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Las cabras pueden obtener los alimentos para satisfacer sus necesidades a partir del pastoreo de forrajeras naturales o implantadas, malezales (zonas de poco pasto), algunos frutos de plantas nativas o bien el ramoneo de especies arbustivas; esta es la razón por la cual pueden existir en zonas donde no podrían sobrevivir especies como las vacas y las ovejas. EEA Manfredi Fil: Triadani, Carlos Omar E. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Manfredi. Agencia Experimental Rural Villa de María del Río Seco; Argentina Fil: Suarez, Luis Fernando. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Manfredi. Agencia Experimental Rural Villa de María del Río Seco; Argentina Fil: Sánchez Díaz, Luz Marina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Manfredi. Agencia Experimental Rural Villa de María del Río Seco; Argentina

Las evaluaciones de peso y condición corporal son indicadores útiles del estado nutricional y de la fertilidad después del parto (Mellado y otros, 2008). Existen también indicadores del metabolismo energético, a través del análisis de sangre de los animales, los cuales son útiles para evaluar el balance nutricional antes que se afecte negativamente la capacidad productiva y reproductiva del animal (Bedoya y otros, 2012). La glucosa, por ejemplo, es un buen indicador del balance energético ya que ésta disminuye cuando existe una restricción energética en el alimento, y otro, es el colesterol, que representa las reservas para la síntesis de hormonas sexuales y grasa en la leche (Hussain y otros., 1996). El presente estudio se realizó con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto de la nutrición pre parto de cabras criollas sobre el peso vivo y los niveles sanguíneos de glucosa y colesterol. EEA La Rioja Fil: Brunello, Gabriela Esther. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria La Rioja; Argentina Fil: Ricarte, Ramon Armando. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria La Rioja; Argentina Fil: Avila, Roxana Edith. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria La Rioja; Argentina Fil: Diaz, Raul Fernando. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria La Rioja; Argentina Fil: Paz, Juan Mariano. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria La Rioja; Argentina

En los sistemas productivos de la agricultura Familiar del norte de la Provincia de Córdoba (cabras, ovejas y algunos bovinos), la alimentación está basada en pastoreo de campos naturales (no siempre bien empastados e incluso muchos de ellos con grandes superficies de bosques/montes en donde a veces es imposible el ingreso de animales a pastorear/ramonear y si logran ingresar, normalmente salen con heridas en diferentes partes de su cuerpo que le generan diversas dificultades como no poder alimentarse correctamente); algunos lotes mejorados con pasturas implantadas con gattonpanic (no siempre bien aprovechados) y, ramoneo de rebrotes de diversas especies de arbustos y árboles jóvenes al alcance de los animales. Para producir carne, leche, pelo o descendencia, las cabras deben consumir alimentos que las mantengan y además le proporcionen los nutrientes necesarios para sintetizar esos productos, aunque genéticamente, por ej.: las buenas cabras lecheras, seguirán produciendo a partir de la utilización de sus tejidos corporales durante un período limitado de sub-alimentación, razón por la cual es muy importante proveer esa “buena alimentación”. EEA Manfredi Fil: Triadani, C.O. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Manfredi. Agencia De Extensión Rural Villa de María del Río Seco; Argentina Fil: Suarez, L.F. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Manfredi. Agencia De Extensión Rural Villa del María de Río Seco; Argentina Fil: Sanchéz Díaz, L.M. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Manfredi. Agencia De Extensión Rural Villa de María del Río Seco; Argentina

El impacto productivo de los nematodos gastrointestinales (NGI) sobre los de pequeños rumiantes es conocido a nivel mundial. Las infestaciones por NGI constituyen una limitante de alto impacto en la producción de rumiantes y las perdidas comprendidas por este problema sanitario varían desde reducciones subclínicas en la ganancia de peso hasta la muerte de animales con altas cargas parasitarias. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar los resultados de un test de eficacia a campo utilizando una combinación comercial de Abamectina + Derquantel y del Moxidectin en cabras lecheras naturalmente infestadas con NGI en el Valle de Lerma, provincia de Salta. El ensayo se llevó a cabo en la Unidad Tambo Caprino de la Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Salta del INTA. Para la evaluación de eficacia de la droga en estudio, se realizó el test de reducción de conteos de huevos. En los coprocultivos pre-tratamientos se pudo observar una gran prevalencia de Trichostrongylus spp. (71%). seguido de Teladorsagia spp. (21%) y Haemonchus spp. (8%). En cuanto a los resultados del TRCH, en el GDQ se observaron valores del 100% de PRCH, mientras que en el GMX se observó un PRCH de 95,5 %, donde la eficacia para Haemonchus spp. y Teladorsagia spp. fue del 100% y para Trichostrongylus spp. del 81,1%.Los resultados observados en este trabajo permiten concluir que en las condiciones de campo en donde fue llevado a cabo el TRCH, la combinación Derquantel-Abamectina posee una alta eficacia contra los géneros presentes. Efficacy of combining Abamectin-Derquantel and Moxidectin in dairy goats naturally infected by gastrointstinal nematodes in Valle de Lerma, Argentina. The productive impact of gastrointestinal nematodes (NGI) of small ruminants are known worldwide. Infestations by NGI constitute a limiting factor in the production of ruminant and the losses included by this sanitary problem vary from subclinical reductions in weight gain to the death of animals with high parasite loads. The objective of this work is to present the results of an efficacy trial using a commercial combination of Abamectin + Derquantel and Moxidectin in dairy goats naturally infested with NGI in the Lerma Valley, Salta province. The test was carried out in the Dairy Goat Unit of the Salta Agricultural Experiment Station of INTA. In the pretreatment stool cultures, a high prevalence of Trichostrongylus spp. (71%). followed by Teladorsagia spp. (21%) and Haemonchus spp. (8%) was observed. Regarding the results of the TRCH, in the GDQ values of 100% of PRCH were observed, while in the GMX a PRCH of 95.5% is shown, where the efficacy for Haemonchus spp. and Teladorsagia spp. was 100% and for Trichostrongylus spp. 81.1%. The results observed in this work allow us to conclude that under the field conditions where TRCH was carried out, the Derquantel-Abamectin combination has high efficacy against the genera present. Instituto de Investigación Animal del Chaco Semiárido Fil: Olmos, Leandro Hipolito. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Investigación Animal del Chaco Semiárido. Área de Investigación en Salud Animal; Argentina Fil: Olmos, Leandro Hipolito. Universidad Católica de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Veterinarias; Argentina Fil: Martinez, Gabriela Marcela. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Salta; Argentina Fil: Alfaro, Rodolfo Jose. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Salta; Argentina Fil: Diaz, Juan P. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales; Argentina Fil: Suarez, Victor Humberto. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Investigación Animal del Chaco Semiárido. Área de Investigación en Salud Animal; Argentina

En esta edición presentamos tres casos de tumores de la piel en pequeños rumiantes que ocurrieron en diferentes campos de Río Negro. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche Fil: Martinez, Agustin. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche. Grupo de Sanidad Animal; Argentina Fil: Cucullu, Gaspar. Consultor privado; Argentina Fil: Robles, Carlos Alejandro. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche. Grupo de Sanidad Animal; Argentina

Heat and water stress are rampant challenges in animal production as a result of climate change. Sixteen lactating goats of the Alpine and Saanen breeds were subjected to water restriction for 16 h on two consecutive days followed by rehydration, along with naturally rising temperature that culminated by the end of an experimental period of one week. Data were collected from the animals on four separate days representing their status under control conditions when temperature was still within their comfort zone, on the second day of the water restriction treatment, 24 h after rehydration and finally on the day when ambient temperature was above the normal average. Animals showed an increase in rectal temperature with time as ambient temperature increased. The heat stress was reflected by the decrease in pCO2 and HCO3 concentrations consistent with the onset of panting, while milk production was maintained but the concentration of major milk components decreased. Water stress, on the other hand, led to hemoconcentration with increased osmolality, Na+, urea, glucose and albumin concentrations and an increase in milk lactose. The changes in blood parameters were reversed 24 h after rehydration but were slightly lower than normal, indicating the need for more than 24 h to re-adjust water balance in these lactating animals. Finally, the latency between first feeding and the following drinking event after return from milking showed that the shortest latency was under the water restriction treatment indicating thirst, in addition, a trend for shorter latency before drinking over the experimental period was observed in response to the rise in temperature. This experiment showed the capacity of these highly productive breeds to withstand mild water and heat stress. However, subtle changes in physiology and milk composition warrant further research into their effect on milk quality and animal welfare.

Western hemisphere goats have European, African and Central Asian origins, and some local or rare breeds are reported to be adapted to their environments and economically important. By-in-large these genetic resources have not been quantified. Using 50 K SNP genotypes of 244 animals from 12 goat populations in United States, Costa Rica, Brazil and Argentina, we evaluated the genetic diversity, population structure and selective sweeps documenting goat migration to the “New World”. Our findings suggest the concept of breed, particularly among “locally adapted” breeds, is not a meaningful way to characterize goat populations. The USA Spanish goats were found to be an important genetic reservoir, sharing genomic composition with the wild ancestor and with specialized breeds (e.g. Angora, Lamancha and Saanen). Results suggest goats in the Americas have substantial genetic diversity to use in selection and promote environmental adaptation or product driven specialization. These findings highlight the importance of maintaining goat conservation programs and suggest an awaiting reservoir of genetic diversity for breeding and research while simultaneously discarding concerns about breed designations. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche Fil: do Prado Paim, Tiago. Universidade de Brasília; Brasil. Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano, Fazenda Escola Campus Iporá; Brasil Fil: Assis Faria, Danielle. Universidade de Brasília; Brasil Fil: Hay, El Hamidi. USDA Agricultural Research Service. Fort Keogh Livestock and Range Research Laboratory; Estados Unidos Fil: McManus, Concepta. Universidade de Brasília; Brasil Fil: Lanari, María Rosa. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche; Argentina Fil: Chaverri Esquivel, Laura. Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica; Costa Rica Fil: Cascante, María Isabel. Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica; Costa Rica Fil: Jimenez Alfaro, Esteban. Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica; Costa Rica Fil: Mendez, Argerie. Instituto de Innovación y Transferencia en Tecnologia Agropecuaria; Costa Rica Fil: Faco, Olivardo. Embrapa Caprinos e Ovinos. Fazenda Três Lagoas; Brasil Fil: de Moraes Silva, Kleibe. Embrapa Caprinos e Ovinos. Fazenda Três Lagoas; Brasil Fil: Mezzadra, Carlos Alberto. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce; Argentina Fil: Mariante, Arthur. Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia. Parque Estação Biológica; Brasil Fil: Rezende Paiva, Samuel. Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia. Parque Estação Biológica; Brasil Fil: Blackburn, Harvey David. USDA. National Center for Genetic Resources Preservation; Estados Unidos

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar los niveles séricos de calcio (Ca), fósforo (P), magnesio (Mg), cobre (Cu), y zinc (Zn) en cabras lecheras en diferentes etapas productivas. Se seleccionaron 20 cabras de raza Saanen en diferentes estadios productivos: preparto (1 a 2 semanas previas al parto), posparto (1 a 2 semanas de lactancia), pico de lactancia (6 a 8 semanas de lactancia posparto) y período de seca (15 a 30 días de finalizada la lactancia) de un establecimiento lechero del valle de Lerma, Salta. Se colectaron muestras de sangre y se midieron los niveles séricos de Ca, Mg, Cu, y Zn empleando espectrofotometría de absorción atómica y P por colorimetría. Se identificó hipocalcemia (7,7±0,2 mg/dL) e hipofosfatemia (3,4±0,4 mg/dL) durante todas las etapas productivas. El Mg, por el contrario, presentó niveles adecuados durante todo el ensayo (2,5±0,06 mg/dL). Con respecto a los microminerales evaluados, solo los niveles séricos de Zn fueron inferiores a los recomendaros en todos los periodos productivos (53±4 µg/dL). Los niveles de Cu estuvieron dentro de los límites normales (53±4 µg/dL). Estos resultados permitieron identificar anormalidades en los niveles de Ca, P y Zn durante los periodos productivos evaluados. La información sobre deficiencias minerales en cabras es escasa y debe estudiarse más al respecto. The aim of this study was to evaluate the serum levels of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) in dairy goats in different productive periods. Twenty Saanen breed goats were selected at different productive stages: prepartum (1 to 2 weeks before partum), postpartum (1 to 2 weeks of lactation), peak of lactation (6 to 8 weeks postpartum) and dry period (15 to 30 days of the final lactation) of a dairy farm in the Valle de Lerma, in the province of Salta. Blood samples werecollected and then, Ca, Mg, Cu and Zn levels were measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and P was measured by colorimetric. Hypocalcaemia (7,7±0,2 mg/dL) and hypophosphatemia (3,4±0,4 mg/dL) were found in all production stages.In contrast, Mg levels didnot present variation during all the samplings (2.5 ± 0.06 mg / dL).In evaluated micro-minerals, only the serum levels of Zn were lower than those recommended in all the productive periods (53 ± 4 μg / dL). Serum cupper levels were within normal limits (53 ± 4 μg / dL). The obtained results allowed identifying abnormalities in Ca, P and Zn levels during the evaluated productive periods. Information about mineral deficiency in goats is restricted and it is needed to study more about it. EEA Salta Fil: Vitulli Moya, Gabriel. Universidad Católica de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Veterinarias; Argentina Fil: Vázquez, Victoria. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Investigación Animal Chaco Semiarido. Área de Investigación en Salud Animal; Argentina. Fil: Martinez, Gabriela Marcela. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Salta; Argentina Fil: Colque Caro, Luis Adrián. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Investigación Animal Chaco Semiarido. Área de Investigación en Salud Animal; Argentina. Fil: Medina Vallejo, Diego M. Universidad Católica de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Veterinarias; Argentina Fil: Suarez, Victor Humberto. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Investigación Animal Chaco Semiarido. Área de Investigación en Salud Animal; Argentina. Fil: Mattioli, Guillermo A. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Laboratorio de Nutrición Mineral; Argentina Fil: Rosa, Diana E. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Laboratorio de Nutrición Mineral; Argentina Fil: Micheloud, Juan Francisco. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Investigación Animal Chaco Semiarido. Grupo de Patología, Epidemiología e Investigación Diagnóstica-Área de Sanidad Animal; Argentina. Universidad Católica de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Veterinarias; Argentina

Se llevó adelante un programa de control de la brucelosis caprina en la provincia de Mendoza, Argentina, basado en la vacunación de todas las cabras adultas y cabrillas, año por medio durante 10 años. Se utilizó la vacuna Brucella melitensis REV 1 aplicada en la conjuntiva ocular. Se logró una reducción de la prevalencia promedio del 69% en cabras adultas. En cabrillas, se detectó solo un 0.1% de animales positivos. En forma análoga a la reducción de la brucelosis en caprinos, se detectó una disminución en la presentación de casos humanos de brucelosis, según la información suministrada por el Ministerio de Salud Publica provincial. A control program on goat brucellosis, based on massive vaccination of adult and juvenile female goat during 10 years was carried out in Mendoza province, Argentina. The conjunctival Brucella melitensis REV 1 vaccine was used. A reduction of 69% of prevalence was achieved in adult female goats. In juvenile female goats only 0.1% of positive animals were detected. In the same manner, a reduction on human prevalence of brucellosis was observed, according the Provincial Ministry of Public Health. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche Fil: Robles, Carlos Alejandro. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche. Area de Producción Animal. Grupo de Sanidad Animal; Argentina Fil: Rivero, Sergio Raul. Comisión Provincial de Sanidad Animal de Mendoza; Argentina Fil: Chodilef, Maria Marta. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche. Area de Producción Animal. Grupo de Sanidad Animal; Argentina

Los objetivos del presente trabajo fueron emplear técnicas de genotipificación molecular en un escenario real, describir genotipos circulantes de Brucella melitensis en el noroeste de la provincia de San Luis y poner a prueba la capacidad de discriminación de las técnicas. Con este propósito se identificaron rodeos con diferentes valores de prevalencia de brucelosis mediante técnicas serológicas. A partir de su identificación se procesaron tejidos caprinos y ovinos para obtener aislamientos en pureza de B. melitensis y a su vez, mediante diferentes métodos de extracción de ADN y PCR se evidenció la presencia del patógeno en tejidos. La genotipificación utilizó el ADN proveniente de aislamientos y ADN total de tejidos de animales infectados, sobre los cuales se identificó previamente ADN bacteriano de B. melitensis. Se empleó el esquema MLVA 16, que utiliza la variabilidad de 16 marcadores moleculares para generar una individualización inequívoca de los genomas de B. melitensis provenientes de distintos animales. Los genotipos se analizaron para determinar la relación filogenética entre ellos y se sumaron los datos de georreferenciación de los mismo para tener una información completa sobre la presencia y circulación de distintos genotipos en cada departamento. Este estudio permitió identificar 59 genotipos circulante en los departamentos productores caprinos de la provincia de San Luis. Inclusive el modelo de relación filogenética encontró algunos de los genotipos descriptos como potenciales candidatos a fundadores del linaje que se encuentra distribuido en diferentes áreas de la provincia. Se confirmó la capacidad discriminatoria de la técnica en una situación epidemiológica real, inclusive discriminando genotipos dentro de un mismo rodeo, aun trabajando con ADN proveniente tanto de aislamientos como de ADN total de tejidos proveniente de animales infectados., Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias

Dentro de las enfermedades que ocasionan un gran deterioro en la producción caprina, las parasitosis por los nematodes gastrointestinales tienen una importancia preponderante, especialmente las producidas por Haemonchus contortus, especie dominante en el centro de la Argentina y de mayor significación por las pérdidas que ocasiona. Con el objetivo de evaluar el sistema de control FAMACHA© (FAM) en la detección de anemia en cabras de San Luis (SL) (Argentina), se muestrearon 42 animales en un establecimiento de producción de cabritos ubicado en Villa Mercedes (SL). Durante los meses estivales se determinó la presencia o no de anemia mediante el color de la mucosa ocular según la escala de la carta de colores FAM con cinco grados, el hematocrito (Hem), la condición corporal (CC), el conteo de huevos (hpg) y las especies de nematodos presentes. Las observaciones se realizaron sobre dos grupos de 21 animales: el G1 sin desparasitar al comienzo del ensayo y el G2 desparasitado al comienzo de la estación estival (manejo del establecimiento) con Ricobendazol al 15% ajustada a dosis caprina. Los animales con los grados FAM 4 y 5 fueron desparasitados con la misma droga y dosis. Se estimó la correlación existente entre los grados de FAM, Hem y CC, como la sensibilidad (S), especificidad (E) y los valores predictivos positivo (VP+) y negativo (VP-), usando el Hem ≤19% para determinar anemia. Los coprocultivos demostraron un predominio de Haemonchus sp. superior al 64% promedio del período. Los grados de FAM 2 y 3 fueron los más numerosos y con hematocritos más altos que los de la bibliografía, mientras que los grados 4 y 5 se encontraron dentro de los parámetros de hematocritos anémicos. Los coeficientes de correlación (p a 99,2%) demostrando seguridad al diagnosticar a los verdaderos negativos. Por el contrario, el VP+ fue bajo al considerar positivos los valores 3, 4 y 5 seguramente debido al alto porcentaje de falsos positivos, pero mediano al considerar positivos los valores 4 y 5. Al final del estudio se observó la misma carga de hpg entre los grupos, a pesar de que G1 utilizó un 41% menos de antihelmíntico respecto a G2. El uso de FAMACHA© en caprinos constituye una herramienta de gran utilidad para el control de la haemoncosis, ya que permite detectar y desparasitar a los animales del rebaño que se manifiestan como más sensibles a los Haemonchus sp. (tratamientos selectivos). Among the diseases that cause a significant deterioration in goat production, gastrointestinal parasitic nematodes have a preponderant importance, especially those produced by Haemonchus contortus, dominant species in the center of Argentina and major significance for the losses it causes. In order to evaluate the control system FAMACHA© (FAM) in detecting anemia in goats from San Luis (Argentina), 42 animals were sampled in a breeding of goat kids located in Villa Mercedes (SL). During the summer months the presence or absence of anemia by the color of the ocular mucosa was determined according to the scale of the color chart FAM five degrees, hematocrit (Hem), body condition (BC), egg counts (epg) and nematode species present. The observations were performed on two groups of 21 animals: the G1 without deworming at the beginning of the trial and the G2 dewormed at the beginning of the summer season (routine treatment of field) with Ricobendazol adjusted to 15% goat’s dose. Animals with FAM grades 4 and 5 were dewormed with the same drug and dosage. The correlation between degrees of FAM, Hem and BC, such as sensitivity (S), specificity (Sp) and positive predictive values (PV +) and negative (PV -) using the Hem ≤19% was estimated to determine anemia. Stool cultures showed a prevalence higher than 64% on average of Haemonchus sp. in the study period. FAM grades 2 and 3 were the most numerous, and with higher hematocrit than those reported in the literature, while grades 4 and 5 were within the parameters of hematocrit considered anemic. The correlation coefficients (p 99.2%) demonstrating safety to diagnose true negatives. By contrast the VP + was low when considering positive the values 3, 4 and 5 probably due to the high percentage of false positives, but medium to consider positive values 4 and 5. At the end of the study the same burden of epg was observed between groups, although G1 used 41% less of anthelmintic compared to G2. FAMACHA© use in goats is a useful tool for controlling the haemoncosis, since it can detect and deworming herd animals that appear to be more sensitive to Haemonchus sp. (Selective treatments). EEA San Luis Fil: Rossanigo, Carlos Esteban. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Luis; Argentina Fil: Page, Walter Juan Percy. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Luis; Argentina

En los sistemas de producción intensiva los animales pasan largos periodos de su vida en estabulación total y sin ningún tipo de enriquecimiento ambiental que les permita llevar adelante su repertorio comportamental y de esa manera reducir el estrés. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue el de evaluar el efecto del enriquecimiento ambiental en el bienestar animal de cabrillas Saanen estabuladas a través del análisis de comportamiento. Se utilizaron 12 animales alojados de a 3 en 4 corrales. En 2 de los corrales se colocaron botellas colgando del techo, un tacho plástico, un cepillo y una botella con maíz en el piso. Se evaluó mediante etograma parcial el desempeño de los animales por 10 días en sesiones de 10 minutos cada una mediante la técnica de animal focal. Los datos se analizaron a través del programa Excel 2016. Los animales que carecieron de enriquecimiento ambiental presentaron una mayor frecuencia relativa de comportamientos asociados con el descanso y al mayor consumo de alimentos (6,8% superior), mientras que los que contaron con enriquecimiento exhibieron una proporción mayor de conductas relacionadas con la locomoción y la exploración (12% superior). El tacho plástico fue el objeto con el que más interactuaron los animales, lo que puede ser atribuido a su afinidad por escalar y trepar, comportamiento propio de especie. En función a lo relevado en el presente estudio se alienta a la utilización de objetos que permitan el enriquecimiento ambiental en pos de una mejora en el bienestar de los animales. In intensive production systems, animals spend long periods of their lives in total stabling and without any environmental enrichment that allows them to carry out their behavioral repertoire and thereby reduce stress. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the effect of environmental enrichment through behavioral analysis of Saanen young goats. Twelve animals housed in 3 in 4 pens. In 2 pens were placed bottles hanging from the ceiling, a plastic bin, a brush and a bottle with corn on the floor. The performance of the animals was evaluated using the focal animal technique by a partial ethogram during 10 days in sessions of 10 minutes each. Data were analyzed through Excel 2016 program. Animals without environmental enrichment showed a higher relative frequency of behaviors associated with rest and a higher food consumption (6.8% higher), while those that had enrichment exhibited a higher proportion of behaviors related to locomotion and exploration (12% higher). The plastic bin was the object with which animals more interacted, this can be attributed to its affinity to climb, behavior characteristic of species. Based on the findings of the present study it is suggested the inclusion of objects for environmental enrichment in order to improve the welfare of the animals. EEA Salta Fil: Martinez, Gabriela Marcela. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Salta; Argentina Fil: Alfaro, Emilio José. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Salta; Argentina Fil: Alfaro, Rodolfo Jose. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Salta; Argentina

The use of the15N tracer technique for estimating the protein value of pea seeds in dairy goats. 6. International Symposium on Energy and Protein Metabolism and Nutrition (ISEP)

Se estima que el 90% de los casi cinco millones de caprinos en Argentina se pueden asignar a poblaciones locales tradicionalmente llamadas Criollos. Se denomina así a un colectivo indefinido, menospreciado en sus atributos fenotípicos y productivos característicos, originados a partir de selección por diferentes etnias y en general adaptados a ambientes disímiles y hostiles de crianza. Con el objetivo de determinar las características diferenciales de razas locales o biotipos dentro de las Criollas contribuyendo a su valoración como recurso genético, se recuperaron trabajos de caracterización fenotípica realizados desde el año 2000 hasta el 2013. Se construyó una base datos a partir de las originales, con 19 variables cualitativas y cuantitativas de 2170 hembras de 6 poblaciones locales: Criollas de Formosa (FOR), Córdoba (CBA), La Rioja (LRI), San Luis (SLU), Neuquén (NQN) y Colorada Pampeana (LPA). Se analizó en forma descriptiva y multivariada para detectar diferencias y similitudes entre ellas. Los resultados mostraron rasgos compartidos (perfil recto; orejas horizontales) y divergentes (tipo de pelaje, perímetro de la caña). Los conglomerados formados en base al análisis factorial de datos mixtos muestran una clara diferenciación para FOR, LPA y NQN. CBA muestra rasgos de cruzamientos con Anglo Nubian, LRI y SLU se muestran dispersas. Se formaron 4 clústeres con buena definición para FOR, LPA, CBA y NQN. Se concluye que las razas Criolla Formoseña, Neuquina y Colorada Pampeana alcanzan un grado de diferenciación fenotípico significativo. LRI y SLU no muestran clara diferenciación y la CBA evidencia signos de cruzamientos con razas comerciales y riesgo de erosión genética. It is estimated that 90% of the almost five million goats in Argentina are local populations traditionally called Criollo. This designation refers to goats whose phenotypic and productive attributes are neglected. These populations have different origins and were selected by diverse rural communities; however, they share some common characteristics, such as being adapted to harsh environmental conditions and being bred in arid areas. In order to determine the differential traits of local breeds within Criollo and contribute to their assessment as a local genetic resource, phenotypic characterization research carried out in the last decades were recovered. A database was built, with 19 qualitative and quantitative variables of 2170 females from 6 local populations: Criolla de Formosa (FOR), Córdoba (CBA), La Rioja (LRI), San Luis (SLU), Neuquén (NQN) and Colorada Pampeana (LPA). They were analysed descriptively and by multivariate analysis in order to define differences and similarities among them. The results showed shared (straight profile, horizontal ears) and divergent (type of coat, shin circumference) features. The conglomerates formed on the basis of the mixed data factor analysis showed a clear differentiation for FOR, LPA and NQN. CBA showed evidence of crossing with Anglo Nubian, while LRI and SLU were scattered. Four Clusters with good definition were formed for FOR, LPA, CBA and NQN. It is concluded that FOR, NQN and LPA populations have achieved a significant degree of phenotypic differentiation. The LRI and SLU did not show a clear differentiation and the CBA showed signs of crossing with commercial breeds and risk of genetic erosion. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche Fil: Lanari, María Rosa. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche; Argentina Fil: Giovannini, Nicolas. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche; Argentina Fil: Maizon, Daniel Omar. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Anguil; Argentina Fil: Deza, Maria C.V. Universidad Nacional de Cordoba. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias; Argentina Fil: Bedotti, Daniel Osvaldo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Anguil; Argentina Fil: de la Rosa-Carbajal, Sebastian Arnoldo. Centro de Validacion Laguna Yema; Argentina Fil: Vera, Tomas Anibal. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Agricultura Familiar. Región NOA; Argentina Fil: Ricarte, Ramon Armando. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria La Rioja; Argentina Fil: Mezzadra, Carlos Alberto. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce; Argentina

Trabajo presentado al XI Congreso de la Asociación Latinoamericana de Especialistas en Pequeños Rumiantes y Camélidos Sudamericanos, Querétaro (México), 4 al 7 de junio de 2019. Este trabajo describe la composición botánica de la dieta de cabras que pastorean en un sistema extensivo abierto a fines del invierno, donde el manejo por parte del productor es escaso. El estudio se llevó a cabo en el departamento Chilecito, La Rioja-Argentina (29°05 ́00.02 ́ ́S y 67°37'59.97 ́ ́W), en un tipo de vegetación característica de la Región del Monte. Los análisis microhistológicos de las heces mostraron que aproximadamente el 85% de la dieta la constituyen las gramíneas y arbustos, participando en un 47% y 38 % respectivamente. El resto de la composición botánica de la dieta lo integran las especies arbóreas 7,4 % y latifoliadas herbáceas 6,7% Si bien varios autores remarcan el hábito ramoneador de la cabra, estos resultados preliminares tienden a indicar lo contrario, debiendo establecer como componen su dieta las cabras en pastoreo extensivo en el periodo estival. De esta forma se podrá recomendar estrategias de manejo sustentable, compatible con la conservación del recurso forrajero y del estado nutricional de la majada. EEA Salta Fil: Brizuela, Elena Raquel. Actividad privada; Argentina Fil: Varas, Mariana. Universidad Nacional de Chilecito; Argentina Fil: Varas, Mariana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Chagra Dib, Elsa Patricia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Salta; Argentina. Fil: Chagra Dib, Elsa Patricia. Proyecto FONTAGRO ATN/RF-16112-RG Gran Chaco REDLAC-PROADAP; Argentina Fil: Martinez, Marcela Lorena. Universidad Nacional de Chilecito; Argentina Fil: Lucca, Cesar Javier. Universidad Nacional de La Rioja; Argentina Fil: Martínez, Patricia. Universidad Nacional de Chilecito; Argentina

La utilización de taninos condensados de quebracho (TCQ) puede resultar beneficiosa, inocua o perjudicial en el comportamiento productivo de los rumiantes. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue el de evaluar los efectos de la inclusión de TCQ al 2% del consumo estimado de materia seca (CMS) en la dieta de cabras lecheras sobre el consumo, la producción y la composición de leche. Se emplearon 16 cabras Saanen en inicio de lactancia. El periodo experimental fue de 11 semanas. Los tratamientos fueron: sin suministro de taninos condensados de quebracho (STQ) y con suministro (CTQ). El diseño experimental fue un diseño completamente al azar con mediciones repetidas en el tiempo. El análisis estadístico de los datos se realizó a través del programa InfoStat versión 2017p. No se registraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas para ninguno de los parámetros productivos considerados. Por lo que es posible concluir que la inclusión de TCQ en las condiciones y dosis empleada no reportó beneficio alguno en los parámetros evaluados. The inclusion of quebracho condensed tannins (TCQ) can be beneficial, innocuous or harmful in ruminant’s productive performance. The aim of these work was to evaluate the effects on intake, milk production and composition of TCQ inclusion in dairy goat’s diet at a concentration of 2% of estimated dry matter intake (CMS). Sixteen Saanen goats in early lactation were used. The experimental period was 11 weeks. The treatments were: no supply of quebracho condensed tannins (STQ) and with supply (CTQ). The experimental design was a completely randomized design with measurements repeated over time. Infostat program, 2017p has been used to carry out the statistical analysis. No statistically significant differences were registered for any of the productive parameters considered. So it is possible to conclude that TCQ inclusion in the conditions and dose used did not report any benefit in the parameters evaluated). EEA Salta Fil: Martinez, Gabriela Marcela. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Salta; Argentina Fil: Suarez, Victor Humberto. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Investigación Animal Chaco Semiarido; Argentina Fil: Olmos, L.H. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Investigación Animal Chaco Semiarido; Argentina Fil: Alfaro, Rodolfo Jose. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Salta; Argentina Fil: Alfaro, Emilio Jose. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Salta; Argentina Fil: Yanes, Ramon Pedro. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Salta; Argentina Fil: Orosco, Silvia Marisol. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Investigación Animal Chaco Semiarido; Argentina

El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir la variabilidad fenotípica de la calidad de Mohair en establecimientos de la zona centro de Neuquén. Durante la esquila de otoño del año 2017, se realizaron muestreos en 10 establecimientos pertenecientes al proyecto de mejora de la productividad primaria ganadera, en el marco del Cluster Caprino. Las muestras de fibra recolectadas se tomaron de la zona media del costillar de los animales y contienen información individual declarada por los productores. Las muestras fueron analizadas en el Laboratorio de Fibras Textiles de Origen Animal (LFTOA) del INTA Bariloche, y las variables de calidad de fibra evaluadas fueron: Diámetro Medio de Fibras (DMF), coeficiente de variación del DMF (CVDMF), Factor de Confort (FC), Largo de Mecha (LM), Rendimiento al Lavado (RIN), Fibras Meduladas Continuas (FMC), Fibras Meduladas Discontinuas (FMD), Kemps y Fibras Meduladas Totales (FMT). A partir de los datos generados se realizaron análisis de varianza (ANOVA) y análisis multivariados de Componentes Principales. Los valores promedios de DMF para animales Angora y Cruza resultaron en 27,6 μm y 28,8 μm, respectivamente, no detectándose diferencias significativas entre ellos. Por otro lado, los grupos etarios Dl, 2d y 4d registraron valores superiores de DMF en los animales Cruza en comparación a los de Angora. A su vez, los valores de DMF y LM tuvieron una tendencia creciente con la edad de los animales. Los animales Cruza resultaron con un 5% de FMT, siendo estadísticamente superior al 3,2% de FMT de los animales Angora. El análisis de calidad de fibra basado en datos individuales de animales podría constituir una base preliminar para desarrollar un protocolo de seguimiento de la producción y la variabilidad de la calidad de Mohair a escala predial, que permita tomar decisiones productivas y monitorear la evolución de la calidad de la fibra a escala provincial. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche Fil: Gonzalez, Ezequiel Bernardo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche. Área Producción Animal. Laboratorio de Fibras Textiles de Origen Animal; Argentina Fil: Easdale, Marcos Horacio. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche; Argentina FIl: Sacchero, Diego. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche. Área Producción Animal. Laboratorio de Fibras Textiles de Origen Animal; Argentina Fil: Giovannini, Nicolas. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche; Argentina Fil: Martinez, Abel Hector Maria. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche. Agencia de Extensión Rural Zapala; Argentina Fil: Trova, Santiago. Direccion Provincial Desarrollo Rural. Subsecretaria de Producción de Neuquén; Argentina Fil: Navedo, Rodrigo Manuel. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche. Agencia de Extensión Rural Zapala; Argentina Fil: Taborda, María Laura. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche. Agencia de Extensión Rural Zapala; Argentina Fil: Zúñiga, Fabián. Programa Mohair Neuquen; Argentina

In an area of 30,000 km2 in the north of the Neuquén province (Argentine), about 1,500 small stockholders maintain around 390,000 goats (SENASA 2014). In this livestock production system, the Criolla Neuquina breed (CCN) is the main resource for the rural population, with meat as a main product and fiber appearing as potential complement of incomes. Morphologically, the CCN has two ecotypes, differentiated by the fleece type. Animals with short hair ("pelado") and long hair ("chilludo") are found. Fleeces of both ecotypes have a double layer of fibers, fine and soft downy fibers (cashmere or down) mixed with coarse guard hairs (hair). In the fleece there are also different proportions of vegetables, dust, peeling cells and secretions of the skin. The main attributes that define the quality of the cashmere are diameter and length of the fibers, colour and proportion of down to hair in relation to the total weight of the fleece (yield). In different research from northern Neuquén goats, cashmere diameter of 19.0 microns and length of 39.0 mm has been reported. The predominant colours of these fibers are white, beige and grey. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche Fil: Sacchero, Diego. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche. Área Producción Animal. Laboratorio de Lanas; Argentina Fil: Maurino, Julia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche. Área Producción Animal. Laboratorio de Lanas; Argentina

El desafío del agregado de valor cercano al origen de producción y a pequeña escala constituye una oportunidad en la transformación de fibras especiales que contribuye al desarrollo de sectores productivos postergados de las economías regionales argentinas como son los productores caprinos y el artesanal textil. Bajo la modalidad de la pequeña escala pueden procesarse diversas fibras caprinas (cashmere y mohair), ovinas o de camélidos, que por sus bajos volúmenes de producción no tienen lugar en la industria tradicional pero representan una alternativa para abastecer a un nicho de mercado de hilados naturales de fibras raras. En el marco de la Red de Recursos Zoogenéticos y del proyecto “Producción y calidad de fibras textiles animales” de INTA, se realizó por primera vez pruebas de agregado de valor sobre vellones de Cabras Coloradas Pampeanas (CCP), raza local del oeste de la provincia de La Pampa. Las cabras de esta raza producen vellones de alrededor de 1 kg de peso, con fibras que tienen un diámetro medio de 26 micrones (+/- 3 mic) y largos de mecha promedio de 125 milímetros (+/-15 mm). Los vellones de estas cabras presentan un color muy característico que varía de los rojizos a los tostados Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche. FIl: Sacchero, Diego. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche. Área Producción Animal. Laboratorio de lanas; Argentina FIl: Maurino, María Julia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche. Área Producción Animal. Laboratorio de lanas; Argentina Fil: Palavecino, C. Huellas Hilandería; Argentina Fil: Hurtado, Ariel Walter. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Anguil; Argentina Fil: Bedotti, Daniel Osvaldo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Anguil; Argentina FIl: Sáez, Hector Antonio. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche. Área Producción Animal. Laboratorio de lanas; Argentina

Répétabilité de plusieurs critères liés au comportement d’ingestion. Application pratique au phénotypage des chèvres laitières. Journées d'Animation Scientifique du département Phase (JAS Phase 2018)

1 página.--Trabajo presentado al Proceedings of the Fifth Dairycare Conference 2018, p. 21 (#9). Thessalonika (Grecia),19-20 de marzo de 2018., Requirements of high producing ruminants can only be covered by diets of high nutritive value that can induce subacute rumen acidosis (SARA), but not for all animals at the same time and with the same intensity. A challenge is to find noninvasive biomarkers to detect animals suffering from SARA. Milk fatty acids composition is a good candidate as it is partly linked to rumen metabolism. The aim of this work was to compare two methods of measure of milk fatty acids composition: gas chromatography (GC) considered as a “standard”, but a time-consuming and expensive method and medium infrared analysis (MIR), a rapid and cheap method which can be applied on field. Eight rumen cannulated dairy goats adapted to a low concentrate diet (20 %) were abruptly switched to a high concentrate diet (50 %). Samples of milk were taken individually on the morning for 2 days before the change, the 4 days following the change and once weekly for 3 weeks. 91 fatty acids were detected by GC and 58 were estimated by MIR. Rumen fluid was sampled simultaneously before the morning feed (T0) and 1, 2, 4 and 6 hours after. Rumen samples were analysed for pH and volatile fatty acid (VFA) composition. A principal component analysis (PCA) was used to examine the relationships among milk fatty acids percentages measured by GC. The projection of the saturated fatty acids on the first two components showed an opposition between the short and medium fatty acids (SMFA) up to 13C and the long (L) chain fatty acids (LFA). An index was calculated as the ratio of SMFA/LFA. It was positively linked to the pH values and negatively to [VFA] ones. A similar ratio was calculated from the MIR estimation. Even if both ratios were correlated (r = 0.60, n = 72), the MIR ratio was higher (0.72 ± 0.06) than the GC ratio (0.50 ± 0.05) and was not correlated with pH and only poorly with VFA. MIR overestimated SMFA and underestimated LFA. In conclusion, GC is a useful tool to detect SARA in dairy goats from milk composition, but MIR is not a relevant method due to the inaccuracy in the prediction of FA.

Dairy and growing goats

Esta publicación reúne en forma holística, práctica e inédita, información específi ca de la lechería caprina. Los autores, que con anterioridad publicaran otra obra dedicada a la lechería bovina en Salta, sistematizan y sintetizan en este libro investigaciones realizadas por ellos mismos, además de la revisión y análisis de cuantiosas fuentes bibliográfi cas sobre esta temática. EEA Salta Fil: Martinez, Gabriela Marcela. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Salta; Argentina Fil: Suarez, Victor Humberto. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Investigación Animal Chaco Semiarido. Grupo de Patología, Epidemiología e Investigación Diagnóstica-Área de Sanidad Animal; Argentina

La curva de lactancia puede ser definida como la expresión del comportamiento productivo del rebaño caprino. Conocerla resulta una herramienta de selección. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue el de estudiar el comportamiento productivo de cabras Saanen en condiciones semi intensivas mediante diferentes modelos matemáticos para describir así su curva de lactancia, caracterizar la evolución de la producción de leche y analizar su variación asociadas con el número de lactancia y el número de cabritos al parto. Se utilizaron registros de datos de lactancias correspondientes a 182 animales. De cada animal fue relevado el número de partos, el tipo de parto y la producción individual diaria a partir del tercer día pos parto hasta el final de lactancia (270 días). El modelo de Cappio-Borlino fue el que mejor ajuste presentó. Al analizar los resultados obtenidos en cuanto al momento en el que se alcanza el pico de producción se observa que, además de ser numéricamente menor, las cabras de primer parto son las que lo manifiestan más tardíamente respecto a las multíparas. A su vez, los animales con partos dobles si bien presentaron una mayor producción láctea al principio de la lactancia, la persistencia fue menor respecto a los de partos triple The lactation curve can be defined as the expression of the productive behavior of the goat herd. Knowing it is a selection tool. The objective of this work was to study the productive behavior of Saanen goats under semi-intensive conditions using different mathematical models to describe their lactation curve, characterize the evolution of milk production and analyze the variation associated with lactation number and the kids size. Data records of 182 animals were used. From each animal, we recorded: calving number, litter size and the individual daily production from the third day after parity until the end of lactation (270 days). The Cappio-Borlino model was the best fit. When analyzing the results obtained regarding the moment in which the production peak is reached, it is observed that, in addition to being numerically smaller, the goats of first calving are the ones that show it later with respect to the multiparous. In turn, the animals with double births, although they presented a higher milk production at the beginning of the lactation, the persistence was lower than goats with triple births. EEA Salta Fil: Martinez,Gabriela Marcela. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Salta; Argentina Fil: León Jurado, J. M. Centro Agropecuario de Diputación de Córdoba, España Fil: Suarez, Victor Humberto. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Salta; Argentina. Fil: Barba Capote, C. Universidad de Córdoba; España.

Partie 3 : Le rationnement des animaux; Caprins en lactation et en croissance

Travail présenté lors de la conférence 12th International Conference on Goats (ICG 2016), Antalya (Turquie), 25-30 septembre 2016; Sub-acute ruminal acidosis (SARA) is a major nutritional disease occurring in intensive ruminant nutrition due to the allowance of diets rich in highly fermentable ingredients necessary to meet the requirements of the animals. It has been widely described in dairy cows, but less in goats. It is quite difficult to study because, on a given diet, animals are not impacted at the same moment and with a similar severity. The understanding of acidosis has improved recently by measuring simultaneously, in dairy goats fed different diets, feeding behaviour, rumen parameters, blood and plasma parameters, milk yield and composition. Thus, it was possible to study the interrelationships between these variables and to analyse the inter-animal variability to better understand the between-animal differences in SARA susceptibility. Several mechanisms are involved in the multifactorial aetiology of SARA. The first is feeding behaviour. It has been shown that pH evolution is highly related to intake rate and level of intake. Further, chewing and sorting behaviours are modified when animals are given a high concentrate diet. The second mechanism concerns microbial rumen digestion: goats show different susceptibilities to a sudden increase in the percentage of concentrate in the diet. This can be due to differences in initial rumen parameters or to differences in absorption of volatile fatty acids and ammonia across the ruminal epithelium. A third mechanism concerns the metabolism of the animal, and especially the electrolytic balance. Within and between days modelling approaches are helpful to better understand the aetiology and consequences of acidosis in dairy goats. Consideration of these different mechanisms has improved the knowledge about acidosis, and it is expected that the application of automated monitoring technologies together with omics methods will further enhance the understanding of SARA.

In Algeria, goats, in spite of their economic importance, are largely neglected. Goat management is traditional and indiscriminate cross-breeding is current. The phenotypic variability of the main breed, the Arabia (commonly called Arbia by breeders), was investigated for the first time, using multivariate discriminant analysis. The sampling was designed in order to take into account the three ecotypes encountered in the breeding area of the Arabia. A total of 558 females and 133 males were phenotyped in a large area including the cradle of the breed, with 23 quantitative measures and 10 qualitative traits. This study defined finely the breed phenotypically. The informations reported in this study are the first step of the conservation and selection programs for this breed showing an untapped potential with a live weight of 36.6 ± 0.3 kg (fem.) and 47.0 ± 0.9 kg (males) and a withers height of 70.3 ± 0.2 cm (fem.) and 75.1 ± 0.5 cm (males) for example. The Compact Index indicated that Arabia was more suited for meat production and the Foreleg Length index indicated animals with relatively long legs, and hence more adapted to plains and long treks. Our results suggest a large intra breed phenotypic homogeneity in spite of the diversity of the production environments, probably induced by economical exchanges. They are in favor of poor intra-genetic variations for this breed, and indicate that measures have to be taken for the breed preservation.

Phenotyping intake rate in dairy goats, a repeatable trait which can be measured automatically. Innovation for Sustainability in Sheep and Goats, 2nd Joint Seminar of the Subnetworks on Nutrition and on Production Systems of the FAO-CIHEAM Network for Research and Development in Sheep and Goats

Health and welfare status of pregnant dairy goats according to the farming system in France. 7. International conference on the assessment of animal welfare at farm and grip level. WAFL 2017

Updating requirements and multiple responses to diets of dairy goats to better tackle resilience and feed efficiency, example of the new french Inra Feed Unit System (Systali). 68. Annual Meeting of the European Federation of Animal Science (EAAP)

Advancement of puberty in autumn-born goat kids by exposure to sexually active bucks. 21. Annual Conference of the European Society for Domestic Animal Reproduction (ESDAR)

Nierembergia linariifolia var. linariifolia ha sido sospechada históricamente como planta tóxica en algunas regiones del noroeste de Argentina. Se administró una dosis de 10 g de materia seca de planta molida/kg de peso, a tres cabras adultas mediante el empleo de sonda nasogástrica. Otros tres animales permanecieron como grupo control y recibieron heno de alfalfa. Las cabras que recibieron la planta, presentaron signos clínicos de cólico abdominal entre las 7 y 45 horas post-administración. Ninguno de los animales murió y todos se recuperaron totalmente a las 72 horas de iniciado el ensayo. Nierembergia linariifolia var. linariaefolia demostró tener efectos tóxicos a nivel gastrointestinal a la dosis administrada, aunque no se observaron daños más severos. The species Nierembergialinariifoliavar. linariifoliahas been historically incriminated as toxicforanimals in northwestern Argentina. A dose of 10 g of ground dry matter / kg of live weight was administered to three adult goats by the use of a nasogastric tube. Another three animals remained as “control group”, and receiving alfalfa hay. The goats thatreceived the plant presented clinical signs of abdominal colic between 7 and 45 hours post-administration. None of the animals died and all recovered fully within 72 hours of initiation of the test. Nierembergialinariifoliavar. linariaefoliashowedto have toxic effects at the gastrointestinal level at the dose administered, although no severe damage was observed EEA Salta Fil: Torino, Facundo. Universidad Católica de Salta. Cátedra de Práctica hospitalaria de Grandes Animales ; Argentina Fil: Colque Caro, Luis Adrian. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Cátedra de Diversidad de las Plantas; Argentina Fil: Martinez, Olga Gladys. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Investigación Animal del Chaco Semiárido. Área de investigación en Salud Animal -EEA Salta; Argentina Fil: Micheloud, Juan Francisco. Universidad Católica de Salta. Cátedra de Práctica hospitalaria de Grandes Animales; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Investigación Animal del Chaco Semiárido. Área de investigación en Salud Animal -EEA Salta; Argentina

Eight rumen cannulated dairy goats in early lactation (3.7 ± 0.2 kg/d) from the INRA-AgroParisTech experimental farm (Thiverval-Grignon, FR), were provided with wireless bolus sensors (KB1001 Kahne, Auckland, NZ) of pH and temperature to study the relationship between intake and subclinical acidosis for 35 d. After adapting to a TMR control diet (CO, 20% concentrate) for 12 d, goats were brusquely changed to an acidogenic diet (AC, 50% concentrate) for 23 d. Diets were fed ad libitum twice daily (a.m. 1/3, p.m. 2/3) according to milking intervals. Rumen pH and temperature data were captured every 15 min and intake measured every 2 min by weighing scales. Rumen samples were collected (h 0, 1, 2, 4 and 6 post feeding) to measure pH by pH-meter before (d 8 and 11) and after (d 13, 14, 15, 16, 20, 26 and 34) the change. One sensor failed and was discarded, the rest of data being modeled by logistic regression with Solver of Microsoft Excel. Data were analyzed by MIXED for repeated measurements and GLM procedures of SAS. Values of pH-meter vs. sensors correlated (r2 = 0.86; P < 0.01) and were used for sensor recalibration. Mean rumen pH varied markedly by hour and diet; on average, it was higher in CO vs. AC (6.34 ± 0.06 vs. 6.10 ± 0.03; P < 0.001). Despite the high concentrate percentage of AC diet, rumen pH was shortly under pH 6.0. Feed intake reached plateaus during the day when pH was closer to the a.m. or p.m. nadirs, and correlated negatively (r2 = 0.77 to 0.87; P < 0.01) during the periods in which pH dropped. Correlations between rumen temperature and pH were very poor (r2 < 0.1), except for the nightly resting period (r2 = 0.93; P < 0.001), the rumen being slightly colder in AC goats (CO vs. AC, 39.73 ± 0.09 vs. 39.61 ± 0.09°C; P < 0.001). Temperature and pH data from sensors fit logistic models (r2 = 0.97 to 0.99; P < 0.001). Pattern of pH logistic models and time spent under pH 6.0, allowed us to classify the goats as sensitive (3/7, 43%) or tolerant (4/7, 57%) to acidosis, which was related to individual feeding behavior. In conclusion, daily intake measurement and wireless sensors proved to be useful for monitoring rumen function, which allow for an individual separation of sensitive and tolerant goats to rumen acidosis.

La présence de boucs entiers dès le sevrage permet d’accélérer la puberté chez la chèvre alpine (Capra hircus). 47. Colloque Annuel de la Société Française pour l’Etude du Comportement Animal

For estimating quality and intake of pasture herbage by grazing goats, estimation of herbage digestibility is often required. The aim of this work was to predict in vivo organic matter digestibility (OMD) of diets based on temperate pasture forage from faecal composition (CP mainly). A series of indoor experiments was carried out with goats fed on grass hay or with fresh herbage cut daily and given either ad libitum or in restricted amounts, to mimic the effect of pasture herbage availability. Concentrate supplementation level and regrowth age of the herbage were also studied in order to achieve a wide range of diets composition and quality. Intake of each feed, and of faecal output (total collection), were measured precisely during 5 consecutive days in each experimental period. For each dataset (fresh pasture herbage only or fresh pasture herbage + hay), there was a strong and inverse relationship between OMD and faecal crude protein (CP) concentration. Including dietary CP concentration in the regression allowed increased accuracy of the prediction. The proposed equations, relevant for good quality pastures, show a good continuum with previous published equations on goats fed on much less digestible tropical, Mediterranean or Sahelian forages.

Early exposure to bucks can advance the puberty of young does of 1.5 months without affecting their cyclicity and their sexual behaviour. 2. Journées du GdR 3606 Repro

International audience; We report the diagnostic sensitivity of 3 EU-approved rapid tests (ELISAs; 1 from IDEXX and 2 from Bio-Rad) for the detection of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy diseases in goats. Ninety-eight goat brainstem samples were tested. All the rapid tests had 100% specificity and ≥80% sensitivity, with the IDEXX test significantly more sensitive than the 2 Bio-Rad tests. All tests detected 100% of samples from goats with clinical scrapie, but missed 8% (IDEXX) to 33% (Bio-Rad SG) of samples from preclinical goats. Importantly, only IDEXX picked up all samples from clinical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)-infected goats, whereas the other 2 rapid tests missed 15% (Bio-Rad SG) to 25% (Bio-Rad SAP). These results show that a fraction of preclinical scrapie infections are likely missed by EU surveillance, with sensitivity of detection strongly dependent on the choice of the rapid test. Moreover, a significant proportion of clinical BSE infections are underestimated by using either Bio-Rad test. Assuming that the same sensitivity on preclinical goats would also occur in BSE-infected goats, our data suggest that IDEXX is likely the most sensitive test for detecting preclinical field cases of BSE infection in goats, although with an 8% failure rate. These results raise some concerns about the reliability of current EU surveillance figures on BSE infection in goats.

La artritis y encefalitis Caprina (CAEV) puede presentar diferentes síntomas clínicos, siendo la artritis la más común. A fin de caracterizar la presencia de enfermedades en las majadas caprinas del noroeste argentino, se llevó a cabo una encuesta sanitaria a productores, con toma de muestras biológicas para el diagnóstico de enfermedades en la que fue incluida CAEV. Se efectuó un análisis serológico con un ELISA indirecto y se completó con un examen clínico general de los animales y toma de muestra de necropsia de algunos de los casos. En la Provincia de Salta, tres establecimientos fueron positivos, con un 6,25% de prevalencia. La seroprevalencia del hato con seguimiento de caso fue del 55% mientras que el 48% presentó signos clínicos donde la artritis de la articulación carpal fue la más frecuentemente afectada. El virus CAEV está distribuido en la provincia de Salta y la severidad de las lesiones observadas sugiere la presencia de nuevas cepas que deben ser investigadas conjuntamente al desarrollo de capacidades locales para el diagnóstico, clave de cualquier plan de erradicación. SUMMARY. Characterization of caprine arthritis-encephalitis disease in Salta and Jujuy provinces. Caprine arthritis and encephalitis virus (CAEV) may present different clinical symptoms, with arthritis being the most common. In order to characterize the presence of diseases in goats from the Argentinean northwest, a sanitary survey was carried out to producers, with biological sampling for the diagnosis of diseases in which CAEV was included. A serological analysis was performed with an indirect ELISA and was completed with a general clinical examination of the animals and a necropsy sample collection of some of the cases. In the Province of Salta, three establishments were positive, with a prevalence of 6.25%. The serum prevalence of the herd with case follow-up was 55%, while 48% presented clinical signs where arthritis of the carpal joint was most frequently affected. The CAEV virus is spread in the province of Salta and the severity of the observed lesions suggests the presence of new strains that should be investigated in combination with the development of local capacities for diagnosis, this is the key to any eradication plan.

Un pâturage ou des pâturages pour les chèvres ?. Journée technique REDCap

Variabilidad individual de la acidosis ruminal en cabras lecheras. AIDA (2017), 17. Jornadas obre Produccion Animal

Plants have compensating mechanisms to alleviate the loss of vegetative and reproductive tissues by herbivores. In this study, we evaluated how reproductive traits (size and production of fruit and seed, as well as germination and viability of seeds) of Myrtus communis (myrtle) were affected by goat grazing exclosure of forest understory in the Doñana Natural Park. One hundred and fifty myrtles were selected in three sites with similar environmental characteristics, although with a different length of grazing exclusion: (1) exclosure for 2 years (GE2); (2) exclosure for 3 years (GE3); and (3) long ago grazed plots (GE15): non-accessible to goat for at least 15 years. Fruit production, fruit and seed morphology and seed viability and germination were evaluated. Length of exclosure to goats increased fruit production, mass and volume of the fruits and seed, and endocarp mass. However, seed viability was higher in more recently grazed plots (70–90%) than in GE15 plots (51%). The final balance of viable/germinable seeds produced by an average sized myrtle in each treatment showed that the recently grazed myrtles (GE2) produced nearly five times less seeds (1200) than the myrtles grazed 15 years ago (5500). However, myrtles recovered the ability to produce viable seeds quickly, almost tripling, each year of non-grazing the number of viable/germinable seeds. The results of this study indicated that goat grazing could affect regeneration of myrtle because it reduced reproduction output and the number of viable propagules. Future studies should evaluate other related ecological aspects, such as fruit consumption by potential frugivores and seed dispersal (distance and place of seed deposition).

Remerciements :Plateforme de Phénotypage-Endocrinologie, INRA UMR PRC, 37380 Nouzilly, Centre Tours Val de Loire; The ovulation can be induced by the introduction of a male among a group of anovulatory goats, a phenomenon called the 'male effect'. The objective of this study was to determine whether maintaining bucks over 35 days after the initial introduction of males, improves pregnancy rate in goats. Weused sexually active bucks, which were joined (n = 2 each) with three groups of goats (n = 30 each): (i) males remained with females for 15 days (Control group); (ii) males remained with females for 35 days (same buck group); (iii) males were removed at Day 23 and replaced by other males, which were not familiar to the females and which remained with females until Day 35 (new buck group). Percentage of goats ovulating did not differ among groups at Day 19 (>= 87%; P = 0.12). Pregnancy rates at Day 35 did not differ between groups (>= 70%; P = 0.90). At Day 55, pregnancy rates were similar in the same and new buck groups (96%; P = 1.0), but were higher than that of the Control group (73%; P < 0.05). Therefore, maintaining bucks over 35 days after the onset of the male effect improved pregnancy rate more than 20 points compared with females that remained with the same bucks for 15 days only.

The former use of chlordecone (CLD) in the French West Indies has resulted in long-term pollution of soils. CLD is known to be potentially transferred towards animal products of animals reared outdoors, mainly through accidental soil ingestion. Several studies indicate that soil bound CLD is bioavailable when administered to farm animals. Currently there is a need to quantify the level of CLD absorption and its toxicokinetic characteristics in the ruminant and particularly in the goat. These are considered as important farm species in the French West Indies. The objective of this study was to evaluate the absorption rate and the half-life of CLD in the non-lactating goat. The goats were administered either intravenously (i.v., n = 6) or orally (p.o., n = 6) one dose (1 mg kg −1 body weight) of CLD. Blood samples were collected at defined times up to 160 days post-dosing. CLD was analyzed in serum by high-resolution gas chromatography. A comparison of the area under the serum concentration-time curves (AUC) showed that the i.v. route is equivalent to the oral route. Thus, CLD is considered almost completely absorbed after p.o. administration, as shown by the mean absolute bioavailability. The comparison between the pharmacokinetic profiles of CLD following oral and intravenous dose showed a difference during the first 14 days and a similar kinetic after this period. The half-life of CLD in serum was close to 20 days. These results highlight a possible strategy of decontamination due to the short half-life of CLD, obtained in dry goats that did not excrete fat matter.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Shh (Sonic Hedgehog) protein on caprine oocyte maturation, early embryo development, and developmental competence after embryo transfer of vitrified-thawed in vitro-produced embryos. Cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) derived from abattoir were randomly allocated to the in vitro maturation (IVM) medium supplemented with 0 (Control), 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, or 1.0 μg mL−1 recombinant mouse Shh protein. After IVM, COCs were fertilized with frozen-thawed semen and the presumptive zygotes were cultured on goat oviduct epithelial monolayers in M199 medium for 9 days. Our results showed that supplementation of Shh (0.25 or 0.5 μg mL−1) enhanced oocyte maturation as compared with the control group (92.4% and 95.0% vs. 86.2%, P

Our work aims at the exploration of cortisol secretion in the Bedouin goat, native to the Algerian Sahara desert, to understand the mechanisms of adaptation to extreme hot climates. In the present study, diurnal and seasonal variations of cortisol concentrations were measured in basal conditions, as well as the response to ACTH stimulation tests across seasons in bucks. The plasma concentrations of cortisol showed no diurnal cycle but a large variation across seasons. The highest levels occurred in summer and winter when the environmental conditions are at their extreme levels. The rectal temperature showed nychthemeral and seasonal variations, and BW was also different across seasons with highest values in summer and lowest in winter. The results obtained after administration of two doses (2 or 10 μg/kg BW) of synthetic ACTH to three different age groups (kids, adults and elderly animals) showed a strong increase in plasma cortisol concentrations under all conditions with maximum levels achieved between 15 and 120 min. The analysis of the area under the cortisol curve showed no significant difference between the responses to the two doses of ACTH and between age groups, but showed seasonal variations with the lowest response in autumn than in other seasons. We conclude that season significantly affects secretion of cortisol in both basal state and under ACTH stimulation. However, the variation of adrenal reactivity to ACTH is not sufficient to explain seasonal differences, and in particular the summer peak in basal circulating cortisol concentrations. Further research should focus on the respective contribution of environmental factors (such as day length, temperature, humidity) and the mechanisms involved in cortisol regulation.

International audience; Schmallenberg virus (SBV) is an emerging virus responsible for congenital malformations in the offspring of domestic ruminants. It is speculated that infection of pregnant dams may also lead to a significant number of unrecognized fetal losses during the early period of gestation. To assess the pathogenic effects of SBV infection of goats in early pregnancy, we inoculated dams at day 28 or 42 of gestation and followed the animals until day 55 of gestation. Viremia in the absence of clinical signs was detected in all virus-inoculated goats. Fetal deaths were observed in several goats infected at day 28 or 42 of gestation and were invariably associated with the presence of viral genomic RNA in the affected fetuses. Among the viable fetuses, two displayed lesions in the central nervous system (porencephaly) in the presence of viral genome and antigen. All fetuses from goats infected at day 42 and the majority of fetuses from goats infected at day 28 of gestation contained viral genomic RNA. Viral genome was widely distributed in these fetuses and their respective placentas, and infectious virus could be isolated from several organs and placentomes of the viable fetuses. Our results show that fetuses of pregnant goats are susceptible to vertical SBV infection during early pregnancy spanning at least the period between day 28 and 42 of gestation. The outcomes of experimental SBV infection assessed at day 55 of gestation include fetal mortalities, viable fetuses displaying lesions of the central nervous system, as well as viable fetuses without any detectable lesion.

Faces of conspecifics convey information about identity, but also gaze, and attentional or emotional state. As a cognitive process, face-based emotion recognition can be subject to judgment bias. In this study we investigated whether dairy goats (n=32) would show different responses to 2-D images offaces of familiar conspecifics displaying positive or negative emotional states. We also examined the possible use of images of faces as stimuli in cognitive bias studies. The faces of four subjects were photographed in a positive and a negative situation. Three types of images of ambiguous facial expressions were then created using morphing software (75% positive, 50% positive, and 25%positive). In a test-pen, each goat was exposed for 3 seconds to each type of image, obtained from the same goat. All goats were shown non-morphed faces first, before being shown the three types of morphed faces, balanced for order. Finally, the first non-morphed face was shown again. Spontaneous behavioural reactions including ear postures (forward, backward and asymmetrical) and interactions with the screen (time spent looking or touching) were recorded during the 3 seconds. Results were analysed using REML with repeated measurements. Goats spent more time with their ears forward when the negative was shown compared to the positive(F4,121.3 = 2.51, P = 0.018), indicating greater interest in negative faces. Identity of the photographed goat influenced the time spent with the ears forward (F2,57.4 = 7.01, P = 0.002). We conclude that goats react differently to images of faces displaying different emotional states and that they seem to perceive the emotional valence expressed in these images. Response to morphed faces was not necessarilyintermediate to response to negative and positive faces, and not on a continuum. Further study is thus needed to clarify the potential use of faces in cognitive bias studies.

The weaning of the goat kids at day 30 post-partum is not necessary to stimulates ovulation by natural sexually active males in goats kidding during breeding season. 20. Annual Conference of the European-Society-for-Domestic-Animal-Reproduction (ESDAR)/13. Conference of the Spanish-Association-for-Animal-Reproduction

Apports de la génétique sur la santé de la mamelle et le débit de traite. 2. Journée UMT SPR – OMACAP

Feeding behaviour influences dry matter intake, but is highly variable between animals. It is a key factor to explain the interindividual variation in the evolution of rumen pH, and therefore of occurrence of acidosis which differs from one animal to another, even when fed the same diet. Phenotyping feeding behaviour is thus of interest for quantifying some of the variation in digestive efficiency, and therefore in feed efficiency, especially in intensive systems with a high proportion of acidogenic ingredients in the diet. The aim of this work was to look for repeatable and pertinent criteria to evaluate this trait. Feeding behaviour was assessed at three different periods (1st lactation, 2nd gestation + lactation, 2nd lactation) on thirty-five goats born at the same time. They were housed in individual crates with automatic measurement of the quantity of feed eaten every 2 min, and fed ad libitum a complete ration adapted to requirements. One third of the feed was delivered after the morning milking and two thirds after the afternoon milking according to the intervals between milkings. The evolution of feed intake during 15 hours after the afternoon allowance was measured on 3 or 4 days in each period. Two phenotypes were automatically measured and analysed: Q90 (quantity of diet consumed by 90 min post afternoon feed allowance), P90 (Q90/Total quantity of feed consumed after the afternoon feed allowance). In earlier work, these two parameters were highly linked with the occurrence of acidosis. Intra-period individual repeatabilities were very high. The value for one period was highly correlated with that of a preceding one for the P90 criteria, but only tended to be correlated for the Q90 criteria. Given this repeatability, it is possible to characterise the feeding behaviour of a goat during its first lactation and, for example, to adjust the feeding of the animals with the lowest P90 or Q90 in the following lactations, in order to decrease the occurrence of acidosis in the herd. These results on the variability of intake rate show that simple criteria could be found to phenotype goats on intake rate in precision livestock farming systems.