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Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) is a type of probiotic that may benefit intestinal health. Recent advances in nanoencapsulation provide an effective strategy to protect them from harsh conditions via surface functionalization coating techniques. Herein, the categories and features of applicable encapsulation methods are compared to highlight the significant role of nanoencapsulation. Commonly used food-grade biopolymers (polysaccharides and protein) and nanomaterials (nanocellulose and starch nanoparticles) are summarized along with their characteristics and advances to demonstrate enhanced combination effects in LAB co-encapsulation. Nanocoating for LAB provides an integrity dense or smooth layer attributed to the cross-linking and assembly of the protectant. The synergism of multiple chemical forces allows for the formation of subtle coatings, including electrostatic attractions, hydrophobic interactions, π–π, and metallic bonds. Multilayer shells have stable physical transition properties that could increase the space between the probiotic cells and the outer environment, thus delaying the microcapsules burst time in the gut. Probiotic delivery stability can be promoted by enhancing the thickness of the encapsulated layer and nanoparticle binding. Maintenance of benefits and minimization of nanotoxicity are desirable, and green synthesized nanoparticles are emerging. Future trends include optimized formulation, especially using biocompatible materials, protein or plant-based materials, and material modification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interaction of substrate surfaces with the environment (moisture, heat, pressure, chemicals) has cascade effects on their efficiency, performance, durability due to their susceptibility towards microbial adhesion, spontaneous leaching, impairment, corrosion etc. Many scientific, technological innovations such as smart coating have been discovered for the protection of these surfaces. It is a high‐tech, high value coating capable of responding to environmental impulses. Incorporation of nanofillers, nanomatrices in smart coating improve surface performance by extending service life, provide high durability, high physical coverage, adhesive strength etc. Real‐time monitoring of environmental conditions, structural health could be made possible by sensing coatings. This review predominantly highlights the essential features, design, advancements, applications of smart nanocoatings over elementary nanocoatings. To cover the whole study, drawbacks of traditional coating methods are also discussed. Finally, the research gaps, future perspectives of smart nanocoatings will be overlooked. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is closely associated with dysregulated immune response, gut mucosal barrier, and microbiota. Conventional treatments suffer from inferior bioavailability and inadequate efficiency. Herein, we present a synergistic therapeutic strategy based on multifunctionalized probiotics to mitigate IBD through single oral administration. The probiotic (Escherichia coli Nissle 1917) is bioorthogonally conjugated with immunomodulators and subsequently encapsulated by an enteric coating. The viability and bioactivity of probiotics are not affected by the modifications. And the armored probiotics are able to resist the harsh environment of the stomach and shed their enteric coating in the intestinal tract, exposing immunomodulators to polarize pro-inflammatory M1-type macrophages into anti-inflammatory M2-type. In a mouse colitis model, orally administered multifunctionalized probiotics cooperatively alleviate IBD with increased body weight to 1.13 folds and decreased disease activity index to 0.43 folds, through downregulating the pro-inflammatory cytokines expression, upregulating the epithelial tight junction-associated proteins levels to restore the intestinal barrier, and increasing the microbiota richness and abundance. This work exhibits a feasible approach to construct functionalized orally administered probiotics for enhanced synergistic therapy of IBD. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Creating eco-friendly flame retardants (FRs) that are highly effective for textiles while requiring minimal quantities is crucial for both human well-being and environmental conservation. Traditionally, halogen FRs have been the mainstay in this field. Yet, due to their harmful impacts on both human health and the environment, there is a growing demand to discontinue their use. Herein, in this work, a novel eco-friendly intumescent-based flame retardant for cotton fabrics, consisting of ammonium polyphosphate (APP), single-walled carbon nanohorns (SWCNHs), and melamine (MEL) was explored. The addition of SWCNHs demonstrated a clear synergistic effect with APP and MEL in enhancing the flame retardancy of cotton fabrics. After four spraying cycles, the treated cotton fabric ASM4 demonstrated outstanding flame retardancy and self-extinguishing properties. Additionally, its LOI value could reach 24.1 ± 0.1% and the damage length dropped to 4.6 ± 0.2% cm from 30.0 ± 0.1% cm for the pristine cotton fabric, while preserving its original morphology with partial carbonization. The pHRR and THR of ASM4 were dramatically decreased by 90% and 51%, respectively in the cone calorimeter test. Moreover, investigating the thermal degradation kinetics of treated cotton fabric and the physicochemical properties of the char residues revealed the crucial influence of SWCNHs on improving the flame resistance of cotton fabrics. The incorporation of SWCNHs improved both the thermal stability and the degree of graphitization of the char layer, which served as a protective barrier. This barrier efficiently blocked the release of volatile combustible substances while allowing for the emission of nonflammable gases. This work provides a theoretical basis for the feasible application of SWCNHs in intumescent FRs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inferior tribological properties of titanium (Ti) and its alloys, due to their limited work hardening capability and the mechanical instability of their oxide scale, pose substantive challenges in practical applications. Surface texturing and the application of 2D material coatings are acknowledged as efficacious strategies for enhancing these properties. Nevertheless, the rapid loss of effectiveness when employing these methods in isolation highlights a significant limitation. Herein, a 50‐nm‐thick MXene nanocoating is deposited onto groove‐textured pure Ti surface, effectuating a reduction in the coefficient of friction (COF) from ≈0.57 to 0.17, thereby substantially mitigating wear on the Ti substrate. The grooved surface architecture plays a vital role in storing MXenes and facilitating lubricant replenishment through the stirring effect of frictional stress during subsequent friction process. Further, the continuous decomposition and reorganization of MXene coating results in the formation of a robust tribofilm that resists oxidation and plastic deformation in the subsurface layer, markedly enhancing the friction and wear resistance. These findings are crucial for improving tribological performance in Ti and its alloys and provide a straightforward yet effective strategy for tailoring their tribological properties by integrating LST with 2D material nanocoating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dentistry industry has been modernized by nanotechnology, as this emerging field has opened up new doors for dental treatment, restoration, and tissue regeneration. The potential applications of nanomaterials in dentistry are reviewed in this paper, ranging from advanced restorative materials to targeted drug delivery systems. Due to their unique characteristics (e.g., high surface area-to-volume ratios and tunable physicochemical properties), nanomaterials allow for the precise control of material behavior at the nanoscale. The ability of nanostructured materials to promote tissue regeneration offers the prospect of developing new approaches in bone and periodontal regeneration. Therefore, this review thoroughly analyzes nanomaterials' characteristics and biomedical applications, highlighting how they can aid in overcoming challenges in dental care and create possibilities for more individualized and less-invasive dental treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Active food packaging incorporated with natural plant extracts as food preservatives, which will totally replace chemical preservatives gradually, are of major interest. Sequentially to our and other scientists' previous work, in this paper we present the results of a study on the development of a novel active food packaging film based on the incorporation of a natural-halloysite/carvacrol-extract nanohybrid with the commercially used low-density polyethylene. The corona-treatment procedure was employed to incorporate a natural preservative on to the optimum final film. Packaging films are formatted with and without incorporation of natural-halloysite/carvacrol-extract nanohybrid and are coated externally, directly or via corona-treatment, with carvacrol essential oil. Mechanical, physicochemical, and preservation tests indicated that the low-density polyethylene incorporated perfectly with a natural-halloysite/carvacrol-extract nanohybrid. The extra external coating of the film with pure carvacrol extract using the corona-treatment technique led to approximately 100% higher Young Modulus values, slightly decreased ultimate strength by 20%, and exhibited almost stable elongation at break properties. The water vapor and oxygen properties were increased by 45 and 43%, correspondingly, compared to those of pure low-density polyethylene film. Finally, the antioxidant activity of the corona-treated film increased by 28% compared to the untreated film coated with carvacrol because of the controlled release rate of the carvacrol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To functionalize the NiTi alloy, multifunctional innovative nanocoatings of Ag-TiO2 and Ag-TiO2 doped with hydroxyapatite were engineered on its surface. The coatings were thoroughly characterized, focusing on surface topography and key functional properties, including adhesion, surface wettability, biocompatibility, antibacterial activity, and corrosion resistance. The electrochemical corrosion kinetics in a simulated body fluid and the mechanisms were analyzed. The coatings exhibited hydrophilic properties and were biocompatible with fibroblast and osteoblast cells while also demonstrating antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. epidermidis. The coatings adhered strongly to the NiTi substrate, with superior adhesion observed in the hydroxyapatite-doped layers. Conversely, the Ag-TiO2 layers showed enhanced corrosion resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ni+W coating gained significant attention for designing metal parts, hydraulic cylinders, agricultural rods, and agricultural pumps because of their excellent resistance to wear and corrosion. In this study, Ni+W combined with SiC nanocoatings are successfully prepared on mild steel by utilizing the pulse electrodeposition strategy. The atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffractometer, energy dispersive x-Ray spectroscopy (EDX), friction wear test, and hardness tester were utilized to further investigate the surface morphology, phase structure, wear properties and hardness of Ni+W combined with SiC nanocoatings, respectively. The results indicated the ~ 32 nm SiC size in nanocoatings with a 6 g/L concentration of electrolyte. The Ni+W combined with SiC nanocoatings deposited at a SiC concentration of 6 g/L had a dense and smooth surface with a depression depth and a bump height of 76.3 nm and 106.6 nm, respectively. The result demonstrates that an uniform and smooth Ni+W combined with SiC nanocoating can be prefabricated by using appropriate plating parameters. The diffraction angles of 41.1, 51.9, and 71.1° correspond to the three diffraction peaks of the Ni+W combined with SiC nanocoatings fabricated at 3 g/L SiC concentration, which are the sharpest of all nanocoatings, corresponding to the (111), (200) and (220) planes of the Ni-W grains, respectively. Moreover, the minimum values of wear depth and wear width of Ni+W combined with SiC nanocoatings fabricated at a SiC concentration of 3 g/L were separately 33.1 μm and 5.6 mm. There are fine scratches and some shallowness on the surface of the Ni+W combined with SiC nanocoatings deposited at SiC concentration of 6 g/L, which indicates the outstanding tribological properties of the nanocoatings. Furthermore, there are Si, Ni, O and C elements present on the surface of the worn Ni+W combined with SiC nanocoatings observed by EDX results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, significant efforts have been undertaken to develop antimicrobial/antiviral surfaces by exploiting coating solutions. In this article, we review the actions undertaken by the EU project MIRIA, the main one being the reduction of pathogen transmission on high-traffic surfaces in public and healthcare environments. The project implements several synergies from key antimicrobial/antiviral element selection to the grafting of complex-shaped surfaces. The focus is given to one of the project's key strategies: the adoption of sol-gel technology, known for its efficiency in creating versatile, cost-effective coatings suitable for a wide range of substrates. The project rigorously tests the coatings in simulated environments, such as operating theatres, ensuring their effectiveness and safety. This includes comprehensive durability testing against environmental, chemical, and mechanical stresses, guaranteeing the coatings' long-term functionality. MIRIA's validation process encompasses antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral testing in line with international standards, confirming their broad-spectrum pathogen resistance. Along with this overview, the impact of the initiative is elucidated, extending beyond healthcare, enhancing public health, creating safer living, and working environments, and reducing economic losses due to illness. To this, the MIRIA project is expected to significantly contribute to the European research and innovation in antimicrobial coatings, addressing challenges like scalability and efficacy against various pathogens. The emphasis on sustainable synthesis, including bio-based materials which align with ecological goals, positions MIRIA as a pivotal initiative in enhancing health safety standards and resilience across Europe. Highlights: The MIRIA project goal is to avoid cross contamination in high traffic objects in the health field. The strategy is the development of 99.99% effective antimicrobial nanocoatings. MIRIA makes use of sol-gel for its versatility on multiple surfaces and on-site application. Standardized testing will ensure non-toxic, antimicrobial and durability properties. One of the pathogens considered is COVID-19, to enhance readiness for future pandemics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate the coating integrity performance and corrosion protection property of trimethylsilane (TMS) plasma nanocoatings that were directly deposited onto cobalt chromium (CoCr) L605 cardiovascular stents. Hydrophilic surfaces were achieved for the TMS plasma nanocoatings that were deposited onto the coronary stents through NH3/O2 (2:1 molar ratio) plasma post-treatment. With a coating thickness of approximately 20–25 nm, the TMS plasma nanocoatings were highly durable and able to resist delamination and cracking from crimping and expansion by a Model CX with a J-Crimp Station. The stent surface that was evaluated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) showed no indications of pitting, corrosion, or adsorption products on either the luminal or abluminal surfaces of the stents, in contrast to the uncoated stent surface. The TMS plasma nanocoatings significantly enhanced the stent's corrosion resistance in immersion experiments that followed the ASTM F2129-15 corrosion protocol, evident in the increase of the open circuit potential (OCP) from 0.01 V for the uncoated L605 stent to 0.18 V for the plasma-nanocoated L605 stent, reducing potential cytotoxic metal ion release. Cyclic polarization (CP) curves show that the corrosion rate (density level) observed in plasma-nanocoated L605 stents was approximately half an order of magnitude lower than that of the uncoated stents, indicating improved corrosion protection of the stents. CP curves of the TMS plasma-nanocoated stents with different coating thicknesses show that, in the range of 20–65 nm, the coating thickness does not result in any difference in the corrosion resistance of the stents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of trimethylsilane (TMS) plasma nanocoatings in protecting silver nanowires (AgNWs) from degradation and thus to improve their stability. TMS plasma nanocoatings at various thicknesses were deposited onto AgNWs that were prepared on three different substrates, including glass, porous styrene-ethylene-butadiene-styrene (SEBS), and poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA). The experimental results showed that the application of TMS plasma nanocoatings to AgNWs induced little increase, up to ~25%, in their electrical resistance but effectively protected them from degradation. Over a two-month storage period in summer (20–22 °C, 55–70% RH), the resistance of the coated AgNWs on SEBS increased by only ~90%, compared to a substantial increase of ~700% for the uncoated AgNWs. On glass, the resistance of the coated AgNWs increased by ~30%, versus ~190% for the uncoated ones. When stored in a 37 °C phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution for 2 months, the resistance of the coated AgNWs on glass increased by ~130%, while the uncoated AgNWs saw a ~970% rise. Increasing the TMS plasma nanocoating thickness further improved the conductivity stability of the AgNWs. The nanocoatings also transformed the AgNWs' surfaces from hydrophilic to hydrophobic without significantly affecting their optical transparency. These findings demonstrate the potential of TMS plasma nanocoatings in protecting AgNWs from environmental and aqueous degradation, preserving their electrical conductivity and suitability for use in transparent electrodes and wearable electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Traps at the interface between carbyne and palladium nanocoatings, produced at different growth conditions, are explored by currentvoltage characteristics, scanning electron microscopy and thermal stimulation of charges for evaluation of their nature. It was found that the Pd films can form an Ohmic contact with the carbyne at certain deposition conditions and such deviated from the Ohmic behavior according to the RF sputtering voltage. This growth parameter was found to affect the interfacial traps formation on the carbyne surface, which is important feature for the charge trapping and releasing properties for hydrogen isotopes in the context of the energy release applications. Methods, Results and Discussion: The sputtering voltages of 0.5 kV and 0.7 kV were found unsuitable for controlled trap formation. Based on the currentvoltage and thermally stimulated current (TSC) measurements, a sputtering voltage of 0.9 kV appeared to be more favorable compared to 0.5 kV and 0.7 kV. At 0.9 kV thermal activation of charge carriers are enabled at lower thermal energies, showing a distinct change in TSC behavior correlated to trap activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the scientific community's main goal is the long-term sustainability. Vegetable oils are easily accessible, non-depletable, and cost-effective materials. Vegetable oils are used to prepare polymeric alkyd surfaces. Novel and exciting designs of alkyd/graphene nanocomposites have provided eco-friendly thermal stability and protective coating surfaces. This review has briefly described important graphene-based alkyd nanocomposites along with their applications as protective coatings. These alkyd composites have high hydrophobicity, corrosion resistance, and durability. Graphene-based alkyd nanocoatings have many industrial and research interests because of their exceptional thermal and chemical properties. This work introduces an advanced horizon for developing protective nanocomposite coatings. The anti-corrosion properties and coatings' longevity may be improved by combining the synergistic effects of hybrid nanofillers introduced in this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar photovoltaic (PV) panels are projected to become the largest contributor of clean electricity generation worldwide. Maintenance and cleaning strategies are crucial for optimizing solar PV operations, ensuring a satisfactory economic return of investment. Nanocoating may have potential for optimizing PV operations; however, there is insufficient scientific evidence that supports this idea. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effectiveness of nanocoating on the performance of solar photovoltaic (PV) panels installed in Al Seeb, Oman. A further study was also carried out to observe the influence of coating layers on the performance of PV panels. One SiO2 nanocoated solar panel, another regularly cleaned PV panel, and a reference uncleaned panel were used to carry out the study. The site of the study was treeless and sandy, with a hot and dry climate. A data logger was connected to the solar PV panel and glass panel to record the resulting voltage, current, temperature, and solar radiation. It was observed that nanocoated PV panels outperformed both regular PV panels and uncleaned PV panels. Nanocoated PV panels demonstrated an average efficiency of 21.6%, showing a 31.7% improvement over uncleaned panels and a 9.6% improvement over regularly cleaned panels. Although nanocoating displayed high efficiency, regular cleaning also contributes positively. Furthermore, even though nanocoated PV panels outperformed the other two panels, it is important to note that the performance difference between the regular cleaned PV panels and the nanocoated PV panels was small. This indicates that regular cleaning strategies and nanocoating can further contribute to maintaining a more efficient solar PV system. Coating in many layers was also observed to influence the performance of PV panels insignificantly, mainly the fourth layer coating appeared to have formed sufficient mass to retain heat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on the fabrication of Ni, Ni–ZrO 2 and Ni–ZrO 2 –CeO 2 nanocoatings using ultrasonic pulse electrodeposition. The research delved into examining the surface morphology, microhardness, abrasion, and corrosion resistance of these coatings. The results indicated that the Ni coatings displayed coarse grains and an irregular structure. Among the three, the Ni–ZrO 2 –CeO 2 nanocoatings exhibited the most dense, flat and fine microstructure among all three coatings, and the average diameters of Ni grains, ZrO 2 and CeO 2 nanoparticles were 68.6 nm, 21.1 nm and 23.4 nm, respectively. The Ni, Ni–ZrO 2 , and Ni–ZrO 2 –CeO 2 nanocoatings displayed high micro-hardness values, measuring an average of 363.1 Hv, 421.6 Hv, and 543.8 Hv, respectively. Moreover, the friction coefficient of Ni–ZrO 2 –CeO 2 nanocoatings was approximately 0.31. When exposed to a 3.5 wt% NaCl solution at room temperature, the Ni–ZrO 2 –CeO 2 nanocoatings displayed minimal corrosion damage, exhibiting the lowest corrosion rate of 0.06 mm/year compared to the other coatings. The incorporation of ZrO 2 and CeO 2 nanoparticles in the Ni–ZrO 2 –CeO 2 coating led to grain size reduction and a more uniform, compact microstructure, contributing to enhanced corrosion resistance when compared to both Ni and Ni–ZrO 2 coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epoxies derived from natural sources as an alternative to conventional petroleum-based epoxy resins have been used in sustainable coating applications. This study aims to create corrosion-resistant bio-based epoxy nanocoatings in the context of sustainable development. For this purpose, vegetable oil-based epoxy resins from cardanol and soybean oil were prepared. The structure of bio-based epoxies was confirmed by FTIR and 1H-NMR spectroscopy techniques. The epoxy functional silane precursor is synthesized from tetraethyl orthosilicate and (3-Glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane by means of the sol–gel method. Amine curing agent and inorganic silica skeletons as polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes and sol–gel precursor were added to the epoxy adduct and then cured. The curing kinetics of the formulations was followed by a differential scanning calorimeter. The chemical, mechanical, thermal, and anti-corrosive properties of the prepared coatings were investigated using various tests. The sustainable epoxy-based nanocoatings exhibited higher mechanical and thermal stability. In addition, the nanocoatings showed excellent corrosion resistance without the use of any anti-corrosive agent. The prepared green sustainable coatings will provide a more sustainable way to prepare bio-based coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rescuing dental implants from plaque‐induced infection and implementing effective plaque control methods in a limited oral environment pose challenges for modern dentistry. To address this issue, Al ion doped strontium titanate/titanium dioxide nanotubes (Al‐SrTiO3/TiO2 nanotubes, Al‐STNT) are designed as an ultrasound‐responsive nanocoating immobilized on the Ti implant surface. Introducing Al3+ ions into the inorganic sonosensitive SrTiO3/TiO2 heterojunction induces oxygen vacancies and disrupts the lattice of SrTiO3. By overcoming the bandgap barrier through ultrasonic stimulated piezoelectric effect, Al‐STNT produces more reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the sonodynamic therapy (SDT) process, stimulus on Al‐STNT induces abundant ROS efficiently disrupting the bacteria biofilm and inhibiting biofilm metabolism. Moreover, the specific nanoscale SrTiO3 coating endows dental implants with osteogenic activity, facilitating the formation of rigid osseointegration between the implant surface and alveolar bone. By mimicking human dental implants in rats, Al‐STNT demonstrates optimal postimplant osseointegration while retaining its antibacterial ability as a sonosensitizer. Thanks to the portability of the ultrasound instrument and the stability of implant‐based sonosensitizer, this strategy presents an attractive option for patients to self‐treat and secure the long‐term success of their implants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface modification is an important approach to improve osseointegration of the endosseous implants, however it is still desirable to develop a facile yet efficient coating strategy. Herein, a metal–phenolic network (MPN) is proposed as a multifunctional nanocoating on titanium (Ti) implants for enhanced osseointegration through early immunomodulation. With tannic acid (TA) and Sr2+ self‐assembled on Ti substrates, the MPN coatings provided a bioactive interface, which can facilitate the initial adhesion and recruitment of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and polarize macrophage toward M2 phenotype. Furthermore, the TA‐Sr coatings accelerated the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. In vivo evaluations further confirmed the enhanced osseointegration of TA‐Sr modified implants via generating a favorable osteoimmune microenvironment. In general, these results suggest that TA‐Sr MPN nanocoating is a promising strategy for achieving better and faster osseointegration of bone implants, which can be easily utilized in future clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zirconia based materials are widely used as dental materials because of their good mechanical properties and aesthetic, but there is a need of enhancing its biological response for clinical use. In that sense, a bioactive glass is added to zirconia matrix with the aim of improving the material biocompatibility. The effect of the raw powders synthesis method for dense zirconia/bioactive glass biomaterials was investigated. Two paths were developed to obtain zirconia-based composites with 2.5, 5 and 10 wt% addition of a bioactive glass (referred as 64S): the traditional powder mixture method, and a core-shell powder through sol-gel particle nanocoating. Particle size distribution and SEM images were performed for the powders characterization. Sol-gel coating was analyzed with TEM images and FT-IR spectra. The sintering process was studied with an optical dilatometer up to 1450 °C, and the density of the samples was calculated with the Archimedes method, in the range of 1100–1500 °C. The final crystalline phases were studied with Rietveld quantification through XRD analysis and the microstructure with SEM/EDS analysis. Vickers indentation method was used to evaluate the hardness. Biological properties were studied with murine fibroblast cell line L929 and were analyzed by fluorescence microscopy. Results showed that samples obtained by the sol-gel particle coating method enhanced the sintering process, with a sintering temperature in the range 1300–1400 °C; they showed a more homogeneous and pore-free microstructure with a higher retention of the t-ZrO 2 phase after cooling, in comparison with the samples obtained by the powder mixture method. The Vickers hardness of composites obtained by the core-shell particles had values above 11 GPa, and composites with 2.5 and 5 wt% 64S, sintered at 1400 °C, presented Vickers values of ∼13 GPa. Furthermore, biocompatibility was promoted with the addition of 64S glass, independently of the raw powders synthesis method. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Straw returning to the field has an inhibitory effect on seed germination and the early stage of seedling growth. Nanoparticles may contribute to good seed germination and seedling growth under stress. However, the effects of nanoparticles on seed germination and seedling growth of rice under straw returning remain unknown. Two popular aromatic rice varieties, Xiangyaxiangzhan and Meixiangzhan 2, were used as experimental materials. Three doses of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3 NPs) (i.e., 0 mg L−1, 25 mg L−1, and 50 mg L−1) were used for seed coating, and the nanoparticle-coated seeds were grown at three concentrations of straw extract (i.e., 0 g L−1, 10 g L−1, and 20 g L−1). The seed germination, seedling growth, antioxidant response, and nitrogen metabolism of aromatic rice were studied. The results showed that the aromatic rice varieties responded differently to straw concentration. Straw extract at 10 mg L−1 promoted the germination of Xiangyaxiangzhan but inhibited the germination of Meixiangzhan 2. With increasing straw extract concentration, the antioxidant response of Xiangyaxiangzhan increased. Fe2O3 NPs significantly increased seed germination under straw stress by 5–44%. The growth response of aromatic rice to iron oxide nanoparticle coating treatments varied among the different aromatic rice varieties and straw extract treatments. Therefore, iron oxide nanoparticle coating improved seed germination and regulated early growth and physiological parameters in aromatic rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Engineered wood products, such as oriented strand board (OSB), are widely used as the primary structural component in both residential and commercial lumber construction, primarily due to their renewability, aesthetic appeal, and excellent mechanical properties. Unfortunately, the inherent flammability of these wood-based composites poses an ongoing risk to society and the environment. In an effort to reduce its flammability, a polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) coating consisting of sodium polyborate (SPB) and polyethylenimine (PEI) was deposited on OSB using a simple two-dip process. This PEC treatment imparts self-extinguishing behavior to OSB and reduces the total heat release by 21% and total smoke release by 79%, while increasing the time to ignition by 18% relative to untreated OSB. Furthermore, the PEI/SPB coating adds little additional weight (5.8 wt%) to the oriented strand board, preserving visual aesthetics and maintaining mechanical properties. The main flame-retardant effect occurs by condensed phase action via a combination of intumescence and thermal barrier mechanisms. Improving the fire protection of OSB and other engineered wood materials through a simple and environmentally benign treatment will increase their potential as a largely renewable building material, promoting a sustainable bioeconomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work reports the deposition of Ni-SiC composite nanocoatings (CNCs) on Q235 steel surface through different approaches, including direct current electrodeposition (DCE), pulse current electrodeposition (PCE), and ultrasonic-assisted pulse current electrodeposition (UPCE), respectively. The surface morphology, phase structure, SiC content, and microhardness of Ni-SiC CNCs were investigated via scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, energy dispersive spectroscopy, microhardness tester, and wear tester respectively. The results indicated that Ni-SiC CNCs fabricated via DCE acquired a porous structure, whereas those fabricated via UPCE exhibited a smooth surface. The diffraction angles of Ni grain were observed at 44.6°, 52.2°, and 78.3°, while the SiC exhibited the diffraction peak at 34.2°, 41.6°, and 59.7°. The UPCE approach yielded the highest SiC content and microhardness values for Ni-SiC CNCs, at 853.6 HV and 8.91 wt.%, respectively. Furthermore, the Ni-SiC CNCs deposited using the UPCE technique had depths of only 14.3 μm, demonstrating the best abrasion resistance. Ni-SiC CNCs produced with UPCE had a compact and fine microstructure with an excellent microhardness value, which effectively prevented surface damage. This study can provide a new method for preparing the nickel-based nanocoatings with excellent wear resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Superhydrophobic surfaces offer innovative solutions, particularly in water/oil separation systems, as they repel water and attract oil, enabling efficient separation. The study aimed to analyze coatings developed on galvanized steel and aluminum, regarding their wettability in saline water and diesel oil, aiming for applications in the oil and gas industry. Specimens underwent texturizing, in-situ growth of layered double hydroxide (ZnAl-LDH) film and modification with stearic acid (STA). Both LDH films exhibited similar binary hierarchical structures of hexagonal petals and micrometric flowers, interconnecting along the surface, forming pores that allowed for air entrapment after STA modification. CA for saline water exceeded 150º, and for diesel oil was under 10º, characterizing the coatings as superhydrophobic and superoleophilic. The coatings show promising potential for water/oil separation using recyclable substrates and a simple, low-cost, environmentally friendly process.

Introduction: Traps at the interface between carbyne and palladium nanocoatings, produced at different growth conditions, are explored by current-voltage characteristics, scanning electron microscopy and thermal stimulation of charges for evaluation of their nature. It was found that the Pd films can form an Ohmic contact with the carbyne at certain deposition conditions and such deviated from the Ohmic behavior according to the RF sputtering voltage. This growth parameter was found to affect the interfacial traps formation on the carbyne surface, which is important feature for the charge trapping and releasing properties for hydrogen isotopes in the context of the energy release applications.Methods, Results and Discussion: The sputtering voltages of 0.5 kV and 0.7 kV were found unsuitable for controlled trap formation. Based on the currentvoltage and thermally stimulated current (TSC) measurements, a sputtering voltage of 0.9 kV appeared to be more favorable compared to 0.5 kV and 0.7 kV. At 0.9 kV thermal activation of charge carriers are enabled at lower thermal energies, showing a distinct change in TSC behavior correlated to trap activation.

The dentistry industry has been modernized by nanotechnology, as this emerging field has opened up new doors for dental treatment, restoration, and tissue regeneration. The potential applications of nanomaterials in dentistry are reviewed in this paper, ranging from advanced restorative materials to targeted drug delivery systems. Due to their unique characteristics (e.g., high surface area-to-volume ratios and tunable physicochemical properties), nanomaterials allow for the precise control of material behavior at the nanoscale. The ability of nanostructured materials to promote tissue regeneration offers the prospect of developing new approaches in bone and periodontal regeneration. Therefore, this review thoroughly analyzes nanomaterials’ characteristics and biomedical applications, highlighting how they can aid in overcoming challenges in dental care and create possibilities for more individualized and less-invasive dental treatments.

This article discusses the use of nanoencapsulation and nanocoating technologies to protect and enhance the functionality of bioactive compounds in the food, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical sectors. The authors highlight the successful encapsulation of omega-3 rich oils and therapeutic proteins using these technologies, which improved stability and bioavailability. They also discuss the application of lipid nanometric systems in photoprotection and skin anti-aging, as well as the development of packaging materials with enhanced functionalities. Overall, the article emphasizes the transformative potential of nanotechnology in improving bioactive formulations and calls for further interdisciplinary research in this field. [Extracted from the article]

This paper presents a simple and upscalable method for enhancing and imparting multifunctionalities onto cellulose nanofiber (CNF) films through nanocoating with polydopamine (PDA). Leveraging a simple two-step process of dopamine seeding and PDA polymerization in mild alkaline Tris–HCl, a uniform and stable PDA nanocoating was successfully formed on the CNF film surface. The resulting PDA-coated CNF films (PDA–CNF) were then thermally annealed at 160 °C to further enhance their multifunctionality. Our results show that the PDA nanocoating profoundly enhanced the films' UV-shielding properties, Young's modulus, dielectric properties, and antioxidant activity. FTIR spectra analysis confirmed successful PDA formation onto the CNF surface, and atomic force microscopy revealed a homogenous distribution of nanometer-sized PDA oligomers (~ 170 nm) on the film surface. Moreover, we demonstrated the use of thermally annealed PDA–CNF film as an ascorbic acid detecting electrode, which showed a linear electrochemical response with high stability and excellent reproducibility. These findings contribute to the expanding knowledge of CNF films and their potential as a promising material for various applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The GO-AMTT/TiS2 nanofiller was developed by combining surface-modified titanium disulphide (TiS2) with graphene oxide (GO) and 2-amino-5-methylthio-1H-1,2,4-triazole (AMTT), and it was subsequently incorporated into the epoxy resin (EP) to produce EP-GO-AMTT/TiS2 nanocomposite. Using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), the performance of epoxy coating on mild steel as a barrier against different concentrations of GO-AMTT/TiS2 in naturally occurring seawater was evaluated. It was found that that epoxy coating with 0.6 weight percent of GO-AMTT/TiS2 nanoparticles exhibited the highest resistance after exposed to seawater for 1 h. The limiting oxygen index test and thermogravimetric analysis revealed that the GO/AMTT-TiS2 significantly improved the flame retardancy properties of the epoxy coating. The peak heat release rate and total heat release values for the EP-GO/AMTT-TiS2 significantly decreased by 74% and 66%, respectively, as compared to pure EP, showing that the material is more flame retardant. The EIS experiments showed that the EP-GO/AMTT-TiS2 nanocomposite had increased coating resilience even after 960 h of submersion in seawater. According to SECM investigations, a small amount of ferrous ions was released at the scribe area of the EP-GO/AMTT-TiS2 coating. This is because the coated substrate is more resistant to anodic dissipation than the uncoated substrate. The developed EP-GO/AMTT-TiS2 coating has higher protective and hydrophobic (WCA: 157°) characteristics. The epoxy matrix's adhesive properties were enhanced by the addition of GO/AMTT-TiS2. Therefore, an EP-GO/AMTT-TiS2 nanocomposite may be employed in an industrial coating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effectiveness of coatings in reducing biofilm adhesion on archwire was evaluated. Literature search was conducted on PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar, and Science Direct which analysed the anti-adherent property after nanocoating of archwires against uncoated group. Two risk of bias assessment tools were used and the data extracted from each study was then tabulated. Eight studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Risk of bias assessment showed a low - moderate risk for most of included studies. Various nanoparticle coatings were analysed for their antimicrobial property. Adequate implementation of each type of coated arch-wire can aid in reducing the bacterial aggregation around the orthodontic attachments and keeping the white spot lesions at bay irrespective of patient compliance. Most of the studies included in this systematic review were assessed fair in risk of bias assessment. Due to presence of heterogenicity in terms of varied coating methods employed to check the antimicrobial property, a meta-analysis was not possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrical batteries, mobile phones, central processing units of computing systems, and scientific instruments lose life due to improper heat transfer. Thermal management enables these electronics to run smoothly. This experiment measures heat sink temperature fluctuations during heating and cooling using lateral fins coated with graphene and carbon CNT. The study examined 15 W, 25 W, 35 W, and 45 W heat inputs to record the time to reach 40 °C, 50 °C, and 60 °C. Regardless of the coating material used in the heat sink, the time taken by the heat sinks to attain 60 °C was more than 3000 seconds. Heat input reduced the time to below 3000 seconds. Heat sinks dissipated heat until 32 °C during cooling. Infrared spectroscopy showed fins and heat sinks’ energy retention. Convective heat transfer cooled the middle row of fins, and coated and uncoated heat sinks were evaluated for enhancement ratio. Coating the heat sink with graphene resulted in an enhancement in heat transfer by 1.15. While heating at 15 W, the CNT coated heat sink exhibited a 1.9 enhancement ratio. The graphene-coated heat sink had an enhancement ratio for 25 W, 35 W, and 45 W heat inputs. The study found that operating temperature, input energy, and nanocoatings affect heat sink performance. This work can help optimise heat transfer from the heat sink to the atmosphere by determining nanocoating thickness. Mixed-material coating studies can disclose heat sink performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to investigate the thermal stability and hydrophobicity of difference alkyl chain of silanes with silicon (Si) micro- and nanoparticles. Design/methodology/approach: Sol-gel methods have been used to design superhydrophobic glass substrates through surface modification by using low-surface-energy Isooctyl trimethoxysilane (ITMS) and Ethyl trimethoxysilane (ETMS) solution. Hierarchical double-rough scale solid surface was built by Si micro- and nanoparticles to enhance the surface roughness. The prepared sol was applied onto glass substrate using dip-coating method and was dried at control temperature of 400°C inside the tube furnace. Findings: The glass substrate achieved the water contact angle as high as 154 ± 2° and 150.4 ± 2° for Si/ITMS and Si/ETMS films, respectively. The Si/ITMS and Si/ETMS also were equipped with low sliding angle as low as 3° and 5°, respectively. The Si micro- and nanoparticles in the coating system have created nanopillars between them, which will suspend the water droplets. Both superhydrophobic coatings have showed good stability against high temperature up to 200°C as there are no changes in WCA shown by both coatings. Si/ITMS film sustains its superhydrophobicity after impacting with further temperature up to 400°C and turns hydrophobic state at 450°C. Research limitations/implications: Findings will be useful to develop superhydrophobic coatings with high thermal stability. Practical implications: Sol method provides a suitable medium for the combination of organic-inorganic network to achieve high hydrophobicity with optimum surface roughness. Originality/value: Application of different alkyl chain groups of silane resin blending with micro- and nanoparticles of Si pigments develops superhydrophobic coatings with high thermal stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanostructured integrated polymeric coatings have been transpired to preserve vegetables and fruits' quality attributes. Edible nanocoating packaging can significantly prolong the shelf life of fruits by preventing moisture loss and maintaining their freshness. This is because the coating acts as a barrier, preventing water vapor and gases from escaping or entering the fruit, which helps to maintain its firmness, color, and texture. These coatings facilitate barrier properties on the surface of fruits and vegetables and generate a conducive micro-environment by optimizing the concentration and obstructing the ripening process. A bio-nano hybrid based on guava extract intercalated nanoparticles were synthesized using a chemical reduction method for applications in fruit coating. The fabrication of resultant nanocomposites was confirmed by the shifts observed in vibrational frequencies and basal peaks observed by using an X-Ray diffraction pattern. The prepared nanohybrid further elucidates better thermal stability and their hydrotalcite-like structure examined by Field Emission Electron Spectroscopy displayed plate-like structure and homogeneous distribution of nanoparticles into the matrix. The CuO/guava extract nanocomposite has shown 37.79% of weight loss contrary to pristine extract which has 64.92% evaluated using thermogravimetric analysis. The edible nanocoating was developed using the dip-coating method on fresh papaya. To evaluate the efficacy of developed nanocoating, various attributes such as pH, acidity, sensory analysis, weight loss, and water activity coefficient for 18 days were investigated. In addition, the role of dietary sugar with the increase in the shelf life of nanoparticles coating was synchronized. The obtained results revealed that the shelf life of papaya increased with the application of copper nanohybrid coating which propounds its application in food preservation. Illustrating the development of ripened fruit-based biodegradable guava derived edible nanocoating to preserve the shelf life of papaya [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving the reversibility of anionic redox and inhibiting irreversible oxygen evolution are the main challenges in the application of high reversible capacity Li-rich Mn-based cathode materials. A facile synchronous lithiation strategy combining the advantages of yttrium doping and LiYO2 surface coating is proposed. Yttrium doping effectively suppresses the oxygen evolution during the delithiation process by increasing the energy barrier of oxygen evolution reaction through strong Y-O bond energy. LiYO2 nanocoating has the function of structural constraint and protection, that protecting the lattice oxygen exposed to the surface, thus avoiding irreversible oxidation. As an Liþ conductor, LiYO2 nanocoating can provide a fast Liþ transfer channel, which enables the sample to have excellent rate performance. The synergistic effect of Y doping and nano-LiYO2 coating integration suppresses the oxygen release from the surface, accelerates the diffusion of Li þ from electrolyte to electrode and decreases the interfacial side reactions, enabling the lithium ion batteries to obtain good electrochemical performance. The lithium-ion full cell employing the Y-1 sample (cathode) and commercial graphite (anode) exhibit an excellent specific energy density of 442.9 Wh kg-1 at a current density of 0.1C, with very stable safety performance, which can be used in a wide temperature range (60 to -15 °C) stable operation. This result illustrates a new integration strategy for advanced cathode materials to achieve high specific energy density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports research findings on the functionalization of NiTi shape memory alloy through the electrophoretic deposition of innovative complex layers comprising a silver-rutile (Ag-TiO2) nanocomposite. A colloidal suspension of a chemically synthesized Ag-TiO2 nanosystem prepared with a 59.4 ± 0.9 mV Zeta potential for anaphoretic deposition. Employing a design of experiment method (DoE), the optimal parameters for uniform coating depositions were identified as 40 V/3 min. Dilatometric tests and high-temperature microscopy determined that the deposited layers' heat treatment temperature should not exceed 800 °C. Raman spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) provided comprehensive structural and morphological insights into the resulting continuous and crack-free layer. The article extensively explores the impact of annealing on structural changes within the layer, proposing mechanisms for its formation. The findings affirm the feasibility of creating a highly reactive layer on the NiTi alloy, holding potential significance in implantation medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability to withstand external loads is one of the most important properties of functional coatings on polymer substrates. Carbon nanocoatings were deposited on the surface of elastic polyurethane by magnetron sputtering. Local mechanical properties and fracture of surfaces were investigated by indentation methods of atomic force microscopy. The development of microcracks on stretched materials was studied by optical microscopy. The modified surfaces exhibit non-uniform structural-mechanical properties. These inhomogeneities improve the fracture resistance constraining crack propagation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of an oxide nanocoating to prevent colour degradation of maxillofacial silicone elastomers following accelerated ageing. Material and methods: Specimens (N = 40) of specified dimensions were fabricated in Factor II room temperature vulcanizing (RTV) silicone and processed according to the manufacturer's instructions. Two groups were classified with 20 specimens each. Specimens in the first group were coated with titanium dioxide (TiO2) by atomic layer deposition technology. The colour stability test was conducted with a UV–VIS spectrometer (Schimadzu) for both titanium dioxide nanocoated and uncoated specimen groups after subjecting them to accelerated ageing. It was analysed using the CIE L*a*b method. Results: The average colour change was highest for uncoated specimens (2.868), and the average colour change for titanium dioxide-coated specimens was significantly low (1.774). The average colour change of uncoated specimens (2.868) was close to the acceptable threshold value (3), and that of coated specimens (1.774) was far below the acceptable threshold (3). Conclusions: The colour change that occurred in titanium dioxide nanocoated specimens following accelerated ageing was significantly lower than that in the uncoated group, showing that the TiO2 nanocoating was effective in reducing the colour degradation of silicone elastomers. Clinical relevance: Maxillofacial prostheses fabricated from silicone elastomers go through undesirable colour degradation over time. The development of a scientific technique that retards the colour deterioration of silicone prostheses would be of great clinical significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, antibacterial coatings have become an important approach in the global fight against bacterial pathogens. Developments in materials science, chemistry, and biochemistry have led to a plethora of materials and chemical compounds that have the potential to create antibacterial coatings. However, insufficient attention has been paid to the analysis of the techniques and technologies used to apply these coatings. Among the various inorganic coating techniques, atomic layer deposition (ALD) is worthy of note. It enables the successful synthesis of high-purity inorganic nanocoatings on surfaces of complex shape and topography, while also providing precise control over their thickness and composition. ALD has various industrial applications, but its practical application in medicine is still limited. In recent years, a considerable number of papers have been published on the proposed use of thin films and coatings produced via ALD in medicine, notably those with antibacterial properties. The aim of this paper is to carefully evaluate and analyze the relevant literature on this topic. Simple oxide coatings, including TiO2, ZnO, Fe2O3, MgO, and ZrO2, were examined, as well as coatings containing metal nanoparticles such as Ag, Cu, Pt, and Au, and mixed systems such as TiO2-ZnO, TiO2-ZrO2, ZnO-Al2O3, TiO2-Ag, and ZnO-Ag. Through comparative analysis, we have been able to draw conclusions on the effectiveness of various antibacterial coatings of different compositions, including key characteristics such as thickness, morphology, and crystal structure. The use of ALD in the development of antibacterial coatings for various applications was analyzed. Furthermore, assumptions were made about the most promising areas of development. The final section provides a comparison of different coatings, as well as the advantages, disadvantages, and prospects of using ALD for the industrial production of antibacterial coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Results obtained in physics, chemistry and materials science on nanoparticles have drawn significant interest in the use of nanostructures on dental implants. The main focus concerns nanoscale surface modifications of titanium-based dental implants in order to increase the surface roughness and provide a better bone–implant interfacial area. Surface coatings via the sol–gel process ensure the deposition of a homogeneous layer of nanoparticles or mixtures of nanoparticles on the titanium substrate. Nanotubular structures created on the titanium surface by anodic oxidation yield an interesting nanotopography for drug release. Carbon-based nanomaterials hold great promise in the field of dentistry on account of their outstanding mechanical properties and their structural characteristics. Carbon nanomaterials that include carbon nanotubes, graphene and its derivatives (graphene oxide and graphene quantum dots) can be used as coatings of the implant surface. Their antibacterial properties as well as their ability to be functionalized with adequate chemical groups make them particularly useful for improving biocompatibility and promoting osseointegration. Nevertheless, an evaluation of their possible toxicity is required before being exploited in clinical trials.

Citrus fruits are one of the most abundant crops globally in more than 140 countries throughout the world. Acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia swingle) is one of the citrus fruits which popularly has rich nutritional and therapeutic features. The storage period is the important factor that affects the economic and quality properties of this fruit. This study aims to demonstrate the enhancing effect of preharvest spraying with potassium, in addition to the postharvest dipping of fruits in some edible coatings, on the quality and storability of acid lime fruits. Preharvest spraying with organic and mineral forms of potassium, namely, potassium thiosulfate 1.75 g/L (S) and potassium tartrate 2 g/L (T), were carried out at three different times, in May, June, and July. On the other hand, postharvest treatments were carried out via dipping fruits in different types of biopolymers (carboxymethyl cellulose (E2) and gum arabic (E3)) and carboxymethyl cellulose/gum arabic composite (E4) as well as nanocoating formulation based on both biopolymers and doped zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) (E1), which were prepared via acid lime peel waste extract. Herein, the physiochemical and morphological characterizations confirmed that the nanocoating was prepared at the nanoscale and doped with green synthesis ZnONPs, with recorded sizes of around 80 and 20 nm, respectively. Preharvest spraying with potassium tartrate enhanced fruit traits (Spraying with potassium tartrate at pre-harvest and nanocoating dipping at post-harvest (TE1), spraying with potassium tartrate at pre-harvest and carboxy methyl cellulose dipping at post-harvest (TE2), spraying with potassium tartrate at pre-harvest and gum arabic dipping at post-harvest (TE3) and spraying with potassium tartrate at pre-harvest and carboxymethyl cellulose/gum arabic composite dipping at post-harvest (TE4)), followed by potassium thiosulfate (spraying with potassium thiosulfate at pre-harvest and nanocoating dipping at post-harvest (SE1), spraying with potassium thiosulfate at pre-harvest and carboxy methyl cellulose dipping at post-harvest (SE2), spraying with potassium thiosulfate at pre-harvest and gum arabic dipping at post-harvest (SE3) and spraying with potassium thiosulfate at pre-harvest and carboxymethyl cellulose/gum arabic dipping at post-harvest (SE4)), compared to control. For postharvest treatments, E1 improved fruit quality, followed by E2, E4, and E3, respectively. The integration between pre- and postharvest treatments showed a clear superiority of TE2, followed by TE4, SE1, and SE2, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]