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There is growing interest in biomedical applications of magnesium (Mg) and its nanocomposites due to their superior biodegradability, stiffness, and lower elastic modulus than other implant materials. However, the quick deterioration of magnesium alloys results in a rapid decline in mechanical properties, restricting their clinical application. Recent advancements, particularly in the integration of nanoparticle reinforcement, have enhanced mechanical strength while preserving the inherent toughness. These composites also show impressive corrosion resistance and compatibility with biological systems. However, uniformly dispersing nanoparticles as reinforcements within the Mg matrix and achieving the desired properties present significant challenges. Consequently, selecting appropriate magnesium nanocomposite production methods and identifying biodegradable, biocompatible, and osteogenic reinforcements are of utmost importance to overcome these obstacles and enhance mechanical, corrosion, and cytotoxic properties relevant to specific applications becomes imperative. This review investigates a range of fabrication techniques and types of reinforcement, analysing their impact on the mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility of magnesium nanocomposites. Additionally, it investigates potential applications and proposes future research avenues for magnesium nanocomposites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial production today requires new improved materials to meet market demands, which leads to the production of new materials with improved properties. One kind of response to those requirements is the development of metal matrix composites (MMCs) with the aim of obtaining materials with better properties when compared to conventional metals and alloys. Nowadays, metal matrix nanocomposites (MMnCs) are being increasingly investigated due to the possibility of achieving better machinability, high fracture toughness and improved ductility when compared to conventional composites. Considering the pace of development and the huge perspective of different classes of materials, this research aims to provide insight into the mechanical properties of aluminium nanocomposites. Aluminium nanocomposites are attracting a lot of attention due to their high strength-to-weight ratio, wear resistance and low costs, when compared to matrix alloy. In this paper, an attempt is made to review other research reports and make a connection between the characteristics of the microstructure and the mechanical properties, which are dependent on the method of fabrication and type and content of reinforcement.

The effects of radiation have been detrimental to human health, electronics, and environment, as the incremental application of radioactively affiliated substrates has escalated radioactive hazards thereby increasing the quests for the construction of engineered materials capable of mitigating the adverse effects of radiation hazards. In recent decades, due to the advent of nanotechnology, polymeric nanocomposites reinforced with a versatile range of nanoparticulates have demonstrated high prospects for radiation attenuation attributable to their inherently enhanced radiation attenuation properties. Hence, this paper presents recently emerging progresses in the construction of polymeric materials and nanocomposites for attenuating radiation hazards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for cutting-edge materials with a high strength-to-weight ratio and economic considerations is steadily increasing. Lightweight materials such as aluminium (Al) and its alloys are attractive, but some properties such as low thermal stability and high wear rate limit the application of aluminium alloys (AA) to some extent. Many researchers have developed various composites to get around these restrictions and increase the performance of aluminium and its alloy. Metal matrix composites (MMCs) with nanoparticles have revealed greater mechanical and tribological properties compared with micron-sized reinforcements. Most engineering applications require materials with excellent multidimensional properties, which are difficult to achieve using single reinforced MMCs. Hybrid metal matrix composites (HMMCs) with superior properties are the latest trends in composite technology. The choice of reinforcement selection has a vibrant role in the manufacturing of hybrid metal matrix composites. Researchers face a major challenge in finding optimum reinforcement combinations and their corresponding concentrations. The manufacturing of nanocomposites is difficult due to their high surface area and energy. To determine the most effective reinforcement combinations for hybrid composites, this article addresses several nanoreinforcements, their effects, and the appropriate processing methods for aluminium and its alloys. Researchers have paid less attention to the impact of precipitation hardening in aluminium and its alloys; thus, this paper also considers the effect of post-heat treatment of aluminium composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon fiber reinforced carbon matrix (carbon/carbon, C/C) composites have become the promising candidates for high‐temperature thermal structure materials in aerospace fields, owning to a series of excellent structural merits. However, for aculeate or thin‐walled C/C composites, due to the fact that continuous carbon fibers are cut off during the machining process and the amount of residual carbon fibers is limited, carbon matrix cannot be effectively strengthened just by using carbon fibers, resulting in a sharp decline in mechanical performance. Furthermore, the rapid development of aerospace vehicles requires that C/C composites not only have excellent mechanical properties but also possess multifunctional properties. To effectively solve these problems and meet the increasing demands, various 1D nanostructures as nanoreinforcements have been introduced into C/C composites, achieving the great improvement in mechanical and functional properties. In this review, the state‐of‐the‐art research activities regarding different 1D nanoreinforcements applied in C/C composites are systematically summarized. Finally, this review is concluded and the future research prospects are proposed. This review provides the "1D nanoreinforcements" strategy to further improve the properties of C/C composites, which could be widely used for reference by researchers in the fields of different fiber/matrix composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A uniform distribution of nanoparticles in the matrix plays a prominent role in improving the composite strength. In the present investigation, two types of launching vehicles, such as aluminum powder (primary) and CNTs (secondary), are considered to uniformly carry and launch ultra-fine nanoparticles (13 nm) into molten metal. The use of a secondary launching vehicle is identified to promote strengthening compared to a regular primary vehicle, as indicated by the good distribution observed from electron micrographs. CNTs are responsible for hybridizing the composite and also assist strengthening by anchoring to the matrix through the destroyed outer-walls and their axial orientation with the matrix. These results help us in attaining a strength of 197 MPa and a hardness of 93 BHN, with a minimal loss in ductility for the H-3 sample.

• Potential of lignocellulosic biomass towards the preparation of MCC and NCC is explored. • Insight on reaction mechanism for the formation of crystalline derivatives of cellulose is provided. • Importance of surface modification of crystalline cellulose is highlighted. • Conventional and emerging applications of MCC and NCC are summarized. • Challenges and perspectives of MCC and NCC are discussed on commercial context. The present review article is focused on the progress in different aspects of synthesis, modification and advanced applications of both of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC). First of all, the potential of lignocellulosic biomass towards the formation of MCC and NCC was discussed. Further, different routes for the extraction of the derivatives are individually explained based on the mechanism involved in the formation of MCC and NCC. Moreover, the phenomenon of surface modification was highlighted in order to improve the functionality of the materials. Thereafter, the emerging and advanced applications of both of MCC and NCC are explored in different fields. Finally, the paper is concluded with the challenges that are frequently encountered during the process of commercial production of MCC and NCC. This paper will be beneficial to the readers for acquiring all the important aspects of both of MCC and NCC together in a single article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]