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The contamination of foodborne pathogenic bacteria poses great threats to human health. Conventional foodborne pathogen detection methods suffer from the shortcomings of time-consuming, cumbersome, and non-real time. Hence, it is of great significance to explore a sensitive, safe, simple and economical method for foodborne pathogen detection. Compared with the traditional methods, nano-biosensor-based detection assays possess merits such as exceptional sensitivity, high selectivity, real-time detection, low consumption and low limit of detection. In this article, these nano-biosensor-based methods are summarized, and the principles and advantages of single-, dual- and multi-mode detection are comprehensively discussed. Meanwhile, an outlook on the application of nano-biosensors for the detection of foodborne pathogens is given with the goal of providing a reference for the optimization of the existing detection methods for foodborne pathogenic bacteria.

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Bacterial infections continue to pose a significant global health challenge, with the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria and biofilms further complicating treatment options. The rise of pan-resistant bacteria, coupled with the slow development of new antibiotics, highlights the urgent need for new therapeutic strategies. Nanotechnology-based biosensors offer fast, specific, sensitive, and selective methods for detecting and treating bacteria; hence, it is a promising approach for the diagnosis and treatment of MDR bacteria. Through mechanisms, such as destructive bacterial cell membranes, suppression of efflux pumps, and generation of reactive oxygen species, nanotechnology effectively combats bacterial resistance and biofilms. Nano-biosensors and related technology have demonstrated their importance in bacteria diagnosis and treatment, providing innovative ideas for MDR inhibition. This review focuses on multiple nanotechnology approaches in targeting MDR bacteria and eliminating antimicrobial biofilms, highlighting nano-biosensors via photodynamics-based biosensors, eletrochemistry biosensors, acoustic-dynamics sensors, and so on. Furthermore, the major challenges, opportunities of multi-physical-field biometrics-based biosensors, and relevant nanotechnology in MDR bacterial theranostics are also discussed. Overall, this review provides insights and scientific references to harness the comprehensive and diverse capabilities of nano-biosensors for precise bacteria theranostics and MDR inhibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of smart and nanobiosensor (NB) technologies has transformed the monitoring and management of bacterial infections. These developments offer remarkable accuracy and precision for detecting infectious pathogens. Smart artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted and NB-based methods are used as powerful tools in biomedicine for bacterial detection, combatting multidrug resistance, and diagnosing infections. In this study, we delve into the advancements in these technologies, focusing on AI-based techniques for NBs in detecting bacterial infections from 2019 to 2024. We analyze the contributions of machine learning and deep learning techniques to enhance performance and reliability. The new approaches to improve the effectiveness and versatility of antibacterial treatments are critically analyzed. Our study includes the observations of carbon nanoparticles that selectively target bacteria using photothermal properties and the production of hybrid hydrogel composites with capabilities. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the crucial significance of NBs in propelling the progress of diagnostic methods, biosensing technologies, and treatments, thereby transforming the healthcare industry and the way diseases are managed. In addition, we explore pathogen-based infections, bacterial diagnosis, and treatment using engineered NBs enhanced with various modalities such as electrochemistry, acoustics, electromagnetism, and photothermal resonance. Our comprehensive review highlights the potential and throws light on future research directions for effective management and control of bacterial infections.

Food packaging is undergoing a revolutionary change because of nanotechnology. This paper examines the influence of nanofillers on improving food packaging materials. Due to their distinctive qualities, nanofillers like nanoparticles and nanocomposites change food product protection, preservation, and appearance. The advantages of nanofillers, which may be controlled in terms of mechanical, barrier, thermal, optical, and surface characteristics, are described in the article along with their definition. Systematic examination exposes the many functions of nanofillers, from maintaining food safety with antibacterial Nano silver to increasing shelf life with better barriers. They also support sustainability and clever packaging. Innovative applications for real-time food monitoring are investigated, along with case examples demonstrating their efficacy, including nanocomposite materials, nanosensors, and nanotags. The use of nanofillers is evaluated concerning safety, compliance, cost-effectiveness, and environmental impact. Future research trends that will influence food packaging are outlined. A critical step toward developing safer, more robust, and environmentally friendly packaging solutions is represented by nanofillers. This review is a valuable tool for anyone involved in food packaging since it provides information on disruptive technology transforming food packaging into an intelligent, environmentally friendly guardian of food quality and safety.

Nano-biosensors are rising as a promising technology for ensuring the protection and high-quality of meals merchandise. They offer excessive sensitivity, selectivity, and speedy reaction, making them ideal for detecting contaminants, pathogens, and first-rate signs in meals samples. This up to date evaluate affords a complete evaluation of recent improvements in nano-biosensor technology for meals great and safety warranty. The evaluate covers the essential standards and kinds of nano-biosensors typically utilized in meals evaluation, exploring various nanomaterials and their unique homes and sensing talents. It also discusses mixing nanomaterials with biological reputation elements, antibodies, enzymes, and DNA aptamers to enhance sensor performance. The software of nano-biosensors in detecting chemical contaminants, which includes pesticides, heavy metals, and mycotoxins, is drastically protected. Nanomaterials allow ultrasensitive detection of these contaminants, even at trace stages, ensuring the protection and compliance of meal products. The review also explores the usage of nano-biosensors for rapid identification and quantification of foodborne pathogens, such as microorganisms, viruses, and parasites, allowing on-web page pathogen detection and timely interventions to prevent outbreaks. Additionally, the review highlights the tracking of meals satisfactory signs of using nano-biosensors, including freshness, spoilage, and dietary composition. Accurate assessment of those parameters offers treasured information to manage and predict shelf-life. Overall, the advancements in nano-biosensor generation maintain high-quality promise for ensuring the integrity of meals products, defensive public fitness, and assembly regulatory standards.

Graphene-based nanosensors are used in many applications to monitor and survey physical or chemical phenomena. The use of Graphene improves the mechanical, electrochemical, optical, and magnetic properties of nanosensors due to its properties such as physical properties. But there are some characteristics and measurements that must be taken to manufacture such sensors. In this work, a Neural Network (NN) has been proposed that can predict the values of UV (ultraviolet) measurements, which are wavelength and absorption, based on XRD (X Ray Diffraction) measurements, namely diameter (in millimeters) and angle (theta in degrees). The proposed NN was developed on Network-on-Chip (NoC) to take advantage of the high level of parallelism and computing power provided by NoC. In addition, we used an adaptive XY routing algorithm due to its simplicity and allows exploiting multiple paths to route packets to their destination which reduces the number of lost packets due to the high injection rate without introducing any latency. Moreover, we proposed a mapping algorithm to extract maximum performance from the adaptive XY algorithm. The obtained results show the efficiency of the proposed architecture, as it allows packets to take different paths. Thus, the traffic is distributed across the network and significantly reduces packet loss. Moreover, the equal length of these paths allows avoidance of latency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early-stage, precise disease diagnosis and treatment has been a crucial topic of scientific discussion since time immemorial. When these factors are combined with experience and scientific knowledge, they can benefit not only the patient, but also, by extension, the entire health system. The development of rapidly growing novel technologies allows for accurate diagnosis and treatment of disease. Nanomedicine can contribute to exhaled breath analysis (EBA) for disease diagnosis, providing nanomaterials and improving sensing performance and detection sensitivity. Through EBA, gas-based nano-sensors might be applied for the detection of various essential diseases, since some of their metabolic products are detectable and measurable in the exhaled breath. The design and development of innovative nanomaterial-based sensor devices for the detection of specific biomarkers in breath samples has emerged as a promising research field for the non-invasive accurate diagnosis of several diseases. EBA would be an inexpensive and widely available commercial tool that could also be used as a disease self-test kit. Thus, it could guide patients to the proper specialty, bypassing those expensive tests, resulting, hence, in earlier diagnosis, treatment, and thus a better quality of life. In this review, some of the most prevalent types of sensors used in breath-sample analysis are presented in parallel with the common diseases that might be diagnosed through EBA, highlighting the impact of incorporating new technological achievements in the clinical routine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial infections continue to pose a significant global health challenge, with the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria and biofilms further complicating treatment options. The rise of pan-resistant bacteria, coupled with the slow development of new antibiotics, highlights the urgent need for new therapeutic strategies. Nanotechnology-based biosensors offer fast, specific, sensitive, and selective methods for detecting and treating bacteria; hence, it is a promising approach for the diagnosis and treatment of MDR bacteria. Through mechanisms, such as destructive bacterial cell membranes, suppression of efflux pumps, and generation of reactive oxygen species, nanotechnology effectively combats bacterial resistance and biofilms. Nano-biosensors and related technology have demonstrated their importance in bacteria diagnosis and treatment, providing innovative ideas for MDR inhibition. This review focuses on multiple nanotechnology approaches in targeting MDR bacteria and eliminating antimicrobial biofilms, highlighting nano-biosensors via photodynamics-based biosensors, eletrochemistry biosensors, acoustic-dynamics sensors, and so on. Furthermore, the major challenges, opportunities of multi-physical-field biometrics-based biosensors, and relevant nanotechnology in MDR bacterial theranostics are also discussed. Overall, this review provides insights and scientific references to harness the comprehensive and diverse capabilities of nano-biosensors for precise bacteria theranostics and MDR inhibition.

The identification of harmful metal ions in aquatic environments is a global concern since these contaminants can have serious consequences for plants, animals, humans, and ecosystems. A biosensor is a type of analytical equipment that combines a biological recognition element and a physical transducer to detect biological signals to produce a detectable indication proportionate to the concentration of the samples being analysed. The analyte spreads from the fluid to the biosensor's superficial. The analyte responds precisely and competently with the biosensor's biological component. The physicochemical properties of the transducer surface change as a result of this process. The visual or electric properties of the transducer surface alter as a result of this. The signal that is detected is an electrical signal. With the help of carbon-based nano-biosensors, metals from the aquatic environment can easily be detected, which is much simpler, less time-consuming, and less expensive as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nano-biosensors are rising as a promising technology for ensuring the protection and high-quality of meals merchandise. They offer excessive sensitivity, selectivity, and speedy reaction, making them ideal for detecting contaminants, pathogens, and first-rate signs in meals samples. This up to date evaluate affords a complete evaluation of recent improvements in nano-biosensor technology for meals great and safety warranty. The evaluate covers the essential standards and kinds of nano-biosensors typically utilized in meals evaluation, exploring various nanomaterials and their unique homes and sensing talents. It also discusses mixing nanomaterials with biological reputation elements, antibodies, enzymes, and DNA aptamers to enhance sensor performance. The software of nano-biosensors in detecting chemical contaminants, which includes pesticides, heavy metals, and mycotoxins, is drastically protected. Nanomaterials allow ultrasensitive detection of these contaminants, even at trace stages, ensuring the protection and compliance of meal products. The review also explores the usage of nano-biosensors for rapid identification and quantification of foodborne pathogens, such as microorganisms, viruses, and parasites, allowing on-web page pathogen detection and timely interventions to prevent outbreaks. Additionally, the review highlights the tracking of meals satisfactory signs of using nanobiosensors, including freshness, spoilage, and dietary composition. Accurate assessment of those parameters offers treasured information to manage and predict shelf-life. Overall, the advancements in nano-biosensor generation maintain high-quality promise for ensuring the integrity of meals products, defensive public fitness, and assembly regulatory standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, oral cancer kills an estimated 150,000 individuals per year, with 300,000 new cases being diagnosed annually. The high incidence rate of oral cancer among the South‐Asian and American populations is majorly due to overuse of tobacco, alcohol, and poor dental hygiene. Additionally, socio‐economic issues and lack of general awareness delay the primary screening of the disease. The availability of early screening techniques for oral cancer can help in carving out a niche for accurate disease prognosis and also its prevention. However, conventional diagnostic approaches and therapeutics are still far from optimal. Thus, enhancing the analytical performance of diagnostic platforms in terms of specificity and precision can help in understanding the disease progression paradigm. Fabrication of efficient nanoprobes that are sensitive, noninvasive, cost‐effective, and less labor‐intensive can reduce the global cancer burden. Recent advances in optical, electrochemical, and spectroscopy‐based nano biosensors that employ noble and superparamagnetic nanoparticles, have been proven to be extremely efficient. Further, these sensitive nanoprobes can also be employed for predicting disease relapse after chemotherapy, when the majority of the biomarker load is eliminated. Herein, we provide the readers with a brief summary of conventional and new‐age oral cancer detection techniques. A comprehensive understanding of the inherent challenges associated with conventional oral cancer detection techniques is discussed. We also elaborate on how nanoparticles have shown tremendous promise and effectiveness in radically transforming the approach toward oral cancer detection. This article is categorized under:Diagnostic Tools > BiosensingDiagnostic Tools > Diagnostic NanodevicesDiagnostic Tools > In Vitro Nanoparticle‐Based Sensing [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early-stage, precise disease diagnosis and treatment has been a crucial topic of scientific discussion since time immemorial. When these factors are combined with experience and scientific knowledge, they can benefit not only the patient, but also, by extension, the entire health system. The development of rapidly growing novel technologies allows for accurate diagnosis and treatment of disease. Nanomedicine can contribute to exhaled breath analysis (EBA) for disease diagnosis, providing nanomaterials and improving sensing performance and detection sensitivity. Through EBA, gas-based nano-sensors might be applied for the detection of various essential diseases, since some of their metabolic products are detectable and measurable in the exhaled breath. The design and development of innovative nanomaterial-based sensor devices for the detection of specific biomarkers in breath samples has emerged as a promising research field for the non-invasive accurate diagnosis of several diseases. EBA would be an inexpensive and widely available commercial tool that could also be used as a disease self-test kit. Thus, it could guide patients to the proper specialty, bypassing those expensive tests, resulting, hence, in earlier diagnosis, treatment, and thus a better quality of life. In this review, some of the most prevalent types of sensors used in breath-sample analysis are presented in parallel with the common diseases that might be diagnosed through EBA, highlighting the impact of incorporating new technological achievements in the clinical routine.

Staphylococcus aureus is an important infectious factor in the food industry and hospital infections. Many methods are used for detecting bacteria but they are mostly time-consuming, poorly sensitive. In this study, a nano-biosensor based on iron nanoparticles (MNPs) was designed to detect S. aureus. MNPs were synthesized and conjugated to Biosensors. Then S. aureus was lysed and nano-biosensor (MNP-TiO2-AP-SMCC-Biosensors) was added to the lysed bacteria. After bonding the bacterial genome to the nano-biosensor, MNPs were separated by a magnet. Bacterial DNA was released from the surface of nano-biosensor and researched by Nano-drop spectrophotometry. The results of SEM and DLS revealed that the size of MNPs was 20–25 nm which increased to 38–43 nm after modification and addition of biosensors. The designed nano-biosensor was highly sensitive and specific for the detection of S. aureus. The limit of detection (LOD) was determined as 230 CFU mL−1. There was an acceptable linear correlation between bacterial concentration and absorption at 3.7 × 102–3.7× 107 whose linear diagram and regression was Y = 0.242X + 2.08 and R2 = .996. Further, in the presence of other bacteria as a negative control, it was absolutely specific. The sensitivity of the designed nano-biosensor was investigated and compared through PCR.

Staphylococcus aureus is an important infectious factor in the food industry and hospital infections. Many methods are used for detecting bacteria but they are mostly time-consuming, poorly sensitive. In this study, a nano-biosensor based on iron nanoparticles (MNPs) was designed to detect S. aureus. MNPs were synthesized and conjugated to Biosensors. Then S. aureus was lysed and nano-biosensor (MNP-TiO2-AP-SMCC-Biosensors) was added to the lysed bacteria. After bonding the bacterial genome to the nano-biosensor, MNPs were separated by a magnet. Bacterial DNA was released from the surface of nano-biosensor and researched by Nano-drop spectrophotometry. The results of SEM and DLS revealed that the size of MNPs was 20–25 nm which increased to 38–43 nm after modification and addition of biosensors. The designed nano-biosensor was highly sensitive and specific for the detection of S. aureus. The limit of detection (LOD) was determined as 230 CFU mL−1. There was an acceptable linear correlation between bacterial concentration and absorption at 3.7 × 102–3.7× 107 whose linear diagram and regression was Y = 0.242X + 2.08 and R2 =.996. Further, in the presence of other bacteria as a negative control, it was absolutely specific. The sensitivity of the designed nano-biosensor was investigated and compared through PCR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direct detection of pollutants, such as heavy metals, pesticides, and toxins from waste streams and monitoring of water and soil conditions, are significant challenges in the field of environmental and analytical chemistry. The current techniques implemented for real-time analysis and monitoring of contaminated specimens have been limited due to the lack of tools with broad detection limits and the necessity of expensive laboratory equipment. In this regard, efforts in developing sensing technologies have been put forward during the last years by various research groups. Moreover, cost-effective, compact, and eco-friendly sensors are required. Nanotechnology provides leading biosensors using novel nanofabrication and green synthesis techniques. Nano biosensors utilized for the detection of pollutants exhibit ultra-sensitivity and quick detection time in real-time analysis. Additionally, detection limits at the nanomolar to picomolar level for pollutants have already been reported in the literature. Herein, we summarize nanotechnological advances in green chemical sensors for environmental proposes, focusing on the detection of contaminants in soil and water.

Great scientific research with improved potential in probing biological locales has remained a giant stride. The use of bio-barcodes with the potential use of nanotechnology is a hallmark being developed among recent advanced techniques. Biobarcoding is a novel method used for screening biomolecules to identify and divulge ragbag biodiversity. It establishes successful barcoding projects in the field of nanomedical technology for massively testing disease diagnosis and treatment. Biobarcoding and nanotechnology are recently developed technologies that provide unique opportunities and challenges for multiplex detection such as DNAs, proteins and nucleic acids of animals, plants, viruses, and various other species. These technologies also clump drug delivery, gene delivery, and DNA sequencing. Bio-barcode amplification assay (BCA) is used at large for the detection and identification of proteins and DNAs. DNA barcoding combined with nanotechnology has been proven highly sensitive rendering fast uniplex and multiplex detection of pathogens in food, blood, and other specimens. This review takes a panoramic view of current advances in nano bio-barcodes which have been summarized to explore additional applications such as detection of cytokines, neurotransmitters, cancer markers, prostate-specific antigens, and allergens. In the future, it will also be possible to detect some fungi, algae, protozoa, and other pollutants in food, agriculture, and clinical samples. Using these technologies, specific and efficient sensors would possibly be developed that can perform swift detections of antigens, allergens, and other specimens.

Abstract Graphene’s unique physical structure, as well as its chemical and electrical properties, make it ideal for use in sensor technologies. In the past years, novel sensing platforms have been proposed with pristine and modified graphene with nanoparticles and polymers. Several of these platforms were used to immobilize biomolecules, such as antibodies, DNA, and enzymes to create highly sensitive and selective biosensors. Strategies to attach these biomolecules onto the surface of graphene have been employed based on its chemical composition. These methods include covalent bonding, such as the coupling of the biomolecules via the 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride and N-hydroxysuccinimide reactions, and physisorption. In the literature, several detection methods are employed; however, the most common is electrochemical. The main reason for researchers to use this detection approach is because this method is simple, rapid and presents good sensitivity. These biosensors can be particularly useful in life sciences and medicine since in clinical practice, biosensors with high sensitivity and specificity can significantly enhance patient care, early diagnosis of diseases and pathogen detection. In this review, we will present the research conducted with antibodies, DNA molecules and, enzymes to develop biosensors that use graphene and its derivatives as scaffolds to produce effective biosensors able to detect and identify a variety of diseases, pathogens, and biomolecules linked to diseases.

Featured Application: The SERS-based paper nanosensors reported in here may be used for ultrasensitive label-free detection of biomolecules in disease monitoring, as well as in any other field of application in need of ultrasensitive analytical tools such as environment, food safety or water control, among others. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy stands out due to its sensitivity, selectivity, and multiplex ability. The development of ready-to-use, simple, and low-cost SERS substrates is one of the main challenges of the field. In this paper, the intrinsic reproducibility of microfluidics technology was used for the fabrication of self-assembled nanoparticle structures over a paper film. The paper SERS substrates were fabricated by assembling anisotropic particles, gold nanostars (GNSs), and nanorods (NRs) onto paper to offer an extra enhancement to reach ultra-sensitive detection limits. A polydimethylsiloxane PDMS-paper hybrid device was used to control the drying kinetics of the nanoparticles over the paper substrate. This method allowed a high reproducibility and homogeneity of the fabrication of SERS substrates that reach limits of detection down to the picomolar range. This simple and low-cost fabrication of a paper-based sensing device was tested for the discrimination of different cell lineages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biosensors are measurement devices that can sense several biomolecules, and are widely used for the detection of relevant clinical pathogens such as bacteria and viruses, showing outstanding results. Because of the latent existing risk of facing another pandemic like the one we are living through due to COVID-19, researchers are constantly looking forward to developing new technologies for diagnosis and treatment of infections caused by different bacteria and viruses. Regarding that, nanotechnology has improved biosensors’ design and performance through the development of materials and nanoparticles that enhance their affinity, selectivity, and efficacy in detecting these pathogens, such as employing nanoparticles, graphene quantum dots, and electrospun nanofibers. Therefore, this work aims to present a comprehensive review that exposes how biosensors work in terms of bacterial and viral detection, and the nanotechnological features that are contributing to achieving a faster yet still efficient COVID-19 diagnosis at the point-of-care.

For centuries, herbal drugs have been the only accessible resource for treatment of pain and passions. Today, despite remarkable progress and development of synthetic drugs, medicinal plants and their derived drugs are used massively. So that, in some countries medicinal plants is inseparable from drugs and treatment systems. More ever, their marketing and economical aspects are more flourishing than other chemical drugs. Monitoring of medicinal plant products is necessary in drug industry. There is increasing demand for development of analytical equipments for the production process, from crude materials to final products. In this case, biosensors can be excellent analytical tools in order to analysis of medicinal plants and their products. This review is going to explain nano-biosensor technology briefly and so their potential application in medicinal plant industry. Some of these applications are monitoring of environment and fast identification of pathogens, determination of toxicities, measurement of different types of secondary metabolites, herbal pharmacology and others.

Emerging nano-biosensing with suspended MNP microbial extraction and EANP labeling may ensure a secure microbe-free food supply, as rapid response detection of microbial contamination is of utmost importance. Many biosensor designs have been proposed over the past two decades, covering a broad range of binding ligands, signal amplification, and detection mechanisms. These designs may consist of self-contained test strips developed from the base up with complicated nanoparticle chemistry and intricate ligand immobilization. Other methods use multiple step-wise additions, many based upon ELISA 96-well plate technology with fluorescent detection. In addition, many biosensors use expensive antibody receptors or DNA ligands. But many of these proposed designs are impracticable for most applications or users, since they don’t FIRST address the broad goals of any biosensor: Field operability, Inexpensive, with Real-time detection that is both Sensitive and Specific to target, while being as Trouble-free as possible. Described in this review are applications that utilize versatile magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) extraction, electrically active nanoparticles (EANP) labeling, and carbohydrate-based ligand chemistry. MNP provide rapid pathogen extraction from liquid samples. EANP labeling improves signal amplification and expands signaling options to include optical and electrical detection. Carbohydrate ligands are inexpensive, robust structures that are increasingly synthesized for higher selectivity. Used in conjunction with optical or electrical detection of gold nanoparticles (AuNP), carbohydrate-functionalized MNP-cell-AuNP nano-biosensing advances the goal of being the FIRST biosensor of choice in detecting microbial pathogens throughout our food supply chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy stands out due to its sensitivity, selectivity, and multiplex ability. The development of ready-to-use, simple, and low-cost SERS substrates is one of the main challenges of the field. In this paper, the intrinsic reproducibility of microfluidics technology was used for the fabrication of self-assembled nanoparticle structures over a paper film. The paper SERS substrates were fabricated by assembling anisotropic particles, gold nanostars (GNSs), and nanorods (NRs) onto paper to offer an extra enhancement to reach ultra-sensitive detection limits. A polydimethylsiloxane PDMS-paper hybrid device was used to control the drying kinetics of the nanoparticles over the paper substrate. This method allowed a high reproducibility and homogeneity of the fabrication of SERS substrates that reach limits of detection down to the picomolar range. This simple and low-cost fabrication of a paper-based sensing device was tested for the discrimination of different cell lineages.

A new method based on CdSe quantum dots (QDs) was developed to detect 185delAG mutation in BRCA1 gene. In this method P2-NH strand was covalently attached to QDs possessing carboxylic acid to provide QD-P2, and its emission was studied against other probs. In the presence of cDNA and P1-NH, emission of QD-P2 was 85% more intense than just pure bare QD-P2. Moreover, new peak appeared in emission spectrum in higher wavelength which could be associated with formation of more organized shrinked aggregates due to connection between QDs by DNA strands. Partial (35%) increase in the intensity of emission in the presence of mDNA was observed, according to the formation of disorganized aggregates and therefore less rigid system, which is attributed to mutation in DNA strands. The generation of organized small and disorganized aggregates in the presence of cDNA and mDNA, respectively, was approved by DLS analysis and zeta potential measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The supply of safe potable water, free from pathogens and chemicals, requires routine analyses and the application of several diagnostic techniques. Apart from being expensive, many of the detection methods require trained personnel and are often time-consuming. With drastic climate changes, severe droughts, increases in population and pollution of natural water systems, the need to develop ultrasensitive, low-cost and hand-held, point-of-use detection kits to monitor water quality is critical. Although Escherichia coli is still considered the best indicator of water quality, cell numbers may be below detection limits, or the cells may be non-culturable and thus only detected by DNA amplification. A number of different biosensors have been developed to detect viable, dead or non-culturable microbial cells and chemicals in water. This review discusses the differences in these biosensors and evaluates the application of microfluidics in the design of ultra-sensitive nano-biosensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to discuss the latest nano-biosensor technologies and existing signal analyser algorithm methods so that an automatic and portable nano-biosensor analyser can be realised. In this paper, the latest nano-biosensors are reviewed, and particular attention is given to sensors that provide amplitude changes at their output. To provide an automatic signal analysis of these changes, existing signal processing algorithms for peak detection are also discussed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metal pollution is one of the most serious concerns to human health because these substances are toxic and retained by the ecological system. Many efforts have been taken over the past few years for the detection of heavy metal ions in the environment. Incorporation of DNAzymes/DNA molecules (including T–T or C–C mismatches and G-quadruplexes) and nanomaterials into sensors can lead to significant improvement in the performance of sensors in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, multiplexed detection capability and portability. This review presents a recent advance in biosensors based on DNAzymes/DNA molecules functionalized nanostructures for heavy metal detection. Furthermore, advances in biosensing devices/chip based on this method for the detection of metal ions are summarized. This paper highlights the strategies for design of heavy metal biosensors benefiting from the use of DNAzymes/DNA molecules and nanomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, oral cancer kills an estimated 150,000 individuals per year, with 300,000 new cases being diagnosed annually. The high incidence rate of oral cancer among the South-Asian and American populations is majorly due to overuse of tobacco, alcohol, and poor dental hygiene. Additionally, socio-economic issues and lack of general awareness delay the primary screening of the disease. The availability of early screening techniques for oral cancer can help in carving out a niche for accurate disease prognosis and also its prevention. However, conventional diagnostic approaches and therapeutics are still far from optimal. Thus, enhancing the analytical performance of diagnostic platforms in terms of specificity and precision can help in understanding the disease progression paradigm. Fabrication of efficient nanoprobes that are sensitive, noninvasive, cost-effective, and less labor-intensive can reduce the global cancer burden. Recent advances in optical, electrochemical, and spectroscopy-based nano biosensors that employ noble and superparamagnetic nanoparticles, have been proven to be extremely efficient. Further, these sensitive nanoprobes can also be employed for predicting disease relapse after chemotherapy, when the majority of the biomarker load is eliminated. Herein, we provide the readers with a brief summary of conventional and new-age oral cancer detection techniques. A comprehensive understanding of the inherent challenges associated with conventional oral cancer detection techniques is discussed. We also elaborate on how nanoparticles have shown tremendous promise and effectiveness in radically transforming the approach toward oral cancer detection. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools > Biosensing Diagnostic Tools > Diagnostic Nanodevices Diagnostic Tools > In Vitro Nanoparticle-Based Sensing., (© 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

For improving quality, safety and efficiency of care processes, health care systems perform two paradigm changes: the organizational transformation of the health care system from organization-centric to person-centric structures and the methodological transformation from the traditional phenomenological approach to individualized health care based on translational medicine. Both paradigm changes are interrelated and require advanced interoperability between different organizations and multiple disciplines. The paper presents a system-theoretical, architecture-centric approach to analyze, design and develop the systems of health care and medicine for enabling personalized health services. According to the translational medicine paradigm, the considered model must be able to describe the subject of care at all levels of granularity from elements to population including the technologies applied at those levels to perform diagnosis and therapy. The system components reflected through different domains, their concepts and interrelations must be consistently described based on the domain ontologies representing those system perspectives. The medical and technological instances of the personalized health system are exemplified, thereby especially focusing on nano and micro levels and discussing biological and technical sensors and actuators, but also addressing profiling, bridging between genotyping and phenotyping and thereby combining molecular and epidemiological studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As declared by WHO, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a high priority issue with a pressing need to develop impactful technologies to curb it. The rampant and inappropriate use of antibiotics due to the lack of adequate and timely diagnosis is a leading cause behind AMR evolution. Unfortunately, populations with poor economic status and those residing in densely populated areas are the most affected ones, frequently leading to emergence of AMR pathogens. Classical approaches for AMR diagnostics like phenotypic methods, biochemical assays, and molecular techniques are cumbersome and resource-intensive and involve a long turnaround time to yield confirmatory results. In contrast, recent emergence of nanotechnology-assisted approaches helps to overcome challenges in classical approaches and offer simpler, more sensitive, faster, and more affordable solutions for AMR diagnostics. Nanomaterial platforms (metallic, quantum-dot, carbon-based, upconversion, etc.), nanoparticle-based rapid point-of-care platforms, nano-biosensors (optical, mechanical, electrochemical), microfluidic-assisted devices, and importantly, nanotheranostic devices for diagnostics with treatment of AMR infections are examples of rapidly growing nanotechnology approaches used for AMR management. This review comprehensively summarizes the past 10 years of research progress on nanotechnology approaches for AMR diagnostics and for estimating antimicrobial susceptibility against commonly used antibiotics. This review also highlights several bottlenecks in nanotechnology approaches that need to be addressed prior to considering their translation to clinics.

Nano-biosensors could be defined as biosensors, which are combined with nanotechnology by using several techniques. This strategy could be seen as a key to yielding device which exhibits rapid responses combined with very high sensitivities. In recent years as consumer demand traceability and legislators and accountability in the food chain distribution has increased, the need for rapid and verifiable methods of food quality assurance has grown rapidly. Sensing technologies for food analysis including optical, chromatographic, colorimetric, etc. are employed. Biosensors allow the detection of analyte's wide spectrum in complex sample matrices, and have shown great promise in areas such as food analysis, environmental monitoring and bioprocess. Biosensors can be divided into six groups which depend on the method of signal transduction: magnetic, optical, electrochemical, mass, thermal and micromechanical sensors. The aim of this paper is to present the directions of the development of nano-biosensors and their useability to detect a range of biological and chemical compounds in the food industry market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]