Search

Over the years, nanotechnology has gained popularity as a viable solution to address gene and drug delivery challenges over conventional methods. Extensive research has been conducted on nanosystems that consist of organic/inorganic materials, drugs, and its biocompatibility become the primary goal of improving drug delivery. Various surface modification methods help focus targeted and controlled drug release, further enabling multidrug delivery also. This newer technology ensures the stability of drugs that can unravel the mechanisms involved in cellular processes of disease development and its management. Tailored medication delivery provides benefits such as therapy, controlled release, and reduced adverse effects, which are especially important for controlling illnesses like cancer. However, multifunctional nanocarriers that possess high viscoelasticity, extended circulation half-life, biocompatibility, and biodegradability face some challenges and limitations too in human bodies. To produce a consistent therapeutic platform based on complex three-dimensional nanoparticles, careful design and engineering, thorough orthogonal analysis methods, and reproducible scale-up and manufacturing processes will be required in the future. Safety and effectiveness of nano-based drug delivery should be thoroughly investigated in preclinical and clinical trials, especially when considering biodistribution, targeting specific areas, and potential immunological toxicities. Overall, the current review article explores the advancements in nanotechnology, specific to nanomaterial-enabled drug delivery systems, carrier fabrication techniques and modifications, disease management, clinical research, applications, limitations, and future challenges. The work portrays how nanomedicine distribution affects healthcare with an emphasis on the developments in drug delivery techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the versatile usage and applications of chromium compounds in the industry worldwide, the chromium ions are present in the major effluents from a broad range of industries. Cr(VI) which is highly hazardous and carcinogenic poses a serious threat to the our ecosystem and human health even at very low concentration limits. Cr(III) ions are also toxic to aquatic life, but they are less harmful than Cr(VI) ions. Therefore, detection and analysis of the toxic Cr(VI) and Cr(III) ionic species in waste water are an utmost important area of research. Various chemical reagents and the different methods which require expensive instrumentation used in the past for detection and determination of the non-biodegradable Cr(VI) ions suffer from serious limitations. The present review summarises the use of spectrophotometric methods of determination of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) ions from aqueous solutions with high sensitivity, selectivity, accuracy and at lesser costs. The use of chemical reagents such as diphenylcarbazide (DPC) and several other dye-based reagents for spectrophotometric determination of hazardous Cr ions in water samples is discussed. Additionally, the use of DPC reagent in developing advanced technologies such as microfluidic detection system, microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (µPADs) and 3D printed device with online spectrophotometric detection system for onsite monitoring of water samples is elucidated. Different methods for selective speciation and preconcentration of Cr(VI) ions prior to spectrophotometric determination in water samples with very low concentrations (as low as ppb) of Cr ions are also described. The emerging trends in detection and determination of carcinogenic Cr(VI) ions involving the use of novel and innovative technologies and different categories of nanomaterials are also elucidated in the present review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since conventionally prescribed drugs lead the side-effects, complementary and alternative medicines are more effective for autoimmune diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and psoriasis. On the other hand, green synthesis using plant extracts results in nanoparticles of very small size in homogenous solution and they can be eliminated from the body. The extracts of leaf, seed, flower, and root can reduce the precursor salts and the bio-active components are adsorbed on the surface of nanoparticles. Plants having antidiabetic effects have been used to prepare nanoparticles; thus, obtained nano formulations are analyzed for their antidiabetic activities. In addition, various natural nanoparticles like curcumin and quercetin are used for the treatment of diabetes. Polymers, liposomes, and solid lipid nanoparticles encapsulated with phytochemicals having antidiabetic activity are also revealed. This review gleaned the potentials of plant-based biosynthesized nanoparticles to be antidiabetic agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports the optical and magnetic properties of Cu(1−x)DyxO (x = 0.02 and 0.05) nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized via coprecipitation. An increase in Dy doping causes a red shift in the bandgap, and the X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals 2+ and 3+ valence states for both Cu and Dy ions, along with oxygen vacancies. The isothermal magnetizations fit well with a combination of linear antiferromagnetic and Langevin components. In particular, Dy‐doped CuO exhibits low‐temperature ferromagnetism driven by interactions between unpaired electrons from vacancies and Dy ions, promoting localized magnetic moments and enhancing ferromagnetic ordering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanomedicine has the potential to transform healthcare by offering targeted therapies, precise diagnostics, and enhanced drug delivery systems. The National Institutes of Health has coined the term "nanomedicine" to describe the use of nanotechnology in biological system monitoring, control, diagnosis, and treatment. Nanomedicine continues to receive increasing interest for the rationalized delivery of therapeutics and pharmaceutical agents to achieve the required response while reducing its side effects. However, as nanotechnology continues to advance, concerns about its potential toxicological effects have also grown. This review explores the current state of nanomedicine, focusing on the types of nanoparticles used and their associated properties that contribute to nanotoxicity. It examines the mechanisms through which nanoparticles exert toxicity, encompassing various cellular and molecular interactions. Furthermore, it discusses the assessment methods employed to evaluate nanotoxicity, encompassing in-vitro and in-vivo models, as well as emerging techniques. The review also addresses the regulatory issues surrounding nanotoxicology, highlighting the challenges in developing standardized guidelines and ensuring the secure translation of nanomedicine into clinical settings. It also explores into the challenges and ethical issues associated with nanotoxicology, as understanding the safety profile of nanoparticles is essential for their effective translation into therapeutic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the negative electrode material of lithium-ion battery, silicon will produce huge volume expansion when it is removed/embedded in lithium, so that it will pulverize itself, resulting in rapid capacity decay. Existing studies have shown that Si nanocrystallization and alloying can alleviate the crushing effect caused by volume deformation. In order to efficiently prepare nano-sized Si-Sn powder materials, plasma arc was used as a heat source to nano-size Si, and then nano-alloying of Si-Sn powder materials was realized by plasma arc. The effects of plasma current on the preparation characteristics of Si and Si-Sn nano-powder materials were studied. The prepared phase was detected by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The electrochemical properties of silicon nanowires as anode materials were detected by battery test system and electrochemical workstation. The results show that the use of plasma arc can achieve efficient preparation of silicon nanowires, and the addition of low melting point Sn is beneficial to the homogenization of the diameter scale of silicon nanowires. The efficiency of the two groups of silicon nanowires can be maintained at about 90% after the third charge-discharge cycle. The addition of Sn can further improve the conductivity and stability of the silicon anode. After 60 cycles, the specific capacity of the battery is 117.5 mAh/g. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfate anions (SO42−) are pivotal in various scientific and industrial domains, including mineralogy, biology, and materials science. While extensive research has elucidated sulfate hydration in bulk solids, liquids, and gaseous clusters, a significant gap persists in understanding sulfate interactions within two-dimensional materials, particularly graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets. This study investigates the intricate hydration phenomena and novel triple-interlayer lattice configurations that emerge from sulfate intercalation in GO nanosheets. Utilizing a straightforward methodology for obtaining precise X-ray measurements of confined nanospaces, we analyzed the temperature-dependent behavior and structural characteristics of these systems. Our findings reveal how sulfate ions modulate interlayer spacing, the dynamics of GO layers, and phase transitions. This research offers an atomic-scale understanding of hybrid hydration behaviors within confined SO4-H2O nano-environments, advancing our knowledge of sulfate interactions in two-dimensional materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drug delivery systems (DDS) have improved therapeutic agent administration by enhancing efficacy and patient compliance while minimizing side effects. They enable targeted delivery, controlled release, and improved bioavailability. Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) offer non-invasive medication administration and have evolved to include methods such as chemical enhancers, iontophoresis, microneedles (MN), and nanocarriers. MN technology provides innovative solutions for chronic metabolic diseases like diabetes and obesity using various MN types. For diabetes management, MNs enable continuous glucose monitoring, diabetic wound healing, and painless insulin delivery. For obesity treatment, MNs provide sustained transdermal delivery of anti-obesity drugs or nanoparticles (NPs). Hybrid systems integrating wearable sensors and smart materials enhance treatment effectiveness and patient management. Nanotechnology has advanced drug delivery by integrating nano-scaled materials like liposomes and polymeric NPs with MNs. In diabetes management, glucose-responsive NPs facilitate smart insulin delivery. At the same time, lipid nanocarriers in dissolving MNs enable extended release for obesity treatment, enhancing drug stability and absorption for improved metabolic disorder therapies. DDS for obesity and diabetes are advancing toward personalized treatments using smart MN enhanced with nanomaterials. These innovative approaches can enhance patient outcomes through precise drug administration and real-time monitoring. However, widespread implementation faces challenges in ensuring biocompatibility, improving technologies, scaling production, and obtaining regulatory approval. This review will present recent advances in developing and applying nanomaterial-enhanced MNs for diabetes and obesity management while also discussing the challenges, limitations, and future perspectives of these innovative DDS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study designed and synthesized a new drug-loading nanomaterial, the three-armed starshaped polymer compound (TaSPC), and loaded the broad-spectrum fungicide fluazinam to prepare TaSPC/fluazinam nanocarrier particles. The principle and drug-loading performance of TaSPC loading fluazinam were investigated by molecular docking simulation and ultraviolet spectrophotometry. The appearance and particle size changes before and after loading fluazinam onto TaSPC were compared and analyzed by transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The physicochemical properties of TaSPC and TaSPC/fluazinam were characterized by Zeta potential analysis, contact angle measurement with strawberry leaves, and uptake test with Rhodamine 6G. The in vitro and in vivo inhibitory effects of TaSPC/fluazinam on four plant pathogenic fungi, the toxicity of TaSPC to human umbilical vein endothelial cells, and the toxicity of TaSPC and TaSPC/fluazinam to Apis mellifera ligustica Spin, were determined. The results indicated that TaSPC could spontaneously combine with fluazinam through hydrophobic interaction, with a pesticide loading rate (PLC) of 9%. The particle size of TaSPC/fluazinam was 17.86 nm, which was significantly reduced by 71.4% compared to the original fluazinam (62.46 nm). After loading with TaSPC, the contact angle of the TaSPC/fluazinam droplet on strawberry leaves decreased from 44.08° to 33.60°, a significant reduction of 23.78%. The inhibitory effect of TaSPC/fluazinam on plant pathogenic fungi was significantly enhanced compared to the original fluazinam. Among them, the inhibitory activity against Botrytis cinerea was the highest, with an inhibition rate of 75% at a dose of 0.2 mg/L, an increase of nearly 60% compared to the original fluazinam. Within a reasonable application range, TaSPC had low cytotoxicity, and both TaSPC and TaSPC/fluazinam had low toxicity to pollinating bees. The study demonstrated that TaSPC is a significant benchmark for the development of efficient and low-toxicity nanocarrier materials and the reduction of pesticide use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new nanodevice based on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) capped with poly(diethylvinylphosphonate) (PDEVP) has been synthesized, showing interesting photophysical and thermoresponsive properties. The synthesis involves a properly designed Yttriocene catalyst coordinating the vinyl-lutidine (VL) initiator active in diethyl vinyl phosphonate polymerization. The unsaturated PDEVP chain ending was thioacetylated, deacetylated, and reacted with tetrachloroauric acid and sodium borohydride to form PDEVP-VL-capped AuNPs. The NMR, UV–Vis, and ESI-MS characterization of the metal nanoparticles confirmed the formation of the synthetic intermediates and the expected colloidal systems. AuNPs of subnanometric size were determined by WAXD and UV–Vis analysis. UV–Vis and fluorescence analysis confirmed the effective anchoring of the thiolated PDEVP to AuNPs. The formation of 50–200 nm globular structures was assessed by SEM and AFM microscopy in solid state and confirmed by DLS in aqueous dispersion. Hydrodynamic radius studies showed colloidal contraction with temperature, demonstrating thermoresponsive behavior. These properties suggest potential biomedical applications for the photoablation of malignant cells or controlled drug delivery induced by light or heat for the novel PDEVP-capped AuNP systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanotechnology and its applications have advanced significantly in recent decades, contributing to various fields, including reproduction. This study introduces a novel method to label porcine oocytes with nanoparticles (NPs) bound to oviductin (OVGP1, Ov) for use in Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ARTs). Despite promising developments, concerns about NP toxicity in gametes necessitate thorough investigation. This research aims to assess the impact of functionalized NPs (NPOv) on sperm functionality. Boar sperm were co‐incubated with NPOv for 0, 0.5 and 1 h in two media: BTS (semen dilution and conservation) and TALP (sperm capacitation and in vitro fertilization‐IVF). Sperm quality parameters (viability, motility and kinematics) showed no significant differences in TALP medium (p >.05). In BTS, although some kinetic parameters were altered, motility, progressive motility and viability remained unaffected (p >.05). Additionally, NPs presence on the zona pellucida (ZP) of oocytes did not affect sperm attachment (p >.05). In conclusion, in vitro exposure of boar sperm to OVGP1‐functionalized NPs in IVF medium or attached to the ZP surface of matured oocytes does not impair sperm functionality, including their binding ability to the ZP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study investigates removing tetracycline from water using batch, column, and tank experiments with statistical modelling using ANN for continuous tests. An artificial neural network (ANN) using the Levenberg-Marquardt back-propagation (LMA) training algorithm is constructed to compare the effectiveness of Tetracycline removal from aqueous solution using the sorption technique with prepared adsorbent. Several characterization analyses XRD, FT-IR, and SEM are employed for prepared Brownmillerite (Ca2Fe2O5)–Na alginate beads. The operating conditions of batch tests involved, contact time (0.1–3 h), initial of tetracycline (Co) of (100–250 mg/L), pH (3–12), agitation speed (50–250) rpm and dosage of adsorbent (0.2–1.2 g/50 mL). The outcomes of experiments have demonstrated that the optimum conditions for the batch test to achieve the maximum adsorbent capacity (qmax =7.845 mg/g) are achieved at pH 7, contact time 1.5 h, adsorbent dose 1.2 g/50 mL, agitation speed of 200 rpm, and initial concentration of TC 100 mg/L. Minimum mean square error (MSE) values of 7.09E-04 for 30 hidden neurons and 0.0029 for 59 hidden neurons in the 1D and 2D systems are accomplished, respectively. The artificial neural network model has exhibited excellent performance with correlation coefficients exceeding 0.980 for the operating variables, demonstrating its accuracy and effectiveness in predicting the experimental outcomes. According to sensitivity analysis, the influential parameter in the column test (1D) is the flow rate (mL/min), with a relative importance of 32.769%. However, in the tank test (2D), time (day) is signified as an influential parameter with a relative importance of 31.207%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon quantum dots (CQDs), as a novel type of carbon nanomaterial, are widely used in fields such as drug delivery, biosensing, fluorescent probes, and photocatalysis, benefiting from their excellent photostability, water solubility, biocompatibility, fluorescence, low-cost, and green non-toxicity. Meanwhile, due to the conjugated π structure of CQDs and surface defects generated by sp2 hybridization, they possess unique optoelectronic properties, including tunable fluorescence, good upconversion photoluminescence, and efficient photoelectron transfer. These properties are key to the role of CQDs in the field of photocatalysis. This review summarises CQDs' research progress and reaction mechanisms in photocatalysis, including their optical properties and synthesis strategies. Emphasis was placed on the application of CQDs in the field of photocatalysis, including photocatalytic CO2 conversion, degradation of organic and heavy metal pollutants, hydrogen production, and nitrogen fixation. In addition, the challenges and prospects of CQDs in the field of photocatalysis are discussed, providing new ideas for studying CQDs photocatalytic materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymer nanocomposites have become a quickly growing area of study, fueling the advancement of sophisticated materials in recent years. Adding nanoparticles to a polymer matrix greatly improves the characteristics of the resulting nanocomposites. These improvements play a crucial role in a wide range of applications, including dental restorations, biosensors, food packaging, electronic devices, and various biomedical uses. This review offers a thorough examination of various techniques for synthesizing polymer-based nanocomposites, such as melt intercalation, sol–gel processes, in situ polymerization, and emulsion techniques. Moreover, it is essential to characterize these nanocomposites to comprehend their mechanical properties, structure, and morphology. Methods like atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are widely utilized for the examination of these attributes. The thermal properties of polymer nanocomposites are highly interesting, along with their mechanical properties. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) are used to assess these thermal and chemical characteristics. In general, the review seeks to summarize the methods of combining and analyzing polymer nanocomposites, giving a thorough insight into how these processes enhance the improvement and refinement of materials for various industrial and medical uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the discovery of the first peroxidase nanozyme (Fe3O4), numerous nanomaterials have been reported to exhibit intrinsic enzyme‐like activity toward inorganic oxygen species, such as H2O2, oxygen, and O2−. However, the exploration of nanozymes targeting organic compounds holds transformative potential in the realm of industrial synthesis. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the diverse types of nanozymes that catalyze reactions involving organic substrates and discusses their catalytic mechanisms, structure‐activity relationships, and methodological paradigms for discovering new nanozymes. Additionally, we propose a forward‐looking perspective on designing nanozyme formulations to mimic subcellular organelles, such as chloroplasts, termed "nano‐organelles". Finally, we analyze the challenges encountered in nanozyme synthesis, characterization, nano‐organelle construction and applications while suggesting directions to overcome these obstacles and enhance nanozyme research in the future. Through this review, our goal is to inspire further research efforts and catalyze advancements in the field of nanozymes, fostering new insights and opportunities in chemical synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to elucidate the possible application of cobalt aluminate nanoparticles (CoAl 2 O 4) as a photocatalyst for the removal of organic dyes. The sol-gel method was employed to synthesise Nd x /CoAl 2 O 4 nanoparticles with varying weight percentages (x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 wt %). The experimental investigation focused on the photocatalytic destruction of colour, employing a visible light irradiation source. The structural and optical properties of the synthesised nanoparticle were examined through various analytical techniques, including X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Ultra Violet-Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (UV-DRS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Tunnelling Electron Microscopy (TEM), and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). The cubic spinel structure was confirmed through the study of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the Nd x /CoAl 2 O 4 nanoparticles. For the compositions x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6, the nanoparticles exhibited average crystallite sizes of 23.73, 22.99, 21.69, and 21.65 nm, respectively. The synthesised nanoparticle exhibited heterogeneous photocatalytic potential when employed as a model pollutant for the oxidative destruction of crystal violet dye. The experimental findings validated that the CoAl 2 O 4 nanoparticle exhibited a dye degradation rate of 64 % during a 100-min timeframe. Additionally, the 0.6 wt % Nd CoAl 2 O 4 nanoparticle shows a quick dye degradation rate of 91 % for crystal violet dyes when exposed to visible light sources. Hence, the synthesised nanoparticle exhibits catalytic activity and holds potential for utilisation in the treatment of hazardous contaminants in industrial wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Doping enhances the optical properties of high‐band gap zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), essential for their photocatalytic activity. We used the combustion approach to synthesize cobalt‐doped ZnO heterostructure (CDZO). By creating a mid‐edge level, it was possible to tune the indirect band gap of the ZnO NPs from 3.1 eV to 1.8 eV. The red shift and reduction in the intensity of the photoluminescence (PL) spectra resulted from hindrances in electron‐hole recombination and sp‐d exchange interactions. These improved optical properties expanded the absorption of solar light and enhanced charge transfer. The field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) image and elemental mapping analysis confirmed the CDZO′s porous nature and the dopant‘s uniform distribution. The porosity, nanoscale size (25–55 nm), and crystallinity of the CDZO were further verified by high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and selected area electron image analysis. The photocatalytic activity of the CDZO exhibited much greater efficiency (k=0.131 min−1) than that of ZnO NPs (k=0.017 min−1). Therefore, doped heterostructures show great promise for industrial‐scale environmental remediation applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevailing practice advocates pre–oxidation of electrospun Fe–salt/polymer nanofibers (Fe–salt/polymer Nf) before pyrolysis as advantageous in the production of high–performance FeOx@carbon nanofibers supercapacitors (FeOx@C). However, our study systematically challenges this notion by demonstrating that pre–oxidation facilitates the formation of polydispersed and large FeOx nanoparticles (FeOx@CI−DA) through "external" Fe3+ Kirkendall diffusion from carbon, resulting in subpar electrochemical properties. To address this, direct pyrolysis of Fe–salt/polymer Nf is proposed, promoting "internal" Fe3+ Kirkendall diffusion within carbon and providing substantial physical confinement, leading to the formation of monodispersed and small FeOx nanoparticles (FeOx@CDA). In 1 M H2SO4, FeOx@CDA demonstrates ~2.60× and 1.26× faster SO42− diffusivity, and electron transfer kinetics, respectively, compared to FeOx@CI−DA, with a correspondingly ~1.50× greater effective surface area. Consequently, FeOx@CDA exhibits a specific capacity of 161.92 mAhg−1, ~2× higher than FeOx@CI−DA, with a rate capability ~19 % greater. Moreover, FeOx@CDA retains 94 % of its capacitance after 5000 GCD cycles, delivering an energy density of 26.68 Whkg−1 in a FeOx@CDA//FeOx@CDA device, rivaling state–of–the–art FeOx/carbon electrodes in less Fe–corrosive electrolytes. However, it is worth noting that the effectiveness of direct pyrolysis is contingent upon hydrated Fe–salt. These findings reveal a straightforward approach to enhancing the supercapacitance of FeOx@C materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigates the synthesis of a hybrid nanomaterial, denoted as Ni‐Zn−S@Cyclodextrine, through a cost‐effective and easy co‐precipitation method. The resulting nanomaterial has been thoroughly characterized and applied for the adsorptive removal of Crystal violet and Congo red dyes from their solutions. The study delves into the thermodynamics and kinetics of the sorption process, as well as helps to propose adsorption mechanism for both the dyes onto the Ni‐Zn−S@Cyclodextrine surface. A comprehensive analysis, encompassing techniques, such as XRD, FTIR, SEM‐EDX, TEM, TGA, Zeta potential, and XPS, have been conducted to explore the structural and morphological attributes of the prepared nanomaterial. Furthermore, key sorption parameters, including adsorbent's dosage, temperature, contact time, and solution pH, have been systematically optimized to achieve maximum efficiency. The TEM images of prepared nanomaterial indicated the particle size ranging between 60–80 nm. Moreover, it exhibited a strong affinity for both the dyes, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 138.20 mgg−1 for Congo red and 129.95 mgg−1 for Crystal violet dyes at 303 K. The thermodynamics of the adsorption process indicated an endothermic and spontaneous nature. Isotherm studies revealed that the data best aligned with the Freundlich isotherm, while the kinetics of the reaction adhered to a pseudo‐second order within the investigated temperature range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stroke is a major cause of death and long-term disability among residents in China. Traditional therapeutic drugs are limited by the obstruction of the blood-brain barrier, poor stability, lack of targeting, and low drug loading, which may result in suboptimal treatment outcomes. Nanomaterials, as an emerging, non-invasive, and real-time controllable drug delivery system, have been widely used in the diagnosis and treatment of stroke. Nanomedicines can effectively enhance the biocompatibility, stability, and targeting of drugs, as well as prolong their half-life, thereby significantly improving the efficacy of traditional medications. In recent years, there has been some progress in the application of nanomaterials in the field of ischemic stroke diagnosis and treatment, although challenges in clinical translation remain. This article primarily reviews the research progress and challenges of nanomaterials in the diagnosis and treatment of ischemic stroke, aiming to further promote the research and application of nanomaterials in stroke therapy [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the environmentally friendly synthesis of ZrO2‐NdO mixed nanomaterial using green reducing and capping agents derived from the plant Amaranthus viridis. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the successful synthesis of the mixed nanomaterial, revealing an optical band gap of 2.5 eV. The morphology was characterized by spherical‐shaped particles with an average size ranging from 66 to 77 nm. The synthesized ZrO2‐NdO mixed nanomaterial was evaluated for its potential application as an electrode material in energy devices, specifically for pseudocapacitors and water splitting studies. Electrochemical performance was assessed using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) techniques. Notably, a specific capacitance of 573.5 F/g was achieved through CV at a scan rate of 2 mV/s. Fabricated electrocatalyst was further analyzed for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and the results showed better over potential value of 164 mV for HER studies. The stability analysis further endorsed the large‐scale commercialization possibility of ZrO‐NdO‐based electrode material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary goal of this paper is to study a few advantages of bulk nanoparticles of Cu-doped SnO2 using the solid-state reaction method. Many innovative methods were employed to evaluate the special tuning of the bandgap and other structural and morphological properties of the material. X-ray diffractometer (XRD) confirmed that tin oxide has a rutile-type tetragonal-shaped structure with space group P42 / mnm. The average crystallite size was calculated which was found to increase from 53 to 80 nm by increasing the Cu-doping from x = 0 to x = 0.30. SEM images specified that nanoparticles are inhomogeneous and densely close to each other and the average particle size was found to be in the range of ~225–430 nm. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed the grains present in a few cubic and spherical shapes and grain size was increased (~20–90 nm) with doping of copper in the SnO2 lattice. UV–Vis spectroscopy showed that the band gap increased from 3.531 to 3.701 eV for pure SnO2 and Cu-doped SnO2, respectively. XPS identified the electronic state of Sn as well as Cu atoms as 4 + and 2 + , respectively. Raman spectroscopy showed that only three vibrational modes, i.e., A1g, B2g and doubly degenerate Eg, exist in a sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lung cancer has a high incidence rate and a low cure rate, hence the urgent need for effective treatment methods. Current lung cancer drugs have several drawbacks, including low specificity, poor targeting, drug resistance, and irreversible damage to normal tissues. Therefore, there is a need to develop a safe and effective new drug that can target and kill tumor cells. In this study, we combined nanotechnology and biotechnology to develop a CD133 ligand‐modified etoposide‐liposome complex (Lipo@ETP‐CD133) for targeted therapy of lung cancer. The CD133 ligand targeted lung cancer stem cells, causing the composite material to aggregate at the tumor site, where high levels of ETP liposomes could exert a strong tumor‐killing effect. Our research results demonstrated that this nano‐drug had efficient targeting and tumor‐killing effects, indicating its potential for clinical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coconut (Cocosnucifera) is renowned for its endocarp, commonly referred to as the coconut shell, which is believed to harbor a high concentration of silicon, potentially serving as a source for the production of silicon nanoparticles (SiO2NPs). This study demonstrated the synthesis of SiO2NPs derived from coconut shells and their application in the removal of metal contaminants, notably copper. SiO2NPs were synthesized with a recovery rate of 25.6%, yielding a white powder through the sol–gel method. Analysis via ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy revealed an absorbance peak maximum at 345 nm, indicative of strong surface plasmon resonance, thus confirming SiO2NPs formation. Morphological characterization conducted through field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and field-emission transmission electron microscopy (FE-TEM) confirmed the smooth-faced nature of the SiO2NPs, presenting finely clumped particles with an average size of 62 nm. Furthermore, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analyses exhibited distinct peaks corresponding to oxygen (O) and silicon (Si), confirming SiO2NPs formation. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the amorphous nature of the particles, with a 25% weight loss observed at 500 °C according to thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Assessment of the adsorption capacity for heavy metals from water solutions by spiking various copper (II) sulfate concentrations indicated the highest adsorption rate at 0.05 M copper, diminishing with increased copper ion concentrations. Evaluations utilizing different SiO2NPs concentrations demonstrated optimal copper (Cu) removal efficiency at 0.2 g/mL SiO2NPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we have synthesized a nanostructured core–shell framework of carbon-coated copper sulfide (C@CuS) through a one-step precipitation technique. The carbon sphere template facilitated the nucleation of CuS nanostructures. The synthesized nanocomposites have demonstrated remarkable lithium-ion storage capabilities when utilized as an anode in lithium-ion batteries. Notably, they exhibit an impressive rate capability of 314 mAh g−1 at a high current density of 5000 mA g−1, along with excellent long-term cycle stability, maintaining 463 mAh g−1 at 1000 mA g−1 after 800 cycles. This superior performance is due to the core–shell architecture of the composite, where the carbon core enhances the conductivity of CuS nanoparticles and mitigates volume expansion, thus preventing capacity loss. Our study not only elucidates the significance of carbon in the construction of nano-heterojunctions or composite electrodes but also presents a practical approach to significantly boost the electrochemical performance of CuS and other metal sulfides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) is a condition that causes considerable pain and discomfort for patients, and its pathogenic mechanisms are not yet fully understood. While there have been many studies that suggest multiple factors may contribute to its development, current treatments involve both surgical and nonsurgical options. However, there is still much room for improvement in these treatment methods, particularly when it comes to preventing postoperative complications and optimizing surgical procedures. Nanomaterials, as a type of small molecule material, have shown great promise in treating bone tissue diseases, including ONFH. In fact, several nanocomposite materials have demonstrated specific effects in preventing ONFH, promoting bone tissue repair and growth, and optimizing surgical treatment. This article provides a comprehensive overview of current treatments for ONFH, including their advantages and limitations, and reviews the latest advances in nanomaterials for treating this condition. Additionally, this article explores the therapeutic mechanisms involved in using nanomaterials to treat ONFH and to identify new methods and ideas for improving outcomes for patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary goal of this paper is to study a few advantages of bulk nanoparticles of Cu-doped SnO2 using the solid-state reaction method. Many innovative methods were employed to evaluate the special tuning of the bandgap and other structural and morphological properties of the material. X-ray diffractometer (XRD) confirmed that tin oxide has a rutile-type tetragonal-shaped structure with space group P42 / mnm. The average crystallite size was calculated which was found to increase from 53 to 80 nm by increasing the Cu-doping from x = 0 to x = 0.30. SEM images specified that nanoparticles are inhomogeneous and densely close to each other and the average particle size was found to be in the range of ~225–430 nm. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed the grains present in a few cubic and spherical shapes and grain size was increased (~20–90 nm) with doping of copper in the SnO2 lattice. UV–Vis spectroscopy showed that the band gap increased from 3.531 to 3.701 eV for pure SnO2 and Cu-doped SnO2, respectively. XPS identified the electronic state of Sn as well as Cu atoms as 4 + and 2 + , respectively. Raman spectroscopy showed that only three vibrational modes, i.e., A1g, B2g and doubly degenerate Eg, exist in a sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black phosphorous (BP) is a novel composite material. Its carrier mobility can reach more than 1000 cm2·V−1·s−1 and has a direct bandgap adjustable from 0.3 to 1.5 eV with thickness, so its photovoltaic performance is good. These properties show great potential for applications in many fields, such as energy storage, sensors, biomedicine, and environmental treatment. With the deepening of research, it is found that the instability of BP under natural environmental conditions and the limitations of its preparation limit its development, while combining with other materials can further optimize its performance, which not only improves the mechanical properties of the material but also gives it new functions. Based on this, this paper summarizes the preparation and optical properties of highly stable metals and their compounds/BP-based nanomaterials in recent years, highlights the progress of their application in photocatalytic hydrogen evolution, and gives an outlook on the challenges and opportunities for the future development of BP in photocatalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrating state-of-the-art nanostructures into prediction models enhances our understanding of superconductivity properties. Using artificial intelligence techniques and modeling, the mathematical method leverages the unique characteristics of nanoparticles to improve resistance-temperature projections. This paper proposes a novel artificial intelligence (AI) approach for predicting the resistance-temperature aspects of nanomaterial-infused superconducting films. In this paper, we offer a novel AI method called Progressive Red Fox Optimized Adaptive Decision Tree (PRFO-ADT) to predict the super conductiveness of film coatings. A sufficient information pretreatment step that addresses issues like feature creation and normalizing is part of the study's technique. A diversified dataset is employed, including synthesis factors, nanomaterial properties, and resistance-temperature patterns of several superconducting films. Next, the gathered data undergo the preprocessing stage using a min-max normalization. Our proposed method opens the door to a sophisticated comprehension of the resistance-temperature landscapes of their superconductivity films by investigating several nanotechnologies and their different effects on the prediction algorithm. Compared to other existing approaches, PRFO-ADT is efficient and produces a lower rate of errors, with a total of 1.2 RMSE, 1.25 MSE, 1.1 MAPE, and 4.8s of computing time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The current study investigates removing tetracycline from water using batch, column, and tank experiments with statistical modelling using ANN for continuous tests. An artificial neural network (ANN) using the Levenberg-Marquardt back-propagation (LMA) training algorithm is constructed to compare the effectiveness of Tetracycline removal from aqueous solution using the sorption technique with prepared adsorbent. Several characterization analyses XRD, FT-IR, and SEM are employed for prepared Brownmillerite (Ca2Fe2O5)–Na alginate beads. The operating conditions of batch tests involved, contact time (0.1–3 h), initial of tetracycline (Co) of (100–250 mg/L), pH (3–12), agitation speed (50–250) rpm and dosage of adsorbent (0.2–1.2 g/50 mL). The outcomes of experiments have demonstrated that the optimum conditions for the batch test to achieve the maximum adsorbent capacity (qmax =7.845 mg/g) are achieved at pH 7, contact time 1.5 h, adsorbent dose 1.2 g/50 mL, agitation speed of 200 rpm, and initial concentration of TC 100 mg/L. Minimum mean square error (MSE) values of 7.09E-04 for 30 hidden neurons and 0.0029 for 59 hidden neurons in the 1D and 2D systems are accomplished, respectively. The artificial neural network model has exhibited excellent performance with correlation coefficients exceeding 0.980 for the operating variables, demonstrating its accuracy and effectiveness in predicting the experimental outcomes. According to sensitivity analysis, the influential parameter in the column test (1D) is the flow rate (mL/min), with a relative importance of 32.769%. However, in the tank test (2D), time (day) is signified as an influential parameter with a relative importance of 31.207%.

Abstract Nanomedicine has the potential to transform healthcare by offering targeted therapies, precise diagnostics, and enhanced drug delivery systems. The National Institutes of Health has coined the term "nanomedicine" to describe the use of nanotechnology in biological system monitoring, control, diagnosis, and treatment. Nanomedicine continues to receive increasing interest for the rationalized delivery of therapeutics and pharmaceutical agents to achieve the required response while reducing its side effects. However, as nanotechnology continues to advance, concerns about its potential toxicological effects have also grown. This review explores the current state of nanomedicine, focusing on the types of nanoparticles used and their associated properties that contribute to nanotoxicity. It examines the mechanisms through which nanoparticles exert toxicity, encompassing various cellular and molecular interactions. Furthermore, it discusses the assessment methods employed to evaluate nanotoxicity, encompassing in-vitro and in-vivo models, as well as emerging techniques. The review also addresses the regulatory issues surrounding nanotoxicology, highlighting the challenges in developing standardized guidelines and ensuring the secure translation of nanomedicine into clinical settings. It also explores into the challenges and ethical issues associated with nanotoxicology, as understanding the safety profile of nanoparticles is essential for their effective translation into therapeutic applications.

Abstract Polymer nanocomposites have become a quickly growing area of study, fueling the advancement of sophisticated materials in recent years. Adding nanoparticles to a polymer matrix greatly improves the characteristics of the resulting nanocomposites. These improvements play a crucial role in a wide range of applications, including dental restorations, biosensors, food packaging, electronic devices, and various biomedical uses. This review offers a thorough examination of various techniques for synthesizing polymer-based nanocomposites, such as melt intercalation, sol–gel processes, in situ polymerization, and emulsion techniques. Moreover, it is essential to characterize these nanocomposites to comprehend their mechanical properties, structure, and morphology. Methods like atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are widely utilized for the examination of these attributes. The thermal properties of polymer nanocomposites are highly interesting, along with their mechanical properties. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) are used to assess these thermal and chemical characteristics. In general, the review seeks to summarize the methods of combining and analyzing polymer nanocomposites, giving a thorough insight into how these processes enhance the improvement and refinement of materials for various industrial and medical uses. Graphical Abstract

This review highlights potential application areas for carbon-based molecular nanoparticles, such as carbon dots, carbon nanotubes, graphene quantum dots, and carbon quantum dots. The success of nano-manufacturing hinges on robust collaboration between academia and industry to advance applicable manufacturing techniques. Choosing the right approach is crucial, one that integrates the carbon base of nanomaterials with the required properties and impurities, as well as the scalability of the process. Molecular, in this context, refers to the nanoscale carbon structures that form the basis of these materials, including their arrangement, bonding, and properties at the molecular level. The article also explores the characterization of different types of molecular nanomaterials. Nanomaterials are increasingly used in almost every contemporary industry, including construction, textiles, manufacturing, and computing. This article reviews the most prominent sectors globally that employ nanomaterials. Biomasses containing lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose have become some of the most extensively studied. Initially, rice waste was utilized for bulk materials, but lately, the production of multifunctional materials has surged in interest. Carbon nanostructures derived from rice waste offer a broad spectrum of applications and enhanced biocompatibility. Recent advancements, challenges, and trends in the development of multifunctional carbon-based nanomaterials from renewable rice waste resources are considered.

Colorectal cancer is a globally prevalent malignant tumor, and its incidence continues to rise along with the popularity of Westernized dietary habits. With the rapid development of nanotechnology, nanomaterials are widely applied in the food sector, inevitably leading to direct or indirect ingestion of nanoparticles through daily dietary intake. Numerous studies have indicated that oral exposure to nanomaterials may trigger or exacerbate gastrointestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, and even hinder their recovery, which is considered as a crucial step in the occurrence and development of colorectal cancer. Longer duration of colitis may elevate the risk of developing colorectal cancer; more extensive colonic surface affected by colitis may elevate the risk of developing colorectal cancer too. In order to further understand the biological effects of foodborne nanomaterials on the occurrence and development of colorectal cancer, this paper reviewed common applications of nanomaterials in food and food industry, introduced common pathogenic mechanisms of colorectal cancer, and explored the potential impact of foodborne nanomaterials on the occurrence and development of colorectal cancer based on their roles in inducing chronic intestinal inflammation and dysbiosis. Furthermore, it discussed future epidemiological and toxicological research prospects, aiming to provide reference for a comprehensive evaluation of the safety of nanomaterials in food and guidance of healthy diet for colorectal cancer patients.

The prevalent health hazards as well as environmental threats posed by industrial affiliate gases have become a point of concern to scientists today, this study explores the use of fullerene-like Al12N12 nanostructured for the adsorption of PH3 NH3 and COCl2. Density Functional Theory (DFT) at the M06-2X/6-311+G (d, p) level of theory was utilized, in the detection of the adsorption properties of Al12N12 for PH3, NH3, and COCl2 gases. The findings indicate that Al12N12exhibits high stability and suitability in gas adsorption applications. As confirmed by the frontier molecular orbitals (FMO) analysis which demonstrates the energy gap ranging from 5.4591 eV to 6.1360 eV accrediting to its higher electrical conductivity and stability of the modified nanomaterial in gas adsorption. The adsorption energy on the studied nanomaterial shows to chemosorption with negative adsorption energy values following a trend according to their increased adsorption potential -0.4427 eV < -0.7978 eV < -0.8247 eV < -0.8253 eV < -1.6666 eV, corresponding to AlN_COCl2 Al@Cl < AlN_COCl2 Al@O < AlN_PH3 (Al@P) < AlN_PH3 N@P < AlN_NH3(Al@N) pinpointing AlN_NH3(Al@N) as the most effective material in gas sensing specifically NH3. AIM analysis also confirmed non-covalent interaction with a density of electron values ranging from 0.0104 to 0.0567. Al12N12 can therefore be utilized for gas detection and adsorption. The adsorption energy, energy gap, and the quantum theory of atom-in-molecules (QTAIM) results for all the studied complexes consistently indicate that the adsorption of PH3, NH3, and COCl2 on Al12N12 nanomaterial is promising. The M06-2X, B97XD, and PBE0 functionals were used for adsorption computational comparison along with the 6-311++G (d, p) basis set. Our results indicate that adsorption energies for PBE0 functional are more negative than those of the M06-2X and ώB97XD functionals which reveals that PBE0 functional shows better performance in evaluation of such weak interactions. Thermodynamically the adsorption sites for PH3, NH3, and COCl2 are reported to be stable and exothermic. Hence, Al12N12 can detect and adsorb studied gases.

Sport plays a crucial role in human society, fostering physical health, collaboration, and the spirit of rivalry. The importance of sports in promoting a sense of well-being, self-control, and cognitive sharpness should be considered. The efficacy of sports and athletic performance often relies on the caliber of clothing used. Traditional sportswear encounters many issues, including but not limited to restricted breathability, inefficient moisture management, and insufficient ultraviolet (UV) protection. To examine these concerns, the present study investigates the Intelligent Sportswear Design (ISWD), an innovative advancement rooted in conjugated nanomaterials. The field of ISWD covers the development of sports apparel and footwear specifically intended to boost performance and provide optimal comfort. Coatings of graphene, silver nanoparticles, and environmentally friendly green nanomaterials are employed in these multipurpose PES fabrics. This research looks at how we might better protect athletes from the sun by developing fabrics with UV-blocking qualities. Results show increased moisture-wicking efficiency, better UV-radiation protection, and enhanced electrical conductivity. The study found that fabric moisture management could be improved by 25%, UV-blocking performance could be increased by 30%, fabric conductivity could be increased by 15%, and heat retention could be decreased by 20%. The experimental results show that the proposed ISWD exhibits notable performance in several necessary measures, including moisture-wicking effectiveness (23.22%), UV-blocking performance (34.22%), fabric conductivity (20.88%), heat retention reduction (26.94%), and UV radiation shielding (35.68%).

The functionalization of additive manufacturing (AM) powders with nucleating particles has the potential to alter the grain structure, and hence the mechanical properties of 3D printed structures. We have investigated use of hexagonal boron nitride (BN) nanosheets to modify the microstructure of Ti parts produced by laser-based powder bed fusion (PBF-LB). The components were 3D printed from commercially pure titanium (cp-Ti) powders coated with small amounts (1.5 vol% ≈ 0.77 wt%) of BN nanosheets. As a comparison, pure cp-Ti parts were also built under the same processing conditions. Small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS-WAXS) analysis of the 3D printed test structures revealed that BN addition significantly refined the α-Ti grain size and randomized the α-Ti texture. It was observed that grain-refined Ti-BN samples were harder and more brittle than their pure cp-Ti counterparts. This research provides new insights for grain refining using functional powder feedstocks with relatively simple powder pre-processing, and may be applied more broadly in laser-based metal AM.

Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are an emerging type of multifunctional nanomaterial. They have unique optical and electronic properties based on their quantum size effect and limiting effect. The carbon quantum dot prepared from biomass is green and environmentally friendly, and it can also achieve a high comprehensive utilization of undervalued biomass wastes. Biomass carbon quantum dots with abundant surface functional groups and good biocompatibility show great potential in ion detection and bioimaging. This review paper focuses on the synthesis methods of CQDs from biomass and the perspective of their applications in recent years, as well as the challenges in the future.

Abstract Hundreds of millions of metric tons of plastic waste are generated globally every year. Processing waste into secondary raw material is preferred over energy production and landfilling. However, mechanical recycling generally deteriorates the properties of plastic waste limiting its range of potential applications. Nanocomposite fabrication is a solution to recycle plastic waste into value-added applications due to improved properties generated by nanomaterial reinforcement, however received little study. The aim of this review is to present the current status, identify research gaps and provide topics for further research of polymer nanocomposites prepared from plastic waste in respect to utilized materials, processing methods, enhanced properties, sustainability, economics, nanomaterial safety, and applications. It is found that morphological, mechanical, thermal, flame retardancy, physical, barrier, electrical and shielding properties of plastic waste can be enhanced with low loadings of different nanomaterials making them promising materials for various applications including electronic, shielding, thermal, packaging, filtration, and water treatment. Utilization of plastic waste instead of virgin polymers can be beneficial in respect to economics and sustainability, but the energy intensive and expensive production of the most nanomaterials, and the plastic waste pretreatment methods can negate these benefits. To enhance sustainability, further research should be conducted on utilization of energy friendly nanomaterials in plastic waste nanocomposites. Further research is needed also on polymer nanocomposite safety because of the unknow composition of the plastic waste and the potential for nanomaterial release during nanocomposite’s life cycle. All in all, further research and national regulations and guidance are needed on virgin polymer and plastic waste nanocomposites.

A novel method has been explored based on the recovery of two industrial wastes V2O5 and phosphogypsum from the fertilizer production industry, which also provide a significant challenge due to their toxicity and environmental impact. To solve the problem of these two harmful wastes, these residues have been transformed into valuable resources, by the elaboration of Nanoparticles vanadate-hydroxyapatite (NPs-HAP/VAP) adsorbent, contributing a sustainable solution without requiring expensive or highly skilled work. This comprehensive investigation explores the adsorption of the reactive red 141 dye (RR 141) on Ca10(VO4) x(PO4)6−x(OH)2, with (xi = 0, 1.5, 3, 4.5, and 6). Using a Centered Composite Design (CCD), several parameters influencing the adsorption process were examined. The optimal adsorption capacity is 50 mg. g-1 under optimal conditions 57.5 mg of the adsorbent dose, 152.5 mgL-1 for the RR 141, pH 8, 92.5 minutes of contact time, and incorporation ratio of 4.5 with an R2 of 0.99. These results reinforce the effectiveness of our chosen CCD model. Kinetic analysis demonstrated a pseudo-order reaction model with an R2˃0.92, while the Sips isotherm describes the adsorption process. Thermodynamic studies revealed spontaneous adsorption, suggesting a physical character enhanced by a positive entropy variation.

With the increasingly serious environmental problems and the rising energy crisis， it is urgent to use electrocatalysis technology to develop sustainable green new energy. Transition metal low-dimensional nanomaterials have large active surface， high electron transfer rate and abundant surface vacancies， which can effectively improve the efficiency and stability of electrocatalytic reactions. In this paper， the transition metal low-dimensional nanomaterials are classified based on the material dimension， and their advantages are clarified respectively. The research achievements of zero-dimensional， one-dimensional and two-dimensional nanomaterials in the field of electrocatalysis are mainly reviewed. The relationship between the structure of low-dimensional nanostructure and the activity， as well as stability of electrocatalysis， is revealed， and it is clear that low-dimensional nanomaterials are an effective method to improve the performance of electrocatalysis. Finally， it is pointed out that the structure of transition metal low-dimensional nanocatalysts should be rationally designed and optimized according to demand. The future development direction of low-dimensional nanocatalysts should be the combination of basic research and computational research， guide the design with theory， combine with machine learning to pre-select the appropriate structural model and further development towards improving existing materials and combining more and more efficient composite materials.

Fujian Ji, Chunyu Shi, Zhenbo Shu, Zhongmin Li Department of Gastrointestinal and Colorectal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Zhongmin Li, Email lizhongmin1211@jlu.edu.cnAbstract: Pyroptosis, a pro-inflammatory and lytic programmed cell death pathway, possesses great potential for antitumor immunotherapy. By releasing cellular contents and a large number of pro-inflammatory factors, tumor cell pyroptosis can promote dendritic cell maturation, increase the intratumoral infiltration of cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells, and reduce the number of immunosuppressive cells within the tumor. However, the efficient induction of pyroptosis and prevention of damage to normal tissues or cells is an urgent concern to be addressed. Recently, a wide variety of nanoplatforms have been designed to precisely trigger pyroptosis and activate the antitumor immune responses. This review provides an update on the progress in nanotechnology for enhancing pyroptosis-based tumor immunotherapy. Nanomaterials have shown great advantages in triggering pyroptosis by delivering pyroptosis initiators to tumors, increasing oxidative stress in tumor cells, and inducing intracellular osmotic pressure changes or ion imbalances. In addition, the challenges and future perspectives in this field are proposed to advance the clinical translation of pyroptosis-inducing nanomedicines. Keywords: pyroptosis, programmed cell death, nanomaterial, immunotherapy

Silver ions possess inherent antioxidant properties, whereas hydroxyapatite (HAP) is a structural support within the body. The research methodology involves synthesizing HAP and 3% silver‐doped hydroxyapatite (Ag‐HAP) via the sol–gel method, followed by comprehensive characterization using X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, Raman spectroscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy, antioxidant, thrombogenicity, and cell viability. The investigation reveals that Ag‐HAP exhibits superior antioxidant properties and thrombogenicity compared to other metals doped so far. Remarkably, Ag‐HAP demonstrates moderate clotting behavior compared to HAP. Additionally, the (3‐(4, 5‐dimethythiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) MTT assay evaluates cellular viability, shedding light on the biocompatibility of the materials. The study uncovers the potential of silver doping to enhance the antioxidant capabilities of HAP significantly, offering promising prospects for orthopaedic implants. The antioxidant activity of the materials is evaluated through a 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay, whereas the thrombogenicity is assessed using a whole blood clotting method. The improvement indicates that incorporating silver ions influences HAP crystalline structure and increased grain size, contributing to enhanced antioxidant efficacy and favorable cellular responses, thus underlining the potential of Ag‐HAP for advanced implant materials in orthopaedic surgery. The results also discuss that how Ag‐HAP is better than Co‐HAP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anticancer therapy urgently needs the development of novel strategies. An innovative molecular target is represented by circular RNAs (circRNAs), single-strand RNA molecules with the 5′ and 3′ ends joined, characterized by a high stability. Although circRNA properties and biological functions have only been partially elucidated, their relationship and involvement in the onset and progression of cancer have emerged. Specific targeting of circRNAs may be obtained with antisense oligonucleotides and silencing RNAs. Nanotechnology is at the forefront of research for perfecting their delivery. Continuous efforts have been made to develop novel nanoparticles (NPs) and improve their performance, materials, and properties regarding biocompatibility and targeting capabilities. Applications in various fields, from imaging to gene therapy, have been explored. This review sums up the smart strategies developed to directly target circRNAs with the fruitful application of NPs in this context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas putida , Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus were utilized as test samples to evaluate the antibacterial characteristics of DD3-clay/MgO and DD3+38 wt% ZrO 2 -clay/MgO nanoparticles. The ceramic powders prepared by a thermal autoclave method are characterized before and after Mg addition by SEM, EDX, XRD, IR, UV–visible, and TEM in order to investigate microstructure, phase, and surface morphology. The results showed that after adding Mg, it led to the deformation of the crystal lattices of (mullite, zirconium silicate, and zirconium oxide) together with a decrease in particle size (75–103 nm) and a complete change in its shape from nanotube to nanospherical, as observed by SEM and TEM analyses. It also confirmed by UV–visible spectroscopy that the addition of Mg increases the absorbance accompanying a decrease in the energy gap of 1.91, 1.74, 1.73, and 1.43 eV corresponding to DD3, DD3Z, DD3/30 wt% Mg and DD3Z/30 wt% Mg respectively. The antibacterial mechanism is related to the size of the particles, the solvent used for powder dissolution, the nanoparticle's size when they come into touch with bacteria, and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS: ˙O 2 −, ˙OH, and H 2 O 2). It was observed that the anti-bacterial activity is enhanced with 10 wt% and 30 wt% of Mg added to a modified ceramic powder. Also, more O 2 − is formed on the surface of the prepared powder, which penetrates the bacterial cell and destroys it. The nanocomposite particles showed remarkable antibacterial activity when they were dissolved in DMSO compared to methanol and chloroform as organic solvents. The aim is to enrich knowledge on the antibacterial activities of metal nanoparticles (ZrSiO 4 and MgO) on three bacterial strains with different Grams due to their extensive involvement in the phenomena of contamination and infection encountered in the medical field. The synthesized nanoparticles have good antimicrobial activity against all strains tested. A maximum inhibition zone of 35 ± 0.2 mm was obtained with S. aureus , a zone of 23 ± 0.46 mm with P. putida and a zone of 27 ± 0.46 nm with B. subtilis for DD3/30 wt% Mg and an inhibition zone of 38 ± 0.93 mm, 26 ± 0.24 nm and 17 ± 0.33 nm was obtained with same strains for DD3Z/30 wt% Mg, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sn 1-x Fe x O 2 (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2 & 0.3) nanomaterials were successfully synthesized by co-precipitation technique and characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM-EDAX, TG/DSC, etc. XPS revealed the presence of Fe+3 & Sn+4 ions in the SnO 2 crystal lattice. Insertion of Fe shifts the absorption of SnO 2 to the visible region. These synthesized nanomaterials show efficiency for hydrogen generation and degradation of organic dyes in the presence of visible light. The water splitting was performed under different conditions. A maximum hydrogen production rate of 12.8 mmol g−1h−1 was observed for Sn 0.8 Fe 0.2 O 2 with glucose as a sacrificial agent. The photogenerated H 2 finds application in hydrogenation of curcumin to tetrahydrocurcumin. [Display omitted] • Fe doping in SnO 2 extends the absorption to visible region. • XPS confirms the presence of Fe+3 and Sn+4 ions in SnO 2 crystal lattice. • 12.8 mmol g−1 h−1 of H 2 was obtained with Sn 0.8 Fe 0.2 O 2 and glucose as sacrificial agent. • Utilization of photocatalytically generated H 2 for Curcumin hydrogenation. • Fe doped SnO 2 nanomaterials efficiently degrades the dye pollutants thereby reducing water pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the stagnation point flow of a second-grade nanomaterial, considering nanofluid effects via thermophoresis and Brownian motion. The study addresses convective heat and mass transfer conditions within the flow induced by a stretching cylinder. The transformed systems are solved using the optimal homotopy solutions (OHAM) method, revealing the impact of various parameters on the quantities of interest. The results indicate that an increase in curvature, viscoelasticity, velocity ratio and injection parameters leads to an enhancement in velocity, while the opposite trend is observed due to suction. The viscoelasticity and curvature parameters also increase skin friction. Additionally, thermophoresis enhances the temperature and concentration fields, while Brownian motion reduces mass diffusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The increase in multi-drug resistant bacterial infections has become a major problem in modern healthcare due to the development of bacterial resistance to antibiotics and the development of new antibacterial alternative drug materials is of great importance. OBJECTIVE: To synthesize and perform a series of characterization of a CeO2 nanoenzyme to investigate its biocompatibility and antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli. METHODS: CeO2 nanoenzymes were synthesized using a hydrothermal method. The morphology, product composition, and chemical composition were analyzed using characterization methods such as X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier infrared analysis, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The peroxide-mimetic enzyme activity of CeO2 nanoenzymes was characterized using TMB color development assay. The toxic effect of CeO2 nanoenzymes at different concentrations (10, 25, and 50 μg/mL) on mouse fibroblast L929 cells was evaluated using the CCK-8 assay. The antibacterial properties of CeO2 nanoenzymes against Escherichia coli under different conditions were evaluated using the plate coating method. Changes in intra-bacterial reactive oxygen species after treatment with different conditions were detected using a reactive oxygen species detection kit. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The morphology of the synthesized CeO2 nanoparticles was rod-shaped, with Ce3+ accounting for 29.87% of the total Ce3+/ Ce4+ and an average grain size of 7.4 nm. In a slightly acidic environment containing TMB and pH=5.5, CeO2 nanoenzymes mixed with H2O2 showed excellent peroxidase activity, but did not show peroxidase simulated activity at pH=7.4. (2) There was no statistically significant difference in the toxic effects of CeO2 nanoparticles at various mass concentrations on mouse fibroblast L929 cells. (3) In a slightly acidic environment at pH 5.5, Escherichia coli was inhibited to a certain extent in the presence of CeO2 nanoenzyme alone at a concentration of 10 μg/mL, with a decrease in CFU results of about 0.5 log (P < 0.01); in a slightly acidic environment containing 50 μmol/L H2O2, CeO2 nanoenzyme showed excellent antibacterial effects against Escherichia coli, with a decrease in Escherichia coli CFU results of by about 1.5 log (P < 0.001). After CeO2 nanoenzymes interacted with Escherichia coli, the level of reactive oxygen species in Escherichia coli increased (P < 0.05); after CeO2 nanoenzymes interacted with Escherichia coli together with H2O2, the level of reactive oxygen species in Escherichia coli increased significantly (P < 0.001). (4) The results show that the CeO2 nanoenzymes have good biocompatibility, are inherently antibacterial, and can exhibit peroxidase activity in a slightly acidic environment containing low concentrations of H2O2, and generate reactive oxygen species to kill bacteria, thus showing excellent antibacterial effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]