of autocratic values across the globe. Instead, we find that China and Russia are leveraging existing illiberal trends to expand their global reach. In this article, we analyze media coverage between 2015 and 2022 in Hungary, Türkiye, and Kyrgyzstan of these countries' respective bilateral relations with China and Russia, and we show that countries pursue their own interests by collaborating with China and Russia, often framing external engagement as a positive political and economic development. Our analysis shows that China's foreign messaging is consolidated around a set of ideals, while Russian engagement is mostly driven by anti‐Western sentiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Computer Engineering & Applications is the property of Beijing Journal of Computer Engineering & Applications Journal Co Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

It is indicated in a legal state, regulation of interaction between members of society, coordination of their interests and smoothing of conflicts arising between them and their associations is unthinkable without law. With the help of the influence of law on social relations, it is possible to order and regulate them in a civilized manner. In the sphere of achieving a state of security, the law allows you to set the limits of what is permitted, to determine the obligations and prohibitions in the behavior of the relevant subjects. Due to regulatory legal regulation, security receives a unique meaning that determines the final goal of its provision, connects it with national priorities and interests of each legal entity, preventing blurring of the understanding of the essential characteristics of the basic category «national security» and its derivatives. The conducted scientific analysis of the legal regulation of the economic security system of Ukraine made it possible to conclude that it has a complex and multifaceted nature, that is, it involves the creation of a complex of legal, economic and administrative-organizational mechanisms aimed at ensuring the rights of citizens and other subjects of economic activity to protect private property, economic freedom and unimpeded implementation of economic and other economic activities. It is pointed out that the state should implement the appropriate organizational and legal provision of economic security of Ukraine, aimed at increasing the investment attractiveness of the country, eliminating offenses in the economic sphere. The analysis of regulatory legal acts made it possible to single out the following shortcomings of the legal provision of economic security of Ukraine: complexity, vagueness and inconsistency of individual legislative norms, ambiguous interpretation in their application; inconsistency between developers and lack of system of legal acts regulating economic security. It was concluded that the presence of such shortcomings indicates the need to modify approaches to the formation of legal support for the economic security of the state, to make changes to the current legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the relationship between youth policy and civil society institutions, as well as their impact on ensuring fundamental national interests targeted by state policies in the sphere of national security and defense. In current conditions, when the country faces numerous challenges and threats, the role of youth in strengthening national security becomes particularly significant. Youth policy is regarded as an important element of the humanitarian space that promotes the formation of a resilient and patriotic society capable of effectively countering internal and external threats. This necessitates new approaches to shaping policies aimed at integrating youth into processes of socioeconomic and political development. An important aspect of the conducted research is the identification of mechanisms through which youth policy can contribute to strengthening national security. Specifically, emphasis is placed on the role of youth civil organizations as significant actors in this process, fostering the development of active civic engagement, patriotism, and increasing the level of social responsibility among youth. Youth civil organizations, like civil society institutions, can act as partners to the state in addressing socio-economic and political issues that directly affect national security. The conducted research provides grounds to argue that youth policy can be an instrument for strengthening national security through supporting youth initiatives and integrating youth into decision-making processes. The adoption of a series of normative legal acts and program documents regarding the legal support of the implementation of youth policy, unfortunately, did not completely solve deep-seated problems (paternalism; lack of dialectical connection between programmatic documents and legislative acts; inefficiency and a formal approach to monitoring, etc.). The Euro-integration direction of Ukrainian policy dictates not only the normative establishment of “participation-based policy” but also the implementation of advanced European practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research critically analyzes Indonesia's national interests in the field of hydrooceanography, focusing particularly on the role of the Indonesian Hydro-Oceanographic Office (PUSHIDROSAL) in the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) forum from 2018 to 2023. The study explains the importance of hydro-oceanographic efforts in maintaining national security, promoting economic prosperity, and ensuring sustainable environmental management by examining Indonesia's strategic position as a maritime country. The research reveals various dimensions of Indonesia's national interests in hydrooceanography, investigates the dynamics of the IHO forum, and its implications for Indonesia's strategic goals and diplomatic engagement. Using a mixed-methods approach, this thesis provides insights into the effectiveness of PUSHIDROSAL's contributions to the IHO forum, assessing capacity-building initiatives, participation in technical working groups, and hydrographic advocacy. Additionally, the research evaluates the challenges and opportunities Indonesia faces in advancing its national interests through multilateral cooperation, exploring issues such as resource constraints, technological limitations, geopolitical rivalries, and institutional reforms, thereby emphasizing the crucial role of PUSHIDROSAL in decision-making processes and advancing Indonesia's strategic goals in hydro-oceanography. This thesis will use role theory, national interests, maritime defense strategy, maritime security and the concept of sea power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A thorough examination of governmental and legal processes holds significant relevance in the modern world characterized by constantly evolving global dynamics. Delving into diverse theoretical frameworks such as realistic, constructivist, and liberal perspectives enables a more comprehensive understanding of the essence of national interests and their legal governance. The objective is to undertake a comprehensive analysis of the legal framework governing national interests in the Russian Federation, encompassing both theoretical aspects and practical implementation, and to provide recommendations for enhancing the legal system. The study employs various methodologies: the formal-logical method aids in analyzing legal norms and their interconnectedness; the systemic method enables a thorough exploration of international relations theories, their links to national interests; and the modeling method is utilized to forecast potential scenarios and evaluate their legal implications. The article draws the following conclusions: 1) The realist approach underscores the significance of state sovereignty and security. 2) Despite the prevailing realist paradigm in Russia, the liberal concept retains importance due to its emphasis on international cooperation, economic interdependence, and adherence to legal norms. 3) The constructivist theory remains relevant for its focus on the role of ideas, norms, and values in shaping national interests and adapting to evolving international circumstances. The amalgamation of realist, constructivist, and liberal approaches serves as a contemporary and highly sought-after tool for analyzing and comprehending intricate processes in the modern world.

Ovaj rad pokušava da odgovori na pitanje u kakvom su odnosu percipirani nacionalni interesi Srbije i inicijative Otvoreni Balkan. Rad počinje teorijskim okvirom i objašnjenjem koncepata nacionalnih interesa i regionalnih integracija Zapadnog Balkana. Zatim se predstavlja kratka istorija pomenutih integracija i njihovim odnosom sa procesom pristupanja balkanskih država Evropskoj uniji. Centralni deo rada je usredsređen na ekonomske, institucionalne i međunarodnopravne aspekte inicijative Otvoreni Balkan i kako percipirani nacionalni interesi Srbije određuju ove aspekte. Osnovni zaključci su da su politički lideri Srbije, Albanije i Severne Makedonije birali međuprezidencijalni model regionalnih integracija, da su svesno izbegli institucionalizaciju Otvorenog Balkana, kao i da su gotovo isključivo koristili neobavezujuće instrumente međunarodnog prava. Dodatno, ekonomski dometi inicijative su do sada bili ograničeni.

Background. Today, our country is in an extremely contradictory position. The foreign policy course pursued by Russia in the global political arena in conditions of insta-bility has a tremendous impact on the formation of attitudes towards foreign policy chal-lenges on the part of young people. One of the modern threats is the threat to the sovereign-ty and integrity of the country, which served as the basis for conducting a special military operation. The purpose of the article is to analyze the attitude of young people towards their education in Ukraine. Materials and methods. The article uses the results of a questionnaire survey of student youth (2023), empirical data obtained within the framework of focus groups among the youth of Penza region (2024), research materials from all-Russian cen-ters. Results. The results of a questionnaire survey and focus groups are analyzed regarding the level of interest and concern of young people about the events taking place within the framework of their own, as well as their approval of the course towards a forceful solution to the conflict and the most preferable prospects for further development of the situation. Conclusions. The attitude of young people to the beginning and course of events related to their education has been revealed and determined. Young people support the actions of the authorities regarding the beginning and progress of the operation, and also have fairly posi-tive forecasts regarding the outcome and completion of the operation for Russia.

The advent of the Internet and social media revolutionized all aspects of human life, and diplomacy has not been unscathed. This is manifested in the creation of a new mode of conducting international relations, which has been described as digital diplomacy. Current diplomatic trends show that digital diplomacy has emerged as a more preferred foreign policy instrument across the world, including in Ethiopia, as it annihilates the spatial and temporal constraints of conventional diplomacy. This study therefore examines the essence of digital diplomacy in the Ethiopian context for communicating the foreign policy objectives of the country. To this end, the study employed both primary and secondary sources, which were collected through semi-structured interviews and a review of relevant archival materials. The findings reveal that recently Ethiopia has been streamlining its diplomacy by integrating e-tools into its diplomatic practice to pursue its national interests, which are democratization, development, and the projection of its national pride and prestige via persuasion and attractiveness. Even though it is not sufficient, by enabling the country to capitalize on soft power in the realms of national image building and public diplomacy, digital diplomacy facilitates the articulation and realization of the country’s foreign policy objectives.

INTRODUCTION. In modern international and domestic maritime law, regional fragmentation of legal regulation is becoming more and more noticeable, which, in turn, objectifies and actualizes the formation of complex arrays of legal norms, united by the consistency of the political and legal positions of the contracting states that have national interests in the relevant water area, primarily-coastal states extending their state sovereignty to certain areas of maritime space. In this context, the Greater Mediterranean region should be considered as one of the most important in the world merchant shipping and naval support of international peace and security, as a basin that optimally connects the Atlantic and Indian Oceans from the point of view of logistics, which requires the formation of an appropriate scientific and methodological basis for full implementation of the fundamental principle of international cooperation in the maritime policy of the states of the region.MATERIALS AND METHODS. To substantiate the expediency of singling out the Greater Mediterranean as an independent object of legal regulation, general and special international legal treaties, the domestic legislation of the Mediterranean states, as well as political and legal documents indicating the existence of certain disputes and situations around certain zones of the Mediterranean water area, primarily – in the Eastern Mediterranean region. To obtain reliable and substantiated results of the study, methods of scientific knowledge were used: formal-legal, logical, historical-legal, system-structural analysis. Thus, the formal legal method made it possible to clarify the content and meaning of international legal treaties concluded at different times and aimed at regulating public relations in the maritime sphere. The logical method made it possible to substantiate the need for comprehensive international cooperation of the coastal states of the Greater Mediterranean. With the help of the historical and legal method, an overview was made of both the world, Soviet and Russian practice of applying the norms of domestic and international law on issues related to ensuring international law and order in the Greater Mediterranean region. The logical method made it possible to build the necessary connections and patterns of development of international legal regulation in the Greater Mediterranean region in the general context of ongoing universal and regional political and legal processes and transformations. Using the method of system-structural analysis, it was possible to display a holistic picture of law-making and law enforcement of the Mediterranean states, aimed at the formation of unified principles and norms for the exercise of the sovereign rights of coastal states.RESEARCH RESULTS. International maritime merchant shipping seems to be a very complex area of public relations with a large number of entities that have different legal status and, accordingly, are related to each other in a very different way.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. This work is devoted to the study of the main trends in the development of the Greater Mediterranean region in terms of formulating key international legal guidelines and rules of conduct for its constituent states. The object of the study is the legal relations carried out in the maritime spaces of the Greater Mediterranean as one of the key regions, which, along with its economic and political significance, is an integral zone for the implementation of the national interests of the Russian Federation, extending to the entire World Ocean.

Space warfare has been a dream conquest for the few who are willing to fight and survive, since the early days of astronomy in the mid-16th to 17th centuries. Space is the most physically challenging of all the warfighting domains and operations in this domain are a strong contest between nations as well as others seeking to advance their interests spontaneously. The US Space Force was officially established by December 2019 to address these physical demands of the present age, also known as the Information or the Digital Age, for American defense against all odds of adversaries attempting to sabotage the way of life for all Americans. This research paper introduces the concept of space wargaming and how it can be applied for military applications of approaching or conducting space warfare through illustrative examples of definition, doctrine, principles of war, and rules of conduct and engagement across the board. The Space Force has been struggling to develop a consistent warfighting culture, in comparison of the other military branches across the board, so this paper also emphasizes on implementing joint-operations driven missions that are training or preparing to approach space warfare against the powerful odds of their adversaries, such as Russia and China. Next, this paper explains major principles both the DoD and the Armed Forces should abide by, in response to high senior officials and top ranked leaders from the national defense boards have declared space as a warfighting domain. It describes the major components of space wargaming, within the context of the following areas: mission planning and architecture, leadership and vision of the squadron space forces, economic support through relations with public-private institutions, joint command operations through various models or state of their architecture and historical context of wargaming in applications for modern society, especially the civilians (non-combatants of space warfare). A detailed analysis from both the military and civilian perspectives of space wargaming for a future space conflict is included throughout the paper to establish a non-bias, well-balanced approach of understanding and thoughts regarding the topic selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines strategic communication's important role in countering hybrid threats through early detection, real-time response, and collaboration among government, civil society, and technology sectors. Hybrid threats, such as foreign information interference, disinformation, cyberattacks, and political influence campaigns, present challenges to national security, particularly in the digital age. By fostering societal resilience and enhancing public trust in institutions, strategic communication frameworks are essential to safeguarding national interests. This paper explores how strategic communication frameworks can detect, respond to, and mitigate the impacts of hybrid threats, rapid and coordinated responses. Strategic communication can prevent the spread of disinformation, help build national resilience. By creating collaborative networks and using digital technologies, strategic communication protects national security and underscores their role in safeguarding national resilience. It aligns messaging across agencies, reinforcing government credibility during crises and fostering societal resilience through transparent, accurate information. By engaging with diverse audiences, StratCom adapts messages to influence positive public behaviors and build social cohesion. Additionally, it supports national interests by unifying government and societal efforts under clear objectives, while protecting information channels to secure communication. This proactive, coordinated approach strengthens democratic values and national security against hybrid threats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Medunarodni Problemi is the property of Institute of International Politics & Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper critically reviews the evolution of the concept of science diplomacy and sheds light on the lack of theoretical ref lection on the role of science diplomacy in the Czech context. The idealistic vision of science diplomacy presented by the AAAS and the Royal Society in 2010 has recently been replaced by a more constructivist vision that acknowledges the vulnerability of science and emphasises the political and international implications of S&T diplomacy by pointing to clashes between national interests and those of scientific communities. This post-naive vision relies on the growing strategic value of science and technology, which may lead to the acceptance of new policies regulating the inputs and outputs of scientific systems. The paper brief ly outlines the current strategy of the Czech Republic within the EU, highlighting its geostrategic dimension and identifying relevant challenges for the future agenda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Actual Problems of Jurisprudence / Habaršy. Zan̦ Seriâsy is the property of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The scientific article examines issues related to the determination of the essence, role and meaning of definitions in the regulatory and legal regulation of economic security. The uniqueness of the phenomenon of economic security is emphasized, which is the guarantor of ensuring the national interests of the state, society, and the individual in the economic sphere and the basis for the unhindered implementation of the state’s strategic national priorities. Ensuring these interests and implementing strategic priorities is possible through the creation of effective legal regulation, which includes various legal means, in particular, regulatory prescriptions. It is pointed out the important role of definitions in normative and legal regulation, which contain definitions of concepts as integral elements of the legal basis for ensuring economic security. It is noted that the legal definitions of the concepts have a universally binding nature and contribute to the formation of a single legal space. The functions of legal definitions in the normative and legal regulation of ensuring economic security are revealed. An attempt was made to evaluate the conceptual and categorical apparatus in the analyzed field from the point of view of the universality of the relevant definitions, the completeness of their textual expression, as well as state policy. It is noted that the current security legislation does not contain a legislative definition of key concepts in the field of ensuring economic security. In this regard, the problem of unification of the conceptual and categorical apparatus in the field of ensuring economic security by adopting the main strategic planning documents is raised. In the opinion of the author, taking into account the main approaches of the legislation to the definition of national interests, the legal concept of “economic security”, similar to the definition of “state security”, should reflect a certain state of the state, under which conditions are created to ensure the appropriate state of security of the economic system of Ukraine. The expediency of developing a new Strategy for the sustainable development of the economy of Ukraine for the post-war period was emphasized, which would not only determine the ways to achieve goals and implement priorities of national interests in the field of ensuring economic security and foresee the main challenges and threats, but also contain a legal definition of “economic security” and such its components, such as “financial security”, “foreign economic security”, “investment and innovation security”, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Relations & International Law Journal / Seriâ Meždunarodnye Otnošeniâ & Meždunarodnoe Pravo is the property of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Law Series is the property of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Public Administration & Civil Service / Memlekettìk Basķaru Ža̋ne Memlekettìk Ķyzmet is the property of Academy of Public Administration under the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan / Akademiya Gosun and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Political Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Kurdistan region of Iraq has been one of the most disputed regions in the western neighborhood of Iran, which is also adjacent to Iranian Kurdistan from the east. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to understand the situation of the Kurdistan region of Iraq in terms of opportunities and threats it has for Iran. It is clear that understanding the above issue is important and necessary to strengthen and understand the type of confrontation of the Islamic Republic with the Kurdistan Region in order to obtain more and better national interests. Therefore, the main question of this article has been raised as follows: What are the opportunities and threats of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq? The findings indicate that at 4 cultural, economic, geopolitical and security levels, relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Kurdistan Region of Iraq have created opportunities and challenges that, according to the foreign policy apparatus of both sides, these opportunities They can become a threat or vice versa. However, it seems that in the form of threats, most of them are summarized in the relationship between the Kurdistan Region and Israel. the active diplomacy of the Islamic Republic can turn these threats into opportunities with proper management. The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – This research explores the intricate dynamics of national interests realised through Japan's official development assistance (ODA) to China. It aims to deepen the understanding of these mechanisms, detailing the extent to which Japan has accomplished its national interests. Design/methodology/approach – The paper applies the role theory and narrative analysis to elucidate Japan's national role conception and its categories of national interests with regards to its ODA policy. It utilises both qualitative and quantitative methods to examine the success rate in achieving Japan's diplomatic objectives and how those interests have manifested over time. Findings – The findings suggest a mixed outcome. Whilst Japan's ODA to China has helped in expanding trade and fostering mutual understanding and cooperation, it has been less successful in promoting democratic governance in China or effectively counterbalancing China's regional power. Hence, the realisation of national interests through ODA is a complex process contingent upon numerous factors. Originality/value – This study stands out for its multifaceted approach in examining Japan's ODA policy towards China, integrating both quantitative and qualitative methodologies and applying the role theory in the context of international development aid. It fills a significant gap in the literature by analysing the interplay between national interests and foreign aid, providing nuanced insights into the successes and challenges of Japan's pursuit of its diplomatic objectives. The study's findings have important implications for understanding the complexity of international aid dynamics and can inform future policy decisions in the realm of international relations and foreign aid.

The study examines the immediate and long-term consequences of the Ukrainian crisis and the Special Military Operation for the emerging architecture of international relations. The author summed up the military-political results of the Special Military Operation and focused on the prospects for resolving the Ukrainian crisis. The focus of Russia’s long-term strategy, according to the author, is the formation of new partnerships, moving away from the pragmatic foreign policy paradigm, and filling the concept of “multipolarity” with real rather than declarative content.

The article explores the conceptual landscape surrounding national interests. It posits that the identification, safeguarding, and advancement of national interests serve as the bedrock upon which state policies in the domain of national security are formulated. The article traces the origins, evolution, and contemporary interpretations of national interests. Special emphasis is accorded to interpretations espoused by proponents of the political realism. The author conducts an in-depth examination of Russian perspectives on national interests during the 19th and early 20th centuries, as well as throughout the Soviet era, presenting an original periodization of conceptual approaches within Soviet Russia and the USSR. In addition to its historical inquiry, the article critically assesses the implications of national interests of contemporary Russia’s foreign policy. Through analysis of strategic policy documents, the author discerns instances where policy objectives are conflated with the national interests, diverging from their realization.Given Russia's distinctive geopolitical position and security challenges, the author defines the paramount Russia's national interest – establishing a secure periphery characterized by cooperative relationships with neighboring states and ensuring unimpeded access to global maritime routes.

One of the most crucial mechanisms and tools for achieving the objectives of the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran is the formulation and implementation of effective cultural diplomacy. The importance of this matter stems from the role of cultural diplomacy in establishing communication with both elites and the general public. In recent years, the significance and development of cultural diplomacy have increasingly attracted the attention of policymakers, officials, agents, and academic circles within the Islamic Republic of Iran. The values and culture of the Islamic Revolution, characterized by universal features such as the pursuit of justice, freedom, independence, anti-imperialism, opposition to oppression, and defense of the oppressed and the downtrodden, aim to establish order through various tools of cultural diplomacy. These tools include media diplomacy, scientific, educational, artistic, tourism, religious, and linguistic diplomacy, leveraging the capacities of various organizations, institutions, and entities responsible for cultural matters, and utilizing an efficient workforce. The present study employs a descriptive-analytical method to address the question: What is the status of the cultural diplomacy of the Islamic Republic of Iran based on constructivist theory? The findings of the research indicate that, according to constructivist theory, various levels of threat have emerged in response to the structural configurations of the Islamic Republic of Iran, thereby creating the necessary conditions for the production of national security discourse based on soft power indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research relevance is determined by the need for effective coordination and cooperation between different levels of government to address current challenges and threats. The research study aims to thoroughly analyse hybrid threats in the context of the public administration system, which includes elements of external and internal threats, such as information warfare, cyber threats, disinformation, terrorism, and economic pressure. The study used methods such as synthesis, comparison, structural-functional and formal-legal methods. The study examined the legislation of Ukraine and the EU in the field of public administration at the national level, and as a result of the review, a comparison of approaches to governance in the context of hybrid threats was made. The study proposed strategies to combat various threats that can be applied in Ukraine at different levels of government. These are prevention, detection, and counteraction strategies. They interact with each other to create a comprehensive hybrid threat management system. Understanding the different strategies allowed us to formulate recommendations for policymakers, government, and public authorities to increase resilience and ability to respond to hybrid threats in the context of multi-level public administration. The study examined international policy documents aimed at addressing various aspects. These documents helped to find a single comprehensive approach to enhancing preparedness and response to threats of various kinds. The practical significance of the research is that the proposed strategy options will help society and the government of the country to effectively combat various threats and maintain stability and security in the context of hybrid confrontation and full-scale war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Public Administration & Civil Service / Memlekettìk Basķaru Ža̋ne Memlekettìk Ķyzmet is the property of Academy of Public Administration under the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan / Akademiya Gosun and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International & Comparative Education is the property of International & Comparative Education Editorial, Beijing Normal University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The outbreak of the pandemic in early 2020 greatly slowed down the economic and trade exchanges as well as the cultural exchanges among countries. The Chinese government and media are facing challenges communicating internationally the “Belt and Road Initiative” (BRI). This paper selects the reports of mainstream media in Cambodia related to the “Belt and Road” Initiative before and after the epidemic, and comprehensively analyzes the research samples with the help of content analysis methods. By studying the law of “other shaping” of the image of the BRI reported by the Agence Kampuchea Presse (AKP) and the Phnom Penh Post, the two major mainstream media representing Cambodia’s official and private perspectives, respectively, it is helpful to analyze internal laws and explore the logic behind the discourse of the two Cambodia’s mainstream media; by excavating the attitude and value orientation hidden behind the Cambodian media towards the BRI, the paper comes up with the objective conclusion that the national interests and economic benefits brought by “the Belt and Road” projects are the key internal factors influencing the position of Cambodia’s mainstream media. The paper also notices that the spillover effect of China-US competition has an important impact on the Cambodian mainstream media’s coverage of the “Belt and Road” Initiative, and it also has significance for China to look at external communications and seek a breakthrough in vision by studying the international communication of the United States to Southeast Asia in history and learning from its successful experiences.

Background. To ensure countryʼs national security, comprehensive analysis of current and real threats, which can have significant impact on sovereignty, integrity and progressive development of the country is needed. The current unstable international envi-ronment is today a factor in emergence of new and intensification of old challenges and threats. The purpose of the study is sociological analysis of modern young people attitude to foreign policy threats to Russia in the context of fundamental change in the world order aimed to find ways to form an adequate perception of ongoing geopolitical changes and clear ideas among youth about necessary vector of Russian foreign policy in the context of emerging threats. Materials and methods. The study of youthʼs ideas about modern foreign policy Russian threats is based on materials from author's quantitative and qualitative stud-ies conducted in 2023–2024 years among the student youth of Penza, analysis of documents on the national security of the Russian Federation and data on secondary analysis of socio-logical research in relation to Russians to Russian foreign policy. Results. Based on an analysis of strategic documents of the Russian Federation in the field of national security, the main threats were analyzed; ideas of Russians and student youth about content, nature, orientation of external threats to Russia in modern unstable conditions of international envi-ronment were studied. Conclusions. The main threats to Russia today come from outside, from other countries. The main threat to the national security of the Russian Federation is military, and in particular the activities of NATO. Some young people admit the threat of military attack on Russia by any countries. According to students, “culturalˮ and economic sanctions against Russia, although they can harm, but not significant. The greatest concern among young people is continuation of the Special Military Operation, the conflict with Ukraine and the revival of the Cold War; youth are least concerned about Chinaʼs increased influence and deteriorating relations with the United States.

I krisetider blir vi på en særlig måte konfrontert med det faktum at vi som mennesker, både som individer og som organisert i fellesskap, er i besittelse av begrensede ressurser. I situasjoner hvor slike ressurser må fordeles, er vi tvunget til å gjøre vanskelige avveininger mellom konkurrerende forpliktelser overfor ulike (grupper) mennesker. Denne artikkelen forsøker å formulere forholdet mellom universelle menneskerettigheter og sivile rettigheter som teologisk problem, samt komme med et forslag til en løsning. Den politisk-filosofiske løsningen formuleres innenfor en antropologisk ramme som teologisk etikk er vel skodd til å begrunne.

The author has examined the correspondence of socio-religious figure and founder of the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society (IOPS) V.N. Khitrovo with Chief Procurator of the Holy Synod K.P. Pobedonostsev in the 1880s; the problem of propaganda of the Catholic and Protestant churches in the Holy Land is explored. It is shown that in his detailed reports, historical essays and letters V.N. Khitrovo informed K.P. Pobedonostsev about threats to Orthodoxy in the Holy Land. V.N. Khitrovo rightly supposed that the success of Western propaganda was due to the Western powers’ implementation of their national interests. The religious policy of France and the Protestant powers (England and Germany) was a “tool” for promoting their national interests. “Propaganda” and religious penetration of Western faiths manifested themselves in religious and political forms, which was embodied in the creation of educational institutions, hospitals, the spread of semi-secular women’s orders, and the education of the local population. V.N. Khitrovo associated the success of Catholicism with the activities of Latin Patriarch I. Valerga. A special way of penetration into the Holy Land was biblical research, one example of which was the activities of Victorian General Gordon. V.N. Khitrovo considered that the weakening of Orthodoxy in the Holy Land was due to not only modest funding, but also insufficient coordination of secular and church institutions of the Russian Empire in the implementation of state religious policy. The author comes to the conclusion that the correspondents had trust-based relations and similar views on major religious and political issues.

Economic security serves as a basic platform for the protection of the national interests of each country and creates conditions for the realisation of the intended strategic intentions of future development. As a tool for the protection of national interests, it is considered a priority tool in the management of economic cycles. Accordingly, economic security can be defined as an integral category that provides countermeasures to a systemic set of negative factors. Such countermeasures require the application of a set of measures of an institutional, legal, organisational and economic nature. Therefore, economic security acts as a tool capable of adjusting the mechanism of protection of the country's national economic interests from internal and external threats and, on this basis, exerting a positive influence on ensuring balanced and stable growth of the country's economy, which improves the competitiveness of the national economy in general. The subject of the study is economic security, its content and its place in the protection of national interests of the country. The authors set themselves the task to formulate the main segments of economic security as a priority component of the system of protection of national interests and to propose the modernisation of its content for a more objective definition of the directions of protection against internal and external threats to the economic development of the country. The methodological basis of the study is based on the general principles of scientific knowledge: the principle of objectivity, which requires identification of all factors and threats that led to the creation of the economic security system; the principle of historicism, which provides for coverage of the emergence of the understanding of economic security in their historical context; the principle of multifactoriality, as a study of various objective and subjective factors that influenced the level of economic security. The paper uses such general scientific methods as description, observation, comparison of economic phenomena, provisions of economic theory on economic security; analysis and synthesis to determine the theoretical foundations of economic security in the context of ensuring the national interests of the country. The study of such a tool for protecting national interests as economic security has made it possible to identify several key segments of its essential content, which are taken into account by scholars and justified by the existing modern threats to the national interests of countries. Individual stages of the development of the concept of economic security are analysed in terms of their historical formation, relevance and interrelation with the national interests of the country. Special attention is paid to existing modern ways of protection against internal and external threats to the economic development of countries in order to preserve their national interests. It should be noted that in today's conditions it is difficult to establish a single system of protection of national interests of countries through the chosen system of economic security, as each of them has its own strategic intentions for future development and is under the influence of external and internal factors, which are inherent in the specific environment of economic development. At the same time, all of them are united by the common task of strengthening economic security in order to ensure compliance with national interests. That is, directions for strengthening economic security for one country do not always correspond to the national interests of another, therefore it is advisable to modernise the content of the segments of economic security on the basis of today's realities, which will contribute to a more objective understanding of the system of protection against external and internal threats to the development of economic cycles of countries and will have a positive impact on the preservation of their national interests. Results. Economic security is a priority tool for protecting the national interests of countries, the implementation of measures to strengthen it leads to the creation of an effective system of prevention of negative impact of external and internal content on the economic cycles of their development. Achieving the intended strategic economic goals of development of countries, ensuring the preservation of their national interests is impossible without the implementation of an effective system of protection against negative factors influencing their development. Therefore, the inclusion of economic security in the list of priority tools for protecting national interests as an economic category and modernisation of its content, in the authors' opinion, will contribute to a more objective understanding of the content of measures aimed at levelling various threats arising in the system of economic development of countries. On the basis of the research conducted, the authors believe that the use of the economic security system to preserve and protect the national interests of countries is connected with the implementation of such directions as the introduction and modernisation of the theoretical and methodological content of the methods and techniques of the economic security system (model); the selection and filling of the economic security system with the latest segments (models); the development of directions for the protection of national interests with the participation of the economic security system at the level of the governments of countries, in accordance with the chosen system (model) of economic security.

The political processes taking place in the Caucasus in the last decades of the XXI century have set new goals in the foreign policy of the Centers of power and the countries of the region. It is fully justified that this process has realized a new political acting factor determined by the rational power of Azerbaijan. Because the most reliable concept of development and cooperation was established precisely with the political will, ideological wisdom, progressive ideas, starting from Azerbaijan, and finally with solid foundations of statehood. Therefore, both in the South Caucasus and in the Caspian region, Azerbaijan has played an important role in the development strategy of the states by gaining political actorship. In this regard, the article is of particular relevance and importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Relations & International Law Journal / Seriâ Meždunarodnye Otnošeniâ & Meždunarodnoe Pravo is the property of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Philosophy, Culture & Political Science is the property of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Philosophy, Culture & Political Science is the property of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Onshore wind power is increasingly expanding to meet global and national goals to increase renewable, clean, and fossilfree energy production. In many countries and regions, however, historical and current land use is extensive, and the expansion of wind power has to be well-tuned to avoid risking irreversible legacy losses of existing and traditional land uses, landscape values, and cultures. Hence, assessments of the siting premises of current and forecasted expansion of wind power are strongly needed as a basis for sustainable planning. We present a study from alpine to temperate biomes in Sweden, where an ambitious onshore wind power expansion strategy has been put in place and will result in Swedish landscapes that are typified by wind power. We explored the existing legal framework--i.e., the national interest for wind power according to the Swedish Environmental Code--concerning the spatial interaction with other national interests for nature conservation, landscape values, and other land uses, and the land cover, landowner, and formally protected areas distribution within wind power sites and in their proximity. We found that the national interest framework does not provide sufficient guidance for locating wind power to avoid spatial overlap with conflicting interests and values. Furthermore, our analysis revealed that wind power is located mainly in forest-dominated landscapes, and on lands where private forest companies are the dominant owners but where the proportion of public and non-industrial private ownership increases in the near surroundings. Finally, we found that large areas of formally protected areas are within the proximate areas influenced by wind power. As an extensive onshore wind power expansion is already going on, and an even more extensive expansion is projected, the ways forward toward a sustainable wind power expansion calls for integrated landscape planning approaches that are based on comprehensive assessments of existing interests and values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Afghanistan provides a significant geographical linkage for the regions of the Middle East, South Asia, and Western Asia; therefore, its stability is utmost important for regional as well as broader global accord. The two and half decades of the US military engagement inside Afghanistan had a qualified success as far as peace and stability goals were concerned. The Doha talks focused on the complete withdrawal of US forces from Afghanistan and the internal dialogues among the Afghan stakeholders. Here, the United States, China and Pakistan’s stakes inside Afghanistan became very significant in the context of counter- terrorism and peace. However, the policies of these three significant powers diverge over major elements of security and peace in the region. This paper attempts to explore such divergence and convergence in the multinational peace building approach in Afghanistan. A mixed methodology approach is used to investigate such divergence and convergence in the multinational approach to Afghanistan in the region. The findings of the paper suggest that the two major powers, the US and China are strategically involved in countering each other’s influence and retaining their dominance in Central Asian region, including Afghanistan. For Pakistan on the other hand, the major adversary to contain and confine in the region is India. The paper argues that the three nations can benefit on a common ground if a multilateral approach to peace building is carried out prudently for the sake of a long-term peace and stability in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Political Science / Ulum-i Siyasi is the property of Baqir al-Olum University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)