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Slovenske narodne manjšine predstavljajo most sporazumevanja med Slovenci in narodi sosednjih držav. Slovenija se v Ustavi Republike Slovenije in zakonu ZORSSZNM zavezuje, da bo ščitila in spodbujala razvoj svojih manjšin na obmejnem območju ter si prizadevala, da bo s skupnim sodelovanjem njenih sosed te mostove gradila in ne podirala. Kljub prizadevanjem nam praksa prikazuje, da še vedno obstaja diskriminacija, kršenje manjšinskih pravic ter težke razmere uveljavljanja svoje identitete, jezika in kulture, s katero so se zamejske manjšine primorane soočati. Toda prihajajo novi časi, razvojni tokovi evropeizacije, globalizacije, integracije, migracijski tokovi, varstvo na nadnacionalnih ravneh, nove organizacije itd., ki postavljajo narodne manjšine v nov položaj ter ustvarjajo nove izzive manjšinam in njihovim državam zaščitnicam. Pri tem se lahko vprašamo, kje na tem mestu stoji Slovenija s svojim varstvom do slovenskih zamejcev in kako se bo soočila z danimi izzivi, ki jih prinašajo nove razmere. Slovenian minorities represent a bridge of communication between the Slovenians and neighbouring nations. Slovenia is committed to protect and encourage the development of its minorities in the border area in accordance with The Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia and the Law on the relations of the Republic of Slovenia with Slovenes outside its borders ZORSSZNM. Slovenia is promoting a mutual cooperation between its neighbours to help build those bridges and not destroying them. Despite Slovenian efforts the minorities in neighbouring countries are still facing discrimination, violation of minority rights, and with difficulty assert their identity, language and culture. However, the times are changing and with Europeanization, globalization, integration, migration flows, transnational protection, new organizations etc., new opportunities for national minorities and their protector countries are being created. Therefore, one may wonder how Slovenia will face the new situation and protect its ethnic minorities abroad.

This dissertation has examined the approaches adopted by certain Balkan and Central European countries towards protecting their national minorities, with the primary focus being the position and rights of Macedonian minorities in the neighboring countries of the Republic of Macedonia. The dissertation has argued that the right to identity is in many ways, in combination with other minority rights, the quintessential right for minorities within the wider scope of human rights. The hypothesis is generated from the concept of minority protection in general, and tested by analyzing the minority protection provisions in certain Balkan and Central European countries, especially focused on the position and rights of Macedonian minorities in countries neighboring the Republic of Macedonia. It finds support in international judicial and quasi-judicial case-law, which confirms that protection of the separate ethno-cultural, religious and linguistic identity of minorities is the core of the international protection of minorities. Some authors contend that the 'right to preserve a separate identity' is one of the two collective human rights that international law affords to minorities in general. In other words, while the vast majority of rights concerning minority protection are formulated in an individualistic manner, designed to protect the 'individual as a member of a minority', these rights are based on the interest of minority groups and a fortiori require collective exercise. Correspondingly, it should be reiterated that the principles of minority protection are based on the concept of substantive equality, and, consequently, composed of two pillars, namely: 1) the principle of non-discrimination accompanied by individual human rights relevant to minorities and 2) special minority rights. The rationale behind the latter is to create conditions conducive to the protection and promotion of the ethno-cultural, linguistic and religious identity of minorities. It goes without saying that the right to mother tongue education in combination with linguistic rights and the right to participate in public and political life are of utmost importance for minority identity to flourish in the societies in which they live. Doktorska disertacija obravnava različne pravne pristope, ki so jih na področju varstva svojih narodnih manjšin sprejele nekatere balkanske in srednjeevropske države, pri tem pa je poseben poudarek dan položaju in pravicam makedonskih manjšin v sosednjih državah Republike Makedonije, torej v Albaniji, Bolgariji, Grčiji, Srbiji in na Kosovu. Hipoteza disertacije je, da je pravica do identitete, v kombinaciji z drugimi manjšinskimi pravicami, v širšem konceptu človekovih pravic za manjšino bistvenega pomena. Prav tako pa učinkovito zagotavljanje pravice do identitete nujno zagotavlja priznanje ali sprejetje obstoja določene etnične skupine v družbi, v povezavi z: 1) zagotavljanjem in spoštovanjem načela nediskriminacije pri uživanju pravic in svoboščin, pomembnih za narodne manjšine in njihove člane ter 2) sprejetjem posebnih ali trajnih pravic. Tako hipoteza sledi izhodišču, ki izhaja iz mednarodnega prava in sicer, da je sistem zaščite manjšin obvezno sestavljen iz dveh stebrov. Razlog za obstoj posebnih ali trajnih pravic je ustvarjanje pogojev za varstvo in spodbujanje etnično-kulturne, jezikovne in verske identitete manjšin. Samoumevno je, da je pravica do izobraževanja v maternem jeziku v povezavi z jezikovnimi pravicami in pravico do sodelovanja v javnem in političnem življenju izjemnega pomena za identiteto manjšine, da bi le-ta lahko uspešno delovala v družbi, katere del je.

Ta razprava obravnava problematiko uporabe italijanščine in madžarščine kot uradnih jezikov v sodnih postopkih na območjih Republike Slovenije, kjer sta jezika določena kot uradna jezika. Avtorice ugotavljajo, da obstajajo pravne podlage, ki bi morale na omenjenih območjih dopustiti uporabo uradnih jezikov vsakomur, vendar pa praksa slovenskih sodišč pri tem ni enotna. Predvsem na območju italijanske manjšine sodišča preverjajo tudi narodnost vlagatelja, čeprav za takšno preverjanje ne obstajajo nobeni izdelani kriteriji. This discussion deals with the problems of use of Italian and Hungarian language as official languages in judicial proceedings at the territories of Slovenia where those languages are proclaimed as official languages. Authors find that there is a legal ground for everyone to be allowed to address the court in official language however, the practice of courts is not unified. Especially at the territory with Italian minority the courts also inspects the ethnicity of the petitioner even though no clear criterions for such test exist.

In the 1820s, several thousand Czechs moved to the Carpathian Mountains region near the Danube river. They founded six villages. Strict ethnic endogamy helped preserve their cultural distinction. Nowadays these villages are visited by tourists from the Czech Republic. Visits are motivated by the search for both “traditional” rural landscape and lifestyle. The paper analyses the ways of how tourists perceive the rural landscape and lifestyle, how their perceptions vary and how they influence their behaviour. It is assumed that there is a sentiment for traditional, pre-modern world. This sentiment is used for tourism promotion there. Therefore the “harmonic cultural landscape” does not only have ecological and cultural value, but its image becomes a commodity in the tourism industry.

Oblikovanje narodnih manjšin in problem identifikacije posameznika: Grenki med Andreja Skubica Prispevek, katerega tema je način predstavitve narodnih manjšin v romanu Andreja Skubica Grenki med, je poskus identifikacije pravega junaka romana. V času globalizacije se teh problemov loteva tudi leposlovje. Da bi dosegli želeni cilj, si avtorji zamišljajo svet in vanj umeščajo glavne like, ki jih lahko analiziramo z različnih vidikov. Ker imajo literarni liki obravnavanega romana težave z lastno identiteto, ne znajo enoumno opredeliti svoje družbene in narodne pripadnosti. The main subject of this paper is the presentation of national minorities in Andrej Skubic’s novel Grenki med/Bitter Honey, and an attempt to identify the novel’s true hero. In times of globalization, fiction deals with these problems as well. In order to achieve their aims, authors imagine a world, placing in it main characters which can be analyzed from various perspectives. Having problems with their own identity, the characters in the novel are unable to determine their social and national affiliations.

Nemška manjšina v Romuniji je razpršena v 6 regij: Transilvanija, Banat, Satu Mare, Bukovina, Besarabija, Dobrudža ter na območje t.i. starega kraljestva. Od 12. stoletja naprej so nemški naseljenci iz matične domovine v te regije prihajali na povabilo različnih kraljev, ki so želeli območja naseliti bodisi zaradi upada prebivalstva po vojnah s Turki bodisi zaradi želje po večji in boljši obdelavi rodovitne zemlje in rudniških bogastev. Popisi prebivalstva pričajo o velikem številu Nemcev na tem območju, ki pa so se po drugi svetovni vojni ter nato padcu komunizma zaradi množičnih selitev znatno zmanjšali. Med 2. svetovno vojno so v želji po večji priznanosti znotraj Romunije simpatizirali z idejami Tretjega rajha, imeli podobne strankarske podmladke, moški pa so vstopali v nemško vojsko. Za to ravnanje je po koncu vojne manjšina plačala visoko ceno v obliki diskriminacij, deportacij v taborišča Sovjetske zveze in visokega nadzora obstoječih skupnosti. Obdobje komunizma, ki je sledilo, je v teoriji odobravalo manjšine, ki so z oblastjo sodelovale, saj so bili vsi potrebni za izgradnjo "nove domovine" - splošno pomanjkanje in represalije, ki so pestile romunsko prebivalstvo, so enakomerno padale tudi na ramena manjšin. Od konca vojne ter praktično do današnjega dne, se odvija emigracija prebivalstva v Nemčijo, kar je številčno manjšino že močno zdesetkalo. V eni izmed prej omenjenih regij, v Banatu, se je rodila tudi pisateljica Herta Müller, katere dela Lisica je bila takrat že lovec, Danes se raje ne bi srečala, Živalsko srce ter Zaziban dih tematizirajo obdobje terorja med/po drugi svetovni vojni, predvsem pa čas vladavine diktatorja Nicolaea Caeusescuja. Zaradi pritiska s strani države pa tudi lastne skupnosti, se je Müllerjeva konec 80-ih preselila v Nemčijo, kjer živi in deluje danes, njena dela pa (v času pisanja te diplome) ostajajo zavezana uprizarjanju nemogočega vsakdana v diktaturi. The German minority in Romania is scattered throughout 6 regions: Transylvania, Banat, Satu Mare, Bukovina, Bessarabia, Dobruja and the area of the ''Romanian Old Kingdom''. Since the 12th century on, the German settlers were populating those regions, invited by different kings whose main object was to inhabit those areas either because of the population decline due to several wars with Turks or because of desire to take a better use of fertile soil and coal mines. The population censuses prove that there were rather numerous Germans inhabiting the area, however the numbers of habitants had drastically declined after the World War II and after the collapse of the communist regime due to some major population migrations. In order to be better accepted and recognized within Romania, people had sympathised with the Third Reich ideology. In particular, they had youth wings of political parties and men enlisted in the German army. Their actions had taken a horrendous toll on the minority people were discriminated, deported to labour camps in Soviet Union and were overall controlled and surveilled. The communist regime that followed, had tolerated the minorities that cooperated with authorities. The reprisals and the general shortage had significally affected Romanians as well as minorities. Since the end of the World War II until today, they have been regular emigrations to Germany which has resulted in decimation of minority population. Herta Müller is a German writer an novelist born in Banat region. Her notable works The Fox was Ever the Hunter, The Appointment, The Land of Green Plums, The Hunger Angel are depicting the horrors and terror of World War II and Communist Romania under repressive regime of Nicolae Ceauşescu. Due to the constant pressure of Romanian authorities and her own community, she moved to Germany at the end of the eighties where she still lives and writes about the subject.

Državne meje so vedno imele negativen vpliv na razvoj Prekmurja. Prekinile so prometnice, ustvarile dvolastništvo in narodnostne manjšine. The state borders always had a negative impact on the development of Prekmurje. They have been creating dual owner structure and national minorities.

Narodnim manjšinam, izseljencem in zdomcem je skupna pripadnost določenemu narodu in njegovi kulturi ter obenem ločenost od obojega, za kar so vzrok bodisi migracije bodisi politična zgodovinska slika. Obravnava narodnih manjšin, izseljencev in zdomcev pri pouku geografije ne sme biti le doseganje kognitivnih ciljev iz učnih načrtov, kot so na primer usvojitev določenih pojmov, ampak tudi razvijanje razumevanja ter ponotranjanje vrednot, ki te pojme spremljajo. V pričujočem diplomskem delu smo se osredotočili na zastopanost tematike narodnih manjšin, izseljencev in zdomcev v geografskih učbenikih in učnih načrtih za osnovno šolo ter v gimnazijskem programu za srednje šole. V teoretičnem delu smo predstavili ključne pojme, ki spremljajo temo narodnih manjšin, izseljencev in zdomcev. Analizirali smo učne načrte in učbenike za geografijo. Predstavili smo, kje se tema posredno in neposredno pojavi, ter podali razmišljanja, kje lahko učitelj temo vključi v pouk. Kvantitativno smo prikazali število ciljev, ki se navezujejo na izbrano tematiko. Naredili smo tudi primerjavo slovenskega in hrvaškega učnega načrta za geografijo v gimnaziji. V empiričnem delu smo z vprašalnikom ugotovili, kako tematiko razumejo, sprejemajo anketirani učenci devetih razredov. Ugotovili smo, da je v učnih načrtih za pouk geografije v osnovni šoli in gimnaziji izbrana tema zastopana od sedmega razreda pa vse do zadnjega letnika gimnazije. Z analizo anketnih vprašalnikov smo ugotovili, da anketirani učenci iz obmejnih šol nimajo več znanja o izbrani tematiki kot anketirani učenci iz šol v notranjosti Slovenije. To dokazuje, da se kakovost znanja med različnimi območji Slovenije izrazito ne spreminja. National minorities, emigrants and workers abroad share a belonging to a particular nation and its culture together with separation from both because of migrations or political historical figure. The reason for dealing with national minorities, emigrants and workers abroad in geography lessons must not be only achieving cognitive goals set in lesson plans like for example mastering certain concepts. The reason must also be developing understanding and internalization of the accompanying values. In the graduation thesis the focus was on the representation frequency of the theme of national minorities, emigrants and workers abroad in geographic textbooks and curriculums for primary school and high school. In the theoretical part some key concepts related to the theme of national minorities, emigrants and workers abroad were presented. Curriculums and geographic textbooks were analyzed. Indirect and direct occurrence of the theme was presented and considerations about where the teacher could include the theme into the lesson were given. The number of goals which link to the theme was demonstrated quantitatively. Comparison of Slovenian and Croatian curriculum for geography in high school was made. In the empirical part the understanding and the acceptance of the theme by ninth grade learners were tested using a questionnaire. The representation of the theme in curriculums for geography teaching from seventh grade of primary school to the last grade of high school was discovered. By questionnaire analyze it was found that interviewed learners from border schools do not have more knowledge of the selected theme than the interviewed learners from the interior of Slovenia do. This also proves that the quality of knowledge between different areas in Slovenia does not vary significantly.