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Objectives Maxillary impactions are seen as an orthognathic surgical movement that increases the number of complications. The aim of this paper is to research literature on this topic, with special attention to avoiding of complications. Methods A systematic review was carried out according to the PRISMA guidelines. The PROSPERO registration has been performed. A risk of bias assessment was carried out with RevMan and graphics were created. A total of 20 articles were included in this systematic review. Results Some interesting and conclusive facts about maxillary impactions. Relapses are not common due to the higher bone contact. Bleeding is a common complication due to the location of palatal artery. Aesthetic and functional complications can arise, especially in the nasal region. Bimaxillary orthognathic surgeries has a higher incidence of complications. Conclusions Today it is not possible to confirm that maxillary impactions alone are responsible for a higher incidence of complications due to the complexity of the three-dimensional movements. Some surgical steps could be safer and cause fewer complications.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-28T19:46:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-09-30 This case report described the use of tubular subdermal flap to dorsal nasal reconstruction of an old dolichocephalic dog. A nine-year-old Dachshund female dog-weighing 10 kg presented with deep and extensive wound in the dorsal nasal region was attended at veterinary clinic, Sorocaba city, São Paulo, Brazil. The reconstructive surgical procedure was performed in three stages with an interval time of 25 days, which included the preparation of the tubular subdermal flap; the advance of the flap to the region of the tissue defect, and the removal of excess flap. The region healed 14 days after the last stage. The tubular subdermal flap was effective for treating ulcerative epithelial wounds associated with interstitial lymphoplasmocyte dermatitis and vasculitis of the dorsal nasal region of an old Dachshund dog. Vetso Veterinária Popular, SP Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FMVZ) Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), SP Horus Tecnologia Veterinária Eireli Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FMVZ) Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), SP

Repaired unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) is often accompanied by the deformity and asymmetry of the nasal region. Three‐dimensional analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between nasal soft‐ and hard‐tissue asymmetries, as well as the changes in nasal asymmetry with age, among children with repaired UCLP (age: 6–12 years). Forty‐seven patients were included in this study. Their computed tomography records were retrieved for analysis of the 3D asymmetry of 10 landmarks of the nasal soft and hard tissues. We observed that asymmetry was more severe in nasal hard tissues than in soft tissues, particularly in the sagittal dimension. Compared with patients aged 6–9 years old, patients aged 10 to 12 years old had significantly increased vertical asymmetry at the base of the alar groove (Gbase, p = 0.027) and the lateral point of the piriform aperture (LPA), (p, Computed tomography records of forty‐seven 6‐ to 12‐year‐old children with repaired unilateral cleft lip and palate were retrieved. The nasal soft‐ and hard‐tissue asymmetries were investigated. We found no evidence of growth and development in the nasal hard‐tissue asymmetry, except for the vertical dimension. Nasal soft tissue exhibited a more preferable symmetry than hard tissue, and this could be attributed to the compensatory growth of nasal soft tissue, particularly in the vertical and sagittal dimensions. The weak to moderate correlations between nasal soft‐tissue asymmetry and hard‐tissue asymmetry were observed in the three dimensions.

Circum-nasal and nasal cavity morphology add to the picture of the Sima de los Huesos specimens as, at one level, representing a distinct morph and, at another, displaying individual variation. They developed a robust, midline-grooved, three-dimensional spinal ridge lying anteriorly in the nasal cavity floor that was distended posteriorly over the nasal cavity floor, and, typically, an expansive, three-dimensional patch of rugose bone on the nasal cavity wall where a conchal crest would otherwise lie. They vary, for example, in degree of topographic relief of the nasal cavity wall, expression of the spinal ridge, and development of nasal crests and fossae. Lacking an anterior nasal spine, Sima specimens differ from extant and most fossil Homo sapiens, some specimens attributed to H. heidelbergensis, and the Gran Dolina partial face, whose anterior nasal spine is a superoanterior distention of the nasoalveolar clivus, and also from Neanderthals, whose anterior nasal spine projects anteriorly away from the nasoalveolar clivus. Comparison of Neanderthals, the Sima hominin, and specimens regarded as H. heidelbergensis calls for re-evaluating the integrity of "heidelbergensis" and rethinking the phylogenetic relationships of them all. To precisely describe the numerous features and combinations thereof of the nasal region in Sima specimens, and compare them with Neandertals and "H. heidelbergensis", we developed terminology that is applicable not only to hominins, but to mammals in general.

Xeroderma Pigmentosum (XP) is a rare genetic disorder with a poor prognosis due to high photosensitivity in affected patients. Herein, we describe the first case of the use of cemiplimab in a patient with XP, a 19-year-old girl presented with locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the right periorbital and nasal region. This treatment has been undertaken after a cycle of proton beam radiotherapy. Besides, it is reported a description of the few cases in the literature describing the effectiveness of immunotherapy on skin cancers in XP-patients. This case is in line with those reported, underlining how anti-PD1 monoclonal antibodies may be a promising treatment in this genodermatosis.

We report a patient in whom polyacrylamide hydrogel injected into the nasal region caused palmoplantar pustulosis. We report this case because few cases of autoimmune syndrome induced by adjuvants caused by polyacrylamide have been reported.

BACKGROUND: Injury, especially road traffic accident caused injury, was the most cause of death in international traveler worldwide. Estimated more than 1 million people deaths and become disability after injury. Facial fracture was the most common injury in plastic surgery division among international traveler. AIM: This study is aimed to describe the pattern of facial fracture among foreign travelers in Bali to provide prompt prevention and treatment. METHODS: The retrospective study was did using the medical record, imaging analysis including computed tomographies and conventional radiographs of 126 cases of facial fracture from the period of January 2009 to September 2012. The patterns of facial fractures were divided into four main categories of craniofacial, maxillofacial, nasal, and mandibulofacial. RESULTS: The result showed that fractures involving nasal region were the most common (n = 65, 51.6%) followed by midface region (n = 58, 46.0%), craniofacial (n = 50, 39.7%), and mandibulofacial (n = 20, 15.9%), respectively. CONCLUSION: It can be concluded, nasal fracture and midfacial fracture were the most common type of facial fracture with the major cause of motor vehicle accidents.

Introduction: Recently in South Korea, there are increasing number of young adults undergoing orthokeratology treatment for myopia control. They prefer orthokeratology treatment more than wearing spectacles or having a refractive surgery for several reasons. However, there is little research on the effect of orthokeratology treatment on choroids. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the change in choroidal thickness (CT) in the horizontal axis in young myopic adults after orthokeratology treatment. Methods: This was a retrospective research among young myopic patients (−1.0 to −5.0 diopters) aged 19–29 years (n = 36; 23.6 ± 2.5 years). We selected patients who were treated with orthokeratology for 12 months. CT values of the horizontal axis near the fovea before and after orthokeratology treatment were analyzed using optical coherence tomography. The value was measured at the beginning of treatment and at 3, 6, and 12 months after orthokeratology treatment. Three regional areas of choroid on the horizontal plane including fovea were analyzed. Result and Conclusions: In the beginning of orthokeratology treatment, CT of the horizontal axis was 248.9 ± 45.7 μm in the temporal region, 259.9 ± 55.3 μm in the macular region, and 219.2 ± 46.4 μm in the nasal region. Three months after orthokeratology treatment, thickness values of choroids in the 3 divided areas increased significantly (p < 0.05). Mean CT at 6 or 12 months after orthokeratology treatment was greater than before ortho­-keratology treatment. CT increased after 3 months of orthokeratology treatment in each regional area. In young myopic adults, CT in nasal area was thinner than that in foveal or temporal area before treatment. CT recovered to near baseline when it was observed for more than 6 months after orthokeratology treatment.

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in the nasal soft tissues, including movements of landmarks, changes in linear distances, and volumetric changes, using three-dimensional (3D) stereophotogrammetry after microimplant-assisted rapid palatal expansion (MARPE) in adult patients. Methods Facial data were scanned using a white light scanner before and after MARPE in 30 patients. In total, 7 mm of expansion was achieved over a 4-week expansion period. We determined 10 soft tissue landmarks using reverse engineering software and measured 3D vector changes at those points. In addition, we calculated the distances between points to determine changes in the width of the nasal soft tissues. The volumetric change in the nose was also measured. Results All landmarks except pronasale and subnasale showed statistically significant movement on the x-axis. Pronasale, subnasale, alar right, and alar left showed significant movement on the y-axis, while all landmarks except subnasale showed significant movement on the z-axis. The alar base width, alar width, and alar curvature width increased by 1.214, 0.932, and 0.987 mm, respectively. The average volumetric change was 993.33 mm3, and the amount of increase relative to the average initial volume was 2.96%. Conclusions The majority of soft tissue landmarks around the nasal region show significant positional changes after MARPE in adults. The nose tends to widen and move forward and downward. The post-treatment nasal volume may also exhibit a significant increase relative to the initial volume. Clinicians should thoroughly explain the anticipated changes to patients before MARPE initiation.

Background An increasing number of soft tissue filler procedures in the nasal region has been reported. Concomitant with demand, the number of complications has risen due to the difficulty in administering filler in a region where soft tissue layering is complex. Objectives The authors sought to describe the layered soft tissue arrangement of the nose as it relates to the underlying arterial vasculature and to define safer zones for nasal filler enhancement. Methods A total of 60 (28 males and 32 females) study participants were investigated with respect to their layered anatomy in the midline of the nose utilizing ultrasound imaging. The presence and extent of the layered arrangement was examined as well as the depth of the arterial vasculature. Results In the mid-nasal dorsum, a 5-layer arrangement was observed in 100% (n = 60) of all investigated cases, whereas it was found to be absent in the nasal radix and tip. The 5-layer arrangement showed an average extent of 26.7% to 67.5% in relation to nasal length. The nasal arteries coursed superficially in 91.7% of all cases in the nasal radix, in 80% in the mid-nasal dorsum, and in 98.3% in the nasal tip. Conclusions Soft tissue filler administration in the nose carries the highest risk for irreversible vision loss compared with any other facial region. The safety of soft tissue filler rhinoplasty procedures is enhanced by knowledge of the layered anatomy of the nose, the location and depth of the major nasal vasculature, and employment of maneuvers to decrease the risk of blindness.

This issue of the Anatomical Record is focused on the theme of Mysticete Anatomy. There are six included articles that explore the anatomy of the nasal region (Marquez et al., 2018; Maust-Mohl et al., 2018), larynx (Damien et al., 2018), lungs (Fetherston et al., 2018), sublingual fascia (Werth et al., 2018), and brain (Raghanti et al., 2018). These papers document anatomical features exhibited by mysticetes (baleen whales) and their related cousins (including other whales, and the semiaquatic moose and hippopotamus). This theme stems from a 2-day MiniConference on Mysticete Anatomy, hosted at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York City on May 2016. Anatomy is explored in the contexts of function and evolution of aquatic adaptations. Anat Rec, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Anat Rec, 302:663-666, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Background: Basal cell carcinoma is the most common type of skin cancer. Although the literature provides a great deal of information on the recurrences of basal cell carcinoma, studies about these indices addressing only the cases in which flaps and/or grafts have been performed for surgical reconstruction of the excision of this tumor are still lacking. Objectives: To evaluate rates of recurrence of basal cell carcinoma submitted to conventional surgery with pre-established margins and reconstruction by flaps or grafts. Methods: A retrospective and observational study was performed through the analysis of 109 patients, who met inclusion criteria with 116 basal cell carcinomas submitted to conventional surgery and pre-established safety margins, requiring reconstruction through a graft or cutaneous flap. This work was performed the small surgeries sector of Dermatology of the Specialty Outpatient Clinic of the University Hospital of the State University of Londrina, between January 1, 2011 and December 31, 2015. The following data were collected and inserted in an Excel worksheet: name, registration number of the hospital patient, sex, age, tumor location, histopathological type of BCC, procedure performed (type of flap and/or graft), follow-up time, recurrence. Results: Of the 116 procedures, there were recurrences in 3 cases (2.6%) that were located in the nasal region and related to sclerodermiform or micronodular histological types. Study limitations: Retrospective nature of the study. Conclusion: The present study of the dermatology department of this university hospital showed a low rate of recurrence of basal cell carcinoma in cases where flaps and/or grafts were used in the surgical reconstruction.

This study focuses on the role of the nasal region and its interactions with adjacent facial elements during early ontogeny. A series of linear measurements, areas and volumes were extracted from a collection of 227 medical CT-scans of children from 0 to 6 years of age. These measurements describe aspects of the form of the orbit, maxilla, peri-alveolar (subnasal) region, nasal area, eye, oral region, masseter, and temporal muscles. Hypothesized interactions were then examined using path analysis. Two paths were designed: the first to investigate potential interactions in, and relative contributions of the nasal derivatives and adjacent regions to overall facial growth and development; the second path sees the addition of facial soft tissue measurements and aims to assess their effects on skeletal components, and on overall facial growth and development. The results of the first path indicate a large contribution of the nasal and subnasal regions to facial development. This indicates that the nasal septum and the developing dentition provide an important but variable contribution to facial ontogeny during early years. This result is confirmed in the second path, where the soft tissue elements were added to the diagram. Results of the second path indicate that the soft tissues contribute only locally to the development of some skeletal elements of the face. This indicates that the contribution of skeletal components has a more direct effect on facial height than soft tissue matrices, however there are complex interactions between soft tissues and skeletal elements throughout ontogeny.

Craniofacial development requires extremely fine-tuned developmental coordination of multiple specialized tissues. It has been evidenced that a folate deficiency (vitamin B9), or its synthetic form, folic acid (FA), in maternal diet could trigger multiple craniofacial malformations as oral clefts, tongue, or mandible abnormalities. In this study, a folic acid-deficient (FAD) diet was administered to eight-week-old C57/BL/6J female mouse for 2&ndash, 16 weeks. The head symmetry, palate and nasal region were studied in 24 control and 260 experimental fetuses. Our results showed a significant reduction in the mean number of fetuses per litter according to maternal weeks on FAD diet (p &lt, 0.01). Fetuses were affected by cleft palate (3.8%) as well as other severe congenital abnormalities, for the first time related to maternal FAD diet, as head asymmetries (4.6%), high arched palate (3.5%), nasal septum malformed (7.3%), nasopharynx duct shape (15%), and cilia and epithelium abnormalities (11.2% and 5.8%). Dysmorphologies of the nasal region were the most frequent, appearing at just four weeks following a maternal FAD diet. This is the first time that nasal region development is experimentally related to this vitamin deficiency. In conclusion, our report offers novel discoveries about the importance of maternal folate intake on midface craniofacial development of the embryos. Moreover, the longer the deficit lasts, the more serious the consequent effects appear to be.

Airborne pathogens pose high risks in terms of both contraction and transmission within the respiratory pathways, particularly the nasal region. However, there is little in the way of adequate intervention that can protect an individual or prevent further spread. This study reports on a nasal formulation with the capacity to combat such challenges, focusing on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). Formulation of a polysaccharide‐based spray, known for its mucoadhesive properties, is undertaken and it is characterized for its mechanical, spray distribution, and antiviral properties. The ability to engineer key mechanical characteristics such as dynamic yield stresses and high coverage is shown, through systematic understanding of the composite mixture containing both gellan and λ‐carrageenan. Furthermore, the spray systems demonstrate highly potent capacities to prevent SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in Vero cells, resulting in complete inhibition when either treating, the cells, or the virus, prior to challenging for infection. From this data, a mechanism for both prophylaxis and prevention is proposed; where entrapment within a polymeric coating sterically blocks virus uptake into the cells, inactivating the virus, and allowing clearance within the viscous medium. As such, a fully preventative spray is formulated, targeted at protecting the lining of the upper respiratory pathways against SARS‐CoV‐2., There is a high risk of transmission of airborne pathogens through the nasal epithelium. This study reports a novel nasal spray, which is designed to maximize surface coverage and prevent infection through physical entrapment and inhibition of infection by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2).

Yolk sac tumor (YST) is a rare and highly malignant germ cell tumor that is extremely rare in the nasal region. Herein, we present a case of biopsy-proven nasal YST admixed with transitional cell carcinoma in a 58-year-old woman. Complementary F-FDG PET/CT revealed the only FDG-avid mass in the right nasal cavity. This case indicates that YST could occur in the nasal region primarily, and F-FDG PET/CT is a useful tool to distinguish between primary and metastatic lesions.

Cleft lip and palate (CLP) is one of the most common congenital deformities. Primary surgeries at an early age result in scar formation, which may impede the growth of craniofacial structures of the maxilla. Orthodontist's role in the management of individuals with CLP is important and starts from the time of birth. The knowledge of craniofacial structures in individuals with a cleft is essential for treatment planning. The purpose of this study was to analyze and compare craniofacial structures of cleft and noncleft side of individuals with non-syndromic unilateral complete cleft lip and palate (NSUCCLP) using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). CBCT scans of individuals with NSUCCLP (n = 42) were retrieved from the databases of two cleft centers, which followed the same protocols for timing and type of primary surgeries and secondary alveolar bone grafting (SABG). DICOM files of CBCT scans were integrated into Dolphin 3D software, and analysis was carried out in multiplanar views. The craniofacial structures of individuals with NSUCCLP were analyzed using fourteen parameters. Measurements were also recorded between the cleft and noncleft sides for comparison. The volume of the maxilla was generated by isolating it from adjacent structures on a 3D reconstructed model. MAWC, MAWPM1, MAWPM2, MAWM1, and MV of the cleft side was less than noncleft side (P

Summary Introduction Total rhinectomy for tumors of the nasal cavity substantially alters patients' appearance and requires local reconstruction. While full nasal epitheses are well-established for this purpose, potential long-term adverse effects and impact on patients' quality of life are not fully understood. Methods Sixteen patients who underwent total rhinectomy with ensuing nasal reconstruction with a full nasal epithesis were included in the study. Oncologic outcomes were assessed, and adverse effects and quality of life analyses were performed based on a patient-reported outcomes tool. Results In patients with squamous cell carcinomas of the nasal cavity, total rhinectomy led to excellent local tumor control. Immediate and long-term adverse effects of total rhinectomy and placement of a nasal epithesis were predominantly limited to the immediate nasal region. While patients were satisfied with their nasal appearance, they reported a worse assessment of their facial appearance and a measurable long-term effect on their psychological well-being. Conclusion Total rhinectomy and reconstruction with a full nasal epithesis is a safe and oncologically sound treatment approach. However, its effects on patients' overall appearance and psychological well-being need to be considered during treatment planning and follow-up.

Defect of the nasal region can cause both functional and cosmetic defect. Defect at the nasal tip and adjoining sides is repaired with the help of four staged Schmid–Meyer frontotemporal flap is best suited for its high vascularity and robustness. Glabellar rotation is suited for the defect created following excision of basal cell carcinoma on the external nasal dorsum; the procedure is done in single stage. Single-stage forehead island flap on a subcutaneous pedicle is needed in the area between nose and forehead; in this area the thickness of the tissues above the bone is more than further down the nasal dorsum. The superior based nasolabial flap is used to reconstruct the defect of the nasal ala. For total or subtotal nasal defect, multi-staged anterior scalping flap is very useful. Limited defect on nasal dorsum is repaired by full-thickness skin taken from the lower neck or back of ear.

Our study examined the choroidal thickness profile of children with myopic anisometropic amblyopia and compared the thickness with the fellow eyes. The choroidal thickness was measured with the enhanced depth imaging with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Manual segmentations of the choroid were performed on a 25-raster horizontal scan. The choroidal thickness measurements of the 9 subfields defined by the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) were evaluated. The mean spherical equivalent of the amblyopic eyes was -10.80 ± 0.41 D and the fellow eyes was -4.40 ± 2.05 D. The mean best corrected visual acuity of the amblyopic eyes and the fellow eyes were 0.94 ± 0.27 and 0.14 ± 0.05 logMAR respectively. The amblyopic eyes have longer axial length (26.46 ± 0.44 mm) compared to the fellow eyes (23.59 ± 1.18 mm). The average subfoveal choroidal thickness was 124.30 ± 40.71 µm in the amblyopic eyes and 246.80 ± 58.63 µm in the fellow eyes. The horizontal and vertical distribution pattern of choroidal thickness in amblyopic eyes was different from the fellow eyes. In amblyopic eye the choroidal thickness reduced from the temporal region to the nasal region. The fellow eyes had thickest choroid at the subfoveal area, followed by the temporal region and nasal region. In conclusion, the choroid was thinner in the amblyopic eyes than that of the fellow eyes at all regions.

Os ferimentos causados por arma de fogo em cães costumam provocar lesões severas e podem ser fatais. A avaliação clínica é fundamental para a averiguação da trajetória do projétil, bem como seus efeitos e os danos sofridos pelo paciente. Este artigo descreve as características de um complexo ferimento facial em um cão da raça Pit Bull, causado por projétil balístico. O exame radiográfico confirmou a presença do projétil, que perfurou a face na região maxilar esquerda, penetrando a região nasal e causando avulsão de quatro dentes. O projétil seguiu em direção à rama mandibular esquerda, onde deixou resíduos de chumbo e ricocheteou, instalando-se definitivamente na porção médio-lateral da base da língua, de onde foi removido cirurgicamente. O impacto afetou os três dentes molares inferiores esquerdos, fraturando os dois primeiros, e seus fragmentos e raízes tiveram de ser removidos cirurgicamente. O paciente foi acompanhado ao longo de um ano, evoluindo para plena recuperação já no primeiro mês após a intervenção

The current study relates to the immobilization of the nasal region with splints using modern materials such as thermoplastic compounds in patients that have undergone rhinoplasty. The objectives of the research are to highlight the main characteristics of thermoplastic splints and to perform a comparative analysis in relation with traditional splints. The research was conducted on 2 batches, the first batch involving 24 patients that have undergone rhinoplasty, the postoperative immobilization being performed using metallic splints and the second batch involving 29 patients, thermoplastic splints being used for immobilization after the surgery. The results of the study are focused on evaluating both thermoplastic and traditional splints based on several criteria, such as modeling capacity, toxicity, surgical risks and patients� degree of satisfaction.

З метою з’ясування видових особливостей будови структур носової ділянки людини та деяких ссавців в пренатальному періоді онтогенезу, досліджено 75 препаратів передплодів та плодів людини та 85 препаратів ссавців різних періодів пренатального розвитку з використанням комплексу методів морфологічного дослідження (антропометрія, морфометрія, мікроскопія, тривимірне комп’ютерне реконструювання, статистичний аналіз). Встановлено, що видові відмінності будови носового апарату вивчених ссавців пов’язані з формою носової порожнини, структурою вторинного кісткового піднебіння, кількістю та ступенем розвитку носових раковин, приносових пазух і зумовлені особливостями харчування, характером зубного озброєння, мірою розвитку головного мозку, інтенсивністю дихання та умовами існування тварини. У людини латеральна носова залоза відсутня, добре розвинені респіраторні, нюхові та верхньощелепні залози.

Measurement of pressure threshold has found its applications in the fields of medical sciences and product design. Hence it has been a profound area of research interest for several decades. However, hardly any detailed investigation has been undertaken to measure the pressure threshold in the head region. In this study, Pressure Discomfort Threshold (PDT) and Pressure Pain Threshold (PPT) were measured for two hundred eighteen healthy Chinese adults at seventy-six anatomical locations, and further statistical analyses were performed on the acquired data to understand the relationship between different demographic parameters. The results suggest that the pressure sensitivity is low in the vertex region, moderate in the forehead and temporal area, and high in the facial and nasal region. From this study, pressure sensitivity maps were developed for PDT and PPT for Chinese adults. The measured pressure threshold data showed no significant relationship with age and Body Mass Index (BMI).

This study was conducted to get an idea about the distribution of the lymphatic fluid in conjunctiva throughout the body parts. For this purpose, Qdot655 (QD), fluorescence nanoparticles, spread onto the conjunctiva were used on Wistar albino rats. Drainage of QD particles from conjunctiva was followed up via fluorescence images at different hours on body parts such as eye, ears, forearms, hind legs and tails. The first fluorescence signals within the 30th minutes following administration of QD were observed in the nasal region and the anterior extremities. Whereas within 60th minutes following QD spread, fluorescent signals were obtained from the ears, forearms, hind legs and tail of the female and male rats.

ARTICLE IN PRESS, Purpose: To compare the shape of the anterior sclera of candidates to scleral lens (ScCL) fitting with regular and irregular corneas and analyze the changes induced in the shape of the sclero-conjunctiva after ScCL wear.Methods: Thirty-five eyes of 18 subjects (19 eyes with irregular corneas and 16 with regular corneas) were consecutively recruited. Three measures of sclero-conjunctival shape were taken with Eye Surface Profiler (ESP, Eaglet Eye, Houten, The Netherlands). Tangent angles and ocular sagittal heights (OC-SAG) were analyzed at different chords from 13 to 17 mm in the nasal, temporal, superior and inferior regions. The 19 eyes with irregular cornea were selected to wear ScCL and the changes in their sclero-conjunctival surface parameters were compared before and after 3 h of lens wear.Results: Irregular corneas showed higher OC-SAG values than regular corneas in all the chords analyzed, with statistical significant differences in the temporal region. Regarding tangent angles, regular corneas showed lower values (flatter surface), with statistical significant differences at 8 and 8.50 mm on the nasal and 8.50 mm on the temporal region. Some changes were seen in sclero-conjuctival shape after short-term ScCL wear. There was an augment in OC-SAG after 3 h of scleral lens wear and a reduction on tangent angles, namely on the nasal region at 7.5 mm and 8.00 mm chord lengths, which is coincidental with the landing zone of ScCL.Conclusions: ESP shows mild differences in scleral shape between eyes with regular and irregular corneas. ESP might be valuable in quantifying the mechanical impact of the ScCL on the anterior eye surface. (C) 2010 Spanish General Council of Optometry. Published by Elsevier Espana, S.L.U., This project was supported in part by an unrestricted grant from Bausch a Lomb (Rochester, USA) and the European Fund for Regional Development (FEDER) through the COMPETE Program and by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) in the framework of projects PTDC/SAU-BEB/098391/2008, PTDC/SAU-BEB/098392/2008 and the Strategic Project PEST-C/FIS/U1607/2011. Authors declare that they do not have any proprietary or financial interest in any of the materials mentioned in this article.

Background: To map the choroidal vascularity index and compare two eyes in patients with unilateral central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR). Methods: This was a retrospective, observational study performed in patients with unilateral CSCR. Choroidal thickness (CT) and Choroidal vascularity index (CVI) were measured and mapped in various zones according to the early treatment diabetic retinopathy (ETDRS) grid. Results: A total of 20 CSCR patients (20 study and 20 fellow eyes) were included in the study. Outer nasal region CT was seen to be significantly lower than central CT (p = 0.042) and inner nasal CT (p = 0.007), outer ring CT was significantly less than central (p = 0.04) and inner ring (p = 0.01) CT in CSCR eyes. On potting all the CVI values against the corresponding CT values, a positive correlation was seen in CSCR eyes (r = 0.54, p &lt, 0.01), which was slightly weaker in fellow eyes (r = 0.3, p &lt, 0.01) and a negative correlation was seen in healthy eyes (r = −0.262, p &lt, 0.01). Conclusions: Correlation between CVI and CT was altered in CSCR eyes as compared to fellow and normal eyes with increasing CVI towards the center of the macula and superiorly in CSCR eyes.

With the purpose to clarify general patterns and species characteristics of prenatal morphogenesis of nasal region structures in rattus norvegicus 21 series of consecutive histological sections preparations of 4,0-36,0 mm parietal-coccygeal length of rattus norvegicus were examined. It has been established that development of nasal cavity in rats begins with nasal placodes with ectodermal origin. The formation of nasal cavity in rats passes five sequential stages: olfactory placode, nasal fossa, nasal sacks, primary nasal cavity and definitive nasal cavity. Formation of nasal cavity includes obligatory process of physiological atresia of nostrils, nasal-palatine channels and ducts of vomeronasal organ. Physiological atresia of these structures proceeds the time when palatine processes become horizontal. Regularities of nasal glands morphogenesis have a certain sequence of development: first lateral nasal gland is laid, then maxillary sinus, respiratory and olfactory glands. In general, development of nasal glands in rats occurs on earlier stages of development, as compared to human.

The nasal cycle, through variation in nasal airflow partitioning, allows the upper airway to accommodate the contrasting demands of air conditioning and removal of entrapped air contaminants. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) breathing has on both nasal airflow partitioning and nasal geometry. Using a custom-made nasal mask, twenty healthy participants had the airflow in each naris measured during normal nasal breathing followed by nCPAP breathing. Eight participants also underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the nasal region during spontaneous nasal breathing, and then nCPAP breathing over a range of air pressures. During nCPAP breathing, a simultaneous reduction in airflow through the patent airway together with a corresponding increase in airway flow within the congested nasal airway were observed in sixteen of the twenty participants. Nasal airflow resistance is inversely proportional to airway cross-sectional area. MRI data analysis during nCPAP breathing confirmed airway cross-sectional area reduced along the patent airway while the congested airway experienced an increase in this parameter. During awake breathing, nCPAP disturbs the normal inter-nasal airflow partitioning. This could partially explain the adverse nasal drying symptoms frequently reported by many users of this therapy.

Nasal pyramid presents an increased frequency of skin tumours such as basal cell or squamous cell carcinomas. That could be explained by the increased rate of solar radiation exposure. Fear of a malign skin disease have been rising public awareness of the danger of exposure to sunlight. However, the incidence of skin cancer is continuously increasing. The probability of developing a skin tumour increases with age. Typically, concern relates to the patient on the cosmetic appearance and on the malignant potential of the lesion. Nasal defects can take place most often after oncological procedures. Knowing the most common forms of benign and malignant skin tumours is crucial for a proper evaluation and therapeutic management. Particular importance should be given to those clinical issues that may raise suspicion of a malignant lesions turn. In this study we evaluated the incidence of nasal pyramid tumours. This included also the pathological aspect of nasal skin.

Background: Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) is a chorioretinal disease affecting mostly middle age males. It is marked by the serous detachment of the neurosensory layer at the macula. This review of the literature provides a framework of the current characteristic/relevant imaging findings of CSCR. Although the pathogenesis of CSCR is unclear, the choroid plays a major role and its changes are fundamental to the diagnosis and treatment of CSCR. Methods: A systematic literature search focusing on current multimodal imaging for CSCR was performed. Only articles reporting on original clinical data were selected, studies in a language other than English were included only if an English abstract was provided. Additional sources included articles cited in the references list of the first selected articles. We deduced imaging findings based on current and relevant literature on the topic. Results: We found that sub foveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) and choroidal vascularity index (CVI) were greater in eyes with acute CSCR than in eyes with chronic CSCR or normal eyes. There was increased choroidal thickness (CT) in the macula compared to peripapillary region. In healthy eyes, the highest CVI was found in the nasal region followed by the inferior, temporal, and superior quadrant. The area with the least CVI was the macula. In eyes with CSCR, 100% had asymmetric dominant vortex veins compared to 38% in normal eyes. Conclusion: Choroidal imaging has advanced the diagnosis of CSCR. This has led to numerous imaging biomarkers like CVI, CT, and hyper-reflective dots for early detection and possible prognostication of CSCR. More techniques like wide field scans and en face imaging are being employed to characterize the choroid in CSCR.

An epithelioid hemangioma is a very rare lesion arising from vascular structures. We encountered 2 cases in atypical locations, one in the orbital and the other in the nasal region. We performed preoperative angiography in addition to the diagnostic imaging recommended in the literature. Angiography highlighted the lesions well, and in one case, it was possible to embolize the arterial trunk of a high-flow lesion. Angiography underscored how such lesions may differ from the vascular perspective, emphasizing the importance of histology in correct diagnosis. Management of both hemangiomas yielded good functional and cosmetic outcomes with no disease recurrence.

Purpose: To investigate age-related changes in human Schlemm’s canal (SC) using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT).Methods: A total of 125 normal eyes were imaged using SD-OCT nasally and temporally. The age-related variations of SC sagittal diameter and cross-sectional area (CSA) from four age groups [A (16–20 years), B (21–40 years), C (41–60 years), and D (61–80 years)] were analyzed with Spearman correlation.Results: The positive detection rates of SC showed a significantly downward trend with age. The mean CSA was 13,296 ± 1,897 μm2 nasally and 14,552 ± 2,589 μm2 temporally. The mean CSA was significantly larger in the temporal than in the nasal region (P < 0.05). Nasal CSA values varied among the four age groups (P = 0.004).Conclusion: Our study found for the first time that SC in vivo exhibits a morphological variant with age in healthy humans. Clinicians may need to consider this phenomenon when performing examinations targeting SC for glaucoma patients.

Purpose. To evaluate the microvascular changes at the peripapillary area and optic disc in glaucomatous eyes after IOP lowering by trabeculectomy using OCT angiography. Methods. 25 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) who underwent trabeculectomy by a single surgeon were evaluated. Using optical coherence tomography angiography, vessel density was evaluated within the whole image, peripapillary, nasal region, and temporal region. Peripapillary vessel density was measured preoperative, 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months postoperatively in POAG patients. Reversal of vessel density was calculated for all analyzed areas. Results. The intraocular pressure (IOP) decreased from 30.92 ± 6.32 mmHg (range, 18–44) to 12.64 ± 3.35 mmHg (range, 8–22) at 3-month postoperatively. Compared with the preoperative baseline value, whole vessel density, peripapillary vessel density (PvD), and PvD in nasal region and temporal region were significantly increased at 3-month postoperatively. The magnitude of the vessel density reversal was significantly associated with higher preoperative IOP and greater IOP reduction. Conclusions. A significant increase in the peripapillary vessel density was demonstrated after trabeculectomy using OCT angiography. The reversal of peripapillary vessel density was associated with higher preoperative IOP and greater IOP reduction. Our postoperative results suggest that the ocular perfusion impairment by high intraocular pressure can be improved by IOP reduction, and the reversal of microvasculature may contribute to the rate of glaucoma progression.

Introduction. Pythiosis is caused by Pythium insidiosum, a fungus-like organism in the class Oomycetes. It can infect humans and a variety of animal species in tropical, subtropical and some temperate regions. Cases of animal pythiosis have occurred predominantly in horses in the skin and subcutaneous tissue at the limbs and in the ventral portion of thoracoabdominal wall - lesions in the nasal region are rarely reported. Moreover, although many human pythiosis cases have been reported in Thailand, no cases of animal pythiosis in Thailand have been reported. Case presentation. We report a case of pythiosis in a horse infected at the nasal cavity. Diagnosis was performed by zoospore formation by bait technique, immunohistochemical stain, immunochromatography and sequence analysis. Conclusion. The sequences of rDNA were 99 % and 96 to 99 % identical to GenBank isolates of Pythium insidiosum from two Thai human patients and horses from various countries, respectively. This represents the first confirmed report of nasal equine pythiosis in Thailand.

The aim of the study was to determine general regularities and specific features of prenatal morphogenesis of nasal region and structures in a human being and some mammals. We studied 75 specimens of human fetuses and embryos and 85 mammals’ specimens in different periods of prenatal development by using complex of morphological methods (anthropometry, morphometrics, microscopy, three-dimensional computer constructing, and statistical analysis). It has been determined that morphogenesis of the nasal region in mammals has the following general features: a) development of the nasal cavity begins with nasal placodes that have ectodermal origin; b) formation of the nasal cavity passes five sequential stages: the olfactory placode, nasal fossa, nasal sacks, primary nasal cavity and definitive nasal cavity; c) the formation of nasal cavity obligatory includes physiological atresia of nostrils, nasal-palatine channels and ducts of vomeronasal organ which precedes the process of palatine processes becoming horizontal. Vomeronasal organ in studied species is established as a region of epithelium in the anterio-inferior part of the nasal septum, has medial orientation and is connected with nasal cavity. Majority of studied species show that glands of maxillary sinus begin their development on the 12-13th stage of embryogenesis, respiratory glands – on 15-16th. Vomeronasal and olfactory glands glands begin to form later on 14-15th stages.Formation of nasal glands in white rats occurs at earlier stages. Regularities of nasal glands morphogenesis have certain development sequences: first develops lateral nasal gland, then maxillary sinus glands, then respiratory and olfactory. Nasal cavity of embryos at 16th stage of development includes the following glands: pair lateral nasal gland (except humans), single respiratory, olfactory and maxillary glands. In some animals two pairs of anterior medial glands (in rodents) and a pair of vomeronasal nasal glands (in rodents and carnivores) were identified., С целью выяснения общих закономерностей и видовых особенностей пренатального морфогенеза структур носовой области человека и некоторых млекопитающих исследовано 75 препаратов зародышей и предплодов человека и 85 препаратов млекопитающих разных периодов пренатального развития с использованием комплекса методов морфологического исследования (антропометрия, морфометрия, микроскопия, трехмерное компьютерное реконструирование, статистический анализ). Установлено, что морфогенезу носовой области млекопитающих присущи следующие общие закономерности: а) развитие носовой полости начинается с носовых плакод, которые имеют эктодермальное происхождение; б) формообразование носовой полости проходит пять последовательных стадий: обонятельной плакоды, носовой ямки, носовых мешков, первичной носовой полости и дефинитивной носовой полости; в) в формировании носовой полости обязательной является физиологичная атрезия ноздрей, носонебных каналов и протоки сошниково-носового органа, которая по времени предшествует горизонтализации небных отростков. Сошниково-носовой орган у изученных видов закладывается как участок эпителия в передненижнем отделе носовой перегородки, имеет медиальную ориентацию и сообщается с носовой полостью. Железа верхнечелюстного синуса у большинства видов начинает свое развитие на 12-13-й стадия, респираторная – на 15-16-й стадиях эмбриогенеза. Сошниково-носовая и обонятельная железы формируются относительно поздно – на 14-15-й стадии. Закладка носовой железы у белой крысы происходит в более ранние сроки. Закономерность морфогенеза носовых желез заключается в определенной последовательности их развития: в первую очередь закладываются латеральные носовые железы, потом железы верхнечелюстного синуса, респираторные и обонятельные. У зародышей 16-й стадии развития в носовой полости есть следующие железы: парная латеральная носовая железа (за исключением человека), единичные респираторные, верхнечелюстные и обонятельные железы. У некоторых животных обнаружено две пары передних медиальных желез (грызуны) и парная сошниково-носовая железа (грызуны, хищные)., З метою з’ясування загальних закономірностей та видових особливостей пренатального морфогенезу структур носової ділянки людини та деяких ссавців досліджено 75 препаратів зародків і передплодів людини та 85 препаратів ссавців різних періодів пренатального розвитку з використанням комплексу методів морфологічного дослідження (антропометрія, морфометрія, мікроскопія, тривимірне комп’ютерне реконструювання, статистичний аналіз). Встановлено, що морфогенезу носової ділянки ссавців притаманні такі загальні закономірності: а) розвиток носової порожнини починається з носових плакод, які мають ектодермальне походження; б) формоутворення носової порожнини проходить п’ять послідовних стадій: нюхових плакод, носової ямки, носових мішків, первинної носової порожнини і дефінітивної носової порожнини; в) у формуванні носової порожнини обов’язковою є фізіологічна атрезія ніздрів, носопіднебінних каналів і протоки лемешево-носового органа, яка за часом передує горизонталізації піднебінних відростків. Лемешево-носовий орган у вивчених видів закладається як ділянка епітелію в передньо-нижньому відділі носової перегородки, має медіальну орієнтацію і сполучається з носовою порожниною. Залози верхньощелепної пазухи у більшості видів починають розвиватися на 12-13-й стадіях, респіраторні – на 15-16-й стадіях ембріогенезу. Лемешево-носова і нюхові залози формуються відносно пізно – на 14-15-й стадіях. Закладка носових залоз у білого щура відбувається в більш ранні терміни. Закономірності морфогенезу носових залоз полягають у певній послідовності їх розвитку: в першу чергу закладається бічна носова залоза, потім залози верхньощелепної пазухи, респіраторні та нюхові. У зародків 16-ї стадії розвитку в носовій порожнині є такі залози: парна латеральна носова залоза (за винятком людини), одиничні респіраторні, верхньощелепні та нюхові залози. У деяких тварин виявлено дві пари передніх присередніх залоз (гризуни) і парна лемешево-носова залоза (гризуни, хижі).

Background Three-dimensional (3D) photogrammetry has reached high standards and accuracy but is mainly conducted with stationary and expensive systems. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of a low-budget portable system with special regard to the gracile and challenging nasal region. Material and Methods 3D models of the perinasal area were acquired by impression-taking and the scanning of the generated plaster models (3Shape D500) or with a portable low-budget 3D stereophotogrammetry (FUEL3D ® SCANIFY ® ) system. Four examiners analysed defined landmarks of the generated Standard Tessellation Language files with regard to accuracy and interobserver reliability by using 3dMDvultus™ software. A semi-automatic 3D best-fit analysis of both models was performed by using Geomagic ® and the Root Mean Squared (RMS) errors were calculated. Results 41 volunteers were included, with 22 perinasal and perioral landmarks, 15 3D distances and eight 3D angles being analysed per data set. In a point-based analysis the mean spreads were partially smaller in the plaster model scans. Most measurements showed very high (>0.8) to excellent (>0.9) intraclass correlation coefficients, the lowest being found for columella length (0.686) and left nostril width (0.636). Overall, the mean RMS error between the superimposed surfaces was 0.89 ± 0.22 mm in the best-fit analysis. Conclusions The corresponding software program was operator-friendly. The findings indicate that the analysed, affordable and portable system is a feasible solution for 3D image acquisition with comparable accuracy reported in the literature. Further studies will analyse the feasibility in neonates.

The aim of the study was to clarify specific structural features of prenatal morphogenesis of nasal region structures in human and some mammals. 75 specimens of human fetuses and embryos and 85 mammalian specimens in different periods of prenatal development were examined using a complex of morphological methods (anthropometry, morphometrics, microscopy, three-dimensional computer reconstruction and statistical analysis). Species differences of nasal region structures in studied mammals were found to be associated with the shape of the nasal cavity, the structure of secondary palate bone, the number and developmental degree of nasal cavities, paranasal sinuses. These differences are caused by nutrition features, nature of dental structure, degree of brain development, intensity of respiration and animals’ conditions of existence. In humans the lateral nasal gland is not found, however, respiratory, olfactory and maxillary glands are well-developed., С целью выяснения видовых особенностей строения структур носовой области человека и некоторых млекопитающих в пренатальном периоде онтогенеза, исследованы 75 препаратов предплодов и плодов человека и 85 препаратов млекопитающих разных периодов пренатального развития с использованием комплекса методов морфологического исследования (антропометрия, морфометрия, микроскопия, трехмерное компьютерное реконструирование, статистиче-ский анализ). Установлено, что видовые различия строения носового аппарата изученных млекопитающих связаны с формой носовой полости, структурой вторичного костного неба, количеством и степенью развития носовых раковин, околоносовых пазух и обусловлены особенностями питания, характером зубного вооружение, степенью развития головного мозга, интенсивностью дыхания и условиями существования животных. У человека латеральная носовая железа отсутствует, хорошо развиты респираторные, обонятельные и верхнечелюстные железы., З метою з’ясування видових особливостей будови структур носової ділянки людини та деяких ссавців в пренатальному періоді онтогенезу, досліджено 75 препаратів передплодів та плодів людини та 85 препаратів ссавців різних періодів пренатального розвитку з використанням комплексу методів морфологічного дослідження (антропометрія, морфометрія, мікроскопія, тривимірне комп’ютерне реконструювання, статистичний аналіз). Встановлено, що видові відмінності будови носового апарату вивчених ссавців пов’язані з формою носової порожнини, структурою вторинного кісткового піднебіння, кількістю та ступенем розвитку носових раковин, приносових пазух і зумовлені особливостями харчування, характером зубного озброєння, мірою розвитку головного мозку, інтенсивністю дихання та умовами існування тварини. У людини латеральна носова залоза відсутня, добре розвинені респіраторні, нюхові та верхньощелепні залози.

To characterize the corneal epithelial thickness profile with Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT). Epithelial thickness measurements were obtained by FD-OCT within the central 6-mm zone of the cornea in all subjects who were divided into groups of A (0–20 years), B (21–40 years), C (41–60 years), and D (> 60 years) according to age. Profile maps of the central, average, minimum, maximum, standard deviation, every ring, and radiate area of corneal epithelial thickness were plotted. Differences of the epithelial thickness values at the central cornea and peripheral locations were calculated. The mean epithelial thickness was 54.48 ± 3.11 μm at the central cornea, 53.53 ± 3.06 μm at the 2–5 mm annular area, and 52.45 ± 3.13 μm at the 5–6 mm annular area, with no statistically significant differences between left and right eyes and between both genders. From the center to the edge, the corneal epithelial thickness became thinner obviously for all groups (p = 0.000), and in the 5–6 mm zone, the epithelial thickness was inversely associated with age (p = 0.000). The average epithelial thickness map showed that the corneal epithelium was 1.54 μm thicker inferiorly than superiorly (p = 0.000). The thinnest part was on the superior temporal region (52.49 ± 3.48 μm, 50.78 ± 3.68 μm), while the thickest was on the inferior nasal (54.56 ± 3.44 μm, 53.68 ± 3.72 μm). Corneal epithelial thickness unevenly distributes, with the thinnest part on the superior temporal region and the thickest on the inferior nasal region. The 5–6 mm annular area corneal epithelium becomes thinned with aging, while the central corneal epithelial thickness has no obvious change.